Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference
Engineering and Applied Science (EAS 2012)
December 27 - 29 , 2012 Colombo , Sri Lanka
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF STATIC DEFLECTION AND
LOADED NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF STIFFENED PLATES
Anirban Mitra1, Prasanta Sahoo2, Kashinath Saha2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela - 769008, Odisha, India.
Email address: samik893@gmail.com, mitraa@nitrkl.ac.in
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata - 700032, West Bengal, India.
ABSTRACT
Experimental studies on static and dynamic behaviour of
stiffened plates have been furnished in the present paper.
These experiments are conducted on a set up simulating
clamped boundary condition with provision for applying
uniformly distributed transverse load. Experiments are
carried out for three different types of plates, one
unstiffened and two types of stiffened plates, which are
uni-axially single stiffened and bi-axially cross stiffened
plate. The aim is to determine the static deflection under
transverse uniform pressure and the loaded natural
frequencies of the stiffened plate specimens. The results
for the static experiment are presented as load-deflection
plot, whereas, frequency results are provided in terms of
backbone curves in non-dimensional plane.
KEY WORDS
Stiffened Plate, Static Deflection, Loaded Natural
Frequency, Backbone Curve.
1. Introduction
Experiments are devised as a methodical procedure to
recreate the conditions of actual working environment of
a structural component in order to predict its behaviour
under such conditions. Experiments may also be
performed with an objective to verifying or establishing
the validity of a theoretical simulation study. In recent
years, increase in computational capabilities of computers
has meant that simulation studies have taken precedence
in investigating the mechanical behaviour of various
structural elements. However, this has not diminished the
significance of experimental studies, which are now used
to substantiate the findings of theoretical analysis.
In the modern ages, countless mechanical structures
are composed of stiffened plates. These structural
elements are made up of plate elements, to which
generally loading is applied, and beam elements located at
discrete spacings in one or both directions. Experimental
analyses of different aspects of stiffened plate behaviour
have been conducted by different researchers. In the
following paragraphs a concise description of some
experimental investigations available in literature is
provided.
DOI: 10.2316/P.2012.785-012
Fahy and Wee [1] performed some experiments with
stiffened plates under acoustic excitation. Measurements
were made to find out the average acoustically induced
strains in a series of mild steel plates to which identical
beams were attached as stiffeners. Yurkovich et al. [2]
presented a dynamic analysis of stiffened all round
supported rectangular panel structures by experimental
methods. Olson and Hazell [3] carried out experimental
study on four integrally machined rib-stiffened square
plates having all along fixed boundaries with the help of
real-time laser holography. The authors measured the first
twenty-four vibration frequencies and the corresponding
mode shapes for each of the plates. Bapu Rao et al. [4]
employed holographic interferometry to determine the
resonant mode shapes and frequencies of rib-stiffened
skew cantilever plates. Ghavami [5] conducted an
experimental study of stiffened plates under compressive
load in a specially designed testing rig. Results were
presented for longitudinally stiffened steel plates with and
without transverse stiffeners subjected to uniform axial in-
plane load.
Apart from the research works on experimental
analysis of stiffened plates, numerous works describing
static deflection, free and forced vibration experiments on
unstiffened plates are also present in the literature. Bau-
Madsen et al. [6] set up a static experiment for analysis of
large deflection of clamped sandwich plates by measuring
surface strains and deflections as a function of externally
applied lateral load. Experiments were designed by
Wilson et al. [7] to measure the free, transverse vibrations
for square, thin elastic plates with two types of edge
support configurations. Shuyu [8] carried out flexural
vibration experiments for measurement of resonant
frequencies of thin rectangular plates with free boundary
conditions.
Yamaki et al. [9] obtained detailed experimental
results on nonlinear response of a clamped square plate
subjected to various initial edge displacements under a
uniformly distributed periodic load. Amabili [10,11]
investigated experimentally, the large amplitude
vibrations of rectangular plates with various boundary
conditions and with geometric imperfections subjected to
harmonic excitation. Amabili and Carra [12]
experimentally studied geometrically nonlinear forced
vibrations of a stainless-steel thin rectangular plate having
6
experimental boundary conditions close to that of a
clamped plate. Table 1: Stiffened plate specimen dimensions in mm
In the present study, static deflection of a clamped Sl Plate
L Lc tp Ls ts bs
stiffened plate subjected to uniform transverse pressure is No type
determined experimentally. Loaded natural frequencies of 1 US 480 40 2 - - -
the plate under uniformly distributed transverse load are 2 UASS 480 40 1.5 400 25 3
also experimentally found out. Uniform loading of the
3 UASS 480 40 2 400 25 3
specimen is imparted pneumatically by supplying
compressed air into a sealed box with the specimen 4 UASS 480 40 2 400 25 5
rigidly attached to it. 5 BACS 480 40 2 400 25 3
6 BACS 480 40 2 400 25 5
2. Experimentation Description
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagrams with
This section provides a detailed description of the notations for significant dimensions of the various types
specimens, the experimental set up on which the tests are of plates under consideration. Dimensions of the
performed and the test procedure followed. specimen and their nomenclatures are mentioned in Table
1. Photograph of these specimens are also presented in
2.1 Specimen Description Figure 2. Along the circumference of the plates specific
number of holes of a fixed dimension are drilled for
The specimens used in the experiment are made up of bolting the specimen to the set up. The dimensions and
square plates of uniform thickness and flat bars of the spacing of the holes correspond to those present in the
rectangular cross-section. Material for both the plates and upper flange of the set up. Certain amount of width (Lc)
the bars is mild steel. The bars are welded to one side of around the periphery of the plate on all sides is taken up
the square plates to prepare different types of stiffened by the frame used to bolt the plate securely. This implies
plates. The orientation of the stiffeners are parallel to the that the actual dimension of the clamped plate is Ls = (L -
sides of the plate specimen. Two types of stiffened plates 2Lc).
are analyzed in the present scenario and these are uni-
axially single stiffened (UASS) and bi-axially cross
stiffened (BACS) plates. In both the cases, stiffeners are
attached at the middle of the plate. Experiments are also
performed on an unstiffened (US) plate as well.

