Project on Consumer awareness

Introduction

We buy a variety of goods and services in our day-to-day life. Whatever we buy we pay for it
and derive satisfaction from its consumption and use. But sometimes we do not feel satisfied
with the product we buy. This may be on account of poor quality of the product, overcharging
by the shopkeeper, lower quantity of contents, misleading advertisement, and so on.

Meaning of Consumer

A consumer is a person who consumes or uses any goods or services. Goods may be
consumables like wheat flour, salt, sugar, fruit etc. or durable items like television, refrigerator,
toaster, mixer, bicycle etc. Services refer to items like electricity, cooking gas, telephone,
transportation, film show etc. Normally, it is the consumption or use of goods and services that
makes the person to be called as „consumer‟. But in the eyes of law, both the person who buys
any goods or hires any service for consideration(price) and the one who uses such goods and
services with the approval of the buyer are termed as consumers. For example, when your
father buys apple for you and you consume them, your father as well as yourself are treated as
consumers. The same thing applies to hiring a taxi to go to your school. In other words, even
the buyer of goods and services whether he uses them himself or purchases them for
consumption or use by some other person(s) is treated as consumer in the eyes of law.
However, a person who buys goods for resale (like wholesaler, retailer, etc.) or for any
commercial purpose is not treated as consumer. Under the Consumer Protection Act 1986,
the word

Consumer has been defined separately for the purpose of goods and services.

(a) For the purpose of goods, a consumer means (i) one who buys any goods for consideration;
and (ii) any user of such goods other than the person who actually buys it, provided such use is
made with the approval of the buyer.

(The expression ‘consumer’ does not include a person who obtains such goods for resale or for
any commercial purpose.)(b) For the purpose of services, a consumer means (i) one who hires
any service or services for consideration; and (ii) any beneficiary of such service(s) provided the
service is availed with the approval of such person.

Concept of Consumer Protection and Common Malpractices

Consumer protection means safeguarding the interest and rights of consumers. In other words,
it refers to the measures adopted for the protection of consumers from unscrupulous and
unethical malpractices by the business and to provide them speedy redressal of their
grievances. The most common business malpractices leading to consumer exploitation are
given below:(a) Sale of adulterated goods i.e., adding something inferior to the product being
sold.(b) Sale of spurious goods i.e., selling something of little value instead of the
real product.(c) Sale of sub-standard goods i.e., sale of goods which do not confirm to
prescribed quality standards.(d) Sale of duplicate goods.(e) Use of false weights and measures
leading to underweight.(f) Hoarding and black-marketing leading to scarcity and rise in price.(g)
Charging more than the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) fixed for the product.(h) Supply of
defective goods.(i) Misleading advertisements i.e., advertisements falsely claiming a product or
serviceto be of superior quality, grade or standard.(j) Supply of inferior services i.e., quality of
service lower than the quality agreed upon. The above instances show the exploitation of
consumers in the context of goods and services. So themeasures adopted by the government or
non-government organisations (NGOs) for safeguarding the interests of the consumers
constitute consumer protection.

Need for Consumer Protection

(a) Social Responsibility

The business must be guided by certain social and ethical norms. It is the moral responsibility of
the business to serve the interest of consumers. Keeping in line withthis principle, it is the duty
of producers and traders to provide right quality andquantity of goods at fair prices to the
consumers.

(b) Increasing Awareness

The consumers are becoming more mature and conscious of their rights against themal
practices by the business. There are many consumer organisations and associations who are
making efforts to build consumer awareness, taking up their cases at various levels and helping
them to enforce their rights.

(c) Consumer Satisfaction

Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi had once given a call to manufactures and

traders to “

treat your consumers as god

”. Consumers‟ satisfaction is the key to success of business. Hence, the businessmen should
take every step to serve the interests of consumers by providing them quality goods
and services at reasonable price.

(d) Principle of Social Justice

Exploitation of consumers is against the directive principles of state policy as laiddown in the
Constitution of India. Keeping in line with this principle, it is expectedfrom the manufacturers,
traders and service providers to refrain from malpractices

and take care of consumers‟ interest.

(e) Principle of Trusteeship

According to Gandhian philosophy, manufactures and producers are not the realowners of the
business. Resources are supplied by the society. They are merely thetrustees of the resources
and, therefore, they should use such resources effectivelyfor the benefit of the society, which
includes the consumers.

(f) Survival and Growth of Business

The business has to serve consumer interests for their own survival and growth. On account of
globalisation and increased competition, any business organisation which indulges in
malpractices or fails to provide improved services to their ultimate consumer shall find it
difficult to continue. Hence, they must in their own long run interest, become consumer
oriented.

Causes of Consumer Exploitation

1. Illiteracy and Ignorance: Consumers in India are mostly illiterate and ignorant. They do not

understand their rights. A system is required to protect them from unscrupulous businessmen.

2. Unorganised Consumers: In India consumers are widely dispersed and are not united. They
are at the mercy of businessmen. On the other hand, producers and traders are organized and
powerful.

3. Spurious Goods: There is increasing supply of duplicate products. It is very difficult for an
ordinary consumer to distinguish between a genuine product and its imitation. It is necessary to
protect consumers from such exploitation by ensuring compliance with prescribed norms of
quality and safety.

4. Deceptive Advertising: Some businessmen give misleading information about quality, safety
and utility of products. Consumers are misled by false advertisement and do not know the real
quality of advertised goods. A mechanism is needed to prevent misleading advertisements.

5. Malpractices of Businessmen: Fraudulent, unethical and monopolistic trade practices on

the part of businessmen lead to exploitation of consumers. Consumers often get defective,
inferior and substandard goods and poor service. Certain measures are required to protect the
consumers against such malpractices.

1. Lack of knowledge: The main reason for exploitation of consumers is lack of knowledge.
Several consumers do not have the knowledge about the price, quality, services related
commodities. Therefore, consumers simply trust the facts told to them by the sellers and
purchase goods, thus become trapped and are exploited.

6. Consumer's indifference towards the market: There is a large group of such consumers who
behave indifferently regarding purchasing. There are some consumers who think as what to
do, everything is alright, leave it , why to take cash memo, whatever goods the shopkeeper
gives is good, things should be cheap, good and durable , What is the need of the
standardization marks like ISI and AGMARK etc. The producers take full advantage of
this indifferent behaviour of consumers and succeed in exploiting them.

7. Tele Marketing Today in the age of computers, tele- marketing and e-commerce have
become very popular. You also must have seen the advertisement on T.V. The information
about the goods and the prices is also given in the advertisement. The consumer can send the
required money and get the commodity through parcel. But very often the consumers feel
cheated by this deal. One orders for costly products on being influenced, but he does not get
the due benefit from that good.

8. Limited Information: In this age of globalization there are several types of products in the
market. Producer is free to produce. There is no fixed law for quality and rate. There is lack of
knowledge about several aspects of goods like rate, quality, rules for usage, rules for selling etc.
Therefore a consumer makes wrong choice and suffers financial loss.

9. Monopoly : Monopoly means the right on the production and distribution of a commodity of
a producer or a group of producers. In the state of monopoly producers have arbitrary behavior
regarding the prices and the quality and availability of the goods. As a result, producers
succeeded in exploiting consumers.

Rights of Consumers

(a) Right to Safety

It is the right of the consumers to be protected against goods and services which arehazardous
to health or life. For example, defective vehicles could lead to seriousaccidents. The same is
true of electrical appliances with sub-standard material. Onlyrecently, there were mass protests
and boycott of soft drinks due to presence ofhazardous pesticides beyond permissible limits.
Thus, right to safety is an importantright available to the consumer which ensures that the
manufacturers shall not produceand sell sub-standard and dangerous products.

