www.IranTransport.

org
 ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان‬

‫آﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ راهﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪267-2‬‬

‫)اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ(‬

‫وزارت راه و ﺗﺮاﺑﺮی‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ آﻣﻮزش‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت و ﻓﻨﺎوری‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ اﻣﻮر ﻓﻨﯽ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪه ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫دﻓﺘﺮ اﻣﻮر ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ‬
‫‪http://www.rahiran.ir‬‬ ‫و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از زﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫‪http://tec.mporg.ir‬‬

‫‪١٣٨۴‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﺒﺮﮔﻪ‬

www.IranTransport.org
www.IranTransport.org
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﮎ ﻓﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ و ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻄﻬﺎی ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻬﺎﻡ و ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭو‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﯽ ﺻﻤﯿﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﺩ و‬
‫ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﯾﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﯾﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎی ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ و ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﺎﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭی و ﺩﻗﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺷﯿﺦ ﺑﻬﺎﺋﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻼﺻﺪﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﮐﻮﭼﻪ ﻻﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪24‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫‪http://tec.mporg.ir‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪوﻕ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ ‪19917 -45481‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ و ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ )ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﺳﻨﺠﯽ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی و ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ و ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬
‫)ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ( و ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی و ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ )ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ 1375/3/22‬ﻫﯿﺌﺖ وﺯﯾﺮﺍﻥ(‬
‫ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮی ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ و ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﻃﺮﺡ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی و ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ )‪ (23‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ و ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺍﺑﻼﻍ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ و‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﯽ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭک ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎی ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺫیﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﻓﻨﺎوﺭی وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ و ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎی‬
‫ﻓﻨﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﯿﺮی ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﯿﺮوی‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ و ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍﺭیﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰیﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ و ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ و‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ و ﺍﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﻧﯿﺮوی ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫‪ -‬ﯾﮏ ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰیﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪﺕ و ﻓﺮﺍﮔﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ و ﮐﺴﺐ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ و‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ و ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎی ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﯽ و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ وﻇﺎﯾﻒ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ و ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩی ﺍﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ وﻇﺎﯾﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪﺭ و ﻓﺮوﺩﮔﺎﻩ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ و ﺍﯾﻤﻦﺳﺎﺯی و‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭی ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﭘﻮﯾﺎ و ﻗﻮی ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ و ﻫﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1367‬ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ و ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1376‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1381‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﻓﻨﺎوﺭی وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1383‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﯾﻔﺎی ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩی‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎوﺭ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1382‬ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍی ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭی و ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﻓﻨّﺎوﺭی‬
‫وﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی و ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ و‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻓﻨﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮی و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ و ﺍﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮی ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ و ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮی ﭘﺮوژﻩﻫﺎی ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﺟﺎﺭی‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﭘﺮوژﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ و ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯی ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ و ﺍﺑﻼﻍ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎی ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮوژﻩﻫﺎی‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی و ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ و ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭی ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ و ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﮐﻞ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ و ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩی ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﻫﺎی ﻓﻨﯽ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬دو ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎی ﻫﻔﺖﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺣﺮﯾﻢ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭی‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ » ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ )ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ( «‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍوﻝ )ﭘﻞ( ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻬﯿﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻞﻫﺎ و ﺭوﺵ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ )ﺗﻮﻧﻞ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‪ ،‬ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ )ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﺎﯾﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ و‬
‫ﭘﺮﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻞ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺩ و ﺭوﺵﻫﺎی ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻤﻦﺳﺎﺯی ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎی ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﯽ ﺁوﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ و ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ و ﻓﻨﺎوﺭی وﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﺑﺮی‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ و ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ و ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺫیﺭﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﮐﻞ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ و ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ و ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺯﺣﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺣﺮوﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎی ﮔﺮوﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮی و ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩی‬
‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺭﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﺭﺩﮐﺎﻧﯿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﯿﺮﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻇﻔـﺮی‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﺍﻣﯿﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻪ ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻏﻼﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺑﻬﻨﺎﺯ ﭘﻮﺭﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﻤﺒﺮی‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺷﺎﭘﻮﺭ ﺫﮐﺎوﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺗﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﺒﯿﺐﺍ‪ ...‬ﻧﺼﯿﺮی‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﯿﺮﺿﺎ ﺗﻮﺗﻮﻧﭽﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩوﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬

‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﯿﻮﻣﺮﺙ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﯿﺮﺿﺎ ﺍﻣﯿﺪوﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩ ﻣﻬﺮﯾﺎﺭی‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺑﺎﺑﮏ ﮔﻠﭽﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩی ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ و ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ و‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﮑﺎﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ و ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﻈﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎﺕ و ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ و ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮی ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﻎ ﻧﻮﺭﺯﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎی ﺑﻌﺪی ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﯿﺸﺎﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﻄﻒ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻮﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰﺍﺭی‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮی ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ و ﻓﮑﺲ‪8889980-8 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺁﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﻨﺰﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻦﺑﺴﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼک ‪19‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﺍﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ‪www.rahiran.ir :‬‬ ‫ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‪info@rahiran.ir :‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﯿﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ ﺭوﺯﺍﻓﺰوﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻥ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪1384‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﭼﻬﺎر ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 1-1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﯾﻒ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 3-1‬ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺗﻤﻬﯿﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﻩ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺑﯽﺷﺎﻧﻪ ‪5 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ( ‪8 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ ‪11 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ 1-1-2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪی ﺳﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ‪19 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-1-2‬ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ‪20 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 3-1-2‬ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ‪20 .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 4-1-2‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ‪21 .................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 5-1-2‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ‪22 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 6-1-2‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ‪22 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 7-1-2‬ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‪23 .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 8-1-2‬ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ‪23 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 9-1-2‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿﮥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ‪32 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 10-1-2‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ و ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺮ ‪32 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 11-1-2‬ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ و ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ‪32 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ 1-1-3‬ﺭوﯾﺎﺭوﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ‪37 ..........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﭘﻨﺞ‪- …√--‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪ 2-3‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﺩﺯﺍ و ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ و ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪40 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ‪45 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪ 3-3‬ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪ 4-3‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ‬
‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺵ )ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی( ‪49 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ 2-4-3‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ وﺭوﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ‪52 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪55‬‬ ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ـ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺷﺶ ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎ و ﺟﺪوﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 1-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪6 ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 2-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪7 ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 3-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﭻﺩﺍﺭ ‪7 ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 4-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ( ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪10 ...............................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 5-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﭻﺩﺍﺭ ‪11 ............................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 6-1‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪12 ...................................................................................................................... F1‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 7-1‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﯿﺐ‪14 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 8-1‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪14 ................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 1-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﭘﺎﺭﮐﯿﻨﮓ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ‪27 ...................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 2-2‬ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﺳﺮوﺗﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪28 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 3-2‬ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎی ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ‪29 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 4-2‬ﭘﺴﺘﻮی ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ‪30 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 5-2‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮐﻤﮑﻬﺎی ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ‪31 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 6-2‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩو ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ‪33 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 1-3‬ﮔﺎﻟﺮی ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪41 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 2-3‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﮥ ﺑﺮوﺩﺕ و ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪43 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 3-3‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪46 ............................................................................................................................................... .‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 4-3‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﺕﮐﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪46 .................................................. .‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 5-3‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی ‪50 .............................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﮥ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 5-3‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی ‪51 ....................................................‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻔﺖ ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 6-3‬ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﯾﺴﻨﮓ‪52 ..............................................‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : 7-3‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ وﺭوﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ‪53 ................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ‪ : 1-1‬ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ ‪13 ..........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﺸﺖ ‪-‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 1
‫ﭘﻞ‬

www.IranTransport.org
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﻣﺘﺤﺮک ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺩﺭ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ و ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﺍی ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ و ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪی ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺭو ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺸﯿﺎﺭی و ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ و ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻣﺮی ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ وی ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ و ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮی ﺍﯾﻤﻦ و ﺭﺍﺣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﮥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪﺍی ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﺩﻡ ﮐﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍی‬
‫ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺗﻠﺦ و ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺑﺎوﺭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮﻉ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﯾﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬وﺍﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪﺍی ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ و ﺧﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﯽ ﮐﻪ وﺿﻊ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ و ﺑﻠﻨﺪی ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ و ﭘﺪﯾﺪﻩﻫﺎی ﺟﻮی و ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺭو ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺍﯾﻤﻦ و ﺑﺪوﻥ ﺩﻟﻬﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ و ﺩﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰوﻥﺗﺮی ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ و ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﯾﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺸﯿﺎﺭی ﺍﻓﺰوﻥﺗﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮی ﺍﯾﻤﻦ و ﺩﻟﭙﺬﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﯿﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﯾﻒ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎی ﺗﻮﻧﻞﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪی ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺭوی ﺯﻣﯿﻦ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ و ﺳﻘﻒ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ و ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﭘﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍی ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺭوی ﻣﺤﻞ ﮔﻮﺩ ﯾﺎ ﺭوی ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻌﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺁﺏﺭﺍﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﻣﻌﺒﺮی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﺤﺮک ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-1‬ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﮐﻒ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭوی ﭘﻞ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﺮﺩ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺁﻥ ﺩو ﻧﮑﺎﺳﺖ و ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ وﺿﻊ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﻒ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻞ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﯾﺎ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﭘﻠﻪﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫)ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺟﺪوﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ( ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﯾﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺮﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ و ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﭘﻠﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ و ﺭﻓﻊ ﺗﻨﮕﻨﺎﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﮐﺮﯾﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎ و ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬وﻟﯽ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو‬
‫ﭘﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻞ ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﯾﺎ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻞ‬

