ANNALS OF PHYSICS 161, 8l-lm (1985)

The Gravitational Quadrupole Radiation-Reaction

Force and the Canonical Formalism of ADM
G. SCHAFER

Fakultiil ,fiir Physik der UnitjersiG/ Konstanz.

Pos+ueh SS60, D-77SO Konslan:, Federal Republic qf Gernlatq

Received May 25, I984

The Hamiltonian to order cm4 in the instantaneous part of a gravitational interacting many-
particle system and to leading (quadrupole) order in the coupling of the system with the
dynamical degrees of freedom of the gravitational held is given. This is done using the
canonical formalism of ADM. The Hamiltonian contains time-derivatives of the canonical
momenta neither of the particles nor of the gravitational tield. The quadrupole radiation-reac-
tion force is deduced and the losses of energy and angular momentum are calculated (in the
near zone as well as in the far zone). All metric coefhcients which occur up to the second and
a half post-Newtonian approximation are given explicitly and it is checked that the one-par-
ticle Hamiltonian which follows from the HamiltonJacobi equation consistently yields the
Hamilton equations of motion which result from the particle-field Hamiltonian. ,c 19x5
Acadenx Press. Inc.

1. INTR~OLJ~TI~N

With the appearance of the paper by Chandrasekhar and Nutku in 1969 [l] the
solutions of Einstein’s held equations for the hydrodynamics of self-gravitating per-
fect fluids were carried out up to the second post-Newtonian order of
approximation. Some years later, in 1974, for a system of point-particles the same
goal has been achieved by Ohta, Okamura, Kimura, and Hiida [2] using the
canonical formalism by Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner [3] (hereafter, as usual,
referred to as ADM).
As straightforward as the calculations just mentioned were, the calculations
tackling the next iteration step-this is the level where the rudiution-reuction first
occurs-has been proven difficult and highly controversial [4-61. Only in 1982,
using a post-Minkowskian approximation scheme, Damour [7, 8] was able to give
the complete second and a half post-Newtonian equations of motion for a system of
two particles, i.e., compact bodies.
In this paper we will tackle in full detail the problem of the quadrupole-interac-
tion of gravitational radiation with a gravitationally bound many-particle system
with the help of the formalism of ADM which already has been proven effective in
second post-Newtonian calculations [2] and even in second and a half ones [9].
81
0003-4916/85 $7.50
CopyrIght ,, 198s by Academic Press, Inc.
All righls of reproduclmn m any form reserved
82 G.SCH.iFER

Nonetheless we use the improved presentation of this canonical formalism given by

Dewitt [lo] and Regge and Teitelboim [ll].
As well as stating the properties of the matter system, we will state explicitly the
properties of the radiation held, which is propagating in the far zone and damping
in the near zone.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we present the improved version
of the canonical formalism of ADM for a system of point-particles. In Section 3 the
complete Hamiltonian to order c -’ in the instantaneous part of the gravitationally
interacting many-particle system and to the leading, i.e., quadrupole, order in the
coupling of the particles with the dynamical degrees of freedom of the gravitational
held is calculated explicitly. In Section 4 the quadrupole radiation-reaction force is
deduced and the losses of energy and angular momentum are determined in the
near zone as well as in the far zone. In Section 5 we perform a consistency
calculation. We show that the Hamilton equations of motion for the particles
resulting from the particle-field Hamiltonian of Section 3 are identical with the
Hamilton equations of motion for the particles where the one-particle Hamiltonian
of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is used. Section 6 is devoted to concluding
remarks. Appendix A gives a precise delinition of the far or wave zone and Appen-
dix B shows the regularization procedure used throughout this paper.

2. THE CANONICAL FORMALISM OF ADM

FOR MANY-PARTICLE SYSTEMS

As shown by ADM [ 121 and as shown later [ 10, 111, in the case of an
asymptotically jlat spacetime and an asymptotically Minkowskian reference frame,
the total Lagrangian for a point-particle system interacting with the gravitational
field according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity can be written as (167rG = 1,
c = 1, where G is the gravitational constant and c is the velocity of light)

with E = fm d2si( gC,.i- gjjYf). Here rcU is the conjugate to the held coordinate
g,,= ‘gjj. It is given by (g”gjk=8i, g=det{giil)

(2.2a)

where Kg is the extrinsic curvature of the spacelike hypersurface x0= const.,

K= gqK,i. For K,,,

K,, = -No ‘pij (2.2b)