(b) Right to be Informed

The right to be informed is an important component of consumer protection. The consumer

must be provided with adequate and accurate information about quality, quantity, purity,
standard and the price of the goods and services. Now-a-days them manufacturers provide
detailed information about the contents of the product, its quantity, date of manufacturing,
date of expiry, maximum retail price, precautions to be taken, etc. on the label and package of
the product. Such information helps the consumers in their buying decision and use of the
product.

(c) Right to Choose

The right to choose provides that the consumer must be assured, whenever possible, access to
a variety of goods and services at competitive prices. If the market has enough varieties of
products at highly competitive prices, the buyers have an opportunity of wide selection.
However, in case of monopolies like railways, postal service and electricity supply etc. it implies
a right to be assured of satisfactory quality of service at a fair price.

(d) Right to be Heard

The rights to safety, information and choice will be frivolous without the right to be heard. This
right has three interpretations. Broadly speaking, this right means that consumers have a right
to be consulted by Government and public bodies when decisions and policies are made
affecting consumer interests. Also, consumers have a right to be heard by manufactures,
dealers and advertisers about their opinion on production, marketing decisions and any
grievances of the consumers. Now-a-days, most of the top manufacturers and firms have set up
consumer service cells to attend

to consumers‟ complaints and take appropriate steps for their redressal. Thirdly, consumers
have the right to be heard in legal proceedings in law courts dealing with consumer complaints.

(e) Right to Seek Redressal

The consumers have been given the right of redressal of their grievances relating to the
performance, grade, quality etc. of the goods and services. If required, the product must be
repaired / replaced by the seller/ manufacturer. The Consumer Protection Act has duly provides
for a fair settlement of genuine grievances of the consumers. Ithas also set up a proper
mechanism for their redressal at district, state and national levels.
(f) Right to Consumer Education

It means the right to receive knowledge and skill to become informed consumer. In this
direction the consumer associations, educational institutions and the policy maker scan play an
important part. They are expected to impart information and knowledge about (i) the relevant
laws which are aimed at preventing unfair trade practices, (ii)the ways and means which
dishonest traders and producers may adopt to deceive the consumers, (iii) insistence on a bill
or receipt at the time of purchase, and (iv) the procedure to be followed by consumers while
making complaints. Effective consumer education leads to an increased level of consumer
awareness and help them to enforce their rights more effectively, and protect themselves
against fraudulent, deceitful and grossly misleading advertisement, labeling, etc.

Responsibilities of Consumers

(a) Be quality conscious

To put a stop to adulteration and corrupt practices of the manufacturers and traders, it is the
duty of every consumer to be conscious of the quality of product they buy.They should look for
the standard quality certification marks like ISI, Agmark, FPO,Woolmark, Eco-mark, Hallmark
etc. while making the purchases.

(b) Beware of misleading advertisements

The advertisement often exaggerates the quality of products. Hence, the consumers should not
rely on the advertisement and carefully check the product or ask the users before making a
purchase. In case there are discrepancies, the same should be brought to the notice of the
sponsors and the appropriate authority, if need be.

(c) Responsibility to inspect a variety of goods before making selection

The consumer should inspect a variety of goods before buying the goods and service. For this
purpose he/she should compare their quality, price, durability, after sales service etc. This
would enable the consumers to make the best choice within the limit of their own resources.

(d) Collect proof of transaction

The consumer should insist on a valid documentary evidence (cash memo/invoice)relating to

purchase of goods or availing of any services and preserve it carefully. Such proof of purchase is
required for filing a complaint. In case of durable goods the manufactures generally provide the
warrantee/guarantee card along with the product. It is the duty of consumers to obtain these
documents and ensure that these are duly signed, stamped and dated. The consumer must
preserve them till the warrantee/guarantee period is over.
(e) Consumers must be aware of their rights

The consumers must be aware of their rights as stated above and exercise them while buying
goods and services. For example, it is the responsibility of a consumer to insist on getting all
information about the quality of the product and ensure himself/herself that it is free from any
kind of defects.

(f) Complaint for genuine grievances

As a consumer if you are dissatisfied with the product/services, you can ask for redressal of
your grievances. In this regard, you must file a proper claim with the company first. If the
manufacturer/company does not respond, then you can approach the forums. But your claim
must state actual loss and the compensation claim must be reasonable. At no cost fictitious
complaints should be filed otherwise the forum may penalise you.

(g) Proper use of product/services

It is expected from the consumers that they use and handle the product/services properly. It
has been noticed that during guarantee period, people tend to recklessuse of the product,
thinking that it will be replaced during the guarantee period. This practice should be
avoided. Apart from the responsibility enumerated above, the consumers should be conscious
of their duty towards other consumers, society and ecology and make responsible choice. In
other words, their purchases and consumption should not lead to waste of natural resources
and energy and environmental pollution.

Ways and Means of Consumer Protection

(a) Lok Adalat

Lok Adalats are the effective and economical system for quick redressal of the public
grievances. The aggrieved party can directly approach the adalats with his grievance, and his
issues are discussed on the spot and decisions are taken immediately. The consumers may take
the advantage of this system to solve their problems. Cases of electricity billing, telephone
billings, road accidents etc. can be taken up in Lok Adalatfor spot settlement. Infact, Indian
Railways, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited and Delhi Vidyut Board hold Lok Adalat
regularly to settle user‟s grievances on the spot.

(b) Public Interest Litigation

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a scheme under which any person can move to the court of law
in the interest of the society. It involves efforts to provide legal remedy toun-represented
groups and interests. Such groups may consist of consumers, minorities, poor persons,
environmentalists and others. Any person or organisation, though nota party to the grievances,
can approach the court for remedial action in case of any social atrocities.

(c) Redressal Forums and Consumer Protection Councils

Under the Consumer Protection Act 1986, a judicial system has been set up to deal with the
consumer grievances and disputes at district level, state level and national level. These are
known as District Forum, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (State Commission)
and National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (National Commission). Any individual
consumer or association of consumers can lodge a complaint with the District, State or National
level forum, depending on the value goods and claim for compensation. The main objective of

these forums is to provide for a simple, speedy and inexpensive redressal of consumers‟

grievances. The Act as amended in 2002 also provides for setting up of

ConsumerProtection Council

at district, state and national level for promotion and protection of the rights of the consumers
as laid down in Section 6 of the Act. The councils are required to give wide publicity to the
rights of consumers, the procedures for filling complaints by them and provide inputs
to consumer movement in the country.

(d) Awareness Programme

To increase the level of awareness among the consumers the Government of India has initiated
various publicity measures. It regularly brings out journals, brochures, booklets and various
posters depicting the rights and responsibilities of consumers, redressal machineries etc. It
observes World Consumer Rights Day on 15 Marchand National Consumer Day on 24
December. Several video programmes on consumer awareness are broadcasted through
different television channels. Similarly, audio programmes are also broadcasted through All
India Radio and FM channels.The poster and slogan competition on consumer protection are
also organised atvarious level. To encourage the participation of public in the field of consumer
protection the Government has also instituted National Awards to the persons whohave done
outstanding work in this field.