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 ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﮔﻮﯾﺎی ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﯽ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﮐﻮﭼﮏ و ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺰﺭگ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﻃﻮﻝ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﮥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮑﻒ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻃﻮﯾﻞ )ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺍی ‪ 100‬ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺿﺮوﺭی ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﮑﻒ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﺁﻥ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺪوﻝ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ و ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺗﻤﻬﯿﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩۀ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺑﯽﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭی ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺰﺭگ )ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﺩوﺧﻄﮥ‬
‫ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوی ﭘﻠﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ و ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﺑﻪ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻃﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ 3-2-6‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ وی ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ و ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺭوﯾﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ و ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺑﯽﺭوﯾﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎی ‪ 1-1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 3-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 300‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ‬
‫ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 300‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ وﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 150‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻼﻡ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺷﺐﻧﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 60‬ﻣﺘﺮی‬
‫ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻟﺒﮥ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭی ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮوﻉ ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﮥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪوﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-1‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺷﺐﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ )ﺭوی ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﯽ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮۀ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺳﯿﺼﺪ ﻣﺘﺮی و ‪ 150‬ﻣﺘﺮی و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-1‬ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ )و ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻞ( ﭘﯿﭻﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎوﺕ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،1-1‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ )ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎی ﭘﯿﭻ( و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -1-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

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 ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -2-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -3-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭوﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﯽ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﭻﺩﺍﺭ‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ(‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ )ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ (3-1‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ »ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ« ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁوﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ و ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﮥ ﺍوﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬وﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺎﺩی ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ و ﺗﻨﮕﻨﺎﻫﺎی ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭی ﺭوﺑﻪﺭو ﺷﺪﻩ و ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡﺁوﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-2-3-1‬ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺍﯾﻤﻦﺳﺎﺯی ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﻞ و وﺿﻊ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﯾﺪﻩﺍی ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺬﻑ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﭘﻞ و ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ و ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﯾﮑﻄﺮﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﺏ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ وﺿﻊ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﮥ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﺱﭘﺮﺗﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﯽ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺭوﯾﮥ ﻟﺮﺯﺁوﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ وﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭوﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5/30‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻻی وﺳﺎﯾﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺍﺯ ‪ 6/00‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-2-3-1‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰی ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‬

‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰی ﯾﮏ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬

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‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩو ﻃﺮﻑ ﭘﻞ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩو ﻃﺮﻑ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﮐﻞ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺍی ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -5‬وﺿﻊ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ و ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩو ﻃﺮﻑ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﯽ ﭘﻞ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺭوﺯﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ(‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎی ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺱﭘﺮﺗﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﯾﮏ ﭘﻞ ﮐﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺕ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ وﺿﻊ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ و ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک ﯾﺎ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ ،4-1-1‬ﺭوﺷﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﭘﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5/50‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﯾﮏﺧﻄﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ و ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﮥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ ‪ 4/50‬ﻣﺘﺮ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ و ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎی ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 4-1‬و ‪ 5-1‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎی ‪ 4-1‬و ‪ ،5-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﯾﮏﺧﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫‪ 4-1‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍی ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪوﺩ ﯾﮏ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻡ وﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﯾﮏﺧﻄﻪ ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ( ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ‪ 300‬ﻣﺘﺮی ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ‪ 150‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪﻩ و‬
‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺷﺐﻧﻤﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ و ﭼﭗ( و ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ )ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 60‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﻂ ﺍﯾﺴﺖ وﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ وﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭوی ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ و ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 5-1‬ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﭻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﻧﻮﺑﺘﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
‫ﺩو ﺳﻮی ﭘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -4-1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﯾﮏﺧﻄﻪ( ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

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 ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -5 -1‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ )ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﭻﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭی ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ 2-2-3-1‬ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰی )و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ( ﭘﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﮏ ﺭوﺵ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻠﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ »ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ«‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ‪ 10‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ )‪ F1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ (F10‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺟﺪوﻝ ‪ 1-1‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ‪ F1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ F3‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ‪ 0‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬و ﺑﺮﺍی ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ‪ F4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ F10‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 6-1‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﭘﻞ و‬ ‫‪F3‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫وﺭوﺩیﻫﺎی ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ‪ F4‬ﺑﺎ ‪ V85‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭی ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ )‪ (%85‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩوﺳﻮی ﭘﻞ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮ ﻣﻼک ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﭘﯿﭻ و ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪F5‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫و ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ‪ F6‬ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﯿﺐ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ و ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1-1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‪F6‬‬ ‫‪ 7-1‬ﺑﻪ ﺭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -6-1‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪F1‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ‪ F7‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎی ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ﭘﻠﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ‪ F8‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ‪ F9‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﮥ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎی ﺳﺒﮏ و ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪F10‬‬ ‫و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ )ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ( ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍی‬
‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Va‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁوﺭﺩﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺩﻩﮔﺎﻧﻪ )‪ F1‬ﺗﺎ‪ (F10‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫‪V85‬‬

‫‪ Va‬ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 8-1‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ]‪ V85‬ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ )‪ (%85‬وﺳﺎﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭی ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ[‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ‪ -1-1‬ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‪F3 ،F2 ، F1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 7-1‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ )ﻣﺘﺮ(‬ ‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪≥1/2‬‬ ‫‪1/1‬‬ ‫‪1/0‬‬ ‫‪0/9‬‬ ‫‪≤0/8‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﺮﺩﻩ و ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﭘﻞ‬ ‫‪F3‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‪ F4‬ﺗﺎ‪F10‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ )ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪) V85‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪2/6‬‬ ‫‪2/1‬‬ ‫‪1/7‬‬ ‫‪1/3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪F4‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(‬
‫)ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﭘﯿﭻ ‪ 30 +‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﭘﯿﭻ‬
‫‪≥٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪≤١٠‬‬ ‫‪F5‬‬
‫)ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ‪500‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﯿﺐ* )ﺩﺭﺻﺪ(‬ ‫‪F6‬‬
‫ﻫﯿﭻ‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ )ﺩﺭﺻﺪ(‬ ‫‪F7‬‬
‫‪0/05‬‬ ‫‪0/1‬‬ ‫‪0/2‬‬ ‫‪0/3‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺪ و ﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫‪F8‬‬
‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩی‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺁﻣﺪوﺷﺪ‬ ‫‪F9‬‬
‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻫﯿﭻ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺱﭘﺮﺗﯽ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎی ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫‪F10‬‬

‫* ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﯿﺐ= ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺟﺒﺮی ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺷﯿﺐ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﭘﻞ‪ +‬ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺩو ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -7-1‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﯿﺐ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -8-1‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍوﻝ ـ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 25‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮی ﺍﺳﺖ و ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 25‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 55‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 55‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 70‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 70‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬وﺿﻊ ﭘﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫـ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩی ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺯی ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎکﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-3-1‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﭘﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺭﺍﻩ‪ 7/30 :‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ‪ 6/90 :‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﯿﺐ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩو ﺳﻮی ﭘﻞ‪%-2 :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﯿﺐ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩو ﺳﻮی ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﻞ‪%+2 :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ‪ 120 :‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭوی ﭘﻞ‪ :‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ ﭘﯿﭻ‪ 90 :‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎی ﭘﯿﭻ‪ 380 :‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺁﻣﺪ و ﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﺩی‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ‪%125 :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ %85‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ 80 :‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺱﭘﺮﺗﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ -‬وﺿﻊ ﻧﺮﺩۀ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﭘﻞ و ﺣﻔﺎﻅ‪ :‬ﺑﺪ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫‪F1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﺬﮐﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1-1‬و ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 7-1‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ F10‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ F1=18/5‬و ‪) F2=8‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪(%96‬‬
‫ﯾﺎ ‪ 1/5‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪(.‬‬ ‫‪ V‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪120‬‬ ‫‪ F3=5‬و ‪) F4=2/5‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪85‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫× )‪(T+30‬‬ ‫)‪R =(90+30‬‬ ‫‪× 380 =91‬‬ ‫‪،F5=3‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪|[(-2) + (+2)] × |+|(-2) - (+2) |=4‬‬ ‫‪،F6=4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪) F7=1‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪(%100‬‬
‫‪F10=3‬‬ ‫‪،F9=3‬‬ ‫‪، F8=4‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ )ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﺸﺪۀ( ﭘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ‪ 52‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪:‬‬
‫× ‪52‬‬ ‫‪51 =33‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‬
‫و ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﮥ ﺿﺮﺍﯾﺐ ‪ F‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوﺕ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ‪] V85‬ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ )‪ (%85‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ[ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ و ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮی ﮐﻪ‬
‫وﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺭﺍ وﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 2
‫ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

www.IranTransport.org
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﮑﺮ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ »ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﺗﯿﺰ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ )ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﺸﺪﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭوﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻮﻩ و ﺧﺮوﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍوﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﺗﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ »ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﯽ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﮥ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﮑﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺷﺎﻏﻼﻥ ﺍﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺸﮑﻞﮔﺸﺎی ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و‬
‫ﺑﯽﺩﺭﺩﺳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺗﺮی ﺑﯽﭼﻮﻥ و ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫وﺍﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺍی ﺯﯾﺮ ‪ 4000‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ وﻗﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪوﻥ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺯﺣﻤﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺯ )ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎﻻی ‪ 4000‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺍﯾﻤﻦ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ و ﻣﻮﺍﻇﺒﺘﻬﺎی ﭘﺮ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﮥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-1-2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪی ﺳﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ و ﺁﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ وﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ وﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺷﻮﺩ و ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﯾﻬﺎی ﺳﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﺣﻞ و ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ و ﻫﺸﯿﺎﺭی و ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻓﻊ و‬
‫ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﯾﮏ ﭘﯿﺶﺁﻣﺪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺳﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ و ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﻣﺤﺪوﺩ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺣﻞ‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﯿﺐ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ و ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ و ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪﭼﯿﻨﯽ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ و ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻮﺭی ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
‫‪ -‬ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‬