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 2. Photographs of (a) unstiffened (b) Uni-axially
single stiffened and (d) Bi-axially cross stiffened plate.

(a) 2.2 Experimental Set Up

An experimental set up, as shown in Figures 3(a) and

3(b), is prepared to carry out static deflection and free
vibration experiments on clamped stiffened plates. The
figures also indicate the major components, which are
channel frame with provision for application of pneumatic
pressure, compressor for supplying compressed air,
pressure gauge, two dial gauges, accelerometer, coupler
for accelerometer, oscilloscope and a desktop computer.
The static analysis is executed under transverse pneumatic
pressure which deflects the system and the free vibration
(b) (c) experimentation is carried out by exciting the system at its
Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of (a) unstiffened (b) Uni- deflected configuration with the blow of a soft rubber
axially single stiffened and (d) Bi-axially cross stiffened hammer. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of the set
plate. up.

7
 plates to ensure that there is no leakage. The frame has an
inlet through which air is introduced into the enclosed box
for application of uniform transverse load. The
pressurized air is supplied by an air compressor. There is
provision for attaching a pressure gauge at the inlet
assembly, which also has a bypass valve to manipulate the
level of pressure inside the enclosed chamber. Two dial
gauges are set at predefined locations (A and B, as shown
in Figure 4) for measurement of deflection under
transverse loading. A fixed arm bolted at the two opposite
edges of the frame is utilized to position the dial gauges at
their desired locations.
A shear mode accelerometer is mounted on the
vibrating system at a suitable position using Petro-Wax
adhesive material. The location of the accelerometer is
chosen carefully to avoid any nodal points and it is
approximately placed near the point of maximum
displacement amplitude. However, the location of
maximum displacement varies depending on the type of
specimen. The accelerometer senses motion perpendicular
to the base and it has two components - a sensing
assembly and an impedence converter. The sensing
assembly consists of a seismic mass and a piezoelectric
crystal. The impedence converter is a miniature electronic
circuit which converts the high impedence charge signal
generated by the piezoelectric element into a low
impedence voltage output signal. This circuit is powered
by an external power source or coupler. Since the
dynamic mass of the accelerometer (1.6 grams) is
significantly less than the test specimen, it can be
assumed that the response is not affected by the mass
loading.