 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 83

holds. The quantities NP are defined by

No= ( -4gm)-1j2, Ni = ‘goi (2.3)
and the “super four-momentum density” XP reads
20 = -g ~ ‘I*( gR - &cij + $2) - roe (2.4a)
yy’ z 47+ + y(), (2.4b)

R is the intrinsiccurvature of the spacelike hypersurface x’=const. For gjirrU we

have used rc and “I” means the covariant derivative with respect to gU. The matter
energy-momentum expression .YQo takes the form

(2.5a)

PO = -x gi’puji5(x -xl,) = -z pp(x - xc,) (2.5b)

cl ”
where rn(,, XL, and pUi are the rest mass, the position, and the momentum vectors of
the ath particle, respectively. The energy expression E is given as a surface integral at
infinity on the spacefike hypersurface ,Y’ = const. Its occurrence in (2.1) eliminates
the second spatial derivatives of the field variables resulting from R.
From (2.1) we get the Hamiltonian

H = j- d3x N,,F + E. (2.6)

By variation with respect to g,, and nij, from (2.1) the field equations follow:
xij,o = - No g’3 R;i - jg’/R)
+ ;No g - *‘2g’+c”“‘q,~,~ - +x2)
- 2jVo g ‘12(n3q, - +f/)
+ g”2( No”’ - g!‘No”“,,,J

(2.7a)

gti,o = 2No g - “*(njj - igun) + N;, j + Nj,;. (2.7b)

The variation of (2.1) with respect to N,, yields the constraint equations JV~ = 0, or
written explicitly
g- lj*( gR + $x2 - #nc) + yoo c 0 (2.8a)
-27p +yioz() (2.8b)
II
84 G. SCHAFER

At this stage the important question arises as to which coordinate conditions are
compatible with the equations (2.7) and (2.8); that means which coordinate con-
ditions allow solutions of these equations for the metric coeflicients which become
Minkowskian, asymptotically. Previous calculations show that the following coor-
dinate conditions seem to be well suited [2, 91,
niizo (2.9a)
g~=(l+~~~)~~+/z~. (2.9b)

Here /zT and /zF result from the decompositions

gij = 6jj + hi, (2.10)

and
hi/ = hF + hz + h;,j + h.1,;. (2.11)

hF is the transverse-traceless part of h!, and the other parts are given by

h;=+(hTdjj- AP’h;j) (2.12a)

with hT = h;,-- AP’hjj,ij and

hi= A-‘~hij,j-~A~‘h~~,~~i}. (2.12b)

In terms of hT and hi the condition (2,9b) reads h: =4Ahi. The equation (2.9a)
yields
# = n(~TT + Eij (2.13)

with EU= xfj + ~5 - dVrr!,+ A-‘z!,~. If both the constraint equations (2.8) and the
coordinate conditions (2.9) are satislied the Hamiltonian (2.6) changes to the
reduced HamiItonian

Hre,, = E[hy, xijTT, x;, pUJ

(2.14)
=- d3x AhT[hT, x”~~, XL, pJ.

Here Gauss’ theorem is applied.

The reduced HamiItonian contains the full information for the dynamical evolution
of the canonical field and particle variables hF, zVTT and XL, pai, respectively.
The equations of motion for the particles read
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 85

Similarly, the equations of motion for the field take the form

(2.16a)

(2.16b)

The TT-projection operator hU

TT~’ is detined by (cf. (2.11) and (2.12))

i?Fk’= +{(&,- A-1~jc3,)(hjk - A-‘i$&)

+ (dik - A - ‘&&)(c$, - A - li?ji?f)
-(~~,-A-l~k~,)(~~-A-l~i~.i)~. (2.17)

It should be stressed that the reduced Hamiltonian (2.14) is obtained by solving the
construint equations (2.8) onZy. They allow the determination of the functions hT
and zi as functionals of the canonicai functions h7, rgTT, XL, and pUz if the coor-
dinate conditions (2.9) are satis$ed.
Finally we will present the expressions for further important global observables.
The total momentum reads [3]

and the total angular momentum takes the form [ 111

(2.19)

On the other hand, the formulas for the energy and angular momentum losses in the
far or wave zone are given by [ 131

- dE
-= n’( x”,,) r2 dQ (2.20)
dt -2f rz
and
dLi .---24 cgkxr( nk’,,) r2 dQ, (2.21)
dt r2

respectively (for the defmition of the far or wave zone see Appendix A). Here
-2~~.~ is the total Poynting vector. The brackets ( ) denote an average over
severa waveIengths and X’ = n’r, nir2 dQ = d2s,. By use of the equations (2.7b) and
(2.8b) the expressions (2.20) and (2.21) can be put into the well-known forms [ 141

(2.2Oa)
86 G. SCHiFER

and
- dLi
-=; .x&(2(/i~h~T),m - lizhkTk) r2 dQ. (2.2la)
dt Lff.2.

