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A Converter for Bipolar DC Link Based on SEPIC-Cuk Combination

Article in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · December 2015

DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2429745

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 IEEE-TPEL

A Converter for Bipolar DC Link Based on SEPIC-Cuk

Combination

or
Journal:

Manuscript ID:

Manuscript Type:
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics

TPEL-Letter-2015-03-0053.R1

Letter

Peer
Date Submitted by the Author:

Complete List of Authors:

14-Apr-2015

Ferrera, María Bella; University of Huelva, Electrical Engineering

Durán Aranda, Eladio; University of Huelva, Ingeniería Electrónica de
Sistemas Informáticos y Automática
Litrán, Salvador P.; University of Huelva, Electrical Engineering
Andújar Márquez, José Manuel; University of Huelva, Ingeniería Electrónica
de Sistemas Informáticos y Automática

R
Keywords: DC-DC power conversion, DC power systems, DC power transmission
Page 1 of 10 IEEE-TPEL

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3 A Converter for Bipolar DC Link Based on SEPIC-
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8 Cuk Combination
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M.B. Ferrera1, S.P. Litrán1, E. Durán2, J.M. Andújar2
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18 Dpto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Térmica, University of Huelva, Spain. Email: {ferrera, salvador}@die.uhu.es
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19 Dpto. de Ing. Electrónica, de Sist. Infor. y Aut. University of Huelva, Spain. Email: {aranda, andujar}@diesia.uhu.es
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Abstract— This paper describes a new application of SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Converter) and Cuk converter for DC bipolar
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network. A DC-DC converter configuration based on a combination of both converters is proposed. In the resulting topology the
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29 switching node is shared by the SEPIC and Cuk converter, since they have the same instantaneous duty cycle. The main advantage of
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31 this topology is that synchronization of various switches is not required and control terminal is connected to ground which simplifies
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33 the design of the gate drive. On the other hand, this configuration allows the connection of renewable energy sources to microgrids type
34 bipolar DC link and to cover the current needs of new distributed generation units with efficient, economical and easy way. To verify its
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36 performance a prototype was designed. Experimental results show as this combination of two converter topologies with appropriated
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38 modulation schemes are adequate to use in DC microgrid (MG).
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40 Keywords—DC-DC converters; DC microgrids, distributed generation, DC bipolar network.
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43 I. INTRODUCTION
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The use of DC technology was almost discarded in the power transmission systems. DC power systems have been used in

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applications like avionic, automotive, marine, rural areas, telecommunication infrastructures and point-to-point transmissions
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over long distances or via sea cables and for interconnecting AC grids with different frequencies.
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Today's consumer equipment such as computers, fluorescent lights or LED lighting, households, businesses, industrial
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appliances and equipment need the DC power for their operation. However, all these DC loads require conversion of the available
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AC power into DC for its performance. The majority of these conversion stages typically use inefficient rectifiers. On the other
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57 hand, most of renewable energy units generate in DC form or they have outputs voltage/frequency variable, which requires power
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 IEEE-TPEL Page 2 of 10

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2 electronic devices to adapt its output to network conditions. These DC–AC–DC power conversion stages result in substantial
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4 energy losses. Therefore, in many cases it is justified to use DC microgrids, since it would avoid all this conversions. DC
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6 microgrid have mainly the following advantages over AC microgrids [1-5]: more efficiency and more power transmission, require
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8 few wires, more stable, no reactance in the line, frequency is zero (so no need of frequency monitoring), no transient stability
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10 problems, no electromagnetic interference and have lower line resistence.
11 In a DC microgrid, energy can be transmitted with single cable, two cables, or even three cables, what leads to consider three
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DC link types: Monopolar, Bipolar and Homopolar. Of all these topologies, bipolar DC link is one of the most used. Bipolar DC
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link has two wires (Fig. 1): one with positive polarity and one with negative polarity. In normal operation, the current through
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ground is zero. It has two voltage levels, allowing fault conditions a monopolar operation. It is also possible a metallic return with
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appropriate control strategies. This topology has a higher technical complexity and cost than the monopolar DC link, but has
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going for it the following advantages: the current through the return wire in normal operation is smaller, so the power losses are
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Pe
reduced; when a failure occurs in one of the lines, the other continues to operate normally; for the same transmission power, in a

bipolar DC link, the current is half; and this topology allows to have two different voltage levels. This is useful when some loads
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27 consume high power, because the current drawn is reduced.
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29 On the other hand, some renewable energy units generate in a DC way, so it is necessary to use DC-DC converters for

