ANALOG ELECTRONIC

CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

PROJECT

TEMPERATURE CONTROL LEDs

Submitted by
Yug Varshney (B171034EE)
Varun Choudhary (B170566EE)
Sarthak Yadav
(B1701034EE)
 INTRODUCTION
Today we are building a simple yet very useful circuit using Temperature Sensor LM35. In this
circuit, we are going to control the LEDs according to temperature around. If temperature
goes beyond a particular level (50 Degree in this circuit) then Red LED will glow automatically,
otherwise yellow LED remains on below that particular temperature. This threshold
temperature value can be set by adjusting the Variable resistor in the circuit, according to
requirement.
This Temperature controlled Lights circuit can be useful in many ways, like it can work as
temperature indicator or it can trigger any device like fan or alarm beyond a particular
temperature. It can also work as fire alarm if you set the threshold temperature very high like
100 Degree Celsius. In this circuit you will also learn about how to use LM35 sensor in any
circuit. LM35 is very popular and inexpensive temperature sensor generally used as digital
thermometer or to measure temperature.

AIM
 To demonstrate the working of a temperature controlled LEDs circuit.

 To fix the reference temperature after which the glowing LED changes.

 To notice the change of glowing LED as the temperature of the sensor crosses the
reference value.

COMPONENTS USED
1. 9v Battery
2. IC 7805
3. Temperature sensor LM35
4. Op-amp LM358
5. 10k ohm Resistor (3)
6. 1k ohm Resistor (3)
7. Variable Resistor 10k
8. LEDs (Red and Yellow)
9. NPN Transistor BC547 (2)
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

METHODOLOGY
The flow of the circuit moves through three main parts, first the voltage regulator is used
which provides a regulated input voltage supply to the circuit. Then the second main part of
the circuit is the temperature sensor LM35 which Is further connected to the op amp LM358
which provides supply to the two LEDs depending on the temperature of sensor.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
OPAMP LM358 -
Op-amps are also known as Voltage Comparators. When voltage at non-inverting input (+) is
higher than the voltage at inverting input (-), then the output of comparator is High. And if
the voltage of inverting input (-) is Higher than non-inverting end (+), then output is LOW.

LM358 is a Dual Low Noise Operational Amplifier which has two independent voltage
comparators inside. This is a general purpose op amp which can be configured in many modes
like comparator, summer, integrator, amplifier, differentiator, inverting mode, non- inverting
mode, etc.
LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR -
LM35 is three pin transistor like device. It has VCC, GND and OUTPUT. This sensor provides
variable voltage at the output based on temperature. “LM35” provides output in degree Celsius
and can sense up to 150 degree Celsius temperature.

For every +1 centigrade rise in temperature there will be +10mV higher voltage at the output
pin. So if the temperature is 0◦ centigrade the output of sensor will be 0V, if the temperature is
10◦ centigrade the output of sensor will be +100mV, if the temperature is 25◦ centigrade the
output of sensor will be +250mV.
SETTING UP REFERENCE VOLTAGE FOR COMPARATOR -
Here we have used Op-amp LM358 to compare the output voltage of LM35 with the
reference voltage. As mentioned we have set the circuit for threshold voltage 50 Degree, so
to trigger the op-amp at 50 Degree, we need to set the reference voltage to 0.5 volt, as at 50
degree temperature LM35 output voltage will be 0.5 volt or 500mV. Reference voltage is the
voltage at Pin no 2 of LM358 (seen circuit diagram below).

Now to set the reference voltage, we have created a Voltage Divider circuit by using resistor
R1 and Variable resistor RV1 of 10k. By using the above formulae you can set the reference
voltage accordingly and can change the Threshold Temperature. Like to set the 50 degree
Celsius temperature as triggering value, you can set the potentiometer roughly at 8k:2k like:
Vout = (R2 / R1 + R2) * Vin
(here R2 is second part of potentiometer: 2k ohm and R1 is R1 + first part of potentiometer:
10k+8k)
Vout = (2 / 18 + 2) * 5 = 0.5v
WORKING OF CIRCUIT -
Working of this Temperature Controlled Lights Project is simple. 9v general purpose battery
is used to power up the whole circuit and IC7805 is used to provide the regulated 5v supply
to the circuit. When temperature is below 50 degree Celsius then yellow LED remains ON and
RED remains OFF. When temperature is below 50 degree then output of LM358 remains LOW
and Q1 remains in OFF state and transistor Q2 remains in ON state.
Now when surrounding’s temperature goes beyond 50 Degree Celsius, output voltage of
LM35 at pin 2 also goes higher than 0.5 volt or 500mV. Output of LM35 is connected to Pin 3
of Op-amp LM358. And as we have set the reference voltage (voltage at Pin 2 of LM358) to
0.5 volt, so now voltage at Pin 3 (non-inverting input) becomes higher than voltage at Pin 2
(inverting input) and output of opamp LM358 (PIN 1) becomes HIGH. Output of LM358
connected to the base of NPN transistor Q1, so Q1 also becomes ON and Red LED starts
glowing. At the same time, base of Transistor Q2 gets ground and Q2 becomes OFF and yellow
LED also becomes OFF. So that’s how the circuit detects the temperature limit and indicates
by glowing the Red LED.
 RESULTS
The temperature controlled LEDs circuit was successfully constructed and tested.
It was observed that the glowing LEDs have shifted from one to another as the reference
voltage was encountered at the temperature sensor.
The working of different components used was understood.

INFERENCE
The same circuit can be improved by using a microcontroller to improve the output signal and
the sensitivity of the circuit. The industry scale application of the circuit is not possible by the
present circuit as the safety measures and the temperature sensor used here are not
effective, upto the level required for such large applications. The LM358 can be used as
voltage comparator and have large applications. The LM35 can be used as an effective
temperature sensor at laboratory level.

CONCLUSION
The working of voltage regulator, dual op amp LM358, and temperature sensor LM35 was
understood and demonstrated. The circuit we demonstrated is only for educational purposes
to demonstrate the working of an temperature controlled LEDs system and should be avoided
in any practical application. Commercial temperature indicators use better techniques such
as improved detection, high sensitivity, accurate output and have better protective circuits.
There is a lot of scope for improvement in our current design and should be implemented
before use in any practical situation.

REFERENCES

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm158-n.pdf - LM358
https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/temperature-controlled-leds-using-
lm35- circuit digest page.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=48&v=lkzrDoaBP7E -
demonstration video.
Electronics Tutorial : https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/temperature-sensor

Assembled circuit -