(e) Consumer Organisations

Consumer organisations have been active all over the world to promote and protect consumer
interests. A number of such organisations have also been set up in recent years in different
parts of India. It is felt that neither it is possible to discipline all members of the business
community through moral sanctions and a code of fair business practices nor can administrate
orders and legislative provisions to ensure consumer protection without the active involvement
of consumer associations. Now with an increasing number of consumer organisations involved
in consumer protection, the consumer movement is getting a foothold in India and helping
individuals to seekquick and adequate redressal of their grievances. Some of the
important Consumer Organisations that have been playing an active role in taking up consumer
cause are:

§ CERC (Consumer Education and Research Centre), Ahmedabad

§ VOICE (Voluntary Organisation in the Interest of ConsumerEducation), New Delhi

§ CGSI (Consumer Guidance Society of India), Mumbai

§ CAG (Consumer Action Group), Chennai

§ CUTS (Consumer Unity and Trust Society), Jaipur

§ Common Cause, New Delhi

§ Consumer Education Centre, Hyderabad

§ Karnataka Consumer Service Society, Bangalore

§ Kerela State Consumers Coordination Committee, Cochin

These organisations are collecting data on different products and testing them, investigating
into the problems of consumers, publishing and distributing brochures and journals, organising
consumer awareness programmes, filing complaints, suits and writ petitions on behalf of the
consumers, etc.

(f) Consumer Welfare Fund

The government has created a consumer welfare fund for providing financial assistance to
strengthen the voluntary consumer movement in the country particularly in rural areas. This
fund is mainly used for setting up facilities for training and research in consumer education,
complaint handling, counseling and guidance mechanisms, product testing labs, and so on.

(g) Legislative Measures

A number of laws have been enacted in India to safeguard the interest of consumers and
protect them from unscrupulous and unethical practices of the businessmen. Some of these
Acts are as follows:(i) Drug Control Act, 1950(ii) Agricultural Products (Grading and Marketing)
Act, 1937(iii) Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951(iv) Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act, 1954(v) Essential Commodities Act, 1955(vi) The Standards of Weights and
Measures Act, 1956(vii) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969(viii) Prevention of
Black-marketing and Maintenance of Essential Supplies Act, 1980(ix) Bureau of Indian Standards
Act, 1986The object and interest of almost all these enactments are mainly punitive, though
some of these are also preventive in nature. However, none of these laws provide any direct
relief to the consumers. Hence, amendments have been made in some of these laws by which
individual consumers and consumer organisations have been conferred the right to take
initiative and launch legal proceedings in civil and criminal courts against the violators. Another
legal enactment that made a dent in this situation was the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade
Practices Act, 1969. It gained the status of a specific consumer protection law with
amendments made in 1984. Inspite of the changes made in 1984, a need was felt to have a
more elaborate legislation. So the Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986 to offer the
necessary protection to consumers and provide an elaborate mechanism to deal with consumer
grievances and disputes. A broad idea about its main provisions is being given in the next
section.

Consumer Protection Act 1986

The Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986 and it came into force from 1 July1987. The
main objectives of the Act are to provide better and all-round protection to consumers and
effective safeguards against different types of exploitation such as defective goods, deficient
services and unfair trade practices. It also makes provisions for a simple, speedy and
inexpensive machinery for redressal of consumers‟ grievances.

Salient Features of Consumer Protection Act 1986

The salient features of Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 1986 are as follows:(a) It applies to all
goods, services and unfair trade practices unless specifically exemptedby the Central
Government.(b) It covers all sectors whether private, public or co-operative.(c) It provides for
establishment of consumer protection councils at the central, state anddistrict levels to
promote and protect the rights of consumers and a three tier quasijudicialmachinery to deal
with consumer grievances and disputes.(d) It provides a statutory recognition to the six rights of
consumers.

GOODS AND SERVICES COVERED UNDER

COPRA 1986

The term „goods‟ under this Act has the same meaning as under the sale of goods Act.

Accordingly it covers all types of movable property other than money and includes stocks

and shares, growing crops, etc. The term „service‟ means service of any description made
 available to potential users and includes banking, financing, housing construction,
insurance,entertainment, transport, supply of electrical and other energy, boarding and
lodging,amusement, etc. The services of doctors, engineers, architects, lawyers etc. are
includedunder the provisions of Consumer Protection Act.

FILING OF COMPLAINTS

For redressal of consumer grievances a complaint must be filed with the appropriate forum.In
this section let us know, who can file a complaint, what complaints can be filed, whereto file
the complaint, how to file the complaints etc.

Who can file a complaint?

The following persons can file a complaint under Consumer Protection Act 1986:(a) a
consumer;(b) any recognised voluntary consumer association whether the consumer is a
member of that association or not;(c) the Central or any State Government; and(d) one or more
consumers where these are numerous consumers having same interest.(e) Legal heir or
representative in case of death of a consumer.

What complaints can be filed?

A consumer can file a complaint relating to any one or more of the following:(a) an unfair trade
practice or a restrictive trade practice adopted by any trader or service provider;(b) goods
bought by him or agreed to be bought by him suffer from one or more defect;(c) services hired
or availed of, or agreed to be hired or availed of, suffer from deficiency in any respect;(d) price
charged in excess of the price (i) fixed by or under the law for the time being inforce, (ii)
displayed on the goods or the package, (iii) displayed in the price list, or

iv) agreed between the parties; and(e) goods or services which are hazardous or likely to be
hazardous to life and safety when used.

Where to file a complaint?

If the value of goods and services and the compensation claimed does not exceed Rs. 20lakh,
the complaint can be filed in the District Forum; if it exceeds Rs. 20 lakh but does not exceed Rs.
One crore, the complaint can be filed before the State Commission; and if it exceeds Rs. One
crore, the complaint can be filed before the National Commission.

How to file a complaint?

A complaint can be made in person or by any authorised agent or by post. The complaint can
be written on a plain paper duly supported by documentary evidence in support of the
allegation contained in the complaint. The complaint should clearly specify the relief sought.It
should also contain the nature, description and address of the complainant as well as the
opposite party, and so also the facts relating to the complaint and when and where it arose.

What are the reliefs available to consumers?

Depending on the nature of complaint the and relief sought by the consumer, and the facts of
the case, the Redressal Forum/Commission may order one or more of the following reliefs:(a)
Removal of defects from the goods or deficiencies in services in question.(b) Replacement of
the defective goods.(c) Refund of the price paid.(d) Award of compensation for loss or injury
suffered.(e) Discontinuance of unfair trade practices or restrictive trade practice or not to
repeatthem.(f) Withdrawal of hazardous or dangerous goods from being offered for sale.(g)
Provision of adequate costs to aggrieved parties.

Time limit for filing the case

The consumer can file the complaint within two years from the date on which the cause of
action had arisen. However, it may be admitted even after the lapse of two years if sufficient
cause is shown for the delay.

Time limit for deciding the case

Every complaint must be disposed off as speedily as possible within a period of three months
from the date of notice received by the opposite party. Where the complaint requires
laboratory testing of goods this period is extended to five months.

MACHINERY FOR SETTLEMENT OF GRIEVANCES

The judicial machinery set up under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 consists of consumer
courts (forums) at the district, state and national levels. These are known as District forum,
State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (State Commission) and National Consumer
Disputes Redressal Commission (National Commission) separately. Let us have a brief idea
about their composition and roles.
“Time is money” means by using time in an efficient manner we can get money and by wasting
it we can lose the opportunity of earning money. Destiny of a person is not predictable and we
never know that when a good opportunity comes to us, it just depends on us how we use
time. A single moment is enough to be the reason of getting heights of success or a big fall
down in life. Thus we should always prepare for grabbing the opportunity which comes to us
at any stage of life. Time is precious and never waits for any one whether rich or poor and king
or beggar.

