Group 3 Lab Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...…….4
Hydrodynamics And Gas Absorption In A Packed Column.................................................................................4
Isothermal Reaction In A Plug Flow Tubular Reactor ........................................................................................ 21
Response Of 1st And 2nd Order Systems ............................................................................................................. 34
(Temperature Input With On/Off Control) ........................................................................................................... 34
Screening And Size Reduction............................................................................................................................... 40
Agitation And Mixing ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Drying At Constant Drying Conditions................................................................................................................. 58
Cooling Tower Experiment .................................................................................................................................... 65
Cooling Tower Experiment .................................................................................................................................... 72
2
ABSTRACT
As per requirement in Chemical Laboratory 2 (ChE 512L) 5th year chemical engineering
students of Eastern Visayas State University completed a total of ten (10) experiments in De La
Salle University and Adamson University. This experience has served as an opportunity for the
students to apply Unit Operation theories to actual hands-on practice.
The experiments done were following: Hydrodynamics and Gas Absorption in a Packed
Column, Binary Batch Distillation using a Packed column, Reaction Kinetics Experiment using
Tubular Flow Reactor, Response of First and Second Order Systems, Experiment on Level and
Temperature Control, Size Reduction and Screening, Agitation and Mixing Experiment, Drying at
Constant Drying Conditions, Manual Flow Control, and Cooling Tower Experiment. These
experiments were accomplished through data gathering, application of necessary formulas and
precise logic analysis that has led to the realization of the set objectives. Several factors were
considered in completing the experimental results, such as system conditions (temperature,
pressure, etc.), equipment used and its functioning condition.
The experiments covered the principles of process dynamics, separation processes, and
chemical reaction engineering that are the fundamentals in understanding various chemical
engineering concepts. Furthermore, this experience has broaden the students’ equipment
familiarization in terms of application and mechanics which are later the essentials in dealing
future engineering works and problems.
3
HYDRODYNAMICS AND GAS ABSORPTION IN A PACKED COLUMN
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
Faye Florence Y. Abilar

Dianne Rose C. Abulon
Juliet G. Ganar
Jaime B Peleño, Jr.
Date of Performance: October 16, 2018 Group No.: 3

Date of Submission: October 16, 2018
This report is a collaborative work of the stated individual and was conducted at De La Salle
University under the supervision of the DLSU Laboratory technicians.
4
I. Introduction
Separation process is a vital factor in numerous industrial processes. One of these is the
separation of a soluble gas mixed with an inert insoluble gas through a direct counter-current
contact with a liquid solvent. This certain separation practice is applicable in a manufacturing
process or with regards to environmental concerns. One of the most common equipment used to
achieve this separation is the packed column. In this column different gas absorption behavior can
be observed and be set such as the air and water flow rates, pressure drop and the loading and
flooding conditions. This experiment specifically aims to: determine the pressure drop across the
dry packed column as a function of the air flow rate, and determine the effect of liquid flow rate
on the pressure drop along a packed column
II. Theory
The effectiveness of this separation process is affected by the hydrodynamics behavior of

the two phases in contact. Contributory factors to these hydrodynamic behaviors may be the
pressure drop, loading and flooding conditions, liquid and vapor maldistribution and surface
wetting. Through these conditions, the efficiency of the column and the mass transfer rates are
attained.
To fully understand the flow condition in the column it is necessary to study the Reynold’s
number of the various set of flow rates.
𝜌𝐷𝑣
NRe =
𝜇
where: 𝜌 = density (kg/m3)
D = diameter (m)
v = velocity (m/s)
𝜇 = viscosity (Pa s)
Plotting log ∆P vs. log NRe will now graphically demonstrate the effect of the pressure drop
to the flow behavior.
5
III. Methods
Apparatus
 Gas/Liquid Absorption column
This equipment is used to exhibit actual process on gas-liquid absorption. Gas

enters at the bottom of the column and is made to contact with a liquid solvent from the
top. This apparatus includes a packed column with raschig ring as a packing material.
Figure 1.2. Gas Absorption Apparatus (Actual Experimental Setup)
Procedure
First, air compressor was opened to it maximum flow rate for several minutes. This was
done to eliminate water in the packing. Next, liquid levels at the water manometer was set to zero.
Then air flow rate was changed to zero. After this, bottom and top sampling ports was connected
to the manometer by opening the sampling cocks. After setting the experimental setup, proper
experiment was started. An air flow rate of 20 l/min with 0 l/min water flow rate was set. After
stabilizing, pressure drop was recorded. This procedure was repeated with increasing water flow
rate for air flow rate.
6
IV. Results and Discussions
Observed Data
Pressure Drop Measurement
Water Flowrate (l/min) 0 1 2 4 6 8

Pressure Drop
Air Flowrate (l/min)
cm H2O cm Hg
20 0 0.4 0.6 7 13.2 2.7
40 0 1.5 2 9.1 19.6 3
60 0 3 4 13.6 27.2 3.8
80 0.2 4.8 8.6 20.2 38.6 4.2
100 0.2 7.5 15.8 29.2 41.5 5.2
120 0.6 11.2 19.6 34.2 44.8 5.6
140 0.7 16.4 26.2 35.8 46.6 6.2
160 0.9 25.2 31.4 39.8 49.8 6.8
Table 1.1 Pressure drop reading
Calculated Data
Conversion:
1 Pa = 0.0101972 cm H2O

Air Flowrate (L/min) Pressure Drop (Pa)
20 0 39.2 58.8 686.5 1294.5 2799
40 0 147.1 196 892.4 1922.1 3999.7
60 0 294.2 392.3 1333.7 2667 5066
80 19.6 470.7 843.4 1986.9 3785.4 5599.5
100 19.6 735.5 1549 2863.5 4069.7 6932.8
7
120 58.8 1098 1922 3353.9 4393.4 7466.1
140 68.6 1608.3 2569.3 3510.8 4569.9 8266
160 88.3 2471 3079.3 3903 4883 9065
Table 1.2. Converted pressure drop reading
Plot log ∆P vs. log NRe to find the behavior of the flow
Air Flowrate (l/min) log ∆ P (Pa)
20 0 1.593286 1.769377 2.836641 3.112102 3.447003
40 0 2.167613 2.292256 2.95056 3.283776 3.602027
60 0 2.468643 2.593618 3.125058 3.426023 3.704665
80 1.292256 2.672744 2.926034 3.298176 3.578112 3.748149
100 1.292256 2.866583 3.190051 3.456897 3.609562 3.840909
120 1.769377 3.040602 3.283753 3.52555 3.642801 3.873094
140 1.836324 3.206367 3.409815 3.545406 3.659907 3.917295
160 1.945961 3.392873 3.488452 3.591399 3.688687 3.957368
Table 1.3. log ∆ P (Pa)
Air Flowrate (l/min) NRe log NRe

20 0.004 -2.39794
40 0.008 -2.09691
60 0.012 -1.92082
80 0.016 -1.79588
100 0.02 -1.69897
120 0.024 -1.61979
140 0.028 -1.55284
160 0.032 -1.49485
8
Table 1.4. NRe and log NRe for Air
Water Flowrate (l/min) NRe log NRe

0 0 0
1 337.2192 2.527912
2 674.44 2.828943
4 1348.88 3.129973
6 2023.315 3.306064
8 2697.76 3.431003
Table 1.5. NRe and log NRe for Water
Sample Calculation
To find ∆P :
∆P = the pressure difference found in the in the reading
To find NRe:
𝜌𝐷𝑣
NRe =
𝜇
where: 𝜌 = density (kg/m3)
D = diameter (m)
v = velocity (m/s)
𝜇 = viscosity (Pa s)
Solving for NRe:
where: 𝜌air = 1.225 kg/m3 𝜇 air = 1.83632 Pa s
𝜌H2O = 997 kg/m3 𝜇 H2O = 8.9 x 10-4 Pa s
D (diameter of the bed) = 4.3 in or 0.10922 m
𝑄 𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(0.10922)2
for velocity: V= where: A = =
𝐴 4 4
A = 9.369 x 10-3 m2
@ 20 L/min air
9
1𝑚3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
20𝐿/ min(1000𝐿)( 60𝑠 )
V=
9.369 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3
V= 0.0355 m/s
0.0355𝑚
1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (0.10922𝑚)( )
𝑠
NRe =
1.83632 𝑃𝑎 𝑠
NRe = 0.0041
Discussion
Graphical Representation
Air
log ΔP vs log NRe
5
Q H2O=0 L/min
4
3 Q H2O=1 L/min
log ΔP
2 Q H2O= 2 L/min
1 Q H20=4 L/min
0
Q H2O= 6 L/min
-2.4 -1.4 -0.4-1 0.6
log NRe (Air Flow) Q H2O= 8 L/min
Figure 1.1. log ΔP vs log NRe for Air
H2O
log ΔP vs log NRe
5
4 Qair= 20 L/min
Qair=40 L/min
log ΔP
3
2 Qair=60 L/min
1 Qair=80 L/min
0
Qair= 100 L/min
-0.6 0.4 1.4 2.4 3.4
log NRe (H2O flow) Qair=120 L/min
Figure 1.2. log ΔP vs log NRe for H2O
Gathered data shows direct proportionality between the pressure difference and flow rates
of both air and water. As the flow rate increases, pressure drop increases.
10
Conclusion (and recommendations if any)
After conducting the experiment, observation shows the effect of different flow rates to the
pressure drop. Therefore it is concluded that the pressure difference and the characteristic of the
absorption process is dependent on the mass transfer between the liquid and gas inside the
absorber.
11
BINARY BATCH DISTILLATION USING A PACKED COLUMN