Revie
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31 connection to the appropriate network conditions. For bipolar DC link [6], these units use two or four controlled switches,
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33

w
depending on whether it is a Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge converter.
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35 The advantages of microgrids are causing an increasing number of networks with this topology in the world. Initially, it was
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37 used in large data center such as the Intel Corp. in USA with a bipolar DC link of +/- 200 V or UPN AB of IBM in Sweden of
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39 +/- 190 V, with power greater than 5 MW. Today, its applications are expanding DC distribution networks in low voltage
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41 (voltage below 1 kV) which include distributed generation, since bipolar DC link has proven advantageous from the point of view
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43 of efficiency.
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45 In this paper, a new application of SEPIC and Cuk converters in low-voltage bipolar-type DC microgrid is presented by means

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47 the combining of both configurations. This configuration is a step-up/step-down type. Main advantage is that with an only switch
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49 it is not necessary synchronization among switches. Moreover, the control terminal is connected to ground which simplifies the
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51 construction of the gate drive.
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Page 3 of 10 IEEE-TPEL

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15 Fig. 1. Bipolar DC link.
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17 An experimental prototype has been developed and its performance verified for different load conditions. The obtained results
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19 have confirmed that the designed converter is suitable to use in bipolar DC networks.
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21 The paper is organized as follows: Sections II describes the implementation of three-wire DC distribution based on SEPIC-Cuk
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23 combination converter (SE-CuCC). Section III presents the developed prototype and experimental results. Finally, some
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25 conclusions are given in Section IV.
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II. PROPOSED CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTION
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30 DC-DC converters are widely known that can increase or decrease the magnitude of the dc voltage and/or invert its polarity.
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32 This is accomplished by the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique, usually to a constant frequency. Switching DC-DC
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34 converters are important power electronics systems widely used in a huge applications variety [7-9]. Several conventional single
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36 inductor DC-DC converters, such as Buck, Boost, CSC (Canonical Switching Cell), and Buck-Boost single inductor converters;
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38 and also well-known two-inductor topologies, Cuk, SEPIC and Zeta converters have been studied from different viewpoints
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40 (voltage gain, operating principle, voltage and current stress and efficiency) for years [10, 11]. The combinations of these basic
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42 converters, such as Boost-Buck-Cascaded converter and Buck-Boost-Cascaded converter (two-switch topologies) [12], and Buck-
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44 Boost-Zeta converter, SEPIC-Boost converter, Zeta–Flyback converter [13] and SEPIC-Cuk converter have also described in the
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46 literature.
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48 A combination of SEPIC and Cuk converter allows to provide two outputs with the same voltage, but different polarities. This
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50 is particularly useful for powering the two rails in low-voltage bipolar-type DC microgrid. An individual analysis of each
51 topology gives some advantages and disadvantages for this application.
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52 The conventional SEPIC and Cuk converters (Fig. 2) are formed by two inductors (L and L ), link capacitor (C ), switch (S )
54 1 2 1 1
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and diode (D). The Cuk is a negative output converter, while the SEPIC is a positive output converter.
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 IEEE-TPEL Page 4 of 10

1
C1
2 iL 1 L1 D
3 VL1
ig io
4 VC 1
5 Vg VL C R
S1 L2 2 2 Vo
6
7 iL 2
8
9 SEPIC converter.
10 C1
iL 1 L1 L2 iL 2
11
12 ig VL1 VL
io
13 VC1 2

Vg S1 D C2 Vo R
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17 Cuk converter.
18 Fig. 2.SEPIC and Cuk converters.
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21 Assuming SEPIC and Cuk converters without losses, and that the switching ripple magnitudes are small compared to their
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23 respective dc components, the relation between the input voltage and the output voltage can be obtained both in continuous
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25 conduction mode (CCM) and in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). CCM means that the current through the inductor is
26 continuous while in DCM this current is discontinuous. CCM is preferred for high efficiency and good utilization of the converter
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29 switches and passive components. Both converters provide the same conversion relation given by Equations 1 and 2:
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32 V CCM   V
o g
1 D
D
and
Revi I
g
CCM   I
o
D