‫‪ 2-1-2‬ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﻞﺯﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺘﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﯾﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬وﻟﯽ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 28-5‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﻮﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﭘﻠﻬﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻢﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-1-2‬ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺰوﻻﺕ ﺟﻮی وﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ و ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺯﻫﮑﺸﯽ و ﻋﺎﯾﻖﮐﺎﺭی ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺎﻕ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺭﯾﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎی ﻫﻮﺍی ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ )ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎی ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ وﺭوﺩی و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻪ‬

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 ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﯾﺦ ﻣﯽﺑﻨﺪﺩ و ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﻨﺪﯾﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﺴﺒﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺎﻕ و ﺁوﯾﺨﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﯾﺨﯽ ﺧﻄﺮﺁﻓﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺍﺟﺮﺍی ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﺯﻫﮑﺸﯽ و ﻋﺎﯾﻖﮐﺎﺭی ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﻨﺪﯾﻠﻬﺎی‬
‫ﯾﺨﯽ ﺑﻠﻨﺪی ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺮﺩﺳﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭی ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﯾﺦﺯﺩﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺁﺏ ﺳﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﯾﺦ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4-1-2‬ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ‬

‫وﻗﺘﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﻞ و ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ )ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ 1-1-2‬ﻧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ( ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍوﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺭوﺍﻧﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ وﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺎ وﻗﺘﯽ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﺍوﻟﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﺎﺭی ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ و ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎی ﻧﮕﯿﺮﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺰﺍﯾﻨﺪۀ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ و ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺮوی ﮐﻤﮏﺭﺳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩ( ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﻣﻌﯿﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ و ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﮑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎً ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ )ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺑﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻔﻦ و ﺷﺴﺘﯽﻫﺎی ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ و ﺻﺪوﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ و ‪(...‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺯوﺩﺗﺮ و ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬وﻗﺘﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ 64-5‬و ‪ (65-5‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪ 5-1-2‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬

‫ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﺨﺘﯽﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍوﻟﯿﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﯾﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩو ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬وﺍﻧﮕﻬﯽ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ و ﺿﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺭیﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﯿﺐﺩﯾﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺪوﻥ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ و ﺍﻋﻼﻡ و ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً‬
‫ﺑﻪﺟﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺑﯿﺮوﻥ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ وﺭوﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻊ ﮐﻨﺪ و‬
‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮﯾﻦ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﮐﻤﮏﺭﺳﺎﻧﯽ و ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎی‬
‫ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩی ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﮥ ﺑﻌﺪی ﮐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ و ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎی‬
‫ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6-1-2‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‬

‫وﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍی ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩی ﮐﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺍی ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ وﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ و ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺖﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ و ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﺩوﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﮥ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و ﺷﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎی ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﻫﻮﺍ و ﺗﯿﺮﮔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺁﻻﺕ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﯿﺮی و ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎی ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ و ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎی ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎی ﻓﻨﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺗﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪) 8-1-2‬ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی( ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و ﻧﻮﻉ و ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺭﺍﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎی ﺁﻥ و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪﺍی ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮی ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎی ﺧﺎﺹ و ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ )ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ و ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﺮﻕ( ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻬﻮﯾﮥ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ )ﻃﻮﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺩوﺳﺮﻩ(‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ )ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ و‬
‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ( ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ‪ 250‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 800‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺠﺎوﺯ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 7-1-2‬ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ وﺭوﺩی و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺭوﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ و ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺩ و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ وﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ و ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻫﮕﺬﺭ ﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺘﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ )و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ( ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎی ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪک ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﺷﺮوﻉ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺗﺎﺭﯾﮑﯽ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺗﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩوﺍﻡ ﻧﯿﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 8-1-2‬ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‬

‫ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺣﺘﯽ وﻗﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ و ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﺎﺩی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ و ﯾﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﺪﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ و ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ و ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺭوﺑﻪﺭو ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺗﺶ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻓﺮو ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺍی ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺟﺪی ﺍﺳﺖ و ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﮑﺮ و ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩوﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩۀ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺁﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺝ ﺍﺯ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺁﺗﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩۀ ﺁﺗﺶ و ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩوﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻓﺮو ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ و ﻣﻮﺍﺩ و‬
‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎی ﺁﺗﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩوﺭی ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‪،‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ و ﺑﻨﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ و ﺗﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ و ﺗﯿﺮﮔﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺩوﺩ و ﻏﯿﺮﻩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ وﺣﺸﺖﺁوﺭﺗﺮ و ﻣﺸﮑﻞﺁﻓﺮﯾﻦﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﮥ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮوﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ و ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍً و ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﺩوﺍﻡ ﺳﺎﺯۀ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫و ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-8-1-2‬ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﻫﺎی ﺍﯾﻤﻦﺳﺎﺯی ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎی ﺯﯾﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮی ﻣﺒﻨﺎی ﮐﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺩﻣﺎی ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯیﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﮥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎ ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﺭی ﺯﯾﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎی ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی( ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﯿﺐ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ وﻟﯽ ﻓﺮو ﻧﻤﯽﺭﯾﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺎﯾﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎی‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ و ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪﻩ )ﮔﺎﻟﺮی( و ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺵ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﺮو ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺭوی ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﺮوﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﺤﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﮐﯿﭗ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ وﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬وﺭﻗﻬﺎی ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و‬
‫ﻧﯿﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺩوﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﺁوﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﺭوﻫﺎی ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ (9-1-2‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﺎی ﺿﺪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـ ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎی ﻓﻨﯽ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮﻫﺎی ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻫﺎ و ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ‬

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‫ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺁﺏﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺩﺍﻍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ و ﻓﺮو ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﯽ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﺭوی ﻣﯿﻠﮕﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪ 2/5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 4‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺯ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک(‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ‪ 7‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ و ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﯿﻠﮕﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ 3‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮی ﺑﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺷﮑﺎﻑ و ﻓﺮو ﺭﯾﺨﺘﮕﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﯾﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎی ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎی ﭘﯿﺶ ﺗﻨﯿﺪﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﮥ ﻧﯿﺮوی ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁ‪ :‬ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺮﻕ و ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪۀ ﺯﯾﺮ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺪوﻟﻬﺎ و ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻫﻮﺍی ﺗﺎﺯﻩ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﮔﺮﺍﻥﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ و وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎی‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ و ﺭوﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺟﺪی ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ی‪ :‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺗﺶﮔﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪﺍی ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻤﻊﺁوﺭی ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺁﺗﺶﮔﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﯾﻬﺎی ﮐﻨﺎﺭی ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎی ﺳﯿﻔﻮﻥﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ‪ ،‬و ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ وﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ و ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮۀ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ک‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی‪ ،‬ﺭوﯾﮥ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺭوﯾﮥ ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺗﺮی ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬وﻟﯽ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ ﺭوﯾﮥ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﻣﺸﮑﻞﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﺩو ﻃﺮﻓﻪﺍی ﮐﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ‪ 500‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﯽ‬
‫)ﭘﺎﺭﮐﯿﻨﮓ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی( ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1-2‬ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﮥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ )ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 3‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 2-2‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ )ﺳﺮوﺗﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ( وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﮥ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 3-2‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺝ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ و ﺗﺨﻠﯿﮥ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ و‬
‫ﮔﺮوﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮوﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺹ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﻫﺮ ‪ 200‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﻃﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻓﺘﮕﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 4-2‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ و ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‪ ،‬ﮐﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺁﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ و ﺷﯿﺮ ﺁﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﮥ ﻧﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 5-2‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ »ﺩﺭﺩﺍﺭ« ﯾﺎ »ﺑﯽﺩﺭ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﭙﺴﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮوﻉ‬
‫ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی و ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎی ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ -‬ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ و ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻔﻬﺎی‪”،‬ﻡ“ و ”ﻥ“ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﺬﮐﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ )ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی( ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ و ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -1-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﭘﺎﺭﮐﯿﻨﮓ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -2-2‬ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﺳﺮوﺗﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎی ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -3-2‬ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎی ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -4-2‬ﭘﺴﺘﻮی ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -5-2‬ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮐﻤﮑﻬﺎی ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫‪ 9-1-2‬ﺗﺨﻠﯿﮥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩوﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩۀ ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯی و ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎی‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻠﻬﺎی ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺍی ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻠﻬﺎی ﺩو ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﯾﻂ و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺮوژﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺩﺍﻻﻧﻬﺎی ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺭی ﻫﻮﺍی ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺮﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ و ﮔﺮﯾﺰﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎی ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺭوی ﻃﺎﻕ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ و ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ‪ 400‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮوﻫﺎی ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺩﺭﻫﺎی ﺿﺪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 10-1-2‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ و ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺮ‬

‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ و ﺁﻣﺪ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ و ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﺎﻕ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ وﺿﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﮥ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺩوﺭﺑﯿﻨﻬﺎ و وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ وﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭوﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭼﺮﺍﻏﻬﺎی ﺯﺭﺩ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎی ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎی ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰوﻡ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺎﺩۀ ﻋﺰﯾﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 11-1-2‬ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ و ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ و ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ و ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ و ﭼﺮﺍﻏﻬﺎی ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩوﻡ ـ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯۀ ﺯﯾﺎﺩی ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ و ﺑﺎﺯﺑﯿﻨﯽ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی ﺁﻻﺕ و وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 6-2‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -6-2‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
www.IranTransport.org
 3
‫دﯾﻮار ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

www.IranTransport.org
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫‪ 1-3‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﺮﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ و ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻥ ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺍی ﺍﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺖﺑﺎﺭی ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺧﺸﮏ ‪ 40‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 50‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ و ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺗﺮ ‪ 700‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 800‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ وﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰوﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺝ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪی ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺯﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻩﻫﺎی ﺗﯿﺰ )ﺗﻨﺪ ﺷﯿﺐ( ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺁﻥ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﻮﺩی‬
‫وﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﺭو ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﺸﺮﻫﺎی‬
‫ﯾﺨﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ و ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-1-3‬ﺭوﯾﺎﺭوﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺬﻑ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1-1-1-3‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ و ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻣﻬﺎی ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﺱﺁوﺭی ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﺎﻣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬﺏ و ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎ و ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ وﯾﺮﺍﻧﮕﺮی ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮی ﺑﻪ ﺳﺰﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1-1-3‬ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺩۀ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮوی ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﻩ ﯾﺎ ﮔﻮﺩیﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭوی ﺳﺎﺯۀ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭۀ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ و ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺯﺍ ﻧﺼﺐ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ﯾﺎ ﮐﻢﺷﯿﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﺬﺏ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎی ﺑﻬﻤﻦ و‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﺎﯾﻞ و ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺷﮑﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﻠﮥ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ و ﯾﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﻩﻫﺎ و ﮔﻮﺩیﻫﺎی ﺩوﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺁﺑﺎﺩی ﮐﺞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎی »ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ« ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺧﺸﮑﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ‪4‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﻠﻨﺪی ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺍی ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ 30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 40‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪» -4‬ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺷﮑﻦ« ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍوﯾﻪ ‪ 30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 40‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﭘﻞ و ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺳﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺎﺯۀ ﺧﺎﮐﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺩﺍﻻﻥ )ﮔﺎﻟﺮی( ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺳﺎﺯۀ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭوی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺎﻕ ﮔﺎﻟﺮی ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭوی ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ »ﻟﻐﺰﺵ« ﯾﺎ »ﭘﺮﺵ« ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ وﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﮥ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺎﻕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎک‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻩ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 1-3‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺵ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ و ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍی ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-1-1-3‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺧﯿﺰ‪ ،‬وﻗﺘﯽ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﯾﻨﺪۀ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﯿﻮﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺭوﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺗﻮﭘﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﻠﯿﮑﻮﭘﺘﺮ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻝﺯﻧﯽ و ﺧﺮﺝﮔﺬﺍﺭی ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ و ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩوﺭ‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 2-3‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﺩﺯﺍ و ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩی ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﻣﺘﺤﺮک ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁوﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮوﺭﯾﺴﺖ و‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﻃﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡﺁوﺭ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی وﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﯿﺮوی‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ و ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺭو ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮوﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﮐﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﺁﻓﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩی ﺑﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﯿﺶ و ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ و ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﮑﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺭﺩ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﯿﺎﺭی ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً‬
‫ﺿﺮوﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﺩﺯﺍ( ﺁﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﻁ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ وﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﺑﺮﻑ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻮی ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁوﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-2-3‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ و ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫وﻗﺘﯽ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩو ﭘﯽﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺁﻥﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺩیﻫﺎی ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ و ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺸﻪﻫﺎ( ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ و‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩو ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺭﺍ )ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ (1-3‬ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮﻑﺭوﺑﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ‬
‫ﺭﺍ )ﺑﺮﺍی ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﯽﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺭوی ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻑ و ﯾﺦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻓﺮﺍوﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪوﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎی ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 2-3‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭۀ ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪ 3‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮوﻉ ﯾﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬وﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ 50‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ )ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 14‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ( ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ و ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮوﺩﺕ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ 4‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩی ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ »ﺯﯾﺮ ‪45‬‬
‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ« )‪ 12‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ( ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎی ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 40‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭوﯾﺎﺭوﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﯿﺮ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ )ﺣﺼﺎﺭ( ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺮﻑﮔﯿﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﻑﻧﻤﺎ و ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻊﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -1-3‬ﮔﺎﻟﺮی ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‬

‫‪ 1-1-2-3‬ﺣﻔﺎﻅ )ﺣﺼﺎﺭ( ﺑﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩو ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ »ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ« و ﺩﯾﮕﺮی »ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﺭﺩﮐﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﻓﻮﺕﮐﻦ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪42‬‬

‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎی ﺑﺪوﻥ ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﯾﺪ و ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻔﺎ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﯿﺐ‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻑ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮ و ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﺩﺧﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻘﺐ و ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ )ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ( ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ )ﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ( ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺣﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﺷﮑﺎﻓﺪﺍﺭی ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫)‪ (%75‬ﺗﺎ )‪ (%80‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ و ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﮑﺎﻓﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 3-3‬ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺣﺼﺎﺭﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﺷﮑﺎﻓﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍی ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑﺭﺩﮐﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﻓﻮﺕﮐﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ وﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺯ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﺣﺪوﺩ ‪ 2/5‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﻠﻨﺪی‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪ :1‬ﻣﺮﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ )ﺩﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ( ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮوﺩﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺮﺯ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﺏ )ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺮی ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ‪ :3‬ﻣﺮﺯ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -2-3‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﮥ ﺑﺮوﺩﺕ و ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻓﻮﺕﮐﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﯾﻤﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪوﺩﯾﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﺩوﺧﻄﮥ ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯾﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﯾﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺑﺮﻑ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﭘﺮ و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﭘﺬﯾﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 4-3‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﻧﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻋﻠﯽﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺑﺸﮑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪﺍی ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ و ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﯽﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺣﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽﺍﻟﯿﻪ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1-2-3‬ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺮﻑﮔﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﺮﻑﮔﯿﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﺻﻼﺡ وﺿﻊ ﺩﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖﺗﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ و ﺩﯾﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎی ﻋﺮﯾﺾ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺩﯾﺪ و ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫وﻟﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﯿﻦ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﻪ ﺭوی ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮔﺮوﻩ ﺑﺮﻑﺭوﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ »ﺩﯾﺪ« ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ و ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺕ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎی ﮐﻨﺎﺭی )ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﻬﺎی‬
‫ﭘﯽﺩﺭﭘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮﻑﺭوﺑﯽ ﺍﻧﺪک )‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 40‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ( ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮی ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-1-2-3‬ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻑ‬

‫ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯۀ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪﻩﺍی ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ و ﺁﻣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺭوﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺸﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎی‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮﻑ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ و ﺟﻨﮕﻞ( ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻑ )ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ( ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ و ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﮥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮو ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫‪ 4-1-2-3‬ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻩﻧﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺖ ﭼﺸﻤﯽ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﻑﻧﻤﺎ )ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﮔﺮوﻩ ﺑﺮﻑﺭوﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ( و ﻧﯿﺰ »ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻩﻧﻤﺎ« ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﻓﺖ و ﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5-1-2-3‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ و ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻩﻧﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ )ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ( و ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ( ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﻥ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺑﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍوﯾﮥ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭوی ﺁﻥ و ﻣﺤﻮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﯿﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯿﻠﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﺍﻩﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 160‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-2-3‬ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ و ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮐﻮﯾﺮی‪ ،‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﯾﺰ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ و ﮔﺮﺩ و ﺧﺎک ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺁوﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﮥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭوی ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺁوﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎک‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ﭼﺮﺥ و ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ و ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ و ﻣﺠﺮﺍی ﺁﺏﺭوﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﮥ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﺁوﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪46‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -3-3‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﺟﻤﻊﮐﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -4-3‬ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﺭﺩﮐﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻧﮥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﮐﻮﯾﺮﺯﺩﺍﯾﯽ و ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎً ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ و ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﻟﭻ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎوﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﮔﺰ‬
‫و ﻃﺎﻕ و ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺩﯾﮕﺮ( ﺑﺮﺍی ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﯿﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ و وﺿﻊ ﺍﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﻮﻩﻫﺎی ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﮕﻞﮐﺎﺭی ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎی ﺧﺸﮏ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻪﻻی ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻥ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎی ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻪﻻی ﻣﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﭙﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺍی ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺝ‪:‬‬
‫و ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 3-3‬ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮی ﺭﺷﺘﻪﮐﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮی ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﮥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﮐﻮﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺭوﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺭوی ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ و ﻧﺸﯿﺐ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ و ﺭﻧﺞﺁوﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭوﻫﺎی ﺳﺒﮏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﮥ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و ﮐﻨﺪﺭو )ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﺩوﺧﻄﮥ ﺩوﻃﺮﻓﻪﺍی ﮐﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮوﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﮔﯿﺮی و ﺳﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﮥ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺯﯾﺮی )ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ و ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ( و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺧﺎﺹ و ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ و ﺑﺎﺩﺯﺍ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﮥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻔﻬﺎی ﮔﺬﺷﺘﮥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺩﺍﻣﻦﮔﯿﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﮥ ﮐﻨﺪﺭو ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎی ﺩو ﺧﻄﮥ ﺩو ﻃﺮﻓﻪﺍی ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺨﺘﯽ‬