Juliet G. Ganar

12
I. Introduction
Distillation is one of the most important but also the most energy sensitive
separation process that chemical engineers should be concerned about. Thus, a good
understanding of the theories and application of this unit operation is essential in order to
minimize energy consumption. In this experiment, two types of distillation will be
conducted, Batch or Differential Distillation and Batch Rectification in a Packed Column.
II. Theory
Batch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is
distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged
with more mixture and the process is repeated. On the other hand,
III. Methods
A. Apparatus
Figure 2.1 Batch or Differential Distillation Apparatus
13
Figure 2.2 Batch Rectification in a Packed Column Equipment Diagram
B. Procedure
Part I. Batch or Differential Distillation
An ethanol solution was prepared with different v/v concentration ranging from
ten (10) to on hundred (100) percent ethanol, then the refractive index of each samples
containing different concentration of ethanol was read and recorded. Then, ethanol
solution with 20% v/v concentration was distilled in a batch distillation set up with a
packed column with a raschig rings packings. The timer started when the first drop of
distillate was observed and the gathering of samples began. Every ten (10) mL of
samples(distillate) collected, temperature in the still pot, packed column, and distillate
section is being measured until ten (10) samples containing is 10mL per sample was
collected. Each sample was tested to get its refractive index.
Part II. Batch Rectification in a Packed Column
An ethanol solution with unknown v/v concentration was distilled using the
Continuous Rectification equipment. In the equipment there are thirteen (13)
thermocouples connected to the packed column and to the condenser. The initial thirteen
temperatures at time zero was recorded and after 25, 35, and 50 minutes a sample was
collected in the feed stream and distillate stream and was subjected to refractive index
analysis. The temperatures was also recorded.
14
IV. Results and Discussion
Observed Data
Part I. Batch or Differential Distillation
Refractive Refractive
Concentration Concentration
Index Index
10 1.3326 60 1.3568
20 1.3364 70 1.3604
30 1.342 80 1.3615
40 1.3472 90 1.3628
50 1.3534 100 1.363
Table 2.1 Calibration Data
Temperature Distillate
SN No.
Still Pot Packed Column Distillate RI
1 90 36 65 1.3622
2 90 37 75 1.3623
3 91 38 81.5 1.3623
4 92 42 86 1.3618
5 93.5 46 89.5 1.361
6 95 52 90.5 1.3596
7 96 58 93 1.3569
8 97 64 95 1.3528
9 98 70 96.3 1.3472
10 99 77 97.5 1.3412
Table 2.2 Batch Distillation Calibration Data
15
Part II. Batch Rectification in a Packed Column
Temp at 0 Temp at 25 Temp at 35 Temp at 50
SN No.
mins mins mins mins
1 30.4 102.6 100.6 100.9
2 31.2 95.7 93.8 93.2
3 30.9 94.4 92 91.3
4 31.1 92.7 90.9 91
5 30.9 92 90.4 90.4
6 30.08 91.1 89.9 90
7 30.9 91.3 89.9 90
8 31 91 90 89.9
9 30.8 90.5 89.7 89.7
10 30.9 31.9 32 31.2
11 30.2 30.3 30 30.4
12 30.1 30.5 30.5 30.5
13 29.3 89 88.3 88
Table2.3 Batch Rectification in a Packed Column Experimental Data
Calculated Data
EtOH Concentration Vs Refractive Index

1.365
1.36
1.355
Refractive Index
1.35
1.345
1.34
1.335
1.33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Concentration (%v/v)
Figure 2.3 Calibration Curve
16
Temperature Refractive Index Concentration Xw Yw 1/Y-X
90 1.3427 30.32 0.064 0.356 3.424658
90 1.3394 21.2 0.064 0.356 3.424658
91 1.338 17.33 0.054 0.324 3.703704
92 1.3372 15.12 0.046 0.289 4.115226
93.5 1.3371 14.85 0.034 0.24 4.854369
95 1.3352 9.6 0.022 0.185 6.134969
96 1.3344 7.39 0.017 0.153 7.352941
97 1.3339 6.01 0.011 0.111 10
98 1.3332 4.07 0.007 0.075 14.70588
99 1.3327 2.69 0.004 0.037 30.30303
Table 2.4 Still Pot Calculated Data
Temperature Refractive Index Concentration

36 1.3628 85.87
37 1.3596 77.02
38 1.3594 76.47
42 1.3572 70.39
46 1.3539 61.27
52 1.35 50.49
58 1.3484 46.07
64 1.3422 28.94
70 1.3393 20.92
77 1.3362 12.36
Table 2.5 Packed Column Calculated Data
Temperature Refractive Index Concentration Xf

65 1.3622 84.22
75 1.3623 84.48
81.5 1.3623 84.48 0.33
86 1.3618 83.1 0.19
89.5 1.361 80.89 0.068
90.5 1.3596 77.02 0.057
93 1.3569 69.56 0.038
95 1.3528 58.23 0.022
96.3 1.3472 42.76 0.014
97.5 1.3412 26.18 0.009
Table 2.6 Distillate Calculated Data
17
Note: Concentration value were obtained using the calibration curve by interpolation. Liquid and
vapor component were obtained using Txy diagram for ethanol-water at atmospheric pressure by
conventional method.
Graphical Representations
100
90
80
70
Concentration
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
36 46 56 66 76 86
Temperature
Figure 2.4 Refractionating Column T & C Profile
35
30
25
Concentration
20
15
10
0
88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Temperature
Figure 2.5 Still Pot T & C Profile
18
Distillate T & C Profile
90
80
70
Concentration
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Temperature
Figure 2.6 Distillate T & C Profile
35
30
25
20
1/y-x
15
10
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Xw
Figure 2.7 x vs 1/y-x Correlation
Using the figure 2.7, the F/W in the Rayleigh’s equation can be calculated by calculating /
finding the area of the line by vertical stripping.
F
ln =A
W
19
𝑥2
where A = 𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝑙 (∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
0.004
where A = 10 − 0(∫ 𝑑𝑥
0.064
where A = 0.6
F
therefore, ln W =0.6
F
= 1.822
W
40.00
35.00
30.00
Concentration
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
100.60 93.80 92.00 90.90 90.40 89.90 90.00 87.00
Tempearature
Figure 2.8 T &C Profile in Packed Column
V. Conclusion
In this experiment the data gathered were used to find or evaluate the applicability of
Ryleigh’s Equation. It was concluded that Rayleigh’s Number can be found and therefore
applicable .
20
ISOTHERMAL REACTION IN A PLUG FLOW TUBULAR REACTOR

Juliet G. Ganar

21
I. Introduction
Chemical reaction engineering is a specialty in chemical engineering. In this area,
chemical engineering play important roles in the design, operation, and maintenance of industrial
plants that involve chemical reactors. To accomplish this expectations, chemical engineering
students must have the knowledge in chemistry, mathematics, and computer fundamentals to be
able to analyze and designs different types of chemical reactors. In this experiment, students will
be testing a laboratory size plug flow reactor to determine its different design parameters
associated with the kinetics of a liquid phase second order reaction at different operating
temperatures. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the reaction rate constant a
given temperature using PFR, and the activation energy of a reaction.
II. Theory
A. Overview
In figure 1, the flow of fluid through the reactor involves no overtaking or mixing with
other elements ahead or behind. Although there may be lateral mixing of fluid, it does not
involve mixing or diffusion along the flow path.
Figure 3.1: Plug Flow Reactor
Analysis of the performance of the PFR by making a material balance for a reaction
component A, Levenspiel (1999) presents the following:
Input = Output + Disappearance + Accumulation
FA = (FA + dFA) + (-rA) ɑV
By manipulation of these values leads to the following relationships:
v dV Xaf dXa
∫0 Fao
= ∫0 −rA
Or
V τ Xaf dXa
= Cao = ∫0
Fao −rA
22
VCao Xaf dXa
τ= = Cao∫0
Fao −rA
Where:
V = volume of the reactor
dV = differential element of volume
-rA = rate of disappearance of A
𝜏 = space time/residence time
Cao = initial concentration of A entering the reactor
Xa = fractional conversion A
A. Arrhenius Equation
The rate of reaction is expressed in terms of Arrhenius Equation:
−𝐸
K = A𝑒 𝑅𝜃
Taking the log of both sides of the equation, we obtain
𝐸
log k = log A - 𝑅𝜃
where:
𝜃 = temperature
A = frequency factor
E = activation energy
G = gas constant
23
III. Methods
A. Apparatus
a. Actual Equipment
Figure 3.2: ARMFIELD Plug Flow Tubular Reactor Module
b. Schematic Diagram of the Equipment
Figure 3.3 Schematic Diagram of the ARMFIELD PFTR
c. Description of the equipment

