SDS TRC AND RGICD COLLEGE OF

NURSING BENGALURU-29.

Seminar: Projected aids.

Subject: Nursing Education.

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mrs. Rajani H Machakanoor Miss. Revathi H K
Lecturer, 1ST Year, M.Sc(N)
Community Health Nursing.

Date of Submission:
Introduction:

Audio-visual aids are sensitive tool used in teaching that facilitates learning.
They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate
individuals. Audio-visual aids are devices or technological media or learning
devices are added devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish, and correlate
and co-ordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciations and enable
him to make learning more concrete, effective, interesting, inspirational,
meaningful and vivid. They help in completing the triangular process of learning
i.e. motivation, clarification, and stimulation. The aim of the learning with
technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are
no worth learning’. The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that
learning- clear understanding stems from sense of experience. The teacher must
‘show’ as well as ‘tell’.

Definition:

“Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be
encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight”.

Types:

•PROJECTED

•NON PROJECTED
Projected aids:

“Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by the use of a
certain type of machine”.

Advantages of Projected A-V aids:

• Provides greater enjoyment in learning.

• Stimulates more rapid learning.

• Increases retention: larger percentages and longer retention.

• Compels attention.

• Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects.

• Brings distant, past and the present into the classroom.

Various Projected A-V aids:

 FILM STRIP PROJECTOR

 LCD

 OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

 SLIDES
 SLIDE PROJECTOR

 SOUND FILM PROJECTOR

 OPAQUE PROJECTORS [Epidiascope]

 MICRO PROJECTOR

 FILM OR MOTION PICTURE

 COMPUTER

 DVD PLAYER

 INTERNET

 TELIVISION
 OPAQUE PROJECTOR:

An Epidiascope projector, projects the image of a solid object. It often referred

to as an opaque projector. The principle is “bright light is concentrated upon an
opaque object and the brilliantly illuminated image is reflected by a mirror through
a very large lens on to a screen”. An epidiascope can project a wide variety of
material and makes the teacher dependent of standard transparent material.

 Typically used to project images of book pages, drawings, mineral

specimens, leaves, etc
 Artists’ enlargement tools.
 Predecessor to the overhead projector.
 Post cards and photographs.
 News items and illustrations.
 Book illustrations.
 Tables of statistics.
 Handwork diagrams.
 Pupil’s work.
 Solid objects- watches, coins, nature study samples and geological
specimens, maps
CARE OF EPIDIASCOPE:
• Handled carefully.
• Protected from breakage.
• Away from moisture.
• Kept clean.
• Preferably kept in a cool room.
• Switched off when not in use.

ADVANTAGES:
• Graphic aids are projected with magnification.
• Tracing enlarged images.
• No need of clipping picture from book resources.
• Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc. can also be projected.
• Seen conveniently by a large number of students.
• Teaching material of various sizes can be used.
• Language reading lessons.
• Stamp size to that of 20cmx250cm size pictures.
• Helps in preparation of graphic aids

DISADVANTAGES:
• Demands total darkness.
• Bulky machine.
• Electricity required.
• Difficult maintenance
 SLIDE PROJECTOR:

“A slide projector is a specialized projector which has been designed to use

with slides”.

ADVANTAGES OF SLIDE PROJECTOR:

 It can be held on screen as long as needed.

 It can easily revise and updated.
 It may be adopted to group or to individual’s users.
 Easily handled, stored and rearranged for various user.
 It is a convenient aid for making classroom teaching interesting
 SLIDES:

35mm film in plastic or cardboard mount 5cm*5cm. in color or black

& white. They are projected on a screen or walls.

Audience size:

 About 30 people, though slides can be used with more people, the educator
can stimulate better discussion among a smaller group.

Advantage:

 Dramatically less expensive than cinema film and slides once inserted in the
projector, impossible to get out of the sequence. Can show photos of the real
thing and show sequence in time. Battery operated projectors available.
Relatively easy to transport.

Disadvantage:

 Requires projection equipment, can be damaged, and requires either mains

or battery to operate.
 Sometimes batteries are expensive. Requires darkened projection area.
Limited appropriate slides are available.

Preparation of slides:

 Collect all available slides check them against a lighted lamp. Choose the
slide relevant to your lesson.
  Arrange them in sequence and write a brief introductory note for each slide
on a card.
 Create a dark environment, arrange screen and other facility. Adjust
objective lens for proper focus.
 Make proper seating arrangements for the students within an area covering a
sector of 60 degrees from center of the screen.

4 KINDS OF SLIDES CAN BE MADE BY TEACHER

• Marker slides.
• Cellophane slides.
• Silhouette slides.
• Etched glass slides

 Marker slide
• A clean glass piece of right size.
• Draw picture or a diagram is with a fine tip marker pen.
• Hold glass piece in cardboard or wooden frame.