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‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﺳﺖ و ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍی ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺩﺭوﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﻑﺭوﺑﯽ و ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺷﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭوی ﺷﺎﻧﻪ و ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو‪ ،‬ﯾﺦﺯﺩﮔﯽ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺧﺎﺹ و ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪﺧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4-3‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺗﯿﺰ ﯾﺎ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﺮو ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ و‬
‫ﻏﻠﺘﯿﺪﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﻬﺎی ﺑﺎﻻﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﻮی ﮐﻨﺎﺭی و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺷﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﭘﺎﺷﻨﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮی ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ و ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﯾﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽﻫﺎی ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻓﺮو ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ و ﻏﻠﺘﯿﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﻮی ﮐﻨﺎﺭی و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭو و ﺷﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﻮی ﮐﻨﺎﺭی ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ و ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ و ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭی ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ )ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی و ﮐﻮﻩﺑﺮی ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭی وﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ و ﺯﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( و ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮوﺭی ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎی ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭﺁوﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺪ )و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺭﺍﻩ وﺍﺭﺩ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻒ ﭘﻠﻪﺍی ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮو ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ و وﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭی ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ و ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﯾﮕﺮی ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﻬﺎ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ 3-4-6‬ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺣﺘﯽ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﮑﻢ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ )ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺑﺪوﻥ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ( ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻓﺮو ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺳﻨﮓ )ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ و ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻏﻠﺘﯿﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺵ( ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ و ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﻓﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻪوﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﯾﻒ ‪ 1-4-3‬ﺫﮐﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-4-3‬ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺵ )ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی(‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ )ﺩﺭﺧﺘﮑﺎﺭی و ﺑﻮﺗﻪﮐﺎﺭی( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ )ﺑﺘﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﺷﯿﺪﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮕﻔﺮﺵ( ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﻊﺯﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻠﺰی و ﺗﻮﺭی ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ )ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎی ‪ 5-3‬و ‪.(6-3‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -5-3‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی‬

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 ‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﮥ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -5-3‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭوﺷﻬﺎی ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭی‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -6-3‬ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺗﻮﺭﯾﺴﻨﮓ‬

‫‪ 2-4-3‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ وﺭوﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺑﻠﻮک ﺑﺘﻨﯽ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺩﻩ و ﺧﺎﮐﺮﯾﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺰﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻊﺁوﺭی و ﺍﺯ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ‬

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 ‫‪53‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ـ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﮐﺮﺩ )ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ .(7-3‬ﺭﯾﺰﺷﻬﺎی ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭی ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎی ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ و ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻟﺮی ﺑﻬﻤﻦﮔﯿﺮ و ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ -7-3‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی ﺍﺯ وﺭوﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺭﯾﺰﺷﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﮥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬

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 ‫واژهﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬

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 57
A
abbreviations .............................. ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
access.......................................... ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
acceleration lanc ............... ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
access control ....................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
access openings on expressways ..............
‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
accidents ............................... ‫ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬
aesthetic factors ...................‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎی ﺯﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ‬
alignment ........................................ ‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
alignment consistency.............................
‫ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬،‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
angle of intersection .................. ‫ﺯﺍوﯾﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
antilock braking system (ABS) ................
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻔﻞ‬
at-grade intersection ...............................
‫ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬،‫ﺗﻼﻗﯽ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬
auxiliary lanes...................... ‫ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬
area of conflict ......................... ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬
B
bridge................................................. ‫ﭘﻞ‬
barrier .............................................. ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
bridge approach railings .......... ‫ﻧﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﭘﻞ‬
bridge curbs ........................... ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‬
bridge decks ...................... ‫ ﻋﺮﺷﻪ ﭘﻞ‬،‫ﺩﺍﻝ ﭘﻞ‬
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broken-back curve................. ‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺗﺨﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ‬
‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
C
capacity .............................. ‫ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬،‫ﮔﻨﺠﺎﯾﺶ‬
channelization ...................‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪی ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
classification .................. ‫ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪی‬،‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی‬
clear distance .................. ‫ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬،‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ‬
clear zone ................................ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
clearace ..........................‫ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‬،‫ﻓﻀﺎی ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
climbing lane .......................... ‫ﺧﻂ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬
cloverleaf interchange.............. ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﺒﺪﺭی‬
concrete barriers......................... ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ‬
control of access.................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
control of pollution.................. ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ‬
controlled access highway.......................
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
conventional highways .......... ‫ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬
crash cushion ............................... ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪﮔﯿﺮ‬
crest ............................................. ‫ ﺗﺎﺝ‬،‫ﻗﻠﻪ‬
critical ........................................... ‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
critical depth ............................ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
critical flow ........................... ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
critical slope ............................ ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
critical velocity ...................... ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
cross drainage ..................... ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺁﺏ‬
cross section ........................... ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
cross slopes ............................. ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
crown .......................... ‫ﺗﺎﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
crossings ................................ ‫ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬،‫ﺗﻼﻗﯽ‬
culverts ...... ‫ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺯﯾﺮﮔﺬﺭ‬،‫ ﮐﺎﻟﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺁﺑﺮوﻫﺎ‬
curbs .............................................. ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬
‫ﭘﯿﭻ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎ ‪curvature ....................................‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﭻ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ ‪curve ....................................‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪deceleration lane ..........‬‬
‫‪decision sight distance ............................‬‬
‫ﺯﺍوﯾﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﭘﯿﭻ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍوﯾﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪definition ........................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﺮﮐﺮﺩ ‪delay ......................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺮﺩﮔﯽ ‪density..................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺷﯿﺐ ﻓﺮوﺭﻓﺘﻪ ‪depressed grade line ...........‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‪design discharge................‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎی ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﻃﺮﺡ ‪design factors ....‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯽ ﻃﺮﺡ ‪design hourly volume .........‬‬
‫ﺩوﺭﺍﻥ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺩوﺭۀ ﻃﺮﺡ ‪design period ................‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ‪design speed ...........‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭوی ﻃﺮﺡ ‪design vehicle .........................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﯽ ‪detours .....................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻮﺯوی ‪diamond interchange ................‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﻬﺘﯽ ‪directional interchange...............‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ‪distance .................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮی ﺁﺏ ‪ditch .......................................‬‬
‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻧﻬﺮ ‪ditch slope ...................................‬‬
‫‪diverging ...............................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬وﺍﮔﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﺩوﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪divided highway...............‬‬
‫‪divided nonfreeway facilities...................‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ‪flared end section ...‬‬
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‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ‪drain slope ......................‬‬
‫‪58‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ‪drainage coefficients ................‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ‪drainage......................................‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ‪easement...............................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی ‪economic analysis .......‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی ‪economic studies ................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺯﻣﯿﻦ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻞ( ‪elevated structure .....‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ‪emergency lane .................‬‬
‫ﺭوﺵ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ ‪empirical methods ....................‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ وﺭوﺩی ‪entrance design ........................‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ وﺭوﺩی ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪entrance nose ...................‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ‪environment ....................................‬‬
‫وﺭوﺩیﻫﺎ ‪entrances .....................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﺁﻻﺕ ‪equipment crossing ......‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ‪erosion ........................................‬‬
‫‪erosion vegetative control .......................‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎک ﺑﺎ ﮔﯿﺎﻩﮐﺎﺭی‬
‫ﺷﯿﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪ ﺧﺮوﺝ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی ‪escape ramps ...............‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎک ‪erosion control ...............‬‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽﻫﺎ ‪exits ...........................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ‪exit nose ................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪expressway ...........................‬‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ ‪expressway exits ...................‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ‪fence ...............................................‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪freeway .........................................‬‬
 59
freeway exits ........................ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
freeway interchange ...............................
‫ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬،‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
freeway to freeway interchanges..............
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩو ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
friction factors .................... ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎک‬
frontage road ............................... ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯽ‬
funneling .................. ‫ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
G
gap............................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
geometric design ...................... ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬
geographic information system (GIS) ......
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬
geographic positioning system (GPS) ......
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬
grade .................................. ‫ ﺩﺭﺟﮥ ﺷﯿﺐ‬،‫ﺷﯿﺐ‬
grade line ....................... ‫ ﺧﻂ ﭘﺮوژﻩ‬،‫ﺧﻂ ﺷﯿﺐ‬
grade separation .....‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩی ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩو ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
gravity wall ................................‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ وﺯﻧﯽ‬
guardrail ................................... ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻠﺰی‬
guide ..................................... ‫ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ‬،‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
gutter ......................................... ‫ ﻧﻬﺮ‬،‫ﺟﻮی‬
H lane drops ............................ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
head wall ...................................... ‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﭘﻞ‬
headlight glare .......................................
‫ﺧﯿﺮﮔﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺟﻠﻮی ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
headlight sight distance...........................
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
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‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
Headway ...............................................
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﭙﺮ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭوی ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ‬
highway ...................................... ‫ ﺟﺎﺩﻩ‬،‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬
highway geometric design..... ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
horizontal ......................................... ‫ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬
horizontal clearance................................
‫ ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬،‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
horizontal alignment ............ ‫ ﭘﻼﻥ‬،‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬
hourly volume .......................... ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯽ‬
I
index ....................................... ‫ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬
infiltration ........................................ ‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ‬
initial construction..................... ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍوﻟﯿﻪ‬
inlet............................................ ‫ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﺑﺮو‬
inner separation........................‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬
interchange ............... ‫ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬،‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
interchange elements ..............................
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬،‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
intersection ......................... ‫ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ‬،‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
L
landscaping.......... ‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺁﺭﺍﯾﯽ‬
lane addition ....................... ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
lane reduction ...................... ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
left shoulder ................................. ‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﭗ‬
left-turn lane on median .. ‫ﺧﻂ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﭼﭗ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
left-turn channelization ...........................
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪی ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫ﺳﮑﻮی ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﺧﻂ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ‪left-turn refuge ..‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺩﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ‪level of service ..‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻣﻠﯽ ‪national highway network ...‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‪local road ....................................‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻣﻠﯽ ‪national highway system ...‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ‪longitudinal profile .............‬‬
‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎی ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺕ ‪noise abatement.........‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺻﺪﺍﮔﯿﺮ‪noise barrier .............................‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﮐﺸﯽ ‪marking ......................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﻏﯿﺮﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ ‪nonfreeway facilities......‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪major highway .............................‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭی ‪non-motorized traffic ........‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎی ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪major movements ..................‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭی ‪mandatory .....................................‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎی ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ‪objectives of design ..............‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ‪markers ..................‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﺭوﺑﺎﺯ ‪open channel .............‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪mean velocity........................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ‪outer separation .........‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‪median .............................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭو‪ ،‬ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭو‪ ،‬ﺭوﮔﺬﺷﺖ ‪overcrossing ........‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ‪median barriers ..........................‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺮی‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭوﺍﺯﻩﺍی ‪overhead signs ...‬‬
‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ‪median curb ..............................‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺭوی ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ‪overland flow ..............‬‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﮐﺸﯽ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ‪median fencing.....................‬‬
‫ﺭوﮔﺬﺭ ‪overpass .........................................‬‬
‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ‪median grad ...............................‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺎوﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‪median lane ....................‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻞ ‪median on bridge.................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ‪painting .......................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ‪median width ............................‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺭی ‪passenger car .................................‬‬
‫‪Merging ................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ‪passing lane ...............................‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ‪passing sight distance ....‬‬
‫‪merging lane metering ...........................‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺭوﯾﻪﺩﺍﺭ ‪paved median ...........................‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ وﺭوﺩی‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ‪parkway.....................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ‪minimum ......................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺍوﺝ ‪peak flow...................................‬‬
‫‪minimum radius .....................................‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻗﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ ‪pedestrian .........................................‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﻪ ‪multilane .....................................‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ ‪pedestrian access ....................‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‪pedestrian facilities .................‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﯽ ‪multiple lanes..............................‬‬
 ‫‪61‬‬
‫‪pedestrian overcrossing ..........................‬‬
‫ﺭوﮔﺬﺭ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻞ ﻋﺎﺑﺮ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﮔﺬﺭ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ ‪pedestrian undercrossing............‬‬
‫ﺩوﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎوﺏ ‪period.......................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ‪pipe...................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﯿﺎﻩﮐﺎﺭی‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺗﻪﮐﺎﺭی‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺧﺖﮐﺎﺭی ‪planting .............‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ‪points of conflict .......................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ‪pollution ........................................‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ‪pollution control .....................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ و ﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰوﻻﺕ ﺟﻮی ‪precipitation .............‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ ‪private road ............................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ‪prohibited turns ....................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ‪public road ...........................‬‬
‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ‪safety ..............................................‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪radius ..............................................‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺩﻩﮐﺸﯽ ‪railings ........................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ ‪railroad..........................................‬‬
‫ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻣﭗ ‪ramp ....................................‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ ‪ramp metering......................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ‪rate of return analysis ..‬‬
‫ﺭوﺵ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭوﺵ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ‪rational methods.........‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ‪recovery area ........‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‪recovery zone ........................‬‬
‫ﺳﮑﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﯾﺮﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪refuge area....................‬‬
‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﯾﻞ ‪retaining wall .............................‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﭻ ﺭﺍﺱ ‪reversing curve .............‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ‪right of way .......................‬‬
‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓﭼﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓﭼﯿﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﯿﺐ ‪riprap ....‬‬
‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺩﻩ ‪road ............................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roadbed ........................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﺰﺍﺕ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roadside installations ............‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roadside rest area..............‬‬
‫ﮐﻒ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roadway .............................‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﮑﺎﺭی ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roadside planting ................‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﻮﺝﺩﺍﺭ ‪rolling profile...................‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭی ﺭﺍﻩ ‪roughness ................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ‪running speed ........................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭوﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ‪rural area ..............................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ ‪rural road ....................................‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫ﻓﺮوﺭﻓﺘﮕﯽ ‪sag .............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺵ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ‪scenic ...........................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺵ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ‪scenin highway ....................‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ‪scenic values .........................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻋﯽ ‪secondary road ........................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ‪separate turning.....................‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺟﻬﺘﯽ ‪semi-directional interchange.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ‪separation .......................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺖﺩﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ‪service life ............‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ )ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ( ‪shoulder ............................‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ‪signal control ...............‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﯾﺪ ‪sight distance ................‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ‪signal head ....................‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ‪signal post ........................‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯽ ‪side ditch ....................................‬‬
 ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬ ‫‪62‬‬

‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو ‪sidewalk ........................................‬‬ ‫ﭘﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﯽ )ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺎی ﻋﺒﻮﺭ( ‪toll bridge .......‬‬
‫‪signalized intersection ............................‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﯽ ‪toll road ....................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﯽ ‪toll tunnel ...............................‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ ‪signs.......................................‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﮐﺸﺶ ‪tractive force ...........................‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ ‪single lane .................‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ‪traffic index ..........‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﻞ ‪site selection ............................‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺮﻩﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ‪traffic islands ....................‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﯾﺐ‪ ،‬ﮐﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻞ ‪skew.....................................‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ‪traffic control devices ......‬‬
‫ﺯﺍوﯾﻪ ﺍﺭﯾﺐ ‪skew angle .................................‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ‪traffic devices ........................‬‬
‫ﺷﯿﺐ ‪slope ...............................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ ‪traffic marking ...................‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ ‪snow storm ...............................‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ‪traffic signal...........................‬‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﮔﯿﺮ‪snow fence..............................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ‪transition ..............‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ‪spacing .....................................‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ‪transversal .....................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪی ‪speed ......................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﯿﭙﻮﺭی ‪trumpet interchange ................‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻬﺎی ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪speed-change lanes ....‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ‪turning radius ...........................‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯽ ‪spiral .............................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎی ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ‪turning templates ..................‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯽ ‪spiral transition .............‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﯽ ‪turning traffic ........................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻓﻠﺰی ‪steel structure .............................‬‬ ‫ﺩوﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ‪turnouts .......................‬‬
‫ﺷﯿﺐﺑﻨﺪی ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺍﺷﯿﺒﯽ ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ ‪stepped slopes .‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺩو ﺧﻄﻪ ‪two-way left turn lanes ..‬‬
‫‪stopping sight distance ............................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩو ﺧﻄﻪ ‪two-lane highway ......................‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫‪two-quadrant cloverleaf ..........................‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻠﺰی ‪steel barriers .............................‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺒﺪﺭی‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﺪﺭی ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺑﻠﻨﺪی‪ ،‬ﺩِوِﺭ ‪superelevation ..........................‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺭوﯾﻪ‪surface ......................................‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ‪surface runoff ....................‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾﺮ ‪undercrossing .............................‬‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﮔﺬﺭ ‪underpass.......................................‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﺟﺪﺍ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ‪undivided highways .............‬‬
‫ﻟﭽﮑﯽ ‪taper ...............................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻬﺮی ‪urban areas .............................‬‬
‫‪three-center curve...................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ )ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ و ﺗﻠﻔﻦ( ‪utilities .....‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺱ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬
 ‫‪63‬‬ ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ـ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭو ‪vehicle spacing ................‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ‪vertical clearance ........................‬‬
‫ﺧﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺳﻬﺎی ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪vertical curves..................‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ‪vertical signs..............................‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ‪vista points .‬‬