3. THE REDUCED HAMILTONIAN

For solving the constraint equations (2.8) we expand the several terms in these
equations as far as they contribute to the reduced Hamiltonian in our
approximation. With the help of the following exact relations

(3.la)
(3.lb)

(3.lc)

(3.2a)
(3.2b)

1 +;hT=(l +#)4 (3.3)

one finds for the equations (2.8) up to the second post-Newtonian approximation

Ab+#A#+F=O (3.4a)
with

F-=; U$,:J2 - ;b#.,h~l,,

(3Sa)

(3.4b)
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 87

with

Note with respect to (3.4a) that for IrTT = 0, gli2R = -( 1 + #) LI# is valid exactly.
For the functions 4, hF, rci, and r&r the second post-Newtonian approximation
in the context of this section means
4 = #V + d(4) + ,$W + #W (3.6a)
A!?
l, z h’!-““‘)
1, (3.6b)
+ = &3) + #Sl
(3.6~)
7tOTT --0 (3.6d)

where the numbers in parentheses denote the order of c- ‘. Because they are total
divergences the functions in the square brackets in F do not contribute to the
(reduced) Hamiltonian on the second post-Newtonian level. Up to this level the
Hamiltonian is given by
H~PN z= -
red
l
d3x A(qP + q5’4) + fp’ +qPq. (3.7)

Powers of 4(i) do not contribute to (3.7) because of its special structure of a

divergence. Up to our present approximation the equations (2.16) read

hT=c() (3.8b)
v .
For r + a these equations are fultilled in the order r-3. On the other hand, in the
far or wave zone the equations (2.16), to order c ‘, take the form [ 131
fiV== = $ A/,; (3.9a)
/iTT = 2nqTT
v (3.9b)
or, equivalently,
13hTTz0
IJ (3.10)
with 0 = --c!$ + A. The combination of the equations (3.8) and (3.9) obviously
yields

(3.llb)
88 G. SCHAFER

or, equivalently,

(3.12)

The reduced Hamiltonian from which the equations (3.11) are derivable according
to (2.16) results from the constraint equations (2.8) by extending the equations
(3.4) in the following consistent way:

LQ + g Llqi + F+ 2E’WJTT + (7coTT)2= 0 (3.13a)

Ad + d,; + Gi = 0. (3.13b)

For getting a well-defined Hamiltonian we make the physical assumption that the
energy expression (cf. (3.14~))

is tinite. This, especially, means that a tinite amount of energy is stored in the wave
field. As we will see later, this is the case if xi 1t[ -‘I4 + 0 for t --+ -co. From our
assumption we find that the terms in the square brackets of F still do not contribute
to the Hamiltonian. The same holds for the term ?&rtiTT in the equation (3.13a)
because J d3x TC *VIZOTTis zero for reasons of orthogonality relations.
A further expansion of the equations (3.13), respectively (2.8), would lead to
source terms in the equation (3.12) which are of higher order than cP4 if all source
terms are dropped which contain IIF in any form.
After tedious calculations where the regularization procedure [ 151 which is used
throughout in this paper (see Appendix B) has been applied several times the
Hamiltonian is found to be

with
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 89

Hrad
= l d3x[(7ejTT)*
+#TJ2] (3.14c)

~rub=~xu-xb~~ robnab=%-xb? P~‘=p~p~=p~ip~i#p~ip~, “ab”ab=n~bn:by

nabpc = nib pCi). 4(Z) is given by x0 mO/4xr0, where ru = lx -x0/.Herewith we have
written the complete Hamiltonian which describes the interaction of a point-particle
system with the gravitational field up to the first radiation and radiation-reaction
levels, inclusively. Note, the Hamiltonians (3.7) and (3.14a) are not identical. The
90 G.SCHiFER

field IrFC4J contributes to (3.7) but not to (3.14a), rather it is incorporated in

(3.14b) and (3.14~).