Time has so much power that it can change a human’s life completely. It can convert a
successful or powerful rich person into helpless poor man and a poor man into a rich person. It
is only depends on you whether you understand the value of time or take it for granted.

Importance and value of time is different for all. A student use it for taking knowledge, a
working man to earn money and a house lady to do her house works by keeping the
importance of time in mind.

In today’s world, everyone is just running behind money, fame and success. Competition has
arisen in all fields that have influenced all age group of people and children. Thus, if we want
our children to get success in future life, we should prepare them since their childhood in such
manner that they understand the value of time and can be able to take benefit of their
important time by doing good things in life. Since the time of their wake up in the morning till
the sleeping in night every single activity should be done at proper pre decided time and this
timetable should be followed through the entire life.

The best example of understanding the importance and value of time is that, when we lose
money we can get it back by using time but if time is lost we cannot get it back by using money
or any other thing.

In conclusion, we can just say that time is money and time is priceless, by using it in proper
manner no one can defeat us at any stage of life. Neither we can buy it nor we can sale it; we
just can use it every single moment.
 "All we have to fear is fear itself"

In his inaugural speech as President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt remarked, "The only thing
we have to fear is fear itself." Indeed these words very accurately describe the problems faced
by the people of America from that time till December 1941. How deeply had this man, destined
to become one of the most remembered of our presidents, thought before speaking these
everlasting words on March 4, 1933? Roosevelt had in fact spoken what was actually realized
eight years later when the Japanese army attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and
brought the United States into the Second World War.

Before expressing my views in favor of my convictions let me recall the exact words that I
am going to talk about. "So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to
fear is fear itself -- nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to
convert retreat into advance." (FDR March 4 1933.) The cause of the fear that Franklin D.
Roosevelt was referring to was the economic depression America was in when he took office.
Roosevelt was warning America not to let their economy be paralyzed by the fears, which had
overcome their reason and had made them over – cautious about their actions. This might not
have been completely understood at that time but FDR's warning was, no doubt, valid.

The great depression had its roots in an era of prosperity. The nineteen twenties, were
the years of genuine prosperity and real economic growth. Consumer economy was a new thing,
and so was the confidence in growth. If we carefully examine the history of American economy,
we find that it is characterized by crests and troughs: - that is alternating booms and slumps. But
the people during the third decade of the twentieth century perhaps thought that the magic
formula had been found and the good times of growth will last forever.

God helps those who help themselves Essay

Some people become very religious and they worship God all time. They think that they will
get blessed by God only because of their pooja. They do only pooja and never want to get
involved in the hard work or never understand their life’s responsibilities. They always keep
wrong faith that God will help them without doing hard work. However, the truth is that God
always and only help those people who do hard work with full commitment without getting
worried about the result. Lazy people have a very wrong notion about the God that they will
get blessed only for their laziness and wrong beliefs. They never know that they cannot make
God fool, God is very creative, He has created us and know everything about us. He can read
our mind and know our desires. Worship is main thing through which we can make God happy
but we cannot get God blessings for success in life without hard work.
 Or God helps those who help themselves

‘God helps those who help themselves’ is a famous saying which means that God help us only
when we help ourselves means we need to perform our work with full commitment in right
direction in the field we want to succeed. If we do not work hard and only do worship; God
will be happy but He will never bless us for success. It is our hard work only which help us to
get blessings of God and reach to the top. Here is an interesting story of two frogs which help
us to understand the real meaning of this saying:

WRITE SHORT STORIES ON HARDWORK IS KEY TO SUCCESS MORAL

Once upon a time there was a very hard-working farmer. He had developed a grapery that
used to give a rich crop of grapes every year. He had three sons but none of them bothered to
help their father in his work. They were very easy-going kind of people. So, the farmer was
very worried about their future.

One day, the farmer fell ill as of old age. He called his son and said, "Dear sons! I doubt my end
is near and before dying I want to tell you that, in my grapery, there lies a hidden treasure. Dig
it out after my death." Saying this, the old farmer died.

After performing the last rituals of their father, the sons began digging the vine-yard. They dug
every inch of it but found nothing.

But the digging led to such a rich crop as had never been there before even when their father
was alive.

So, the sons came to know what their father meant by hidden treasure.

Hard work is a key 2 success as much we work hard that much we will achieve in life , we
should be determined because determination is a way 2 achieve your aims .don't think about
past and waste d time in present work hard u can see your future in a good way. there is a well
known quote yesterday is a history tomorrow is a mystery but today is a gift that why it is
called as present.

INTERNET A BOON OR A BONE

Internet is a boon to the present youth as it helps them in all angles, but , our before
generations did not have any opportunity like what we are having now.

Now a days we have any doubts we immediately google it out and immediately come to know
the answer and clear our doubt.

this facility helps us a lot

 OR INTERNET A BOON OR A BONE

Nowadays internet has been proved as a boon for human beings. there are many works done
easily through internet like:-

1. faster communication- messaging and chatting.

2. playing games and listening musics and watching videos etc can be done through it.

3. while sitting at home we can do e-shopping and online ticket booking.

4. we can surf internet and find information about many things.

there are many more things that internet hasd provided us. it is next step towards the
progress of mankind, so it is boon for us.

FASHION OR KIDS

Today's generation is obsessed with fashion. This very fashion become quite an indispensable
part of our life. Youngsters are running after fashion and style.

But, what exactly is this fashion? Most people associate fashion with clothes and accessories.
However, Fashion is a lot more than that. It can be used to refer to new trends and manners.
It may be a way of dressing, a manner of speaking, eating habits, someone's
accent, appearance, cars and end even holiday places.

Fashion has changed a lot through ages, in fact new trends and fashion pop out almost every
month, people run for it.

Sometimes, students become so fashion obsessed that they waste their precious study time
on running after this trend and that.

Of course being in fashion is important, but we must keep in mind that imitating the
celebrities, their clothing sense, their hair cuts and all the modern styles is not fashion. We
ourselves can have a fashion of our own and that's what fashion truly is.
 NUCLEAR FAMILY

In simple words, a nuclear family is one which consists of the husband, wife and their children.
Soon after their marriage, the children.

The family which consists of father, mother, and their children is called a nuclear family.

A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two
parents and their children (one or more)

Most people call it “cereal packet family” however the correct team for this would be
“ nuclear family”

or

A nuclear family system is a family structure that consists of a couple living with their children.
This is quite different from an extended family system, in which the household may include
other family members, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins and so on. There are
several advantages of living as a nuclear family.

Parents in a nuclear household are more likely to have a higher consistency with raising their
children - meaning teaching discipline and appropriate behavior. Children receive consistent
messages about behavioral expectations. Nuclear families have more daily routines, like
eating dinner together, and spending more time together, adding to consistency.

Nuclear families play an important role in the development of personality of individuals.

Children are more close to the parents and can have more free and frank discussion about
their problems with parents which helps for the better development of their personality. This
is one way of turning out good citizens.The lady of the house gets enough time to look after
her children. She also gets time to plan and manage her house independently, according to her
own idea. There is no interference of elders. Her husband can also devote more attention to
the wife in nuclear family in discussing their plans for the future, the children's' education, a
nuclear family - which is an immediate family - there can be no misunderstanding of any sort,
and they enjoy a harmonious atmosphere.All enjoy independent lives and can be engaged in
any economic activities to supplement family income.