The two feed tanks contain the reactant which are pumped by the two positive displacement
type pumps through the flow meters and into the inlet feed pipes. From here they enter the reactor
24
coil; the time period for which they have to react in the coil is a function of flow rate, set by the
flow meters. The reactants travel up through the coil and are heated by the water in the vessel. The
reactants are discharge into the sump tray through a sampling pipe whose length can be adjusted
by means of a sliding arrangement, to allow specimen samples to be taken.
Procedure
Part I. Preparations of feed solutions, blank solution and titrant
First is the preparation of 0.05M Ethyl Acetate. 99ml concentrated EtAc needed
was diluted by de-ionized or distilled water. The prepared solution was placed in tank B.
For the preparation of 0.05M solution of caustic soda, 40 g of sodium hydroxide flakes was
weighed. It was then dissolved in water and diluted to 20 liters of de-ionized or distilled
water. 20 liters of 0.05M solution was placed in tank A. Next is the preparation of 0.05M
solution of hydrochloric acid. It was made by diluting 37ml of concentrated HCl to de-
ionized water. Next, 0.02M NaOH Titrant was prepared. About 1 liter of water was boiled,
2g of NaOH pellets was dissolved in it after being cooled down for a while. Finally, the
standardization of 0.02M Titrant. The first sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)
was dried in an oven at 1100C for at least an hour, 1g of KHP was weighed and dissolved
in 50ml of water in a flask, adding 1 to 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. It was titrated
with the prepared NaOH titrant and become light pink color.
Part II: Varying Flow Rate
The equipment was operated at room temperature. For run 1, the rotameter valve
was adjusted and made the flow rates of the reactants equal. After 5 minutes, 10 ml of
sample of the reaction product are added to a flask containing a 10ml of blank HCl solution
with a high concentration and eliminated the NaOH of the reacting mixture. It will be
titrated until steady state is attained. For run 2, the flow rate of other reactant will be
increased from 50 to 100%. For run 3, the flow rate of the other reactant will also be
increased to get a different residence times compared to the previous runs.
Part III. Determination of Arrhenius Constant
The flow rates will be set at the same value from run 1 of Part II. The system will
be operated at other temperatures, 300C and 650C to have three values of reaction constant,
k at different temperatures. Having three values of k, Arrhenius constants of frequence
factor and activation energy was estimated.
IV. Results and discussion

 Observed Data
A. Ambient Temperature
Trial 1
Ethyl Acetate Flow Rate: 30
NaOH Flow Rate: 30
25
Time Initial Vol. Final Vol. Vol. of Titrant Used
0 0 9.4 9.4
5 9.4 1.4 6
10 15.4 22.5 7.1
15 22.5 28.4 5.9
20 28.4 34.9 6.5
25 34.9 41.3 6.4
Table 3.1 Trial 1 Data (Ambient Temperature)
Trial 2
NaOH Flow Rate: 50
0 41.3 48.1 6.8
5 0 5.4 5.4
10 5.4 10.5 5.1
15 10.5 15.4 4.9
20 15.4 20.2 4.8
25 20.2 25.4 5.2
Trial 3
NaOH Flow Rate: 30
0 25.4 30.9 5.5
5 0 7.2 7.2
10 7.2 14.9 7.7
15 14.9 22.8 7.9
20 22.8 30.5 7.7
25 30.5 38 7.5
B. Operating Temperature
Trial 1 (Temp. = 290C)
NaOH Flow Rate: 50
26
0 41.3 48.1 6.8
5 0 5.4 5.4
10 5.4 10.5 5.1
15 10.5 15.4 4.9
20 15.4 20.2 4.8
25 20.2 25.4 5.2
Table 3.4 Trial 1 Data (Temp = 290C)

NaOH Flow Rate: 30
0 0 9.4 9.4
5 9.4 16.9 7.5
10 16.9 24.8 7.9
15 24.8 32.85 8.05
20 32.85 40.8 7.95
25 40.8 48.4 7.6

NaOH Flow Rate: 30
0 0 10.05 10.05
5 10.05 19.6 9.55
10 19.6 29 9.4
15 29 38.55 9.55
20 38.55 47.2 9.25
25 38 47.1 9.1
27
Reactor Volume: 0.4L
CNaOH in the reactor: 0.02M
CHCl: 0.05M
VSample: 0.01L
 Calculated Data
A. Ambient Temperature (@290C)
No. Flow Flow Total Residence X K -rA
Rate Rate flow Time (%) (L/mol.min) (mol/L.min)
of of Rate (min)
NaOH Et(Ac) of sol.
1 30 30 60 6.67 16.52 0.59367 0.0010343
2 50 30 80 5 12.88 0.591368 0.0011221
3 30 50 80 5 17.4 0.842615 0.0014372
0
Table 3.7 Calculated Data (Temp = 29 C)
B. Different Temperature
No. Flow Flow Total Residence X K -rA
Rate Rate flow Time (%) (L/mol.min) (mol/L.min)
of of Rate (min)
NaOH Et(Ac) of sol.
1 50 30 80 5 12.88 0.591368 0.0011221
2 30 30 60 6.67 19.36 0.720238 0.0011709
3 30 30 60 6.67 12.76 0.883998 0.0013185
Table 3.8 Calculated Data (Varying Temperature)
C. Values of ln(k) and 1/T

Ln (k) 1/T
-0.52532 0.00331
-0.32817 0.003193
-0.1233 0.002957
Table 3.9 Values of ln(k) and 1/T
28
 Sample Calculation
A. Solving for Activation Energy
−0.32817+0.52532
m1 = = -1685.04
0.003193−0.00331
−0.1233+0.32817
m2 = 0.002957−0.003193 = -868.09
𝑚1+𝑚2
m= = -1276.57
2
𝐸𝑎
= 1276.57
𝑅
𝐸𝑎 = (1275.57)(8.314J/mol.k)
𝑬𝒂 = 10.61 kJ/mol.k
B. Residence Time, 𝝉
For flow rate = 30mL/min
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜏 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
Total Flow Rate = Flow rate of NaOH + Flow rate of Et(Ac)

= 30mL/min + 30mL/min
= 0.06L/min
Hence,
𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝑳
Residence Time, 𝝉 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝑳/𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 6.6667 min
C. Conversion
For flow rate = 30mL/min
Moles of reacted NaOH, n1
n1=CNaOH (VNaOH Titrated)
n1 = (0.05M)(1.652L)
n1 = 0.0000826 moles
Moles of unreacted HCl, n2

n2 = n1
n2 = 0.0000826 moles
29
Volume of unreacted HCl, V1
𝑛2 0.0000826
V1 = 𝐶 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.05𝑀
V1 = 0.001652L
Volume of HCl reacted, V2

V2 = Total Volume HCl – V1
V2 = 0.01L – 0.001652L
V2 = 0.008348L
Moles of reacted HCl, n3

n3 = CHCl (V2)
n3 = (0.05M)(0.008348L)
n3 = 0.000417 mole
Moles of unreacted NaOH, n4

n4 = n3
n4 = 0.000417 mole
Concentration of unreacted NaOH, CNaOH

𝑛4
CNaOH = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
0.000417 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
CNaOH = 0.01𝐿
CNaOH = 0.04174 M
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
Xunreacted = 𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.000417 mole
Xunreacted = 0.04174 M
Xunreacted = 0.8348
30
x(%) = (1-xunreacted)(100%)
x(%) = (1-0.0348)(100%)
x = 16.52%
D. Reaction Rate Constant, k

𝑣𝑜 𝑥
K = (𝑉𝐹𝑇𝑅 )𝐶𝑎𝑜(1−𝑥)
0.06𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.1652
K= 0.05𝐿 (1−1652)
(0.4𝐿)( )
min
K = 0.593675 L.mol/min
E. Rate of Reaction, -rA
-rA = k(Cao)2(1-x)2
-rA = (0.593675 mol.L/min)(0.05M)2(1-0.1642)2
-rA = 0.0010343 mol.L/min
 Graphical Representation
A. Residence Time vs. Conversion
Residence Time vs Conversion (%)