‫‪W‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو‪walkways .......................................‬‬
‫ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭ ‪wall..................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﺁﺏ ‪water pollution ...........................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ‪ ،‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ‪widening .................‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﯿﭻ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﻗﻮﺱ ‪width on curves............‬‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫واژهﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ـ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
www.IranTransport.org
 67 ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ـ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

critical ........................................... ‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬

weaving section ...... ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
flared end section ... ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‬
superelevation ............................... ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻠﻨﺪی‬
culverts .......................................... ‫ﺁﺑﺮوﻫﺎ‬
computer programs..........‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮی‬
freeway ......................................... ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
............................ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬
pollution ........................................ ‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ‬
access opening on expressways ...............
berm ............................... (‫ﺑﺮﻡ )ﺷﯿﺮوﺍﻧﯽ ﭘﻠﻪﺍی‬ transition ...............................‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ‬

expressway .................................... ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ‬ spiral transition ............. ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯽ‬

roadbed ........................................ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ mandatory ..................................... ‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭی‬

planting ....................................... ‫ﺑﻮﺗﻪﮐﺎﺭی‬ interchange elements ................ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍی ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬

abbreviations .............................. ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫پ‬ verrical clearance ........................ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬

design factors....................... ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﻃﺮﺡ‬ scenic values ......................... ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ‬

signal post ........................ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬ skew ............................................... ‫ﺍﺭﯾﺐ‬

horizontal alignment ..........................‫ﭘﻼﻥ‬ roadside rests ................... ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬

bridge................................................. ‫ﭘﻞ‬ widening .......................... ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ‬

pedestrian overcrossing ............ ‫ﭘﻞ ﻋﺎﺑﺮ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬ lane addition ....................... ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬

toll bridge ....... (‫ﭘﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﯽ )ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺎی ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬ horizontal ......................................... ‫ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬

width on curves......................... ‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎی ﻗﻮﺱ‬ economics of design ............... ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬

pedestrian ......................................... ‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬ turning templates .................. ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎی ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬

sidewalk, walkway ..........................‫ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩﺭو‬ interchange elements .............‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎی ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬

curvature, curve ................................. ‫ﭘﯿﭻ‬ site selection ............................ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﻞ‬

reversing curve ............................ ‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺭﺍﺱ‬ curvature .......................................... ‫ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎ‬

broken-back curve................. ‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺗﺨﺖ ﭘﺸﺖ‬ safety .............................................. ‫ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬

three-center curve ................. ‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬

reversing curve ........................ ‫ﭘﯿﭻ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﺏ‬

alignment consistency............. ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬ field investigations .................. ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬

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concrete............................................. ‫ﺑﺘﻦ‬
 ‫ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬/ ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ‬
widening ....................................... ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﺾ‬
definition ........................................ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
transition ................................ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ‬
crossings, intersection ...................... ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
interchange ....................... ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬
freeway interchange . ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
............................ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
signalized intersection ............................
at-grade intersection .............. ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬
crossings ........................................ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﯽ‬
railroad crossings .................... ‫ﺗﻼﻗﯽ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‬
at-grade intersection .............. ‫ﺗﻼﻗﯽ ﻫﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬
pumping ................................... ‫ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
concentration .................................. ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
period ............................................. ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﺏ‬
expressway ..................................... ‫ﺗﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
speed ............................................... ‫ﺗﻨﺪی‬
wire mesh ................................. ‫ﺗﻮﺭی ﻓﻠﺰی‬
wire mesh ......................... ‫ﺗﻮﺭی ﻣﺸﺒﮏ ﻓﻠﺰی‬
toll tunnel ............................... ‫ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﯽ‬
‫ﺝ‬
highway, road ................................... ‫ﺟﺎﺩﻩ‬
separation ....................................... ‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ‬
outer separation ....................... ‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬
diverging ............................... ‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
inner separation ....................... ‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ‬
grade separation .... ‫ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﺩی ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩو ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
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curbs .............................................. ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ‬
68
‫ﺕ‬
signs............................................... ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ‬
crown .......................... ‫ﺗﺎﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
delay ............................................... ‫ﺗﺄﺧﯿﺮ‬
interchange ...................................... ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
freeway interchange................. ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
directional interchange .............. ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﻬﺘﯽ‬
............................................ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩو ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺭﺍﻩ‬
freeway to freeway interchanges ..............
cloverleaf interchange .............. ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﺒﺪﺭی‬
trumpet interchange ................ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﯿﭙﻮﺭی‬
diamond interchange................. ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻮﺯوی‬
semi-directional interchange . ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺟﻬﺘﯽ‬
reconstruction ...................... ‫ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
economic analysis ....... ‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی‬
roadside installations ........... ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
drainage...................................... ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬
subsurface drainage ........ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‬
cross drainage ..................... ‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﺁﺏ‬
merging ................................. ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
turning traffic ........................ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﮔﺮﺩﺷﯽ‬
density............................................. ‫ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ‬
bus loading facilities .. ‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﺍﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ‬
pedestrian facilities .................‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﭘﯿﺎﺩﻩ‬
........................ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
divided nonfreeway facilities ...................
nonfreeway facilities..... ‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ‬
utilities ..... (‫ ﮔﺎﺯ و ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﻕ‬،‫ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻼﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ )ﺁﺏ‬
accidents........................................ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ‬
 69
major movements .................. ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎی ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‬
fence ............................................... ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬
snow fence ............................. ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻑﮔﯿﺮ‬
median fencing .................... ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﮐﺸﯽ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
riprap ............................. ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﯿﻦ‬
spiral ............................................. ‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯽ‬
basin .......................................... ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺁﺑﺮﯾﺰ‬
basin ......................................... ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺁﺑﮕﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺥ‬
freeway exits ........................ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
escape ramps ..................... ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‬
expressway exits ................... ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ‬
exits, turnouts ............................. ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽﻫﺎ‬
basin characteristics....... ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺁﺑﮕﯿﺮ‬
acceleration lane ............... ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
marking ....................................... ‫ﺧﻂﮐﺸﯽ‬
emergency lane ................. ‫ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭی‬
‫ﺩ‬
roadside planting ................ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﮑﺎﺭی ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺱ‬
...................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻔﻞ‬
antilock brakingsystem (ABS) .................
............................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬
geographic information system (GIS) ......
................................ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺟﻌﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬
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geographic positioning system (GPS) ......
‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ـ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬
dikes ..................................... ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﯽ‬
bridge curbs ........................... ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ ﭘﻞ‬
median curbs ............................ ‫ﺟﺪوﻝ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
channelization ...................‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪی ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
................................ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪی ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ‬
left-turn channelization ...........................
concentrated flow ................... ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
refuge area ........................... ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺮﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
traffic islands .................... ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺮﻩﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮑﯽ‬
gutter .............................................. ‫ﺟﻮی‬
ditch ............................................ ‫ﺟﻮی ﺁﺏ‬
‫چ‬
traffic signal .......................... ‫ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
multilane ..................................... ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﻪ‬
multiple lanes.............................. ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﯽ‬
intersection ................................. ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ‬
‫ﺡ‬
accidents ......................................... ‫ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ‬
design discharge................ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬
hourly volume .......................... ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯽ‬
design hourly volume ......... ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯽ ﻃﺮﺡ‬
concrete barriers......................... ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺘﻨﯽ‬
guardrail, steel barriers .............. ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻠﺰی‬
median barriers .......................... ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
minimum ........................................ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
minimum turning radius ...... ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻗﻮﺱ‬
right of way .................................. ‫ﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
 ‫ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬/ ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻁ‬
classification ............................... ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی‬
entrance design ........................ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ وﺭوﺩی‬
geometric design ...................... ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬
highway geometric design ..... ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
snow storm ............................... ‫ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
weaving section ............ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺿﺮﺑﺪﺭی‬
national highway network ... ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎی ﻣﻠﯽ‬
‫ﻅ‬
capacity ......................................... ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬
turning radius ........................... ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬
‫ﻉ‬
aesthetic factors..................... ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎی ﺯﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ‬
overcrossing ............................... ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭو‬
undercrossing............................. ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾﺮ‬
equipment crossing ...... ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﺁﻻﺕ‬
single lane ............................. ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ‬
bridge decks ................................ ‫ﻋﺮﺷﻪ ﭘﻞ‬
horizontal clearance.....................‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
width on curves .......................... ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﯿﭻ‬
median width ............................ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
transversal ..................................... ‫ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
markers ........................................ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
signs............................................... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‬
overhead signs ...................... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺮی‬
traffic devices ........................ ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
overhead signs ...................... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺩﺭوﺍﺯﻩﺍی‬
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vertical signs .............................. ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬
70
flood ................................................‫ﺳﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺵ‬
branch connection ................... ‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ‬
left shoulder .................................‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﭗ‬
shoulder............................. (‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ )ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬
two-quadrant cloverleaf .......... ‫ﺷﺒﺪﺭی ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
radius .............................................. ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬
hydraulic radius........................ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
grade, slope...................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐ‬
critical slope ............................ ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
stepped slopes .................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﺑﻨﺪی ﭘﻠﮑﺎﻧﯽ‬
ramp ........................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ‬
wheelchair ramps ......... ‫ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻﻥ‬
escape ramp ......................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ ﺧﺮوﺝ‬
cross slopes.............................. ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
drain slopes.................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ ﺁﺏ‬
median grade ............................. ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
ditch slope ................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﻧﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺽ‬
crash cushion ............................... ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪﮔﯿﺮ‬
friction factors..................... ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺍﺻﻄﮑﺎک‬
traffic index ...........................‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
 71 ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ـ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

traffic control devices ...... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬

‫ﻕ‬ service life ........................... ‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺖﺩﻫﯽ‬
crest ...................................................‫ﻗﻠﻪ‬ service life ............................... ‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ‬
curve ......................................... ‫ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬ critical depth ............................ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
three-center curve ............... ‫ﻗﻮﺱ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی‬
vertical curves..........................‫ﻗﻮﺳﻬﺎی ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻑ‬
distance .......................................... ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ک‬ gap ............................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
culverts ....................................... ‫ﮐﺎﻟﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎ‬ clear distances .............................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ‬
culverts .......................... ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺯﯾﺮﮔﺬﺭ‬ right of way .............. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩو ﺣﺪ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
open channel........................... ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎی ﺭوﺑﺎﺯ‬ vehicle spacing ................ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
lane drops ............................ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬ sight distance .............................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ‬
lane reduction ...................... ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬ passing sight distance .... ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺳﺒﻘﺖ‬
skew ................................................. ‫ﮐﺞ‬ decision sight distance ........ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬
roadway ........................................ ‫ﮐﻒ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ stopping sight distance.......... ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
minimum .......................................‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ................................ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﯾﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺧﻮﺩﺭو‬
minimum turning radius... ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ‬ headlight sight distance...........................
funneling .................. ‫ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﭙﺮ ﺟﻠﻮی ﺩو ﺧﻮﺩﺭوی ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ‬
minimum .........................................‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ‬ headway ................................................
spacing ..................................... ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ‬
control of pollution.................. ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ‬
design factors....................... ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎی ﻃﺮﺡ‬
signal control ............... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
signal head .................... ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬
................................‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ وﺭوﺩی‬
erosion .................................. ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎک‬
merging lane metering ............................
access control ....................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬ sag ............................................. ‫ﻓﺮوﺭﻓﺘﮕﯽ‬

control of access ................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ‬ density ........................................ ‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﮔﯽ‬

ramp metering...................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﯿﺐﺭﺍﻫﻪ‬ clear distance, clearance.............. ‫ﻓﻀﺎی ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬

erosion control ................‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎک‬ clear distance, clearance............... ‫ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‬