Table 2: Specifications of different instruments used in

Figure 3. Photograph of experimental set up the experiment
Instrument Specifications
Accelerometer Manufacturer: Kistler Instrument Corp.
Type: 8728A500
Acceleration range: 500 g (g = 9.80665 m/s2)
Frequency response - (5%): 1 Hz - 10000 Hz
(10%): 0.35 Hz - 15000 Hz
Weight: 1.6 grams
Power Supply/ Manufacturer: Kistler Instrument Corp.
Coupler for Type: 5114
Accelerometer Frequency response - (+ 5%): 0.07 Hz – 60000
(externally powered Hz
AC-DC power
adapter)
Digital Oscilloscope Manufacturer: Tektronix Inc.
Model number: TDS 210
Peak detect bandwidth: 50 MHz
Sample rate range: 50 samples/s –1Gigasamples/s
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of experimental set up Record length: 2500 samples
Lower frequency limit:10 Hz
A heavy frame made out of sufficiently thick channel Air Compressor Capacity: 45 Liter, Working Pressure: 9 Kg/cm2
section is used for holding the stiffened plate and Manufacturer: ELGI Equipments Limited,
Model: 846
simulating clamped boundary condition at all the edges.
The top and bottom flange of the frame have a series of Pressure Gauge Manufacturer: Waree, India,
drilled holes for bolting. A thick backing plate is tightly Working range: 0 – 4 kg/cm2
Resolution: 0.1 kg/cm2
bolted to the bottom surface, while the specimen is
secured to the top, thus creating an enclosed space. Dial Gauge Manufacturer: Baker Mercer
Rubber gaskets are used for both the top and bottom Type: C02, Least Count: 0.01mm