The will and desires of children are favourably considered and are given proper weight.
Typically, all members of a nuclear family are emotionally secure as there is no one else to act
superior to the others, creating any complex. All are given equal weightage.These days, it is
common for both the parents to work and earn money. This provides better financial stability
for the household, creating a larger cash availability for the basic family needs of housing, food
and healthcare. The children can afford to take up extra-curricular activities like music, sports,
etc. and such opportunities allow them to flourish socially and develop a higher level of self
confidence.

One important thing the parents need to remember is that home and family comes first and
foremost in their lives, and then only comes the question of earning extra money. The parents
need to make clear demarcation between the two and spend quality time with the children.
There are many cases where the mother gives up a lucritive job and stays home when the
children reach school going age.
 पत्र लेखन
जैसा कि आप जानते हैं कि पत्र दो प्रिार िे होते हैं । एि फॉर्मल पत्र यानी कि औपचाररि पत्र दू सरे
इनफार्मल पत्र यानी कि अनौपचाररि पत्र। हर् आपिो पहले बताते हैं कि आपिो अनौपचाररि पत्र िैसे
कलखना है । अनौपचाररि पत्र कलखने िा सही फार्ेट क्या होता है ।
अनौपचारिक पत्र
जब भी आप अनौपचाररि पत्र कलखते हैं तो अपने से छोटोों िे कलए कप्रय और बराबर वालोों िे कलए कप्रय और
अपने से बडोों िे कलए पूज्य या पूजनीय या आदरणीय लगाते है । और पता िी जगह परीक्षा भवन और कदनाों ि
कलखते हैं । उसिे बाद सोंबोधन, अकभवादन िरते हैं । और कफर पहले पैरा र्ें कवषय प्रकतपादन, दू सरे पैरा र्ें
कवषय िे बारे र्ें, और तीसरे पैरा र्ें औपचाररि बातें कलखते हैं । जैसे कि-
परीक्षा भवन,
00.00.2018
पूज्य कपताजी,
सादर चरण- स्पर्म

———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————–
——————————————————————————————————————-
आपिा या आपिी आज्ञािारी
िखग
औपचारिक पत्र
सेवा र्ें,
प्रधानाचायम
उदय प्रताप िॉलेज
वाराणसी
कवषय- स्थानाों तरण प्रर्ाण पत्र हे तु अनुरोध
र्ान्यवर,
सकवनय कनवेदन है कि——————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————-
आपिी अकत िृपा होगी।
आपिा आज्ञािारी कर्ष्य
िखग
िक्षा-
कदनाों ि-
सोंवाद लेखन
आपिे पेपर र्ें सवाों द भी कलखने िो आता है । जब भी सोंवाद कलखें इन बातोों िा ध्यान जरूर रखें।
 आपिे सों वाद िी भाषा सरल और सों कक्षप्त हो।
 सों वाद रोचि होने चाकहए।
 सों वाद जो भी सु ने उस पर प्रभाव डालें ऐसे होों।
 सों वाद कवषय और पात्र िे अनु िूल होों।
संवाद लेखन उदाहिण
महहला ( एक )- अरे ! िाजल आज तुर् बहुत कदनोों बाद कदखाई दीों िहाों थीों
महहला (दू सिी)- र्ाता जी िी तबीयत खराब हो गई थी इसकलए इधर आना नहीों हुआ।
महहला ( एक )- अरे ! क्या हो गया था?
महहला (दू सिी)- उनिे पैरोों र्ें िाभी ददम था। कजस िारण वो चल नहीों पा रहीों थीों।
महहला ( एक )- अब ढीि हैं र्ाता जी?
महहला (दू सिी)- हाों ! अब पहले से आरार् है ।
अनुच्छेद लेखन
अनुच्छेद लेखन िे कलए ध्यान रखने योग्य िुछ बातें
1. यह एि ही अनुच्छेद(पैराग्राफ) र्ें कलखा जाता है ।
2. यह र्ुख्य कवषय िो आधार बना िर कलखा जाता है ।
3. र्ब्ोों िा प्रयोग इस प्रिार हो िी बड़े से बड़े वाक्य र्ें एि र्ब् एि बार ही उपयोग हो।
4. कवषय वणमन इस प्रिार हो कि वो आिषमि लगे, अर्ुद्धि रकहत हो और वाक्य क्रर् र्ें होों।
 5. अनुच्छेद अक्सर 90-120 र्ब्ोों र्ें कलखा जाता है ।
6. कनबोंध कवस्तार र्ें होता है जबकि अनुच्छेद लेखन िा र्तलब कवस्तार िो सोंक्षेप र्ें कलखना होता है ।
अनुच्छेद उदाहिण
हवषय – कंप्यूटि युग
शब्द – कवज्ञान, वैज्ञाकनि, कचकित्सा, दु ष्प्रभाव।
आज िे युग िो कवज्ञान िा युग िहा जाता है । किसी दे र् िा कविास उसिे वैज्ञाकनि, औद्योकगि व
तिीनीिी प्रगकत पर कनभमर िरता है । आज िोंप्यूटर बैंि, रे लवे -स्टे र्न, हवाई-अड्डे , डािखाने , िारखाने ,
व्यवसाय हर क्षेत्र र्ें कदन-प्रकतकदन िे िायों र्ें र्हत्त्वपूणम भूकर्िा कनभा रहा है । िोंप्यूटर िे अकवष्कार ने
जीवन िो सरल, सुगर् और सुकवधाजनि बना कदया है । कबल भरना, रे लवे या हवाई जहाज िे कटिट
िरवाना, परीक्षा पररणार् दे खना, अपने हाल-चल एि व्यद्धि से दू सरे व्यद्धि िो दे ना आकद अनेि िायम है
जो िी िोंप्यूटर िे र्दद से बहुत ही आसान हो गए हैं । िोंप्यूटर ने कचकित्सा िे क्षेत्र र्ें भी अपना बहुत बड़ा
योगदान कदया है । जैसे िी इसिे बहुत सारे फायदे हैं वैसे ही इसिे बहुत सारे दु ष्प्रभाव भी हैं । इसिा
दु ष्प्रभाव उसिे सोंबोंधोों िे सीकर्त होने , साधन िो साध्य र्ानने , स्वास्थ और सार्ाकजि जीवन र्ें िर्ी आने
िे रूप र्ें दे खने िो कर्ल रहा है । र्नुष्य िो सर्झना चाकहए िी वह इसिा दास नहीों है , इसे कसफम एि
साधन र्ाने और इसिा उकचत उपयोग तभी िरे जब ज़रुरत हो तभी उसिा जीवन सफल होगा और वह
कविास िी तरफ अग्रसर होगा।
कवज्ञापन लेखन
कवज्ञापन लेखन िे सम्बन्ध र्ें ध्यान रखने योग्य िुछ बातें।
1. कवज्ञापन आिषमि होना चाकहए।
2. कवज्ञापन प्रभावर्ाली होना चाकहए अथाम त िर् र्ब्ोों र्ें अकधि बात हो और ध्यान आिकषमत िरने
वाली पोंद्धि कलखे।
3. कवज्ञापन िे कलए किसी कचत्र या रे खाकचत्र िा उपयोग िरें ।
4. कवज्ञापन सम्बोंकधत कवषय िी कवर्ेषता बताने वाला होना चाकहए।
5. कवज्ञापन बॉक्स बना िर प्रस्तुत िरना चाकहए। इसिा अकधि प्रभाव पड़ता है ।
6. कवज्ञापन ज्यादा प्रभावर्ाली बनाने िे कलए सोंगीन पेद्धिल िा उपयोग िर सिते हैं ।
हवज्ञापन उदाहिण
कचत्र वणमन
कचत्र वणमन र्तलब किसी कदए गए कचत्र िो दे ख िर उसिे बारे र्ें िुछ वाक्य कलखना। अथाम त उस कचत्र िो
दे ख िर क्या सर्झ आता है िी वो किसिे बारे र्ें है । उससे क्या जानिारी कर्लती है । उसिा र्हत्व क्या है
आकद।
कचत्र वणमन िे सम्बन्ध र्ें ध्यान रखने योग्य िुछ बाते।
1. कचत्र वणमन िे कलए उपयोग िी गयी भाषा सरल और स्पष्ट वाक्योों र्ें हो तथा वाक्य छोटे होों।
2. यकद कचत्र िे साथ र्ब् कदए गए हैं तो उन र्ब्ोों िे र्ाध्यर् से उस कचत्र िा वणमन किया गया हो।
3. कचत्र वणमन र्ें कचत्र िी द्धस्तकथ िो दे ख िर एि ही भाव िे साथ आगे बढ़ना चाकहए।
4. कचत्र िा सार अथाम त िेंद्रीय भाव प्रारम्भ या अोंत र्ें अवश्य रूप से कलखना चाकहए।
 उदाहिण
धरती पर जीवन जीने िे कलये भगवान से हर्ें बहुर्ूल्य और िीर्ती उपहार िे रुप र्ें प्रिृकत कर्ली है । दै कनि
जीवन िे कलये उपलब्ध सभी सोंसाधनोों िे द्वारा प्रिृकत हर्ारे जीवन िो आसान बना दे ती है । एि र्ााँ िी तरह
हर्ारा लालन-पालन, र्दद, और ध्यान दे ने िे कलये हर्ें अपने प्रिृकत िा धन्यवाद िरना चाकहये। अगर हर्
सुबह िे सर्य र्ाों कत से बगीचे र्ें बैठे तो हर् प्रिृकत िी र्ीठी आवाज और खूबसूरती िा आनन्द ले सिते
है । हर्ारी िुदरत ढ़े र सारी प्रािृकति सुोंदरता से सुर्ोकभत है कजसिा हर् किसी भी सर्य रस ले सिते है ।
पृथ्वी िे पास भौगोकलि सुोंदरता है और इसे स्वगम या र्हरोों िा बगीचा भी िहा जाता है । लेकिन ये दु ख िी
बात है कि भगवान िे द्वारा इों सानोों िो कदये गये इस सुोंदर उपहार र्ें बढ़ती तिनीिी उन्नकत और र्ानव जाकत
िे अज्ञानता िी वजह से लगातार ह्रास हो रहा है ।