1 D
(1)

33
34
35
36
R TS
e
37
and I ( gDCM )  D  I R TS
38 Vo( DCM )  D  Vg
2  Leq o
2  Leq
39 (2)
40 1 1 1 2 Leq
Where   ; DCM occurs for : 1
41 Leq L1 L2 1 D 2 R TS
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44 The duty cycle (D) is the ratio between the conduction time (TON) and the switching period (TS) of the power switch.
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Both topologies present very similar characteristics: they use the same number of components, submit the same stresses to the
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power switches and provide similar efficiency. From an analytical point of view, Cuk and SEPIC topologies are also similar.
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However, in the SEPIC converter, the average voltage across capacitor C1 (VC1) is equal the input voltage (Vg), while in the Cuk
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converter the voltage at the capacitor C1 is the addition of input and output voltage (Vg+Vo). Therefore, the size of this capacitor in
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SEPIC converter can be smaller than Cuk converter. In both topologies, input currents are nonpulsating. On the other hand, the
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56 output current is nonpulsating in Cuk converter and it is pulsating in SEPIC converter.

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Page 5 of 10 IEEE-TPEL

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2 If SEPIC and Cuk configurations are compared, it is observed that have identical front end. Both converters have the same
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4 voltage conversion ratio with opposite polarities. Hence, it is possible to combine the two structures to build a bipolar-type
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6 converter as it is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the two combined structures share ground referenced switch and an equivalent
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8 inductor at the input. The main advantage of the proposed configuration is that it allows implementation bipolar DC link with
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10 only one controllable switch, which simplifies the implementation of control strategies since it is not necessary synchronization of
11 various switches. Moreover, control terminal is connected to ground which simplifies the implementation of the gate drive.
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In a static way the circuit operates as follows (see Fig. 3). When the power switch S is turned on, the energy supplied by the
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generator is stored in L1 (where L1 is equivalent inductance of the two inductors connected at the input with value 2L1); inductors
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L2 and L3 store also energy due to the discharge of C1 and C2. During this interval the freewheeling diodes (D1 and D2) are off and
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the energy supplied to the loads is provided by the output capacitors labelled with C. When the power switch S is turned off,
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inductors recharge capacitors C1 and C2 through the freewheeling diodes (D1 and D2) and supply power to the loads.
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26
Peer SEPIC Converter

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Revi
e
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Cuk Converter
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43 Fig. 3. SE-CuCC.
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47 From Fig, 3, the performance of SEPIC-Cuk combination converter (SE-CuCC) can be evaluated in terms of devices stress, low
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49 input ripple, and size of magnetic components [12]. It is assumed that SE-CuCC is operating in CCM. Table I summarizes
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51 aforementioned properties. Note that Cuk side requires a higher voltage at the capacitor C2. The inductor L1 and the power switch
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53 can be operated in parallel for higher power ratings and can be easily reconfigured to obtain different ratings.
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 IEEE-TPEL Page 6 of 10

1
TABLE I. PERFORMANCE OF SE-CUCC.
2
3
4 Switch D1 D2
5
Voltage Stress on Semiconductors Vg+|Vo+| Vg+Vo+ Vg+Vo-
6
7 Vg D2 Vg D Vg D
8 Average Current Across the Semiconductors
Ro  1  D Ro  1  D
Ro  1  D 
2

9
10 VC1 VC2
 11
12 Vg+Vo-


Average Voltage across the Link Capacitors Vg


13
 14 IL1,AVG IL2,AVG IL3,AVG
15 
2
VgD Vg D Vg D
16 Average Current across the Inductors
Ro  1  D 
2
Ro  1  D Ro  1  D
17
18
1 1 1 4
19 With :   
Ro RLoad RLoad RLoad
20 1 2 3

21 1 1 2
R  R R
22 1
o
1 2
Load1 Load3
23  
Ro RLoad RLoad
24 2 3

25
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28 III. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
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33 converter in different load conditions.
Re
A laboratory experimental prototype of SE-CuCC has been developed, see Fig. 4. It allows verification of the performance

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iew
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Fig. 4. PCBs of the experimental prototype.
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50 The block diagram of the prototype is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of a SE-CuCC implemented with an IGBT (Insulated Gate
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52 Bipolar Transistor), a low-cost PWM controller, and a gate-driver circuit.
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54 The control scheme is develop by a cost effective PWM controller, TL494. The controller is configured to generate a switching
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56 frequency of 30 kHz, with single-ended output, soft start control, and overvoltage protection. The TL494 contains two internal
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58 error amplifiers, one error amplifier is used to limit overcurrent in the power switch and another error amplifier is used to regulate
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Page 7 of 10 IEEE-TPEL