20
18
16
Conversion (%)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Residence time (min)
Figure 3.4 Residence Time vs. Conversion
31
From the graph above, it is shown that the conversion factor is inversely proportional to
the residence time.
B. Residence Time vs. Flow Rate
Residence Time vs Flow Rate

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
Flow Rate
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6
Residence Time
Figure 3.5 Residence Time vs. Flow Rate
In the graph above shows the relationship of residence time vs. flow rate. It is shown that
as flow rate decreases, the residence time increases.
C. Ln(K) vs. 1/T
ln(k) vs 1/T
0
0.0029 0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Figure 3.5 Ln(K) vs. 1/T
32
The slope of the graph ln(K) vs. 1/T shown above is used in finding the value of
activation energy. As observe above, there are two lines that are formed. To find the slope of
the graph, first we find the slope of the first line, m1 and next the slope of the second line,
m2. Then add the two slope and divide it into 2. The answer will be equal to Ea/R, substitute
the value of R which is 8.314 J/mol.k and then we have the value of the reaction energy.
V. Conclusions (and recommendation if any)
From the Experiment, we were able to determine the reaction rate constant. This was done
by calculating the reaction rate constant as seen in the sample calculation. The value of reaction
rate constant was, 0.59367, 0.591368, and 0.842615 at ambient temperature of 290C. The
activation energy that was calculated was 0.0593675 L.mol/min.
33
RESPONSE OF 1ST AND 2ND ORDER SYSTEMS
(TEMPERATURE INPUT WITH ON/OFF CONTROL)

Juliet G. Ganar

34
I. Introduction
Temperature control is quintessential part of the proper product formation. If the

temperature slips above or below the ideal range needed for a particular stage in a manufacturing
process, this results can be harmful; improperly adhered coatings, a weakened base material, or
an overall compromised component. There are three general kinds of temperature controllers:
on/off, proportional, and PID controls. The experiment conducted used temperature input with
on/off control. The experiment intended to control the temperature in a process vessel using an
on/off controller connected to a temperature sensor, by controlling power to a heating element.
II. Theory
The temperature within the process vessel is monitored using a thermocouple type sensor.
The output is sent to an On/Off controller that switches a heating element on or off to maintain
the required set point temperature within the vessel. In the conducted experiment, the data for
temperature T1 against time will be obtained and plotted in a graph. The experiment will have
three runs for better results, run 1 with PSV = 0%, run 2 with PSV = 20%, and run 3 with PSV =
40%. The results will be analyzed to prove that the heating element will switches on or off with
required set point temperature.
III. Methods
Apparatus
a. Actual Equipment
Figure 4.1 PCT40 bench with small process vessel containing a heating coil.
35
b. Diagram of the Equipment
Figure 4.2 Diagram of equipment setup
c. Equipment Description/Setup
The apparatus should be set up according to the installation section. The lid with
heating coil will be in position on the small process vessel, with coil surrounding the
heating element. The apparatus should be connected to a PC with PCT40 software installed,
using the grey USB cable supplied. Switch on the mains power to the apparatus. Run the
PCT40 software and select ‘Section 6: Temperature Control (direct continuous heating)’.
Fill the small process vessel with water: Using a length of tubing with a quick release fitting
at both ends, connect the PSV to the upper fitting on the side of the small process vessel.
Ensure that the lower fitting on the side of the process vessel is not connected. Close the
drain valve on the process vessel. In the software, set the PSV to 100% and watch as the
small process vessel fills with water. Wait until the coil inside the vessel is fully covered
with water, then set the PSV to 0%. Check that the drain valve on the end of the plinth is
open and that it is connected to a suitable drain.
Select a second length of tubing with a self-sealing fitting on one end and an open end
at the other, and direct the open end to a suitable drain. Connect the quick-release fitting to
the lower connection on the side of the small process vessel. Water will drain from the free
end. Half close the drain valve on the end of the tube. In the software, increase the PSV
value using the arrow keys until the water level in the process vessel is stable and covers
the coil. Adjust the drain valve so that the water level in the vessel remains constant and
covers the coil at a PSV setting of approximately 50%. The apparatus should not be left
unattended, to ensure the process vessel does not overflow or run dry.
36
Procedure
In the PST40 software, ‘Control’ was selected to open the PID controller window.
Proportional Band (P) will be set to 0%, the Integral Time (I) to 0s and the Derivative Time
(D) to 0s. Then the controller was now set as a simple On/Off controller with fixed
hysteresis of 0.5% of full scale. The temperature at which the on/off will operate was set
to 600C. The settings was applied and the control window was then closed. In the Sample
menu at the top of the screen, Configure was selected and the data logging was set to
automatic at intervals of 30s. Thee icon for data logging was clicked for recording. For run
2, PSV was set to 20% and in run 2 PSV was set to 40%.
IV. Results and discussion

 Observed Data
RUN RUN RUN
Time 1 2 3
T1 T2 T3 Q T1 T2 T3 Q T1 T2 T3 Q
00:00 27.8 33.9 32.3 2 43.4 37.9 38.3 300 49.7 39.0 38.0 520
00:30 46.1 33.8 31.9 2 50.5 37.9 37.7 303 39.6 38.6 37.9 519
01:00 53.3 33.1 31.7 2 56.9 38.2 38.6 297 41.9 37.8 37.1 524
01:30 64.8 34.1 32.7 3 58.3 39.3 39.0 303 49.8 37.2 36.8 521
02:00 62.9 35.7 34.8 3 54.1 39.8 39.0 309 52.7 37.2 37.4 517
02:30 62.4 36.9 35.3 2 50.9 39.6 38.7 300 57.7 37.3 37.4 512
03:00 62.2 37.5 35.1 3 46.6 39.2 38.3 309 59.2 37.8 37.8 516
03:30 62.0 37.8 35.5 3 39.3 38.6 37.6 306 51.9 38.7 38.5 519
04:00 61.8 38.1 35.9 3 41.5 38.4 37.2 307 42.4 38.5 38.2 519
04:30 61.7 38.2 36.2 2 51.4 38.0 37.0 309 42.8 37.6 37.4 520
05:00 61.5 38.2 36.2 3 57.3 38.2 36.7 304 47.0 37.7 36.9 521
05:30 61.3 38.3 36.1 3 60.1 38.4 38.3 305 52.7 37.0 37.1 519
06:00 61.2 38.2 35.8 3 54.2 39.2 38.7 304 56.4 37.8 37.6 521
06:30 61.0 37.4 36.2 3 51.2 39.1 38.3 311 58.0 38.1 37.2 521
07:00 60.9 37.9 36.6 3 47.0 38.5 38.2 309 52.9 38.8 38.0 524
07:30 60.7 37.6 36.9 2 40.0 37.9 37.4 305 44.0 38.5 38.0 528
08:00 60.5 37.5 36.9 2 41.1 37.3 37.2 302 34.5 38.2 37.7 518
08:31 60.4 37.4 36.7 3 50.7 37.1 36.9 308 47.6 37.9 37.2 514
09:00 60.2 37.3 36.7 2 58.0 38.2 37.4 308 53.0 37.4 36.9 513
09:30 60.0 37.2 36.3 3 59.8 38.6 38.0 300 57.3 37.8 36.8 520
10:00 59.8 37.1 36.8 2 54.2 39.3 37.7 305 58.9 37.8 37.7 516
Table 4.1 Observed Data
37
 Graphical Representation
A. Run 1
Run 1 (PSV=0%)
70.0
60.0
50.0
Temperature
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
00:00 01:26 02:53 04:19 05:46 07:12 08:38 10:05
T1 TimeT2(mins) T3
Figure 4.3 Run 1
B. Run 2
Run 2 (PSV=20%)
70.0
60.0
50.0
Temperature
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
00:00 01:26 02:53 04:19 05:46 07:12 08:38 10:05
T1 TimeT2(mins) T3
Figure 4.4 Run 2
38
C. Run 3
Run 3(PSV=40%)
70.0
60.0
Temperature
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0 Time (mins)