भाग्य औि पुरुषार्थ पि हनबंध!

आधुकनि युग प्रकतस्पधाम िा युग है । कवज्ञान अथवा तिनीिी क्षेत्र र्ें र्नुष्य िी अभूतपूवम सफलताओों ने
उसिी इच्छाओों व आिाों क्षाओों िो पोंख प्रदान िर कदए हैं । परों तु बहुत िर् ही लोग ऐसे होते हैं कजन्हें जीवन
र्ें वाों कछत वस्तुएाँ प्राप्त होती हैं अथवा अपने जीवन से वे सोंतुष्ट होते हैं ।

हर्र्ें से प्राय: अकधिाों र् लोग कजन्हें र्नवाों कछत वस्तुएाँ प्राप्त नहीों होती हैं वे स्वयों िी िकर्योों िो दे खने िे
स्थान पर अपने भाग्य िो दोष दे िर र्ुि हो जाते हैं । वास्तकवि रूप र्ें भाग्य भी उन्हीों िा साथ दे ता है जो
स्वयों पर कवश्वास िरते हैं । वे जो अपने पुरुषाथम िे द् वारा अपनी िार्नाओों िी पूकतम पर आस्था रखते हैं , वही
व्यद्धि जीवन र्ें सफलता िे र्ागम पर अग्रकसत होते हैं ।

भाग्य और पुरुषाथम एि दू सरे िे पूरि हैं । पुरुषाथी अथवा िर्मवीर व्यद्धि जीवन र्ें आने वाली बाधाओों व
सर्स्याओों िो सहजता से स्वीिार िरते हैं । िकठन से िकठन पररद्धस्थकतयोों र्ें भी वे कवचकलत नहीों होते हैं
अकपतु साहसपूवमि उन िकठनाइयोों िा सार्ना िरते हैं । जीवन सोंघषम र्ें वे कनरों तर कवजय िी ओर अग्रकसत
होते हैं और सफलता िी ऊाँचाइयोों ति पहुों चते हैं ।

”दो बाि नही ं यमिाज कंठ धिता है ,

मिता है जो, एक ही बाि मिता है ।
तुम स्वयं मिण के मुख पि चिण धिो िे !
जीना हो तो मिने से नही ं डिो िे !”

वहीों िुछ लोग ऐसे भी हैं जो भाग्यवादी होते हैं । ये व्यद्धि थोड़ी-सी सफलता अथवा खुर्ी कर्लने पर अत्योंत
खुर् हो जाते हैं परों तु दू सरी ओर िकठनाइयोों से बहुत ही र्ीघ्र कवचकलत हो जाते हैं । उनर्ें कनरार्ा घर िर
जाती है , फलत: सफलता सदै व उनसे दू र रहती है । इन पररद्धस्थकतयोों र्ें वे स्वयों िी िकर्योों िो खोजने तथा
उनिा हल ढूाँढ़ने िे स्थान पर अपने भाग्य िो दोष दे ते हैं ।

इकतहास र्ें ऐसे अनकगनत र्नुष्योों िी गाथाएाँ हैं कजन्होोंने अपने पुरुषाथम िे बल पर असाध्य िो साध्य िर
कदखाया है । र्हाबली कपतार्ह भीष्म ने र्हाभारत िे युद्ध र्ें भगवान श्रीिृष्ण िो भी र्स्त्र उठाने पर कववर्
िर कदया ।

र्हात्मा गााँ धी ने अपने सत्य और अकहों सा िे बल पर दे र् िो सैिड़ोों वषों से चली आ रही अोंग्रेजी दासता से
र्ुद्धि कदलाई । कलोंिन ने अपने पुरुषाथम िे बल पर ही युद्ध पर कवजय पाई । ये सभी चर्त्कार र्नुष्य िे
पुरुषाथम िा ही पररणार् थे कजन्होोंने अपने साहकसि िृत्योों से इकतहास िे पन्नोों पर अपना नार् स्वणाम क्षरोों र्ें
अोंकित िराया ।

यकद हर् कवश्व िे अग्रणी दे र्ोों िा इकतहास जानने िी िोकर्र् िरें तो हर् दे खते हैं कि यहााँ िे नागररि
अकधि स्वावलोंबी हैं । वे भाग्य पर नहीों बद्धि पुरुषाथम पर कवश्वास रखते हैं । जापान भौगोकलि दृकष्ट से बहुत
ही छोटा दे र् है परों तु कविास िी राह पर कजस तीव्रता से यह अग्रसर हुआ है वह अन्य कविासर्ील दे र्ोों िे
कलए अनुिरणीय है ।