 Cellophane slides

• Small cut outs from colour cellophanes are plated on the glass piece.
• Another glass piece is plated over it.
• Two are taped together.
• Or by drawing on cellophane piece and sticking it onto the glass piece.
  Etched glass slide

• Clean a glass piece thoroughly.

• Rinse it with kerosene.
• Draw the diagram with crayon glass marking pencil.

Another method
• Cover the glass piece with smoke from burning mustard oil lamp.
• Etch out the diagram with a sharp needle.
• Cover with another glass piece.
• Tape.

 Silhouette slides
 FILM OR MOTION PICTURE:

Color or black and white, 16 or 18mm cinema film, with sound projected on
screen.

Audience size:

 30 to 100 people. Group can be larger than 100, but it is difficult to have
discussion in larger group.

Advantage:

 A film has movement. It can show processes, methods and procedures.

 It is three dimensional in its impact.
 It can create the impression of space and time.
 The technique of caricature & animation makes it possible to give meaning
to abstract notions and scientific theories
 The sound track of film lends realism to the visual image in the form of
genuine sound impressions.
  It admits the voice of experts, the performance of the specialist & aids
atmosphere, mood and understanding.

Disadvantage:

 There is complete exclusion of teacher from presentation.

 The machinery of presentation is cumbersome and not easily adapted to
average classroom.
 Expensive in terms of preparation and projection.
s

FILM STRIPS:

Film Strip is mostly 35mm film, color or black & white photographs
in sequential order. Film strip projected on screen or on a wall. They use projector
with film strip adapter. Film strips are in horizontal or vertical format.

Audience Size:

 About 30 people. Though film strips can be used with more people, the
educator can stimulate better discussion with group of this size.
Advantage:

 Dramatize & get the audience attention. Show motion and thus helps to
explain step by step and time sequence very well.

Disadvantage:

 Very expensive, requires expensive equipment, electricity and dark

projection area. Difficult to transport and operate.

FILM PROJECTOR

The class room teaching can be made interested by showing films and creating
an environment of reality should be used in the projector.
GUIDELENCE FOR USING FILM PROJECTOR:

 Check the room layout & locate light switches &dimmers. Films must be
shown in darkened room.
 Plan what will be done if the equipment breaks.
 Make sure that media are compelling & interesting to the target group.
 Check the media for sound level and image clarify.

CARE OF THE FILM STRIP

• Keep free of dust and dirt which can scratch the filmstrip.
• Keep dry because moisture can cause the emulsion to become sticky.
• Then the film will stick together and be destroyed.
• Keep oily hands off the film as they can leave residue on the film.
• Keep away from excessive heat which can cause the film to warp.

STORAGE OF THE FILMSTRIP

• Store in containers away from heat, dust, moisture.
• When winding up the filmstrip, hold onto the edges.
• Do not pull to make it tighter as this can leave scratches on the film.

CARE OF THE EQUIPMENT

• Don’t handle projector while the bulb is still hot as the bulb filament is fragile.

• Pack equipment carefully for safe transporting.

• Protect from the environment, dust, dirt, moisture.

 MICRO PROJECTOR:

Slide projectors designed to project the microfilm slides or microscopic slides

to a group of students simultaneously.

• Reduces the cost of instruction.

• Enlargement on screen is quite big for students.

• With teacher’s commentary, micro projector can ensure that students are
understanding.

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:

OHP
• An OHP is an important electronic teaching aid.
• This machine projects an image from a transparency.
• It will be advisable to switch off the bulbs of OHP for 5 minutes after every 10
minutes of use.

PREPARING TRANSPERENCIES
• Prepared by writing on cellophane sheets with the help of an OHP pen.
• Coloured pens.
• Xeroxing from any printed material.
• Besides single transparency can be used on a roll

RULE OF 6 FOR PREPARING A TRANSPERENCY

• Six lines per transparency.
• Six words per line.
• Six mm smallest letter size.
• Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin.

SCREENS FOR PROJECTIONS

Effective utilization of projection material necessitates careful selection of the
screen.
Types of screen are;
Aluminium coated.
Glass board.
Flat white screen.
Screens should be mounted properly and at a proper angle.
USING AN OHP
• Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen behind
the teacher.
• Put the cord plug into power wall socket.
• Switch on the blower first and then the bulb.
• Place transparency on the glass top.
• Move the objective lens and mirror assembly up and down to get the image in
focus on the screen.
• Explain about the material on the transparency from behind OHP with a strong
pointer.
• The handle of the teacher should not come on the slide.
• Make your points short and simple.
• Remove what is not needed.