00:00 01:26 02:53 T1 04:19T2 05:46T3 07:12 08:38 10:05
Figure 4.5 Run 3
 Discussion
In the experiment, temperature is controlled in process vessel using an on/off controller
connected to a temperature sensor by controlling power to a heating element. The temperature
within the process vessel is monitored using a thermocouple type sensor. The output is sent to
an on/off controller heat switches a heating element to maintain required set point temperature
within the vessel. In the graph A with PSV set to 0%, it is observed that T1, T2, and T3 maintain
their temperature. Run 2 with PSV = 20% and Run 3 with PSV = 40%, it can be observed the
changes of T1 in the process. As T1 reaches its set point it automatically decreases because the
heater automatically turns off, when it is farther away from the set point the heater
automatically turns on until T1 reaches its set point.
V. Conclusion
In the conducted experiment, T1 is set to have a maximum value of 600C. Based on the graphs
plotted above, it is observed that after reaching the set point of T1 which is 600C the temperature
decreases which means the controller of heat automatically switches off and when it is from below
the set point, the temperature of T1 increases until it reaches the set point which means the
controller automatically switches on the heat on time.
It can be concluded that the temperature input On/Off control is effective.
39
SCREENING AND SIZE REDUCTION

Juliet G. Ganar

40
I. Introduction
Size reduction and screening is a significant process in processing solids like fertilizers,
ceramics, glass, metals, food and feeds, chemicals and cement products. In size reduction, the
problem besides the selection of the appropriate type of equipment is the energy requirement to
reduce the size of the feed to the desired size. In screening, the concern is in the preparation and
interpretation of the screen analysis that are used in determining the performance or efficiency of
industrial screens. In this experiments, we had the exposure to familiarize the operaton, data
gathering, and evaluation of these operations.
II. Theory
Screening is the separation of solids according to size. It is accomplished by passing the

solids over a surface with openings like screen. The material that remains in the screen or, in
other words, does not pass through the screens is called the oversize or plus material. On the
contrary, those which are able to pass through the openings are called under size or minus
material. There are two types of screening, dry and wet screening. Dry screening is the type
where the material to be separated originally contains an amount of moisture is dried before
screening. In contrary, wet screening is the type where water is added to the material to be
screened in order to wash the fine material through the screen.
Size reduction involves fracturing or shattering of larger mass units to form small mass
units of the same material. This is done by the application of pressure in the material. The
concept is that since all true solid materials are crystalline in nature, the pressure applied must be
sufficient to cause failure or breakage along the cleavage planes of the atoms arrange in definite
geometric patterns. The shear which results from the pressure must be able to cause rupture not
deformation.
The equation commonly used are as follows:
For Differential Fraction:
mass of gravel per tray

Xp =
total mass of gravel
0.5826
Xp =
1.0429
For DP:
D1 + D2
Dp =
2
For Cumulative Fraction:
cummulative fraction = 1 − X p
X p = 1 − 0.1135
41
III. Methods
A. Apparatus
B. Procedure
Part I. Using Jaw Crusher

First, jaw crusher turns on and 1000 g of gravel was fed to the bucket of
the jaw crusher to reduce the size of the gravel. The crushed gravel was
collected using a basin. Before placing the gravel to the Tyler sieve, each pan
was weighed according to its mesh number. Then, the collected crushed gravel
was placed on the Tyler screen arranged in from larger to smaller sieve diameter
varying from mesh number 4 to 200. After, the Tyler screens was placed in an
electric sieve shaker to separate the gravel according to its diameter. Finally,
each pan with sieved gravel was weighed according to its mesh number.
Part II. Using Ball Mill

A 1000 grams of gravel was placed in a porcelain jar with porcelain balls
inside it to reduce the size. Then, the crushed gravel was placed in a basin where
the gravel was separated from the balls. Then, the collected crushed gravel was
placed on the Tyler screen arranged in from larger to smaller sieve diameter
varying from mesh number 4 to 200. After, the Tyler screens was placed in an
electric sieve shaker to separate the gravel according to its diameter. Finally,
each pan with sieved gravel was weighed according to its mesh number.
IV. Results and Discussion
A. Observed Data
Weight of the gravel: 1002.5 grams

Time: 1 minute and 5 seconds
Speed of Motor: (1080, 1088, 1090) rpm
Speed of Flywheel: (119.3, 220, 228.5) rpm
Power of Motor: 2.1hp
42
Force Readings (Newtons)
4.8 5.5 6.5 3.6
4.6 5.0 7.5
5.4 6.0 6.0
6.1 7.0 5.1
5.1 6.1 4.5
Table 6.1 Force Readings
MESH No. Sieve Tray Sieve Tray + Mass of Gravel

Gravel
4 0.511 1.093 0.583
5 0.503 0.621 0.118
6 0.469 0.555 0.086
8 0.481 0.550 0.069
10 0.462 0.486 0.024
12 0.449 0.472 0.023
16 0.436 0.471 0.034
20 0.437 0.463 0.026
30 0.403 0.421 0.019
35 0.324 0.334 0.010
40 0.398 0.403 0.005
50 0.358 0.371 0.013
70 0.359 0.369 0.010
100 0.365 0.374 0.009
140 0.352 0.354 0.001
200 0.330 0.343 0.013
TOTAL 1.042
Table 6.2 Screening Using Tyler Sieve Tray Data ( Jaw Crusher)
Part II. Using Ball Mill
Power of Motor: 1/8 hp

Length: 160 mm
Inside Diameter of Ball Mill:
43
Diameter of Ball
13.01 13.46 13.47 13.46 13.15 12.40 1.44 12.95
Average 11.668
Table 6.3 Data for Diameter of Ball
Revolution Per Minute

50 49.50 49.50 50 50 50
Average 50
Table 6.4 RPM of Flywheel
MESH No. Sieve Tray Sieve Tray + Mass of Gravel

Gravel
4 0.511 1.068 0.558
5 0.503 0.557 0.054
6 0.469 0.564 0.095
8 0.481 0.577 0.096
10 0.462 0.486 0.024
12 0.449 0.471 0.023
16 0.436 0.477 0.041
20 0.437 0.461 0.023
30 0.403 0.421 0.018
35 0.324 0.331 0.007
40 0.398 0.403 0.005
50 0.358 0.369 0.012
70 0.359 0.368 0.009
100 0.365 0.381 0.016
140 0.352 0.359 0.007
200 0.330 0.362 0.032
TOTAL 1.019
Table 6.5 Screening Using Tyler Sieve Tray Data (Ball Mill)
B. Calculated Data
Diameter Dp Xp
44
MESH Cumulative
No. Fraction
4 4.76 0.559 0.441
5 4.00 4.38 0.114 0.886
6 3.36 3.68 0.082 0.918
8 2.38 2.87 0.066 0.934
10 2.00 2.19 0.023 0.977
12 1.68 1.84 0.022 0.978
16 1.00 1.34 0.033 0.967
20 0.84 0.92 0.025 0.975
30 0.60 0.72 0.018 0.982
35 0.50 0.55 0.009 0.991
40 0.42 0.46 0.005 0.995
50 0.30 0.36 0.013 0.987
70 0.21 0.25 0.010 0.990
100 0.15 0.18 0.008 0.992
140 0.11 0.13 0.001 0.999
200 0.07 0.09 0.012 0.988
Table 6.6 Jaw Crusher Calculated Data
MESH Cumulative
Diameter Dp Xp
No. Fraction
4 4.76 0.547 0.453
5 4.00 4.38 0.053 0.947
6 3.36 3.68 0.093 0.907
8 2.38 2.87 0.094 0.906
10 2.00 2.19 0.024 0.976
12 1.68 1.84 0.022 0.978
16 1.00 1.34 0.040 0.960
20 0.84 0.92 0.023 0.977
30 0.60 0.72 0.018 0.982
35 0.50 0.55 0.007 0.993
40 0.42 0.46 0.005 0.995
50 0.30 0.36 0.011 0.989
70 0.21 0.25 0.009 0.991
100 0.15 0.18 0.015 0.985
140 0.11 0.13 0.006 0.994
200 0.07 0.09 0.032 0.968
45
Table 6.7 Ball Mill Calculated Data
C. Graphical Representation
0.12
0.1
0.08
Xp
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Dp
Jaw Crusher Ball Mill
Figure 6.1 Differential Screen Analysis
As shown in Figure 6.1, for Jaw crusher xp increases as Dp increases exponentially

but has a sudden drop when Dp reaches 3.25. In contrary, in the Ball xp increases as Dp
increases exponentially without dropping. Comparing the two Ball mill has stable
increase in xp than Jaw Crusher.
0.98
Cummulative Fraction
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Dp
Jaw Crusher Ball Mill
Figure 6.2 Cumulative Screen Analysis
46
As shown in Figure 6.2, for Jaw crusher cumulative fraction decreases as Dp
increases exponentially but has a sudden shot when Dp reaches 3.25. In contrary, in the
Ball cumulative fraction decreases as Dp increases exponentially without increasing.
Comparing xp and cumulative fraction, the two is inversely proportional to each
other as shown in the graph.
D. Sample Calculation
For Differential Fraction:
mass of gravel per tray