........................ ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﺎک ﺑﺎ ﮔﯿﺎﻩﮐﺎﺭی‬ horizontal clearance............. ‫ﻓﻀﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬

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erosion vegetative control .......................
 ‫ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺑﻨﯿﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ‬/ ‫ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ‬
basin characteristics .........‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺁﺑﺮﯾﺰ‬
markers ............................... ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬
economic studies ................ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩی‬
cross section ........................... ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﯽ‬
recovery zone ....................... ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‬
rural area .............................. ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭوﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬
urban area ............................... ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻬﺮی‬
landscaping......... ‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺁﺭﺍﯾﯽ‬
landscape ........................................ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ‬
scenic .......................................... ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭ‬
mean velocity........................ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
median .............................................‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
median on bridge................. ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﻞ‬
paved median ........................... ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺭوﯾﻪﺩﺍﺭ‬
rainfall...................................... ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬
skew................................................ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻥ‬
clear zone ................................ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
roughness ................................ ‫ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭی ﺭﺍﻩ‬
bridge approach railings........... ‫ﻧﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﭘﻞ‬
railings ........................................‫ﻧﺮﺩﻩﮐﺸﯽ‬
precipitation ............................ ‫ﻧﺰوﻻﺕ ﺟﻮی‬
benfit-cost ratio ................ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
index ............................................... ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬
traffic index ............................ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
infiltration ........................................ ‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ‬
points of conflict .......................‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬
horizontal alignment ................... ‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺍﻓﻘﯽ‬
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vista points . ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺍی ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺮﺍی ﺩﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ‬
72
‫گ‬
overcrossing ................................ ‫ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭو‬
two-way left turn lanes .. ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺩو ﺧﻄﻪ‬
separate turning ..................... ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﺠﺰﺍ‬
prohibited turns ................... ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺷﻬﺎی ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ‬
capacity ....................................... ‫ﮔﻨﺠﺎﯾﺶ‬
planting ...................................... ‫ﮔﯿﺎﻩﮐﺎﺭی‬
‫ﻝ‬
taper ............................................... ‫ﻟﭽﮑﯽ‬
pipe ...................................................‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻡ‬
barriers ............................................. ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
conduit ............................................ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﺍ‬
recovery area .........................‫ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬
environment .................................... ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬
time of concentration ................. ‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
running time ............................ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬
stage construction ............... ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
design responsibility ............ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬
distance ......................................... ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ‬
sight distance ............................ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﯾﺪ‬
stopping sight distance ....... ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
alignment......................................... ‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
 73 ‫وﺍژﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ـ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬

easement .............................. ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭی ﺣﺮﯾﻢ‬

contour grading ... ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺷﯿﺐﺑﻨﺪی ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ‬
hydrograph ............................... ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬
outer separation.......................... ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬
ditch, gutter ....................................... ‫ﻧﻬﺮ‬
side ditches ................................. ‫ﻧﻬﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯽ‬
open channel.............................. ‫ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﺯ‬
tractive force ........................... ‫ﻧﯿﺮوی ﮐﺸﺶ‬
longitudinal profile ............. ‫ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
rolling profile................... ‫ﻧﯿﻤﺮﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﻮﺝﺩﺍﺭ‬
two-quadrant cloverleaf ............ ‫ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺷﺒﺪﺭی‬

‫و‬
diverging .............................. ‫وﺍﮔﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
entrances ..................................... ‫وﺭوﺩیﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫـ‬
objectives ....................................... ‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬
objectives of design .............. ‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎی ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ‬
design objectives ..................... ‫ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎی ﻃﺮﺡ‬
merging .............................. ‫ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬
hydrograph ............................... ‫ﻫﯿﺪﺭوﮔﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ی‬
single lane ...................................‫ﯾﮏ ﺧﻄﻪ‬
alignment consistency............ ‫ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
merging ............................. ‫ﯾﮑﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﯿﮏ‬

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 ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﯾﺰی‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰوﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ‪ -‬ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﯾﯿﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺍﺑﻼﻍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎی ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﯾﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎی ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍی ﺁﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻃﯽ ﺩو ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ و ﺩﺍﻧﺶﭘﮋوﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪http://tec.mporg.ir‬‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻔﺎً ﺑﺮﺍی ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﺍﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮر‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ اﻣﻮر ﻓﻨﯽ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺮﯾﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪۀ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ‬
‫دﻓﺘﺮ اﻣﻮر ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از زﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰی ﮐﺸﻮر‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
www.IranTransport.org
 ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٤‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ(‬
‫‪ ٢٣٥-١‬ﻧﻮﻉ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬
‫‪٢٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ(‬
‫‪ ٢٣٥-٢‬ﻧﻮﻉ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ(‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٥‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻝ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٦‬‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ‪ -‬ﺣﺮﮐﺘﻲ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٨‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺁﺏﺷﮑﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗـﻮﭘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥١‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﺎﻣـﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠـــﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﺩﺳـــﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤـــﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـــﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﺎﻣـــﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ )‪(٢٥٤-١‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ -‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ )‪(٢٥٤-٢‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ)‪(٢٥٤-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﮐﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺳـﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﮐﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٨‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺏ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﻓﺮﺳـﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻞ‬
‫ﺿــﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫــﺎﻱ ﻓﻨــﻲ ﺭﻭﺷــﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴــﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺤــﺖ ﻓــﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨١‬‬ ‫‪٢٦١‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٢‬‬
‫)ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙﺎﮊ(‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﮕﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٣‬‬
‫)ﺳﺮﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ(‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٦‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ(‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ(‬
‫‪٢٦٧‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ(‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ(‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺷﺸﻢ(‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ(‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٨‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﮐﺮﻳﺰ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٩‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺷـــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـــﻲ )‪ (DESIGN ONDITIONS‬ﺑـــﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫‪١٣٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٧١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤــﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ ﺑﻬــﺮﻩﺑــﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨــﺎﺯﻥ ﺳــﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺣــﻞ‬
‫‪٢٧٢‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﻴـﺸﺘﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٣‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﺒﻲ‬

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 ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٤‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣـﺪ ﺑـﺴﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣـﺮﻳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻱ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٧‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗـﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٨‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ‬
‫‪٢٧٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫‪٢٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍﻫﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪٢٨١‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻫﮑﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﮑﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬
‫‪٢٨٢‬‬
‫ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ‬
‫‪٢٨٣‬‬
‫ﺯﻫﮑﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ‬
‫‪٢٨٤‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤــﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ ﻭﺳــﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻟــﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳــﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪٢٨٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸۳‬‬ ‫‪٢٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸۳‬‬ ‫‪٢٨۷‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ – ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸۳‬‬ ‫‪٢٨۸‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫‪۱۳۸۳‬‬ ‫‪٢٨۹‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﺣﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﻧﮕـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫‪٢۹۰‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪٢۹۱‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻴﭗ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‬
‫‪٢۹۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫‪٢۹۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪٢۹۴‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪٢۹۵‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸۴‬‬ ‫‪٢۹۶‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪٢۹۷‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮊﺍﭘـﻦ )‪ ٧-٥‬ﻣﻬﺮﻣـﺎﻩ‬
‫‪۱۳۸۴‬‬ ‫‪٢۹۸‬‬
‫‪(١٣٨٣‬‬
‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸۴‬‬ ‫‪٢۹۹‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫‪۳۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪۳۰۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‬

‫‪۳۰۲‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬
‫‪۳۰۳‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۳۰۴‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻃﺮﺡﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۳۰۵‬‬
‫– ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۰۶‬‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫‪۳۰۷‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻨﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫‪۳۰۸‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫‪۳۰۹‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻧﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺪﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﻮﺿـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪۳۱۰‬‬
‫ﺁﺑﺮﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۱۱‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‬

‫‪۳۱۲‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺑﺘﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪۳۱۳‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻫﻜﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ‬
‫‪۳۱۴‬‬
‫ﺯﻫﻜﺸﻲ‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ‬
‫‪۳۱۵‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻫﻜﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪۳۱۶‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻳـﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻤﭙـﺎﮊ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪۳۱۷‬‬
‫ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻫﻜﺸﻲ«‬

‫‪www.IranTransport.org‬‬
 Islamic Republic of Iran

Road Safety Manual

(Safety at Bridge and Tunnel)

No: 267-2

Management and Planning Organization Ministry of Roads and Transportation

Office of the Deputy for Technical Affairs Deputy of Education, Research
Technical, Criteria Codification and and Technology
Earthquake Risk Reduction Affairs Bureau Transportation Research Institute

2005

www.IranTransport.org