4. THE RADIATION-REACTION FORCE

The radiation-reaction force which we get in our approximation results from the
Hamiltonians (3.14a) and (3.14b) as follows:

(4.la)

(4.lb)

The expression for 157 we find through the integration of, e.g., the equation (3.12).
Using the condition of no incoming wuues [ 161 the solution of (3.12) takes the form

(4.2)

where Gret is the retarded Green’s operator for flat spacetime. With the help of the
decomposition Gret = A-’ + (Gret - A-‘) and with the relation
’
74
0’,i 4 (2’-
,I -
- (2’ 4(2) +V($;
X,I)
574c2’- q)c2’&!;‘) + &j’,;‘@*)).j

where x (*’ = (1/32rc) xu mara, for (4.2) we get

d3k dw dt’
exp[ik(x - x0) - ico(t - t’)] (2X)4
’ k2 - (a + i&)2
+A?=.
ly(dw) 9 (4.3)
where
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 91

(4.3a)

and

h& = - A -‘6~[AG$7(~!;i V+‘) - @* V$;‘)

- V(# vp - (j(2) V#]. (4.3b)

In the Fourier integral the delinition

ki
[A’]TT=Ld (t’)(&Pj,+&,) with Pv = dg - kikjJk2

holds. Furthermore, in (4.3b) we have made use of the properties that the d’Alem-
bertian and the Laplacian commute with the TT-projection operator. Also, the TT-
projection operation deletes partial derivatives. In the first nonvanishing muhipole
approximation, i.e., the quudrupole upproximution, the expression (4.3) yields

d3k dm dt’
exp[ikx - iw(l- t’)] (2nJ4 (4.4)
.k2-(ol+iE)2

(without loss of generality the center of mass, which is given by xa rnOxJxb mb in

the approximation to be used, has been put into the origin of the coordinate
system). In (4.4) the term (4.3b) could be dropped completely because, as can be
seen easily, it is smaller than the second term in (4.4) in the near (damping) zone as
well as in the far (radiation) zone.
In the fur zone the expression (4.4) takes the. form

(4.5)

where Qii= xa rnJ3xLx; - xa2dj,) is the mass-quadrupole tensor of the matter

system and where use has been made of the time-dependent tensor virial theorem.
Here OF = Qkl(PikPjl - $PvPk,) holds with P,j = cS~- xixj/r2. Evidently, the
rudiution field (4.5) fullills Fock’s condition of no incoming radiation. Its order as
retarded held, with regard to c, may be taken as cP4, Employing the relation

for the reaction $eld, defined by (hF)FeaC = hF-- hTTc4’, we find the following
92 G. SCHbER

expression in the neur zone (again using the time-dependent tensor virial theorem)

(by our choice of the center of mass the near zone is defined through r< l/u, where
CIIis a typical frequency of the matter system). Obviously, in the near zone the reac-
tion held is of the order cP5. Taking into account that ~(#$J@~))/c~x~ = 0( l/r5) for
r$ /x0/, in all of the equations (4.1), we may substitute the expression (4.6) for the
reaction held. Then we get

(4.7a)

(4,7b)

where in (4.7a) the traceless property of Q,j is used. Differentiation of (4.7b) with
respect to the time and insertion of (4.7a) yields the quadrupole rudiafion-reuction
force. We find

with the force expression

In the equation (4.7b) pa=rnUkti is valid. The total work done by the force (4.9) is
given by

(4.lOa)

From this we get

where E2pN is the stationary energy up to the second post-Newtonian order.

The last term on the right-hand side of (4.lOa) or the second term on the left side
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 93

of (4.lOb) corresponds to the Schott-term in the electrodynamics. The energy

associated herewith reads

(4.11)

It is interesting to note that the time-averaged value of (4.11) vanishes in general

only for the two-body case, using the Newtonian equations of motion.
We obtain the famous formula of Einstein for the energy loss by gravitational
quadrupole radiation by averaging the expression (4.lOb) with respect to time

(4.12)

In connection with mentioning the electrodynamics the question naturally arises

whether the reaction force (4.9) allows rzm-uwuy SO/UGO~S(without application of
the tensor virial theorem the expression (4.9) contains the third time-derivatives of
the position vectors of the particles only). The answer is rzo because the higher time-
derivatives must be eliminated with the help of the Newtonian equations of motion.
This results from the gauge condition (2.9a) which implies the Newtonian equations
of motion already prior to the radiation-reaction level.
Now we will determine the rate of loss of the angzdar momentum. Using the
expression (4.9) we obtain

(4.13a)

or

(4.13b)

The expression analogous to (4.11) takes the form

(4.14)

It is an angular momentum associated with the radiation-reaction level. Averaged

94 G.SCHkFER

over a long enough interval of time, the rate of dissipation of angular momentum
reads

(4.15)

This result is also well known [ 171.