Xp =
total mass of gravel
0.5826
Xp =
1.0429
X p = 0.5586
For DP:
D1 + D2
Dp =
2
4.76
Dp =
4
Dp = 4.38
For Cumulative Fraction:
cummulative fraction = 1 − X p
X p = 1 − 0.1135
X p = 0.8864
V. Conclusion
In this experiment, it has been concluded that particle size reduction varies depending on
type of size reduction equipment used like Jaw Crusher and Ball Mill as the one used in this
experiment. This was supported by illustration shown by the figures in this experiment.
47
AGITATION AND MIXING

Juliet G. Ganar

48
I. Introduction
Agitation and mixing of solutions or mixtures are very common in the chemical process
industries. These operations are necessary in preparing raw materials for processing either by
homogenization or during chemical reactions in batch or continuous stirred tank reactors for the
reacting components to react efficiently.
Among the important factors that contribute to the cost of processing is the power
requirement needed to attain the desired energy requirement during the mixing process. In this
experiment, the chemical engineering student will have a hands-on experience in observing how
these factors affect the energy requirements, be able to measure them and use them in calculating
the power requirement. Important agitation behavior such as vortex formation, movement of
eddies, effect of tank dimensions, effect of baffles and type of agitators are studied.
II. Theory
The most important consideration in the application of agitation operations is the power
requirement of the agitation system desired. The power delivered or absorbed by the agitated liquid
in order to put it in a desired condition of mixing is known as the power requirement or power
consumption of the agitation system. The system is defined by the variable parameters such as
impeller type, impeller speed, liquid density, liquid viscosity, tank type (baffled or unbaffled) and
the geometrynof the agitators relative in the geometry of the tank.
Objectives:
1. To monitor the power consumption of an agitation system defined by parameters
such as impeller speed, liquid density, liquid viscosity, and impeller type for baffled
and unbaffled tank.
2. To correlate the dimensionless groups necessary to predict the power requirement
of any available agitation system desired; to compare this correlation with previous
investigations, if such exist.
3. To study the vortex formation patterns in unbaffled tank systems and to correlate
this vortex magnitude (in terms of cross-sectional area of vortex) with a
dimensionless number, specifically the impeller Reynolds number.
4. To determine the limiting impeller Reynolds number for each type of impeller; this
is the limiting number at which the vortex first touches the impeller.
49
III. Methods
Apparatus:
Force Gauge
Impelle
r
Speed Controller
Figure 7.1 Actual Equipment Setup

Note:
The ammeter and voltmeter is not available. The digital laser tachometer is the only one
available that was used in the experiment.
Procedure:
1. Fill the tank up to a height equal to the diameter of tank with a liquid or liquid mixture
of mixture of known density and viscosity. Pure water can be used.
2. Place the four baffles in the tank.
3. Connect the first type of turbine impeller.
4. Using the variac, set the motor speed at the lowest possible speed. Record the voltage,
amperage readings and force readings. Describe or draw the flow pattern created in the
agitated vessel.
5. Increase the speed by a reasonable increment, about 100 rpm up to the maximum speed.
Record the voltage, amperage the force readings and significant changes in the flow
patterns.
6. Repeat the procedure using the different types of stirrers.
7. Remove the baffles and repeat steps 3,4 and 5 (See Note 1).
50
8. If the water or any liquid of low viscosity was used, test a second liquid or mixture of
higher viscosity. Sodium silicate of about 80% by volume can be used. Repeat 2 to 7.
9. To change the density and viscosity of the mixture, dilute the mixture using water by
removing a certain volume from the tank and then diluting it up to the original level.
Note 1: If vortex formation occurs, (for unbaffled tank), use the vortex measuring
device and record the depth versus distance from the tank wall.
Note 2: The optimum electrical setting for motor speeds greater than 100 rpm is a field
voltage of 26.5 volts. Then adjust the armature voltage to obtain the desired speed.
Observed Data:
With Baffled Tank
Type of Propeller: Small Propeller

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
Vortex Height 0 0 0 0 0
VortexDiameter 0 0 0 0 0
RPM 32.9 143.2 269.5 401.4 522.7
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.03 0.05
Table 7.1 Observed Data, Small Propeller (Baffled Tank)
Type of Propeller: Large Propeller

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
RPM 42.7 150 276.7 403.3 516.6
Gauge Torque 0 0 0.02 0.05 0.07
Table 7.2 Observed Data, Large Propeller (Baffled Tank)
51
Type of Propeller: 2 Blades
Speed 1 2 3 4 5
RPM 29 151 278.5 400 522.5
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.02 0.85
Table 7.3 Observed Data, 2 Blades (Baffled Tank)

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
RPM 41.8 149.0 274.3 398.9 523.2
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 1.46 2.67
Table 7.4 Observed Data, 4 Blades (Baffled Tank)
Without Baffled Tank

Type of Propeller: Small Propeller
Speed 1 2 3 4 5
VortexDiameter 0 0 0 1.8 2.5
RPM 42.4 142.1 201.2 401.2 516.6
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.02 0.04
Table 7.5 Observed Data, Small Propeller (Non-Baffled Tank)
Type of Propeller: Large Propeller

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
VortexDiameter 0 0 2 5 9.5
RPM 36.6 146.9 270.7 405.5 523.9
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.03 0.04
Table 7.6 Observed Data, Large Propeller (Non-Baffled Tank)

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
VortexDiameter 0 9.8 13 14.5 16.5
52
RPM 40.2 152.5 276.5 406.5 521.9
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.02 0.76
Table 7.7 Observed Data, 2 Blades (Non-Baffled Tank)

Speed 1 2 3 4 5
VortexDiameter 0 10 14.5 16.5 17.5
RPM 34 158.6 272.5 402.5 523.3
Gauge Torque 0 0 0 0.02 0.86
Table 7.8 Observed Data, 4 Blades (Non-Baffled Tank)
Calculated Data:
*Calculation for Impeller Reynolds Number, theoretical power consumption and power number
for small propeller without baffled tank
𝐷𝑎 = 4.5 cm = 0.045 m
N = 0.71 J/s
ρ = 997.08 kg/𝑚3
µ = 8.90 x 10−4 Pa*s
w/r:
𝑅𝑃𝑀 42.4
N= = = 0.71
60 60
𝐷𝑎 2 𝑁𝜌 (0.045)2 (0.71)(997.08)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 1610.73
𝜇 (8.90 x 10−4 )
 For Theoretical Power Consumption
∅𝑁 3 𝐷𝑎5 𝜌 (0)(0.71)3 (0.045)5 (997.08)

𝑃= = =0
𝑔 9.805416
53
0.3048 𝑚 𝑚
w/r: 𝑔𝑐 = 32.17 ft/s x = g = 9.805416
1 𝑓𝑡 𝑠2
𝑁 0.71 −4
𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
(𝜇) (8.90 x 10 )
0
∅= 5 = 5 =0
(𝑁)3 (𝐷𝑎∗0.0578) 𝜌 (0.71)3 (0.045) (997.08)
 For Power Number
𝑃𝑔𝑐 (0)(9.805416)
𝑁𝑃𝑜 = = =0
𝑁3 𝐷𝑎5 𝜌 (0.71)3 (0.045)5 (997.08)
Graphical Representations:
NP vs NRe
0.0000014
0.0000012
0.000001
0.0000008
NP
0.0000006
0.0000004
0.0000002
0
0.00E+00 5.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.50E+04 2.00E+04 2.50E+04
-2E-07
NRe
Small Propeller w/o Baffle Small Propeller w/ Baffle
54
NP vs NRe
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
NP
0.000005
0
0.00E+00 1.00E+04 2.00E+04 3.00E+04 4.00E+04 5.00E+04 6.00E+04
-0.000005
NRe
Large Propeller w/o Baffle Large Propeller w/ Baffle
NP vs NRe
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
NP
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0.00E+001.00E+042.00E+043.00E+044.00E+045.00E+046.00E+047.00E+048.00E+049.00E+04
-0.0001
NRe
2 Blades w/o Baffle 2 Blades w/ Baffle
55
NP vs NRe
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
NP
0.001
0.0005
0
0.00E+001.00E+042.00E+043.00E+044.00E+045.00E+046.00E+047.00E+048.00E+049.00E+04
-0.0005
NRe
4 Blades w/o Baffle 4 Blades w/ Baffle
Vortex Area vs NRe

1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
Vortex Area
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00E+00 1.00E+04 2.00E+04 3.00E+04 4.00E+04 5.00E+04 6.00E+04 7.00E+04 8.00E+04 9.00E+04
-0.20
NRe
Small Propeller Large Propeller 2 Blades 4 Blades
Table 7.1 Graphical Data