अत: यकद हर्ें अपने दे र्, पररवार अथवा सर्ाज िो उन्नत बनाना है तो यह आवश्यि है कि दे र् िे नवयुवि
भाग्य पर नहीों अकपतु अपने पुरुषाथम पर कवश्वास िरें एवों स्वावलोंबी बनें । दू सरोों पर आकश्रत रहने िी प्रवृकि िो
त्यागें । उनिा दृढ़ कनश्चय उन्हें िकठनाइयोों िो दू र िरने हे तु बल प्रदान िरे गा ।

गीता में श्रीकृष्ण ने सच ही कहा है :

“कमथण्येवाहधकािस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन: ।”
िर्म िा र्ागम पुरुषाथम िा र्ागम है । धैयमपूवमि अपने ितमव्य पथ पर अकडग रहना ही पुरुषाथम िो दर्ाम ता है ।
पुरुषाथी व्यद्धि ही जीवन र्ें यर् अकजमत िरता है । वह स्वयों िो ही नहीों अकपतु अपने पररवार, सर्ाज तथा
दे र् िो गौरवाद्धित िरता है ।

पर िभी-िभी अपने भाग्य िो स्वीिार िर लेना ही श्रेयस्कर है क्योोंकि इस द्धस्थकत र्ें हर्ें सोंतोष और धैयम िा
अनायास ही साथ कर्ल जाता है जो जीवन र्ें उन्नकत िे कलए आवश्यि है
कवज्ञान िा अथम है कवर्ेष ज्ञान। र्नुष्य ने अपनी आवश्यिताओों िे कलए जो नए-नए आकवष्कार किए हैं , वे सब
कवज्ञान िी ही दे न हैं । आज िा युग कवज्ञान िा युग है । कवज्ञान िे अनकगनत आकवष्कारोों िे िारण र्नुष्य िा
जीवन पहले से अकधि आरार्दायि हो गया है ।

र्ोबाइल, इों टरनेट, ईर्ेल्स, र्ोबाइल पर 3जी और इों टरनेट िे र्ाध्यर् से फेसबुि, ट् ्‍कवटर ने तो वािई र्नुष्य
िी कजोंदगी िो बदलिर ही रख कदया है । कजतनी जल्दी वह सोच सिता है लगभग उतनी ही दे र र्ें कजस
व्यद्धि िो चाहे र्ैसेज भेज सिता है , उससे बातें िर सिता है । चाहे वह दु कनया िे किसी भी िोने र्ें क्योों न
हो।

यातायात िे साधनोों से आज यात्रा िरना अकधि सुकवधाजनि हो गया है । आज र्हीनोों िी यात्रा कदनोों र्ें तथा
कदनोों िी यात्रा चोंद घोंटोों र्ें पूरी हो जाती है । इतने द्रुतगकत िी टर े नें, हवाई जहाज यातायात िे रूप र्ें िार् र्ें
लाए जा रहे हैं । कदन-ब-कदन इनिी गकत और उपलब्धता र्ें और सुधार हो रहा है ।
कचकित्सा िे क्षेत्र र्ें भी कवज्ञान ने हर्ारे कलए बहुत सुकवधाएों जुटाई हैं । आज िई असाध्य बीर्ाररयोों िा इलाज
र्ार्ूली गोकलयोों से हो जाता है । िैंसर और एड् ्‍स जैसे बीर्ाररयोों िे कलए डॉक्टसम और कचकित्सा कवर्ेषज्ञ
लगातार प्रयासरत हैं । नई-नई िोकर्िाओों िे कनर्ाम ण र्ें भी सफलता प्राप्त िर ली गई है ।

कसक्के िे दो पहलुओों िी ही भाों कत इन आकवष्कारोों िे लाभ-हाकन दोनोों हैं । एि ओर परर्ाणु ऊजाम जहाों
कबजली उत्पन्न िरने िे िार् र्ें लाई जा सिती है । वहीों इससे बनने वाले परर्ाणु हकथयार र्ानव िे कलए
अत्योंत कवनार्िारी हैं । हाल ही र्ें जापान र्ें आए भूिोंप िे बाद वहाों िे परर्ाणु ररएक्टसम िो क्षकत बहुत बड़ी
त्रासदी रही।
अत: र्नुष्य िो अपनी आवश्यिता और सुकवधानुसार र्ानवता िी भलाई िे कलए इनिा लाभ उठाना
चाकहए न कि दु रुपयोग िर इनिे अकवष्कारोों पर प्रश्नकचह्न लगाना चाकहए।
 साक्षिता का महत्व पि हनबंध- Saksharata Essay in Hindi

भूकर्िा- आज िा युग कर्क्षा िा युग है कजसर्ें हर व्यद्धि िा साक्षर होना अकत आवश्यि है । साक्षरता िा
अथम पढ़ने और कलखने से हैं । साक्षरता व्यद्धि िो अक्षरोों िा ग्यान दे ती है । साक्षरता से ही किसी भी दे र् िी
गुणविा िी पहचान होती है। साक्षरता हर दे र् िी र्ूल आवश्यिता होती है ।

साक्षर– भारत र्ें किसी भी व्यद्धि िो साक्षर तब िहा जाता है जब वह अपना नार् कलख और पढ़ सिे। उसे
पैसोों िा कहसाब किताब िरना अथवा सर्झना आता है ।

साक्षरता दर- साक्षरता दर किसी भी क्षेत्र िी पढी कलखी जनसोंख्या िा वहााँ िे लोगोों िी सोंख्या से अनुपात है
कजसे ज्यादातर प्रकतर्त र्ें दे खा जाता है ।

प्राचीन िाल र्ें साक्षरता- प्राचीन िाल र्ें लोग बहुत ही सरल होते हैं और उनिी जरूरते भी न्यूनतर् होती
है । उस सर्य बहुत ही िर् लोग साक्षर होते थे। कजस सर्य भारत आजाद हुआ था उस सर्य भारत िी
साक्षरता दर िेवल 12 प्रकतर्त थी।

साक्षरता िी आवश्यिता- धीरे धीरे जब र्नुष्य ने प्रगकत िरनी र्ुरू िी तो अपनी जरूरतोों िो पूरा िरने िे
कलए उसे पढ़ने और कलखने िी आवश्यिता र्हसुस हुई। साक्षर व्यद्धि ही दे र् िे कहत िे कलए िायम िर
सिता है अन्यथा कनरक्षर व्यद्धि िो इस युग र्ें अपनी जरूरतोों िो भी पूरा िरने र्ें असक्षर् है । साक्षरता ही
है जो र्नुष्य िो सफल होने र्ें सहायता िरती है । साक्षर व्यद्धि िो िोई भी ठग नहीों सिता है और उसिा
र्ोषण नहीों किया जा सिता है ।

साक्षरता िे कलए उठाए गए िदर्- भारतीय सरिार ने साक्षरता दर िो बढ़ाने और लोगोों िो साक्षर बनाने िे
कलए बहुत से प्रयास किए है । इसिे कलए राष्टरीय साक्षरता कर्र्न आकद चलाए गए थे। कर्क्षा िे अकधिार िे
लागु होने िे बाद से साक्षरता दर र्ें वृद्धि हुई है और लोगोों िो कर्क्षा िी तरफ बढ़ावा कदया है ।

आधुकनि युग र्ें साक्षरता दर- आज िे सर्य र्ें भारत ने बहुत से राज्योों र्ें पूणम रूप से साक्षरता दर िो प्राप्त
िर कलया है । िेरल राज्य िा साक्षरता दर सबसे ज्यादा है ।