At this stage the problem will be settled whether energy and angular momentum
lost by the matter system arrive at the far zone. Indeed, as it is to be expected, by
the insertion of the expression (4.5) into the expressions (2.2Oa) and (2.2la) and by
performing the integrations the expressions (4.12) and (4.15) follow, respectively
[17, 141. Thus, energy and angular momentum do not sap away between the near
zone and the far zone.
Finally we come back to the problem of the lmiteness of the energy which is
stored in the wave field. Using the equations (3.14c), (3.llb), and (4.5) after
integration over the space directions we fmd

with rO lying somewhere in the wave zone. The existence of Hra,, is guaranteed for
any lixed and linite time t if Qij(~)=O(~~[-i’*-‘) for 7 + -cc, s>O. Translated
into the position vectors of the particles this condition means xi(t)/1 ti514 -+ 0 for
t + --cc. Obviously, our particles are allowed to start at t + --cc with constant
and linite velocities. Those initial conditions are clearly compatible with N (iV2 2)
bounded particles because either we can start with N+ M (M> 1) free particles and
let N particles become bounded and M particles get lost at intinity as free particles,
or we may start with N free particles and let them become bounded solely by
radiation damping.

5. THE HAMILTON-JACOBI EQUATION

This section is concerned with a consistency calculation. It shows that the

Hamilton equations of motion (2.15) with the Hamiltonian given by (3.14) are
identical with the geodesic equations of motion for the point particles. This is by far
not trivial as the convergence of the whole scheme has not been proven. Up to now,
with the exception of h7, we have solved only the constraint equations (2.8) under
the coordinate conditions (2.9). Now we must also solve the field equations (2.7)
for getting all the metric coellicients involved. Naturally, in the context of the ADM
formalism, instead of discussing the geodesic equations of motion, it is appropriate
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 95

to discuss the completely equivalent HamiltonJacobi equations of the point-par-

ticles. The Hamilton-Jacobi equation reads

‘gPvpl,p,, + m2 = 0 (5.1)

with p,, = ‘pP = S,p, S is the action.

In the ADM notation, for the positive square root of the energy

-p. = -gvNjpj + No(m2 + g’$ipj)“2 (5.2)

holds. The expansion of (5.2) up to radiation-reaction level yields

The following functions are already known [2]. One gets, essentially,

(a) from the constraint equation (2.8a),

(5.4a)

(5.4b)

(b) from the held equation (2.7a),

jqp c 1 (5.5a)

(5.5b)

595/i61/l-7
96 G. SCHiFER

(c) from the field equation (2.7b),

(5.6a)

+ ?:I (5.6b)

with

-k rbrub- rurah + rurbj

and

which is identical with (4.3). It remains to determine of the functions Ni6j and
(Ndreac~ The field equation (2.7a) yields the following differential equations in these
cases:
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 97

and

With the help of the expressions (5.4)-(5.6) and the expression for TC”~),which is
given by

(5.9a)
98 G. SCHAFER

(5.9b)

After further tedious calculations it follows that the one-particle Hamiltonian (5.3)
with the expressions (5.4)(5.9) inserted yields the same Hamilton equations of
motion as the equations (2.15) with the particle-held Hamiltonian given by (3.14).
Herewith we have proven the consistency of the canonical formalism of ADM for
many-particle slow-motion calculations up to the tirst radiation-reaction level.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Applying the ADM scheme we have succeeded in constructing the complete

gravitational particle-held Hamiltonian up to a stage so that quadrupole radiation
and radiation-reaction processes of a many-particle system can be discussed. It is
well known that with regard to compact astrophysical objects this is a most impor-
tant part of the general relativistic dynamics [18]. On the other hand, from a
theoretical point of view the important problem remains how our approximation
scheme works on higher order approximations. This problem is involved as the
slow-motion order parameter c - ’ lost its global meaning already in our
approximation-in the near zone the !zF-field has been taken seriously up to the
“instantaneous” order cp5, in the far zone up to the “retarded” order cp4. There is
no doubt, however, that the expansion of the elliptical differential equations in
powers of c ~ ’ and our tackling of the hyperbolical differential equations are com-
patible and correct as far as we have treated them.