Table 7.1 shows the relationship between the vortex area Vs. Nre for unbaffled tank, when the
impeller speed increases the area formation of vortex increases too.
56
CONCLUSION:
From the actual experiment, it was observed that the set-up with baffles produces no vortex
from low to high speed. Therefore, it is concluded that the vortex formation depends on the type
of blade, rotating speed and the vessel type.
57
DRYING AT CONSTANT DRYING CONDITIONS

Juliet G. Ganar

58
I. Introduction
Drying is an experimental way of removing moisture and other non-volatile object in a
sample. This is done after contacting the sample in an isolated system of certain temperature and
humidity. The continuous heating will result the loss of moisture content on the sample until it
reaching its equilibrium. Upon reaching this point, the critical moisture content will be achieved
and the movement of changes become stable at certain point. Because of this the drying rate will
also remain constant. The effect of particle size in drying varies dominantly in the equilibrium
moisture content of the solids.
II. Theory
When temperatures of a saturated granular solid which is being dried reach the wet bulb
temperature of the gas, the drying rate remains constant until certain critical moisture content is
reached. Beyond this point, the movement of the liquid to the solid surface becomes insufficient
to replace the liquid being evaporated and the liquid interface begins to retreat from the surface.
The overall drying rate is then reduced because the overall heat and mass must both diffuse
through the top layer of the solids and further drying depends on the ease of movement of
moisture within the solid. Such movement is controlled by a wet force which arises from the
differences in hydrostatic heads and surface tension effects in the interstices between the various
particles.
III. Methods
Apparatus
Procedure
Dry enough of sand in an oven at 102 – 105 degree Celsius and weigh sand every 10
minutes. When stable reading is obtained, remove the sand from the oven and place it in
desiccators to cool. Screen sufficient dry sand (boned Dry) to approximately 2000 mesh using
the sieve shakers to fill the four drying trays to a depth of about 10 mm each. Weigh accurately
the sand that will be loaded in the four drying trays. Also, weigh accurately each drying empty
tray. Place the sand on a suitable container and saturate it with water. Remove the sand from the
container and drained the excess free water. Load the sand evenly and smoothly into the drying
trays, taking care to avoid any spillage. The total weight of the wet sand should be noted before
drying commences. Record the temperature and pressure of the boiler, inlet and outlet steam line
in the dryer. Record the weight of the sand, wet bulb temperature of entering and outgoing air,
velocity of air, temperature (7 locations) of the preheated air every 5 minutes until the weight of
the sand becomes approximately constant. Repeat the experiment but using sand of the 200
microns’ grade.
59
A. Observed Data
Part I. Drying Curves
Table 8.1 Weight of Sand after Drying

Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Weight of
1950 1950 1950 1940 1940 1931 1929 1922 1920 1914 1910 1908
wet sand
Part II. Effects of Particle Size On Drying

Table 8.2 Weight of Bone Dry Sand After Drying
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wt. of
bone dry 1200 1182 1175 1169 1111 1108 1102 1100 1100 1100
sand
Table 8.3 Temperature of Preheated Air (Drying medium) in Degree Celsius

Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Point 1 25.2 33.1 34.3 34.2 34.8 34.7 34.9 35.3 35.2 34.8
Point 2 29.6 62.1 62.8 57.8 63.8 66.5 67.3 68.7 67.1 67.6
Point 3 30.4 65.7 67.8 60.3 68.5 68.8 67.7 70.9 68.9 69.5
Point 4 30.7 65.7 67.9 68.2 68.6 67.8 68.6 69.7 67.8 68.4
Point 5 30.1 67.1 67.6 68.6 64.8 67.9 63.2 69.8 66.6 66.6
Point 6 31.1 34.6 35.5 35.7 36 37.8 36.1 36.6 36.5 36.4
Point 7 29.9 33.3 34.3 34.3 34.7 34.3 34.4 34.6 34.8 34.7
60
B. Sample Calculation
To calculate the Moisture Content,
Wi − Wf
%M = x100
Wf
1950 − 1940
%M = x100
1940
%M = 51
To calculate Draying rate;
%M
DR =
Area x Time
%M
DR =
Area x Time
w/r Area = 0.04625 m2
1.52
DR =
0.04625x 5
DR = 6.59
B. Calculated Data
Part I. Drying Curves

Table 8.4 Value of %Moisture and Rte Constant
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Initial 1950 1950 1950 1940 1940 1931 1929 1922 1920 1914 1910 1908
wt.
% 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.515 0.000 0.466 0.104 0.364 0.104 0.313 0.209 0.105
Moisture
drying 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.743 0.000 0.403 0.075 0.225 0.056 0.151 0.091 0.041
rate
61
0.600
0.500
0.400
moisture
0.300
0.200 y = -0.0006x + 0.2361
0.100
0.000
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
time
Figure 8.1 Moisture Vs Time
0.700
0.600 y = 0.6126x + 0.1359
0.500
moisture
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
drying rate
Figure 8.2 Drying Rate Vs Moisture
Part II. Effects of Particle Size On Drying

Table. 8.5 Value of %
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Weight 1200 1182 1175 1169 1111 1108 1102 1100 1100 1100
moisture 1.523 0.596 0.513 5.221 0.271 0.544 0.182 0.000 0.000
62
drying 6.589 1.289 0.740 5.647 0.234 0.393 0.112 0.000 0.000
rate
4
moisture
0 y = -0.0441x + 2.0847
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-1
time
Figure. 8.3 Moisture Vs Time
4
y = 0.4826x + 0.2299
moisture
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
drying rate
Figure 8.4 Drying Rate Vs Moisture
63
V. Conclusion
From the data collected in the experiment, it was concluded that particle size and
moisture content affects the rate of drying of a certain material given its particle size and
assuming that the drying conditions such as pressure, temperature, and humidity are constant.
64
COOLING TOWER EXPERIMENT

Juliet G. Ganar

65
I. Introduction
Cooling towers are most common in urban buildings and industrial processes. It is an
apparatus used to eliminate unwanted heat from a certain system. It follows the principle of water
evaporation. Heat and mass transfer takes place during this process therefore cooling the water.
Some of the application of cooling towers are in air-conditioning, refineries, power plants, food
processing plants.
II. Theory
A liquid in a cooling tower cools down through the removal of the latent heat of evaporation
from it. Evaporation works in a way where a hot liquid evaporates into gas phase, and this is due
to the lesser vapor pressure of the gas phase compared to the saturated vapor pressure. In addition,
a cooling tower follows the application of convective heat transfer between water and air. A heat
transfer without material exchange. Its driving force is the temperature difference between water
and air.
III. Methods
Apparatus
a. Actual Equipment
Figure 9.1 Actual Cooling Tower Equipment (Front and back)
66
The Figure 0.0 above is a Cooling Tower equipment used to convert hot water to
cold water. The hot water coming from the boiler is sent out to the cooling tower that reject
the heat absorbed. The hot water will be piped in and be distributed through a pressurized
spray system in an open atmospheric environment over a gray mesh in the cooling tower
called “fill”. One or more of cooling tower fan will pulls air into the unit and draws over
the fill as the water goes out the tower.
Procedure
At time 0, the inlet air temperature of wet and dry bulb will be measured by
psychometer. For trial 1, three readings of water temperature was recorded in 5 minutes
interval. The procedure was repeated until the desired water temperature was achieved. For
trial 2, the same procedure was done except the data for water temperature was recorded at
7 minutes interval.
III. Results and Discussion
Observed Data
At time = 0s,
Inlet, Wet valve temp. = 29.50C
Dry valve temp. = 32.50C
A. Trial 1
Time Temperature of water Average

1 2 3
0 51.9 41.9 51.9 51.9
5 46.9 47.1 47.1 47.1
10 43.2 43.6 43.1 43.3
15 40.8 40.7 40.4 40.6
20 37.4 37.8 37.6 37.6
25 35.8 36.3 37.0 37.0
67
30 34.7 34.7 34.0 34.0
B. Trial 2
Time Temperature of water Average

1 2 3
0 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9
5 45.8 46.3 45.4 45.8
10 41.0 41.6 40.7 41.0
15 37.6 38.2 38.1 37.97
20 37.4 37.6 37.6 37.5
25 35.1 35.4 35.4 35.3
30 34.7 34.7 35 34.8
C. Outlet
Time Valve Temperature Time Valve Temperature