कनष्कषम - साक्षरता िी पररभाषा हर दे र् र्ें अलग है । साक्षरता से ही हर व्यद्धि िे जीवन िा उदार होता है ।
हर् सबिो साक्षरता िे कहत र्ें िदर् उठाने चाकहए और दे र् िो पूणम रूप से साक्षर बनाना चाकहए। साक्षरता
से ही व्यद्धि अपने अकधिारोों साक्षर व्यद्धि िो अोंधकवश्वासोों से भी र्ुद्धि कर्लती है । र्ोषण होने से रोि
सिता है और प्रगकत िे पथ पर अग्रसर हो सिता है ।

मेिा हिय खेल पि हनबंध

खेल िई प्रिार िे होते हैं । िक्ष िे भीतर खेले जाने वाले खैलोों िो इनडोर गेम्स िहा जाता है , जबकि र्ैदान
पर खेले जाने वाले खेल आउटडोर गम्स िहलाते हैं । अलग-अलग प्रिार िे खेल व्यायार् िे र्हत्त्वपूणम अोंग
है । अत: अपनी रुकच एवों र्ारीररि क्षर्ता िे अनुिूल ही खेलोों िा चयन िरना चाकहए । खेलिूद आज
कवकभन्न राष्टरोों िे र्ध्य साों स्कृकति र्ेल-जोल बढ़ाने िा एि उिर् र्ाध्यर् बन गया है ।
र्ेरा कप्रय खेल कक्रिेट है । आधुकनि युग र्ैं इस खेल िो अोंतराम ष्टरीय र्हत्त्व प्राप्त है । भारत र्ें यह खेल
सवाम कधि आिषमण िा िेन्द्र बना हुआ है । इस खेल से लोगोों िो अद् भुत लगाव है । क्या बच्चे , क्या बूढ़े, क्या
नवयुवि, सभी इसिे दीवाने हैं ।
कक्रिेट िा जन्म इों ग्लैण्ड र्ें हुआ था । इों ग्लैण्ड से ही यह खेल रुकलया पहुाँ चा, कफर अन्य दे र्ोों र्ें भी इसिा
प्रसार हुआ । यह खेल कनयर्ानुसार सवमप्रथर् 1850 ई. र्ें कगलफोडम नार्ि कवद् यालय र्ें खेला गया था ।
कक्रिेट िा पहला टै स्ट र्ैच 1877 ई. र्ें ऑस्टर े कलया िे र्ेलबोनम र्हर र्ें खेला गया था । भारत ने अपना पहला
टे स्ट र्ैच इों ग्लैण्ड िे कवरुि सन् 1932 र्ें खेला था । टे स्ट र्ैच पााँ च कदनोों िा होता है जो दो पाररयोों र्ें खेला
जाता है । टे स्ट र्ैच िे अलावा यह खेल चार कदवसीय, तीन कदवसीय, एि कदवसीय भी होता है । आजिल
एि कदवसीय कक्रिेट र्ैच तथा ट् वेंटी-20 र्ैच अकधि लोिकप्रय हो गया है । ट् वेंटी-20 र्ैच तीन-चार घोंटे र्ें ही
सर्ाप्त हो जाता है ।
कक्रिेट िा खेल बड़े -से अोंडािार र्ैदान र्ें खेला जाता है । र्ैदान िे र्ध्य र्ें द्धस्थत कपच या कविेट-स्थल इस
खेल िा िेन्द्र-कबन्दु होता है । कपच िे दोनोों तरफ बराबर दू री पर तीन डों डे गाड़ कदए जाते हैं , कजन्हें ‘ कविेट ‘
िहते हैं । इस खेल र्ें दो टीर्ें होती हैं । प्रत्येि टीर् र्ें 11 – 11 द्धखलाड़ी होते हैं । खेल आरों भ होने पर एि
टीर् िे द्धखलाड़ी बल्लेबाजी िरते हैं तथा दू सरी टीर् िे द्धखलाड़ी क्षेत्ररक्षण िरते हैं । जीत-हार िा फैसला
रनोों िे आधार पर होता है । खेल िे कनणाम यि िो अोंपायर िहा जाता है जो खेल िे दौरान कविटोों िे पीछे
खड़ा होता है ।
आरों भ र्ें कक्रिेट िो राजा-र्हाराजाओों या धनाढ्य लोगोों िा खेल िहा जाता था । वे अपने र्न-बहलाव िे
कलए यह खेल खेला िरते थे । स्वतोंत्रता प्राद्धप्त िे बाद हॉिी िो राष्टरीय खेल िा दजाम कदया गया, परों तु हााँ िी
िे साथ-साथ कक्रिेट भी लोिकप्रय होता चला गया । इस खेल र्ें सर्य और धन अकधि लगता है कफर भी
आज यह र्हरोों से लेिर गााँ वोों ति प्रकसद्धि पा चुिा है । इसिी लोिकप्रयता इस बात से कसि होती है कि
जहााँ -जहााँ भी यह खेल होता है , जनसर्ूह र्ैदान िी ओर उर्ड़ पड़ता है ।
कक्रिेट िा खेल यद् यकप लोिकप्रय है , तथाकप इस खल र्ें िुछ खाकर्यााँ भी हैं । कक्रिेट र्ैचोों िे दौरान प्राय:
सारे िार् ठप्प पड़ जाते हैं । लोग िार् िरना छोड़ रनोों और कविटोों िी चचाम िरने लगते हैं । िोइ रे कडयो
से िान कचपिाए है तो िोई टे लीकवजन पर नजरें गड़ाए है । इससे राष्टरीय उत्पादन पर असर पड़ता है ।
पयाम वरण िो बचाना हर्ारा ध्येय हो
सबिे पास इसिे कलए सर्य हो
पयाम वरण अगर नहीों रहे गा सुरकक्षत
हो जायेगा सबिुछ दू कषत
भले ही आप पेड़ लगाये एि
पूरी तरह िरे उसिी दे खरे ख
सौर उजाम िा िरे सब उपयोग
िर् िरे ताप कवद् युत् िा उपभोग
रासायकनि खाद िा िर् िरे कछडिाव
भूकर् िो प्रदू कषत होने से बचाव
िचड़ो िा सर्ुकचत रीती से िरो कनपटारा
कफर न होगी िोई नदी प्रदु षण िा र्ारा
फैद्धक्टरयो र्ें जब सौर यन्त्र लगाई जाएाँ गी
वायु प्रदु षण र्ें अपने आप िर्ी आएाँ गी
तब जािर पयाम वरण प्रदु षण र्ें िर्ी आएाँ गी
आधी बीर्ाररया अपने आप चली जाएगी
 MATHEMATICS-Standard
Code (041)
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS – X (2019-20)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Unit-Wise Weightage

Units Unit Name Marks

I NUMBER SYSTEMS 06

II ALGEBRA 20

III COORDINATE GEOMETRY 06

IV GEOMETRY 15

V TRIGONOMETRY 12

VI MENSURATION 10

VII STATISTICS & PROBABILTY 11

Total 80
 QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
Class: X (2019-20)
Subject: Science (086)
1) Board Examination –Theory
Maximum Marks: 80
BSE Class 10 Social Science Unit-Wise Weightage

Units Unit Name Marks

I India and the Contemporary World - II 20

II Contemporary India - II 20

III Democratic Politics - II 20

IV Understanding Economic Development 20

Total 80
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Unit-Wise Weightage

Units Unit Name Marks

I India and the Contemporary World - II 20

II Contemporary India - II 20

III Democratic Politics - II 20

IV Understanding Economic Development 20

Total 80
SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 087)