1
2 the output voltage at the SEPIC side. The output voltage at the Cuk side is unregulated, however, its absolute value is the same
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4 that the obtained at SEPIC side, according to analysis presented in Section II. The prototype has been developed to generate a
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6 bipolar output of +/-200V DC from a renewable energy source. The renewable energy source is emulated with a battery bank,
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8 which is constituted by 8 batteries of 12 V connected in series, allowing to have 96 V as input voltage.
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10 The voltage regulation is obtained by cross regulation technique [8]. In this technique, one of the two output voltages is directly
11 sensed by the controller and regulated to the desired value. In the developed experimental prototype, the voltage at the SEPIC
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side (Vo-) is controlled while voltage at the Cuk side (Vo+) maintains its value. It is due to Cuk side is connected to the same
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switching node that SEPIC side and present a nonpulsating output current, while SEPIC side has a pulsating output current, which
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facilitates the voltage regulation of both outputs, using a simple PWM controller.
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The control signal generated by the controller needs to be adapted to the adequate level to the switching transistor gate. A
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driver circuit was designed for this purpose. IGBTs (unlike bipolar transistors) have a considerable gate capacitance that must be
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charged beyond the threshold voltage. The gate-driver circuit provides a high output current to charge this gate capacitance within
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25 the time required. A snubber circuit has been added for clamping voltage overshoot on the switch. It consist on a diode in series
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27 with a capacitor and a resistance.
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29 The experimental prototype has been subjected to two tests with changing load conditions:
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31  Test 1. A load connected to the positive output and other equal connected to the negative output (two monopolar loads). At
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33 a certain point, the load connected to the positive output reduces its resistance by half.
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35  Test 2. A load connected between positive and negative outputs (bipolar load). Here, the set is modified by connecting an
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37 additional load on the positive output.
38
39
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41 Control Board Vo+ Variable loads
42 PWM signal
generation
Driver
Power
RLoad1 RLoad3
43 converter
44 Renovable Energy
Board
45 Source (Vg)
Vo– RLoad2

46

47
48 Fig. 5. Block diagram of the developed prototype.
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50 Table II shows the components used in the implementation for the SE-CuCC.
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 IEEE-TPEL Page 8 of 10

1
2 TABLE II
3
TABLE II. COMPONENTS USED FOR THE SE-CUCC.
4
5
6 D1, D2 MUR1560 600 V, 15 A, 1.12 V at 15 A, 150ºC
7
IGBT IGBT50N60T 600 V, 50 A, 1.5 V at 175ºC
8
9 L1 N/A 5.2 mH, 10 A
10
11 L2, L3 N/A 1.0 mH, 10 A
12 C1 TK Series 470 µF, 250 V
13
14 C2 TK Series 470 µF, 400 V
15 C TK Series 820 µF, 250 V
16
17
18
19 A. Test 1. Monopolar loads.
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21 Two balanced loads are connected to the converter output. One of 0.75 A at the positive output and other equal at the negative
22
23 output. The power supplied by the converter is 300 W, with an efficiency about 87.4 %. At a certain point, the load connected at
24
25 the positive output reduces its resistance by half. This causes a load unbalance at the output converter. The average current by the
26
27 positive output is 1.5 A, while in the negative output, the average current is 0.75 A. This involves a total power of 450 W and the
28
29 efficiency has a drop to 85.3 %.
30
31 Fig. 6a shows the output current response and the output voltages waveforms when is connected the monopolar load.
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33 The voltages don’t vary and keeps its values. Fig. 6b shows the transition from 0.75 A to 1.5 A of the load connected at
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35 positive output. It is observed a zero output caused by de load commutation. The output voltages are in their operation values.
36
37 B. Test 2. Bipolar load.
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39 In this case, a bipolar load is connected between positive and negative output. The average current by the load is 0.45 A. For
40
41 this load, the transferred power from the converter is 180 W with an efficiency about 88.1 %. After a monopolar load is connected
42
43 to the positive output. Its average current is 0.75 A. Thus, the current by the positive output changes to 1.2 A. In this situation the
44
45 transferred power is 330 W and the efficiency measured is about 86.2 %. In the Fig. 6c is observed that output voltages remain
46
47 unchanged from the load variation. The negative output voltage appears a small oscillation with a negligible value. Fig. 6d shows
48
49 the disconnection of the monopolar load while bipolar load remains connected.
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51 The converter has a suitable fit to load variations, even if they are unbalanced. The efficiency measured in both test remains
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53 between 85 and 88 % that means a considerable value attending the passive elements employed in the prototype.
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Page 9 of 10 IEEE-TPEL