Wet Dry Wet Dry
0 300C 330C 0 300C 330C
5 31.50C 330C 7 300C 33.50C
10 31.50C 330C 14 300C 330C
15 300C 330C 21 300C 330C
20 300C 310C 28 300C 31.00C
25 29.50C 310C 35 300C 31.50C
30 29.70C 300C 42 300C 310C
Table 9.1 Experimental Results
68
Graphical Representation
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Figure 9.2 Time vs. Temperature (Trial 1)
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
31
30.5
30
29.5
29
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Dry Valve Wet Valve
Figure 9.3 Time vs. Outlet Valve Temperature (Trial 1)
69
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 9.4 Time vs. Time vs. Temperature (Trial 2)
34
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
31
30.5
30
29.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wet Valve Dry Valve
Figure 9.5 Time vs. Outlet Valve Temperature (Trial 2)
70
IV. Conclusion
Cooling tower is heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the
cooling of a waste stream to a lower temperature (Wikipedia,2018 ). Based from the results in
the conducted experiment, it was concluded that the cooling tower was effective. In the data
gathered, it was observed that as time passed by, the temperature between water and air
decreases which is the purpose of the cooling tower experiment.
71
COOLING TOWER EXPERIMENT

Juliet G. Ganar

72
MANUAL FLOW CONTROL
Date of Performance: Group No.:

Date of Submission: Collaborators:
73
I. Introduction
Process control is now the mainstream in most manufacturing plants. This is the application
of industrial control systems to come up with a safe, economical and consistent level of production
that is not probable to attain through manual human control. One of the control systems that are
commonly used is the flow control. It is the manipulation of the flow rates to achieve desired flow
properties needed in a certain process. Moreover, the objective of this experiment is to manually
control flow rate by varying the speed of a peristaltic pump in a PCT40 bench.
II. Theory
A peristaltic pump is what produces a flow through a flow sensor. The speed of the flow is
controlled by a manual control on the speed of the pump.
III. Methods
Apparatus
 PCT40 bench
This equipment is used to demonstrate the concept of process control, may it be a level control,
temperature control, pressure control or flow control. It utilizes a software that allows the user to
modify parameters as to what is required in the set exercise.
Figure 10.1. PCT40 Schematic Diagram (Source: Armfield Limited)
74
Figure 10.2. Monitor Setup
Figure 10.3. Actual Equipment Setup
Procedure
First a 6.3 mm diameter peristaltic tubing was connected to the socket on SOL 1 and was
passed through the left hand peristaltic pump A to a suitable drain with the lid of the pump open.
Next, an another tube was attached to an inlet plumbing (in front of SOL 1) with its other end
passed through peristaltic pump B to a suitable drain with the lid also open.
75
PCT40 software was turned on and Flow Control under section 9 was selected. Then pump
B was adjusted to 50% open. After this the water supply for the apparatus was opened. Next was
the careful closing of the pump lid B, making sure that the tubing was placed between the guides
on the sides of the pump correctly. Then the pump speed was changed to 100%. The pressure
regulator was then set to its maximum flow rate and the large grey knob was pulled away from it.
The knob was used to adjust the pressure regulator setting increasingly until it reaches an about
1400ml/min flow rate. Afterwards, pump B speed was reduced to 0%
Data logging setting was changed to automatic at 5 minutes intervals with continuous
duration.
Valve SOL 1 was opened and pump A was set to 50% open. Next is closing the lid properly.
After checking that the water was drawn to the pump to drain, pump A speed was set again to 0%
Data logging was started. Pump A was adjusted through the arrows to give a flow rate of
700 ml/min. After this, an observation on how to keep a set flow rate and how the system responds
to controls was arrived.
To further examine the control actions, disturbances were made. First, a new data sheet
was created. Then pump B speed was fixed to 10%, 30% and lastly 0%. This is to observe the
response of the system to the new setting and determine the actions required to bring back the flow
rate to its set point. Stop icon was selected to end data recording.
Results and Discussions through
Observed Data
Set Point = 700 ml/min
Time Run 1 Run 2

Flowrate Pump A Pump B Flowrate Pump A Pump B
Speed Speed Speed Speed
F1 N1 N2 F1 N1 N2
[ml/min] [%] [%] [ml/min] [%] [%]
00:00 743 50 0 738 47 0
00:05 763 49 0 738 47 0
76
00:10 669 47 0 724 47 0
00:15 704 47 0 727 47 0
00:20 672 47 0 740 47 0
00:25 732 47 0 710 47 0
00:30 729 47 0 715 47 0
00:35 669 47 0 696 47 0
00:40 739 47 0 699 47 10
00:45 669 47 0 706 47 10
00:50 680 47 0 684 47 10
00:55 710 47 0 669 47 10
01:00 732 47 0 699 47 10
01:05 669 47 0 667 47 30
01:10 713 47 0 721 47 30
01:15 713 47 0 732 47 30
01:20 733 47 0 683 47 30
01:25 703 47 0 706 47 30
01:30 735 47 0 688 47 30
01:35 730 47 0 669 47 0
01:40 701 47 0 680 47 0
01:45 716 47 0 675 47 0
Table 10.1. Observed Data
77
Discussion
Flow rate vs Time

780
760
740 Run 1
Flow rate
720
Run 2
700
680
660
-15 5 25 45 65 85 105
Time
Figure 10.3. Graphical Data

Table 9.1 shows shifting of flow rates as a function of time. Run 1 emphasizes on how the
system responded into returning the flow rates to its set point. Run 2 on the other hand displays
the effect of increasing pump speed to the flow rates.
Conclusion (and recommendations if any)
After conducting the experiment, observation shows how the flow rate responded to the
adjustments made to the speed of the peristaltic pump. It is therefore concluded that it is easier to
alter flows with through the use of control systems.
78

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Isothermal Reaction In A Plug Flow Tubular Reactor ........................................................................................ 21

Response Of 1st And 2nd Order Systems ............................................................................................................. 34

(Temperature Input With On/Off Control) ........................................................................................................... 34

Screening And Size Reduction............................................................................................................................... 40

Agitation And Mixing ............................................................................................................................................. 48

Drying At Constant Drying Conditions................................................................................................................. 58

Cooling Tower Experiment .................................................................................................................................... 65

Cooling Tower Experiment .................................................................................................................................... 72

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

Faye Florence Y. Abilar

Date of Performance: October 16, 2018 Group No.: 3

The effectiveness of this separation process is affected by the hydrodynamics behavior of

 Gas/Liquid Absorption column

This equipment is used to exhibit actual process on gas-liquid absorption. Gas

Figure 1.2. Gas Absorption Apparatus (Actual Experimental Setup)

Pressure Drop Measurement

Water Flowrate (l/min) 0 1 2 4 6 8

Table 1.1 Pressure drop reading

Water Flowrate (l/min) 0 1 2 4 6 8

Table 1.2. Converted pressure drop reading

Water Flowrate (l/min) 0 1 2 4 6 8

Air Flowrate (l/min) log ∆ P (Pa)

20 0 1.593286 1.769377 2.836641 3.112102 3.447003

40 0 2.167613 2.292256 2.95056 3.283776 3.602027

60 0 2.468643 2.593618 3.125058 3.426023 3.704665

80 1.292256 2.672744 2.926034 3.298176 3.578112 3.748149

100 1.292256 2.866583 3.190051 3.456897 3.609562 3.840909

120 1.769377 3.040602 3.283753 3.52555 3.642801 3.873094

140 1.836324 3.206367 3.409815 3.545406 3.659907 3.917295

160 1.945961 3.392873 3.488452 3.591399 3.688687 3.957368

Table 1.3. log ∆ P (Pa)

Air Flowrate (l/min) NRe log NRe

Water Flowrate (l/min) NRe log NRe

Figure 1.1. log ΔP vs log NRe for Air

Figure 1.2. log ΔP vs log NRe for H2O

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

Faye Florence Y. Abilar

Date of Performance: October 15, 2018 Group No.: 3

Figure 2.1 Batch or Differential Distillation Apparatus

Part I. Batch or Differential Distillation

Part II. Batch Rectification in a Packed Column

Table 2.1 Calibration Data

Table 2.2 Batch Distillation Calibration Data

Table2.3 Batch Rectification in a Packed Column Experimental Data

EtOH Concentration Vs Refractive Index

Figure 2.3 Calibration Curve

Temperature Refractive Index Concentration

Temperature Refractive Index Concentration Xf

Figure 2.4 Refractionating Column T & C Profile

Figure 2.5 Still Pot T & C Profile

Figure 2.6 Distillate T & C Profile

Figure 2.7 x vs 1/y-x Correlation

Figure 2.8 T &C Profile in Packed Column

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

Faye Florence Y. Abilar

Date of Performance: October 15, 2018 Group No.: 3

Figure 3.1: Plug Flow Reactor

Figure 3.2: ARMFIELD Plug Flow Tubular Reactor Module

b. Schematic Diagram of the Equipment

Figure 3.3 Schematic Diagram of the ARMFIELD PFTR

c. Description of the equipment

IV. Results and discussion