8
 The accelerometer is connected to a coupler, which
provides the constant current power supply to the
impedence converter circuit of the accelerometer. The
coupler itself is externally powered by an AC-DC power
adapter. The instrument also decouples the DC bias
voltage from the output signal. The connection between
the accelerometer and the coupler is through a two-wire
cable, which carries both the signal and power.
A digital storage oscilloscope is used to display,
process and store the signal transmitted by the vibrating
system. It has the capability to transform a time domain
signal into frequency domain through a Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) extension module. The oscilloscope also
has RS-232 port compatibility through which it can be
connected to a desktop computer. The computer is used as
the storage and offline processing device for the data
acquired from the oscilloscope. The captured data is sent
to the computer through RS-232 communication ports and
saved into the computer hard disk using WSTRO
Wavestar software in a standard format (.sht) provided by
the software. The software also has the capability to
process the saved data in offline mode and convert it to
sequential data format for further processing.
2.3 Test Procedure
The set up is readied by tightly bolting the specimen
under consideration to the frame so that the enclosed
chamber is leak proof. Two dial gauges are positioned
over their predefined locations with the help of a fixed
arm supported over two posts bolted to the edge of the
frame. A flexible pipe is used to connect the compressor
outlet to the inlet of the air chamber and pressure gauge is
also fitted. Extreme care is taken in order to ensure that
there are no leakages from the various joints and the pipe.
Electrical connections for compressor, computer,
oscilloscope, coupler and accelerometer are made to ready
the set up. The accelerometer is mounted on the test
specimen at a predefined location using adhesive and is
connected to the coupler by a two-wire cable. Here, the
signal from the accelerometer and power for its
impedence circuit share the same cable. Output from the
coupler is connected to one of the channels of the
oscilloscope. The oscilloscope is set to ‘math’ mode and
‘auto’ trigger mode is kept on by pressing the appropriate
buttons. It is then kept ready by pressing the ‘RUN’
button. A RS-232 port compatible cable is used to connect
the oscilloscope to the desktop computer.
The experiment for static deflection is carried out
first by increasing the pressure gradually. A brief settling
period is allowed before the readings of the two dial
gauges are noted. At this stage the probes of the dial
gauges are carefully lifted and are kept at such a height
with the help of plastic stops so that they can not come in
contact with the vibrating plate. This is done in order to
let the plate vibrate freely. At this deflected configuration,
the plate is struck with a rubber hammer to provide the
disturbance to generate vibrating pulses. The signal from
the vibrating system is captured and plotted in frequency
9
domain (frequency-amplitude plane) by the oscilloscope.
The data is then transferred to the computer hard disk
through the RS-232 ports and saved under an appropriate
file name and format. Using vertical cursors the frequency
(in Hz) of the signal are read from the display and the data
is tabulated in an excel sheet in the computer. Now the
dial gauge probes are lowered to touch the plate surface
again and the pressure value is changed. At the new
pressure level the described procedure is repeated to
collect data corresponding to deflection and loaded
natural frequencies of the plate. The whole experimental
procedure is replicated for different stiffened plate
specimens.
3. Theoretical Analysis
The theoretical static and free vibration analysis is
performed using a semi-analytical method based on
variational principles.
3.1 Static Analysis
The static analysis is formulated through principle of
minimum potential energy which can be mathematically
expressed as,
 (U  V )  0 (1)
where, U is total strain energy stored in the system, V is
work function or potential of the external forces and  is
the variational operator. The above mentioned energy
functionals (U and V) can be determined from the
assumed plate displacement fields (w, u and v), which are
depicted as linear combinations of orthogonal functions
and unknown coefficients (di ) as shown below.
nw nw nu
w  ,   
i 1
d i i  ,  , u  ,    i  nw1
di  i nw  , 
nw nu  nv
and v  ,    i  nw nu 1
d i i nw nu  ,  , where,  ( , ) ,
 ( , ) and  ( , ) are sets of nw, nu and nv numbers of
orthogonal functions for w, u and v, respectively. The
functions i ( , ) describe the displacements due to plate
bending and the base function for this comes from the
flexural boundary condition. The start functions for
stretching of the plate (u and v) come from the in-plane
boundary conditions. The higher-order functions are
generated from the selected start functions following a
two-dimensional implementation of the Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization scheme. Substituting the expressions
for strain energy and work function along with the
assumed displacement fields the set of governing
equations for the static problem is obtained in the form
given below,
K d    f  (2)
where, [K] and {f} are stiffness matrix and load vector,
respectively. The set of nonlinear equations are solved
through a direct substitution method with successive
relaxation technique, which has been discussed in
previous publications presenting large deflection static
and free vibration analysis of stiffened plate at deflected
configuration [13,14]. The solution of the static analysis 4.1 Comparison with Theoretical Results: Static
provides the statically imposed large displacement fields Deflection
of the system, which serves as the starting point for the
dynamic analysis.

3.2 Dynamic Analysis

The dynamic problem is formulated by applying

Hamilton’s principle
 2 
 

 (T  U )d 
1
0 (3)

The dynamic displacements w (  , , ) , u ( , , ) and

v ( , , ) are assumed to be linear combination of space
and time functions. The sets of admissible functions  i ,
 i and  i are same as used for the earlier static analysis.
After carrying out the necessary substitutions of kinetic
(T) and strain energy (U) expressions along with the
dynamic displacement fields the governing set of Figure 5. Comparison of normalized load-deflection curve
equations for the dynamic problem is obtained as, for unstiffened plate.
  2 M d   K d   0 . (4)
Here, [K] and [M] are stiffness matrix and mass matrix,
respectively The governing equation of the dynamic
system is a standard eigenvalue problem which is solved
numerically through IMSL routines. The square roots of
the computed eigenvalues give the free vibration
frequencies at the statically deflected configuration of the
stiffened plate and are called the loaded natural
frequencies. The plot of the loaded natural frequencies
against the corresponding amplitudes in non-dimensional
plane represents the backbone curve of the system. The
eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues can be
utilized to determine the mode shapes of the vibrating
system.