APPENDIX A: DEFINITION OF THE FAR OR WAVFT ZONE

In gravitational physics we have three conditions which together define the far or
wave zone, i.e., the zone where the waves propagate as free radiation. There is the
usual requirement for a wave to exist

kr$l (A.11

which guarantees that gradients and time derivatives of the canonical modes fall off
as - l/r if the primary requirement

lgpv-vJ-4M~ C.4.2)

is fulfilled. Here qPVis the Minkowski metric and a is a fixed constant. The third
requirement we have reads
 RADIATION-REACTION AND ADM-FORMALISM 99

Because of condition (A.2), the condition (A.3) guarantees that higher order non-
linear terms can be neglected. This is easily seen as follows. We put hTT -aeCkr/r,
then gradients applied twice give V2hTT -ak’eikr/r. This has to be compared with
nonlinear terms which are typically -a2k2eikr/r2, from which (A.3) results,

APPENDIX B: REGULARIZATION PROCEDURE

Poisson integrals are regularized in the following way. We write

where p(t, x) will be singular at x = xq. Then we cut out a sphere &(xq) of radius E
centered at xq and detine for x E lR3\&(xq),

The expansion of q~~(r,x) into a Laurent series with respect to s reads

(B.3)

with L a positive integer.

As a regularized Poisson integral we take Hadamard’s “partie finie” of (B.3)

q&r, x) does not depend on Q, of course.

The value of qCOJ(f,x) at the singular source-point xq is obtained as follows. Near
x=xq, we put q~~~~(f,x)=~/~(~,sn) with E=~x-x~~ and n=(x-xq)/ix-xq[. The
Laurent series with regard to E reads here as

with M a positive integer.

As regularized value of the field function qtOj( c, x) at x = xq we take

where dQ,, is the usual measure on the unit 2-sphere centered at x0.
100 G.SCH,iiFER

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank the participants of the MPI Relativity Workshop on Schloss Ringberg, 1983 September, for
critical and constructive remarks. Thanks also go to T. Damour who has critically read a preliminary
version of this paper.

REFERENCES

1. S. CHANDRASEKHARAND Y. NUTKU, Astrophys. J. 158 (1969). 55-19.

2. T. OHTA, H. OKAMLJRA,T, KIMURA, AND K. HIIDA. IVog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1974), 1598-1612.
3. R. ARNOWITT, S DESER,AND C. W. MISNER, The Dynamics of General Relativity, in “Gravitation:
An Introduction to Current Research” (L. Witten, Ed.), Chap, 7, Wiley, New York, 1962.
4. J. EHLERS,A. ROSENBLUM,J. N. GOLDBERG, AND P. HAVAS, A.stroph.vs. J. 208 (1976). L77-L81,
5. K. S. THORNE,Rev. Mod. Phys. 52 (1980) 285-291.
6. M. WALKER AND C. M. WILL, Astrophys. J. 242 (1980) Ll29-Ll33.
1. T. DAMOUR, C. R. Acad. Sri. Paris II 294 (1982), 1355-1357.
8. T. DAMOUR, Gravitational Radiation and the Motion of Compact Bodies, in “Gravitational
Radiation” (N. Deruelle and T. Piran, Eds.), p. 59, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983.
9. G. SCHAFER,Mitf. Astron, Ges. 58 (1983), 135-137.
10. B. S. DEWITT, Phys. Rev. 160 (1967), 1113-1148.
1I. T. REGGE AND C. TEITELBOIM,Ann. Phys. (N, y.j 88 (1974). 286318.
12, R. ARNOWITT, S. DE.SER,AND C. W. MISNER. Phys. Reu. 116 (1959), 1322-1330; 117 (1960),
1595-1602; 118 (1960), 1100-1104.
13, R. ARNOWITT, S. DESER,AND C. W. MISNER, Phys. Reu. 121 (1961), 1556-lS66.
14. K. S. THORNE, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52 (1980), 299-339.
15. L. BEL, T. DAMOUR. N. DERUELLE.J. IBANEZ, AND J. MARTIN, Gem Rel. &au. 13 (1981), 963-1004.
16, V. FOCK, “Theorie von Raum, Zeit und Gravitation,” Sect. 92, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1960.
17. C. W. MISNER, K. S. THORNE, AND J. A. WHEELER,‘Gravitation,” Chap. 36, Freeman, San Fran-
cisco, 1973.
18, J. H. TAYLOR AND J. M. WEISBERG,Astrophys. J. 253 (1982), 908-920.