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For
a) b)
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Pe
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er
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32 c) d)
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35 Fig. 6. Experimental results: a) test 1, balanced load connection; b) test 1, unbalanced load; c) test 2, bipolar load, d) test 2, bipolar load and monopolar load.
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37 Positive output current (Channel C1: 500 mA/div, 1 A offset); bipolar output (Channel C2: 100 V/div, -100 V offset); positive output voltage (Channel C3: 100
38 V/div, -100 V offset); negative output voltage (Channel C4: 100 V/div, -100 V offset)
39
40
41
42
43 IV. CONCLUSIONS
44
45 In this paper, a converter prototype for DC microgrid applications has been presented. This converter consist on the
46
47 combination of SEPIC and Cuk topologies. Both converters have the same voltage conversion ratio with opposite polarities.
48
49 Therefore, it is possible to combine the two topologies to build a bipolar-type converter. The two combined structures share a
50
51 common ground reference switch, and an equivalent inductor at the input. The main advantage of the proposed configuration is
52
53 that it allows implementation bipolar DC link with only one controllable switch, which simplifies the implementation of control
54
55 strategies, since it is not necessary synchronization of various switches. Moreover, control terminal is connected to ground which
56
57 simplifies the implementation of the gate drive.
58
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 IEEE-TPEL Page 10 of 10

1
2 An experimental prototype has been developed and subjected to changing load conditions. Experimental results shows its
3
4 voltage regulation capacity even in unbalance cases. The proposed SE-CuCC allows to cover the current needs in new distributed
5
6 generation units with economical and easy way. Highlight three aspects of the prototype developed: simple structure since it uses
7
8 an only switch and fewer passive elements, a driver circuit more simple due to there is only one switch to be controlled and it
9
10 does not require isolation and control circuit is simpler since they can be regulated DC bipolar voltages with an only controller.
11
12 REFERENCES
13
14
[1] J. J. Justo, F. Mwasilu, J. Lee, J. W. Jung, “AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids withy distributed energy resources: a review,” Renewable and Sustainable
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16 Energy Reviews, nº 24, pp. 387-405, 2013.
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18 [2] H. Kakigano, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Low-voltage bipolar-type DC microgrid for super high quality distribution,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no.
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21 [3] J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, J. Miret, M. Castilla, and L. Vicuña, “Hierarchical control of intelligent microgrids,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 4, no. 4,
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24 [4] Huddy, S. R.; Skufca, J. D.; , "Amplitude Death Solutions for Stabilization of DC Microgrids With Instantaneous Constant-Power Loads," Power
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[5] Kakigano, H.; Miura, Y.; Ise, T.; , "Distribution Voltage Control for DC Microgrids Using Fuzzy Control and Gain-Scheduling Technique," Power
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32 Energy Convers. Congr. Expo., 2011, pp. 985–990.
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[8] P. Patra, A. Patra, and N. Misra, “A single-inductor multiple-output switcher with simultaneous buck, boost and inverted outputs,” IEEE Trans. Power
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38 Electron., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1936–1951, Apr. 2012.
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40 [9] Xiaoyang Yu; Ke Jin; Zhijun Liu; “Capacitor Voltage Control Strategy for Half-Bridge Three-Level DC/DC Converter,” Power Electronics, IEEE

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43 [10] E. Landsman, "A Unifying Derivation of Switching dc-dc Converter Topologies", Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC1979, pp.
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46 [11] D. Maksimovic, and S. Cuk, "General Properties and Synthesis of PWM DC-to-DC Converters", Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
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49 [12] E. Duran, M. Sidrach-de-Cardona, J. Galan and J.M. Andujar, “Comparative analysis of buck-boost converters used to obtain I–V characteristic curves of
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51 photovoltaic modules", Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC2008, pp. 2036-2042.

52 [13] B. R. Lin and F. Y. Hsieh, “Soft-switching Zeta-flyback converter with a buck-boost type of active clamp,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 5, pp.
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