4. Results and Discussions

Figure 6. Comparison of normalized load-deflection curve
The experiments carried out on the stiffened plates have for UASS plate.
the objective of determining the static deflection and the
loaded natural frequency of the system. The effect of
different stiffener orientation as well as variation in
stiffener width on the static and dynamic behaviour is
investigated. The results for the static experiments are
presented in terms of load-deflection curves, where the
abscissa is normalized pressure ( pa 4 E p t 4p ) and the
ordinate represents normalized deflection (w/tp). These
curves are plotted corresponding to points A and B
(shown in Figure 4). The results of the free vibration
experiments are supplied as backbone curves. Here
normalized frequency (  / 1 ) is taken along the abscissa,
while the ordinate represents normalized deflection (w/tp).
The actual frequency-amplitude data captured from the
vibrating specimen by the oscilloscope and saved by
WSTRO Wavestar software is post processed and
presented along with a contour plot. Figure 7. Comparison of normalized load-deflection curve
for BACS plate.

10
Comparison of experimentally obtained normalized load-
deflection curves with those generated numerically for
unstiffened, UASS and BACS plates are presented in
Figures 5, 6 and 7, respectively. In these figures the
ordinate represents normalized displacement (w/tp) at
point A or B, whichever is greater. The abscissa of the
figures is normalized pressure or load, given by
pa 4 E p t 4p corresponding to uniformly distributed
loading.
The figures show that the experimental results are
significantly higher than the numerical results in all the
cases. However, the nature of the curves is quite similar to
those predicted by the theoretical analysis. The variation
between the experimental and theoretical load-deflection
curve may be due to the fact that the membrane or in-
plane boundary conditions are not fully satisfied. As the (b)
plate is bolted to ensure clamped end condition, there can Figure 8. Comparison of experimentally obtained
be no transverse displacement. However, the same can not normalized load-deflection curve with theoretical analysis
be said about the axial displacement. The bolting pressure considering immovable and movable in-plane boundary
between the plate and the frame generate friction force, condition for (a) Unstiffened and (b) UASS plate.
which acts against axial movements of the plate. The
force may be sufficient to arrest in-plane displacement at 4.2 Comparison with Theoretical Results: Loaded
the edges at low pressure, but at high transverse pressures Natural Frequency
the edges become movable. It is noted that the difference
between the experimental and theoretical results increases
with increase in pressure, which also indicates that at
higher pressure the stretching forces come into effect.
Theoretical results for unstiffened and one of the
UASS plates (tp  0.002 m, bs = 0.005 m) is generated for
movable in-plane boundary condition and compared with
the experimental and numerical results for immovable
boundaries in Figures 8(a) and 8(b) respectively. It is
observed that the results for unstiffened plate with
movable membrane boundary condition is very close to
that of experimental results. However, there is little
difference between the two sets of data for UASS plate. In
this case (Figure 8(b)) the load-deflection curve for
movable boundaries is closer to that of immovable
boundaries than the experimental one.
Figure 9. Comparison of backbone curve for unstiffened
plate.