ADVANTAGES OF OHP
• Teacher can face the class without any difficulty.
• The teacher can maintain eye contact and observe the reactions of students.
• Small objects can be shown on the machine simply by placing them on projection
slide.
• The graphics and writings can be shown very clearly and colourfully.
• It does not need as darkened room as compared to other projectors

SOME DO’S AND DON’T’S WHILE USING THE OHP

DO’S
• Focus and position image before presentation.
• Stand to the side of the screen.
• Turn off projector when not in u.
• Letters the larger the better.
• Use colour to attract attention.
• Put captions on top.
• Have images in to two-thirds of visual position image at the top of the screen.
• Use pen or ruler to point.
• Use upper and lower case letters.

DON’T’S
• Walk or stand in front of the screen.
• Leave the projector on when you’ve talking about something.
• Write closely on the whole of the transparency sheet.
• Have images type-written or too small.
• Use black and white visuals only.
• Use finger to point. • Use only capital letter.

LCD PANELS:
 Largely superseded by data projectors.
 When connected to a computer will enable to project computer generated
image onto a display screen.
 Modern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector.

POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS

• Alternative to using OHP.
• Production of interesting and visually attractive presentations.
• Flexibility both in terms of content and display.
• Graphics, drawings, tables and organizational charts.
• Keep presentation simple and clear.
• Effectively used to emphasize the main features of the topic.

GUIDELINES FOR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION:

• Limit number of slides not more than 12 for a 10 minute presentation.
• Ensure text contrasts with the background.
• Avoid patterned background.
• Comply with copyright law, when pictures, charts, tables or diagrams are
used.
• Standardise position, colour and styles.
• Use on one or two animation or transition effects.

8 RULES FOR BETTER POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS

1. Remember that you are the presenter, not PowerPoint.
2. Don’t make your audience read the slides either.
3. Make sure your presentation is easy on the eyes.
4. Never include anything that makes you announce, “I don’t know if everyone
can read this, …
5. Leave out the sound effects and background music,
6. Stick with simple animations if you use them at all.
7. Proofread, proofread, proofread.
8. Practice, practice, practice.

ADVANTAGES OF POWER POINT

• If you get lost, you can casually look at the power point for guidance.
• People can register the info more as they can observe the PPT.
• Images and good Presentation can make the PPT more engaging.
• Good for Reference at the end, if they ask questions.
• Looks more professional

DISADVANTAGES OF POWER POINT

• You will not be able to change any slide during a presentation.
• Presenter cannot get into giving their full heart to the presentation.
• Time consuming.
• Technically faults can rise.
 COMPUTER:

The computer is gradually becoming a more powerful tool for education

purpose. Initially the use of computer was limited to assessing with regular
learning programmes, such as mathematics exercise, but today its sophistication
levels have increased significally.

ADVATAGES OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION:

 It provides a variety of situations for storing, processing & receiving data.

 It provides the traditional well-tried educational system.
 The internet allows people from around the world to share knowledge, ideas
and experience in any field.

DVD PLAYER:
 DVD Player is a device that plays discs produced under both the
DVD audio techniques; this means that you will have a lot of choice when it comes
to players and hardware.

ADVATAGES:

 DVD Player with region coding was becoming an issue to users who wanted
variety in their DVD Players.
 As discussed, there are different numerical codes for every group of
countries.
 It is important to know these advantages to help users decide if buying the
device in worth the money.

INTERNET:

Internet is a new means of computer based communication system has

opened vast capacity of transfer of knowledge and has made it possible to get into
direct & instant communication across the world by means of e-mail & even on
line-chart.

ADVANTAGES:

 Powerful search engines.

 The internet provides the ability of e-mails. Free email service
to anyone in the country.
 News, of all kinds is available almost in spontaneously.
 Information at various levels of study.
 Information on almost every subject imaginable.

TELEVISION:

Educational television is the most visible and used instructional media.

When carefully designed and produced, the broadcast lectures are very effective.
CONCLUSIONS:

Audio-visual aids are sensitive tool used in teaching that facilitates

learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and
stimulate individuals. Audio-visual aids are devices or technological media
or learning devices are added devices that help the teacher to clarify,
establish, and correlate and co-ordinate accurate concepts, interpretations
and appreciations and enable him to make learning more concrete, effective,
interesting, inspirational, meaningful and vivid.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 K.P. Neeraja. ‘Text book of nursing education’. Jaypee Publishers; 2004.

206-230.
 B.Shankaranarayan.‘Learninig and teaching nursing’. Brainfull publishers;
177-189.
 B.T. Basvanathappa. ‘Nursing education’.2nd edition. Jaypee Publishers;
262-282.
 Scribd.