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Flow Regimes
Subtopics:
Afterflow (Wellbore Storage)
Bilinear Fracture Flow
Bilinear Flow (MFHW)
Compound Linear Flow
Early Linear Flow (MFHW)
Early Radial Flow (MFHW)
Elliptical Flow
Horizontal Radial Flow
Late Radial Flow (MFHW)
Late Time Region
Linear Channel Flow
Linear Flow within the Fractures (MFHW)
Linear Fracture Flow
Linear Horizontal Flow
Pseudo-Steady State Flow
Radial Flow
Single No Flow Boundary
Spherical Flow
Steady State Flow
Transition Region
Vertical Radial Flow
Vertical Radial Flow within the Fractures (MFHW)
Flow of fluid in the reservoir flows in different ways at different times. This is often a function of the shape and size
of the reservoir. In this section, the basic flow regimes are categorized in terms of which time region they occur, and
what kind of wellbore (vertical or horizontal) was used to drill into the formation.
The following are typical derivative and pressure-time plots with the different time categories marked:
Wellbore
Early Time Middle Time Transition Late Time
Configuration
Spherical
Flow
Elliptical Flow
Wellbore
Early Time Middle Time Transition Late Time
Configuration
Wellbore Early Linear Pseudo-
Storage Flow (toward Steady State
fractures) Flow
Vertical
Radial Flow Early Radial
within the Flow (around
fractures each fracture
prior to
Multi-Fractured Linear Flow interference
Horizontal Wells within the between fracs)
(MFHWs) fractures
Compound
Bilinear Flow Linear Flow
Late Radial
Flow (around
MFHW &
fracture
network)
Note: Data affected by wellbore storage contains little or no information about the reservoir.
Wellbore storage is typically controlled by the compressibility of the fluid in the wellbore. For a gas-filled wellbore,
compressibility is high, and wellbore storage effects will occur over a longer period of time. For a liquid-filled
wellbore, compressibility is much lower, and wellbore storage effects will dissipate more quickly. In some cases,
typically in oil wells, both gas and liquid are present within the wellbore and the liquid level changes after shut-in. In
these cases, wellbore storage is also affected by the changing liquid level, as well as compressibility.
Wellbore storage can be minimized by using a downhole shut-in. This operation reduces the wellbore volume and
consequently the wellbore fills more quickly allowing one to see reservoir-dominated flow faster. This kind of
operation is typically used to conduct a Closed Chamber Test (CCT) analysis to reduce the amount of time needed to
gather data to see reservoir effects.
Bilinear Fracture Flow
Bilinear fracture flow occurs in hydraulically fractured wells when the conductivity of the fracture is finite. In this flow
regime, two types of linear flow occur: one from the matrix to the fracture, and one from the fracture to the wellbore.
This is usually evident in long fractures (which are hard to prop open effectively), or in natural fractures (which
contain fracture-fill minerals).
Bilinear Flow – MFHW
In multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs), when the conductivity of the fracture is finite, and the fracture length is
greater than its height, bilinear flow can be observed. It occurs when two linear flows exist: one within the fracture
(towards the well), and one within the formation (towards the fracture). This is identical to bilinear flow in a fractured
vertical well.
This linear flow regime is expected to be the dominant flow regime, as demonstrated from production analysis
results (Nobakht, 2011).
Elliptical Flow
Elliptical Flow occurs when fluid has started to flow from the reservoir at either end of the horizontal wellbore. It is a
transition between linear horizontal flow and horizontal radial flow.
Horizontal Radial Flow
Horizontal radial flow can be observed during the middle time region, after the radius of investigation (rinv) has
expanded well beyond the length of the wellbore.
Late Radial Flow – MFHW
This flow regime defines radial flow around the multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) after compound linear flow. It
is characterized as a zero slope on the log-log derivative plot. This flow regime will only be observed if the well exists
all alone, in an undeveloped field, and would require an extremely long time and area to develop in tight
unconventional formations. As such, it is unlikely to be observed in practice.
Late Time Region
The late time region begins when the radius of investigation (rinv) has reached all of the boundaries. During this time
period, stabilized flow has been reached, and the reservoir exhibits pseudo-steady state or steady state flow.
Note: Linear flow within the fractures is not normally observed in data because it is masked by wellbore
storage.
Radial Flow
In this flow regime, flow is in the horizontal radial direction. This type of flow exists in the time period before the
pressure transient has reached the boundaries of the reservoir (infinite-acting time period).
Radial flow is often observed following other flow regimes. The emergence of radial flow in an infinite conductivity
hydraulically fractured well is shown below. When the radius of investigation (rinv) is small, linear fracture flow is
observed, and as it expands, the flow increasingly becomes radial.
Single No-Flow Boundary
Single no-flow boundary flow occurs during the transition region when a well is located near a single no-flow
boundary. A no-flow boundary can be a physical entity, such as a sealing fault, or can occur when two producing (or
two injecting) wells are adjacent to one another.
Mathematically, a situation in which a well is next to a sealing fault can be modeled by removing the fault, and placing
an image well with a flow rate equivalent to the producing well as shown in the diagram below.
As shown on the plots below, the pressure response on a semi-log or derivative plot shows a doubling of slope when
a single no-flow boundary is present.
Spherical Flow
Spherical flow occurs when a vertical well is partially penetrated or during RFT/MDT/WFT tests. Spherical flow is the
occurrence of radial flow in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
Note: This flow regime is not observed in data because it is masked by wellbore storage.