The backbone curves for the first mode of vibration

generated through numerical analysis of unstiffened,
UASS and BACS plates are compared with the
experimentally obtained curves in Figures 9, 10 and 11,
respectively. These backbone curves are presented in a
non-dimensional plane, where normalized frequency and
normalized displacements are plotted along the x- and y-
axis, respectively. It is observed from the figures that the
experimental backbone curve of unstiffened and UASS
plates are very close to the theoretical ones. The generated
results for BACS plates show considerable variation from
the experimental curves. However, in all the cases the
system exhibits hardening type nonlinearity, which
implies that loaded natural frequency increases with
increase in load. The figures clearly demonstrate that for
(a) each of the types of stiffened plates the difference
between the experimental and generated results is small

11
when the external pressure is low. But the two curves
move apart from each other as the pressure is increased. It
is also evident from the figures that the degree of
nonlinearity induced for the different types of stiffened
plate is different.
(a)
(b)
Figure 10. Comparison of backbone curve for UASS
plates.
Figure 11. Comparison of backbone curve for BACS
plate.
12
For all the backbone curves, the fundamental linear
frequency ( 1 ) is used as the normalizing parameter.
Table 3 shows comparison between the experimentally
obtained and programme generated natural frequency for
the fundamental mode of various unstiffened and stiffened
plates. From the table it is clear that there is satisfactory
agreement between the two sets of results for unstiffened,
UASS and BACS plates.
Table 3: Comparison of natural frequency for first mode
of vibration for unstiffened and different types of
stiffened plates
Frequency (Hz.)
Type of Plate Prog.
Experimental
Generated
Unstiffened (tp  0.0020 m) 111.103 112.447
UASS (tp  0.0015 m, bs = 0.005 m) 176.744 172.346
UASS (tp  0.0020 m, bs = 0.003 m) 201.958 219.013
UASS (tp  0.0020 m, bs = 0.005 m) 205.563 219.032
BACS (tp  0.0020 m, bs = 0.003 m) 319.935 326.987
BACS (tp  0.0020 m, bs = 0.005 m) 327.890 328.481
The actual frequency-amplitude response of the vibrating
system is saved in the computer hard disk in ‘.sht’ format
by using WSTRO Wavestar software. The captured raw
data is exported to Matlab workspace in the form of a
sequential data file (.dat format) and a three dimensional
plot is generated using the ‘waterfall’ function. In the
waterfall diagram x-, y- and z-axis are frequency, pressure
and vibration amplitude, respectively and these
parameters are kept in their dimensional form. The units
of frequency and pressure are Hz. and Kg/cm2,
respectively. The amplitude data captured through the
oscilloscope is in dB, which corresponds to the ratio of
output and input voltages to the oscilloscope, as given by
the relation, dB  20 log 10 VO V I  . Figure 12(a) shows
the waterfall diagram corresponding to the BACS
specimen considered in the present experiment. Surface
plots are generated through ‘mesh’ command and
provided in Figure 12(b). The same sequential data file is
also used to generate a contour plot with the abscissa and
ordinate being frequency and pressure, respectively and
these plots are presented in Figure 12(c) for BACS plate.
These diagrams provide an overall idea about the effect of
pressure on the frequency-amplitude response of the
vibrating system.
5. Conclusion
In the present paper, experimental investigation of static
and free vibration behaviour of stiffened plates under
transverse pressure loading has been dealt with. A set up
simulating clamped boundary conditions at all edges of
the plate is used to perform the experiments. The set up
has provision for supplying pressurized air to an enclosed
chamber for applying uniform transverse loading to the
specimen. The objective of the static experiments is to
determine the deflection of the plate under external
transverse loading, while the loaded natural frequencies
are found out from the free vibration experiments. The
results reveal hardening type nonlinearity for the system.
The experimental results for both static and free vibration
studies are compared with those generated by theoretical
analysis. Although the experimental results exhibit similar
nature as those generated by numerical analyses, the
actual values are found to be higher than theoretical ones.
This may be attributed to insufficiency in replicating
stretching boundary conditions of the system.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 12. Variation of frequency-amplitude signal
generated from the vibrating specimen during free
vibration experiment with external pressure for BACS
plate. (a) Waterfall diagram, (b) Mesh plot and (c)
Contour plot.
13
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