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(1) Vertical air motion governs atmospheric processes like cloud formation and pollution dispersal. Stable atmospheres restrict vertical motion, causing pollutants to accumulate near emission sites, while unstable atmospheres encourage vertical mixing and dilution of pollutants. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the temperature of rising/sinking air parcels to the surrounding air.
(2) Over time, the EPA has regulated emissions from various mobile sources like vehicles, trucks, equipment to reduce air pollutants. Landmark regulations included the 1970 Clean Air Act and 2012 standards lowering vehicle greenhouse gases and improving fuel efficiency.
(3) Aerosols are solid/liquid particles in the air that vary widely in size and chemical
(1) Vertical air motion governs atmospheric processes like cloud formation and pollution dispersal. Stable atmospheres restrict vertical motion, causing pollutants to accumulate near emission sites, while unstable atmospheres encourage vertical mixing and dilution of pollutants. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the temperature of rising/sinking air parcels to the surrounding air.
(2) Over time, the EPA has regulated emissions from various mobile sources like vehicles, trucks, equipment to reduce air pollutants. Landmark regulations included the 1970 Clean Air Act and 2012 standards lowering vehicle greenhouse gases and improving fuel efficiency.
(3) Aerosols are solid/liquid particles in the air that vary widely in size and chemical
(1) Vertical air motion governs atmospheric processes like cloud formation and pollution dispersal. Stable atmospheres restrict vertical motion, causing pollutants to accumulate near emission sites, while unstable atmospheres encourage vertical mixing and dilution of pollutants. Atmospheric stability is determined by comparing the temperature of rising/sinking air parcels to the surrounding air.
(2) Over time, the EPA has regulated emissions from various mobile sources like vehicles, trucks, equipment to reduce air pollutants. Landmark regulations included the 1970 Clean Air Act and 2012 standards lowering vehicle greenhouse gases and improving fuel efficiency.
(3) Aerosols are solid/liquid particles in the air that vary widely in size and chemical
(1.) Vertical motion of air and atmospheric stability
Vertical motion of air governs many atmospheric processes, such as the formation of clouds and precipitation and the dispersal of air pollutants. If the atmosphere is stable, vertical motion is restricted and air pollutants tend to be accumulated around the emission site rather than dispersed and diluted. Meanwhile, in an unstable atmosphere, vertical motion of air encourages the vertical dispersal of air pollutants. Therefore, the pollutants’ concentrations depend not only on the strength of emission sources but also on the stability of the atmosphere. We shall determine the atmospheric stability by using the concept of air parcel in meteorology and compare the temperature of the air parcel rising or sinking adiabatically in the atmosphere to that of the surrounding air. We will see that in many cases an air parcel containing air pollutants and rising from the ground will come to rest at a certain altitude, called a mixing height. The greater the mixing height, the lower the air pollutant concentration. We will evaluate the mixing height and the concentration of carbon monoxide emitted by motorbikes in the Hanoi metropolitan area for a morning rush hour scenario, in which the vertical mixing is restricted due to a temperature inversion (air temperature increases with altitude) at elevations above 119 m. Quasi equilibrium adiabatic transformation obey the equation pV r = const, 𝑐𝑝 where, y = is the ratio between isobaric and isochoric heat capacities of the gas. 𝑐𝑣 Change of the temperature of an air parcel in vertical motion Consider an air parcel moving upward and downward in the atmosphere. An air parcel is a body of air of sufficient dimension, several meters across, to be treated as an independent thermodynamically entity, yet small enough for its temperature to be considered uniform. The vertical motion of an air parcel can be treated as a quasi adiabatic process, i.e. the exchange of heat with the surrounding air is negligible. If the air parcel rises in the atmosphere, it expands and cools. Conversely, if it moves downward, the increasing outside pressure will compress the air inside the parcel and its temperature will increase. (2.) Milestones in Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Regulations Mobile Sources include a variety of motor vehicles and mobile equipment that generate air emissions, and that autonomously move or can be moved from place to place. There are two categories of mobile sources: on-road vehicles and non-road vehicles. At the time, typical new cars were emitting nearly 13 grams per mile hydrocarbons (HC), 3.6 grams per mile nitrogen oxides (NOx), and 87grams per mile carbon monoxide (CO). Since then, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set standards to bring down levels of these pollutants, and the auto industry has responded by developing new emission control technologies. Over time, Congress authorized EPA to regulate emissions from other mobile sources of air pollution, such as heavy-duty trucks, agricultural and construction equipment, locomotives, lawn and garden equipment, and marine engines. These milestones in controlling emissions from mobile sources involve a variety of approaches including technological advances in engine design to higher quality fuels. This integrated approach to mobile source emission control also depends on extensive collaboration between EPA; vehicle, engine, and fuel manufacturers; state and local governments; transportation planners; and individual citizens. EPA and the Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA) finalize a joint rule to establish a national program consisting of new standards for model year 2012 through 2016 light-duty vehicles to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. These are EPA’s first national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards under the Clean Air Act. Over the lifetime of the vehicles sold during 2012-2016, this national program is projected to reduce U.S. GHG emissions by 960 million metric tons and save 1.8 billion barrels of oil. (3.) Aerosols Take a deep breath. Even if the air looks clear, it’s nearly certain that you’ll inhale tens of millions of solid particles and liquid droplets. These ubiquitous specks of matter are known as aerosols, and they can be found in the air over oceans, deserts, mountains, forests, ice, and every ecosystem in between. They drift in Earth’s atmosphere from the stratosphere to the surface and range in size from a few nanometers—less than the width of the smallest viruses—to several several tens of micrometers—about the diameter of human hair. Despite their small size, they have major impacts on our climate and our health. Different specialists describe the particles based on shape, size, and chemical composition. Toxicologists refer to aerosols as ultrafine, fine, or coarse matter. Regulatory agencies, as well as meteorologists, typically call them particulate matter— PM2.5 or PM10, depending on their size. In some fields of engineering, they’re called nanoparticles. The media often uses everyday terms that hint at aerosol sources, such as smoke, ash, and soot. Climatologists typically use another set of labels that speak to the chemical composition. Key aerosol groups include sulfates, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, and sea salt. In practice, many of these terms are imperfect, as aerosols often clump together to form complex mixtures. It’s common, for example, for particles of black carbon from soot or smoke to mix with nitrates and sulfates, or to coat the surfaces of dust, creating hybrid particles.