ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to place on record my deep sense of

gratitude to Prof. Suparna Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electrical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani for his
valuable guidance, encouragement and helpful criticism during the
course of this project work. Without her wise counsel and able
guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the present
work.

My thanks are also due to Prof. Papon Biswas, Head of the Electrical
Engineering Department for his constant encouragement during
my work and for providing necessary facilities to carry out the
project.

I also express my gratitude to others faculty members of the

department for their intellectual support throughout the course of
this work.

The copious help received from the technical staff of the

department for excellent laboratory support is also acknowledged.

Finally, I am indebted to all whosoever have contributed to provide

help to carry out the present work.

Date:
Place: _
ANIRBAN SEN

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 ABSTRACT _

Railways are an important part of today’s generation. Indian

Railways is India’s national railway system operated by the
Ministry of Railways. It manages the fourth-largest railway
network in the world by size, with 121,407 kilometres (75,439 mi)
of total track over a 67,368 kilometre (41,861) route. Forty-nine
per cent of the routes are electrified with 25 KV AC electric traction
while thirty three per cent of them are double or multi-tracked.
Indian Railways run more than 13,000 passenger trains daily, on
both long-distance and suburban routes, from 7,349 stations
across India.
Now with the increasing number of trains as well as passengers,
accidents are not an unseen phenomenon. In the last 5 years, 586
train accidents were reported.
Safety has been one of the biggest concerns in the Indian Railways
System. The major causes of accidents are derailments, collision,
level-crossing, fire in train and other miscellaneous issues.
So, our project focuses on limiting the accident causing conditions
thus saving lives.
To avoid collision on the train track we have used ultrasonic sensor
to sense the obstacle. And in the second part we have used Infrared
sensors for automatic gate control at the level crossing. Thus
hindering manual interference and inaccuracy number of
accidents can be controlled.
We have experimentally shown the idea of collision avoidance and
automatic gate control by using a toy train but solutions are also
provided for functional real life railways.

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 CONTENTS _

CERTIFICATE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
DECLARATION iii
ACKONWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
CONTENTS vi

Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………… 01
1.1 A brief insight on the history of the Indian railways
…............ 02
1.2 Current Scenario………….…………………………………… 02
1.3 Consequential train accidents …...……………………………. 03
1.4 Idea of Project …………………………………………………. 04
Chapter 02
SURVEY………………………………………………………………………………. 05
Chapter 03
OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………………….. 08
Chapter 04
MODEL ARCHITECTURE……………………………………………………… 10
4.1 Collision Avoidance Train Braking System………………................. 11
4.1.1 Suggested Model…………………………………………………… 11
4.1.2 Block Diagram………………………………………………………. 12

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 4.1.3 Flow chart……………………………………………………………… 13
4.1.4 Braking in real train……………………………………………….. 14
4.2 Automatic Railway Gate Control…………………………………………... 15
4.2.1 Technology…………………………………………………………….. 16
4.2.2 Working principle…………………………………………………… 16
4.2.3 Circuit operation…………………………………………………….. 18
4.2.4 How does sensor know the last carriage …………………. 19
4.2.5 Calibration……………………………………………………………... 20
4.2.6 Flow chart………………………………………………………………. 21
Chapter 05
HARDWARE MODELLING……………………………………………………… 22
5.1 Collision Avoidance Train Braking System……………………………. 23
5.1.1 Connection diagram……………………………………………….. 24
5.1.2 Brief idea on connection diagram……………………………. 24
5.2 Automatic Railway Gate Control…………………………………………… 26
5.2.1 Connection diagram……………………………………………….. 27
5.2.2 Brief idea on connection diagram……………………………. 27
Chapter 06
COMPONENTS………………………………………………………………………. 30
6.1 For Collision Avoidance System…………………………………………… 31
6.2 Automatic Railway Gate Control…………………………………………... 31
6.3 Brief Details on Components………………………………………………... 31
6.3.1 L293D Motor driver………………………………………………… 32
6.3.2 Ultrasonic sensor…………………………………………………….. 33
6.3.3 Arduino…………………………………………………………………... 33
6.3.4 IR sensor…………………………………………………………………. 34

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Chapter 07
SOFTWARE MODELLING……………………………………………………….. 35
7.1 Train Collision Avoidance System………………………………………… 36
7.2 Automatic Railway Gate Control…………………………………………… 41
Chapter 08
BRAKING IN REAL TRAIN……………………………………………………… 46
8.1 Types of Brake…………………………………………………………………….. 47
8.1.1 Air brakes………………………………………………………………. 47
8.1.2 Electro Pneumatic braking system…………………………... 49
8.1.3 Regenerative braking……………………………………………… 50
8.2 Braking Distance Calculation………………………………………………... 51
8.3 Flow Chart of Braking System………………………………………………. 55
Chapter 09
LIMITATION AND ITS SOLUTION…………………………………………... 58
9.1 Limitation…………………………………………………………………………… 57
9.2 Solution………………………………………………………………………………. 57
Chapter 10
AVDANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE……………………………………….. 59
10.1 Advantages……………………………………………………………………….. 60
10.2 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………… 61
Chapter 11
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………... 62
REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………….. 64

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