MATH 103: PROBABILITY &

STATISTICS

Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

/mvcv 2019
 DEFINITION

• A branch of Mathematics that deals with the

collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical or quantitative
data
 CONTENT

• Importance of Statistics for Scientists and

Engineers
• Uses of Statistics in Manufacturing
• Two Major Divisions of Statistics
• Important Terms in Statistics
• Sampling Techniques
 IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS FOR
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

• Assist in designing experiments and surveys

• Describe and summarize experimental data
• Test hypothesis
• Obtain quantitative relationships between
variables
 USES OF STATISTICS IN
MANUFACTURING

• Quality control
• Job design
• Estimating demand for products
• Ascertaining buyer characteristics
• Evaluating effects of product features
• Advertising
 TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS

1. Descriptive Statistics
- is concerned with the gathering, clarification, and
presentation of data, and the collection of
summarizing values to describe group
characteristics of the data
 TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS

2. Inferential Statistics
- Deals with the formulation of conclusions or
generalization about a population characteristics
from information contained in a sample drawn
from this population
 IMPORTANT TERMS IN STATISTICS

• VARIABLE
- is a characteristic that changes or varies over time
and/or for different individuals or objects under
consideration

• DATA
- is a set of observations, values, elements or
objects under consideration
 KINDS OF DATA

• PRIMARY DATA
– data that is gathered from the original source

• SECONDARY DATA
– data taken from any published or unpublished
materials
 TYPES OF DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
 TYPES OF DATA

• QUANTITATIVE DATA
– any data that measure of are associated with a
measurement of the quantity of something

• QUALITATIVE DATA
– simply any data that are not numerical, or do not
represent numerical quantities
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA

• DISCRETE VARIABLE
– take values in a finite or countable infinite set of
numbers

• CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
– take values in an interval of numbers. Also
known as scale data, interval data, or measurement
data
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

1. NOMINAL SCALE – the data resulting from nominal

scales are referred to as categorical data, frequency data,
or enumeration data.

2. ORDINAL SCALE – variables which are grouped

according to the rank or order of the categories
 SC ALES OF MEASUREMENT

3. INTERVAL SCALE –when the numbers used to identify

observations represent not only ordering of observations but
also meaningful information regarding degree of difference or
distance between observations

4. RATIO SCALE – the ratio of any 2 given values of a variable in

an interval scale starts from a fixed origin (zero). The numbers
used represent distances from a natural origin like length, weight,
height and the like
 IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES AS DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS

1. Number of people living in Sampaloc

2. Number of buses passing by Espana from 7:00-8:00 am
3. Amount of rainfall in a locality
4. Tensile strength of steel bars
 IDENTIFY EACH DATA AS NOMINAL,
ORDINAL, RATIO OR INTERVAL

1. SSS number
2. Military ranks
3. Model of a car
4. Height of basketball players in the Engineering team
5. Temperature: 38˚C - 40˚C
6. Pressure of the tire
 MORE TERMS IN STATISTICS

• POPULATION – collection of all individuals or items under

consideration in a statistical study

• SAMPLE – set of data taken from the population of interest

• PARAMETER – any numerical value describing a characteristic of a

population

• STATISTICS OR ESTIMATES – any numerical value describing a

characteristic of a sample
 MORE TERMS IN STATISTICS

• INFERENCE – a decision, estimate, prediction, or

generalization about a population based on
information contained in a sample from that
population
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. RANDOM SAMPLING – it involves selecting a sample

size from a population such that each member of the
population has an equal chance of being included in the
sample and all possible combination of size have an equal
chance of being selected as the sample.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – it involves selecting every 𝑛𝑡ℎ

element of a series representing the population

3. NON-RANDOM SAMPLING – not all members of the

population are given equal chances of be chosen. The validity of
the sample is based on the soundness of the judgment of
whoever makes the choice
 TYPES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

1. STRATIFIED SAMPLING – the population is first divided

into groups (based on homogeneity) in order to avoid the
possibility of drawing samples whose members come only
form one stratum. The bigger the population, the more
samples are drawn
 TYPES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

2. CLUSTER SAMPLING – frequently applied on a geographical

basis, it is sometimes referred to as an area sampling.

3. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING –uses several stages or phases in

getting the sample from the general population. It is useful in
conducting nation-wide surveys or any survey involving a large
population
 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

1. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING – based on criteria laid down by

the researcher
2. QUOTA SAMPLING – relatively quick and inexpensive
method to operate
3. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING – at the comfort of the
researcher, the researcher specifies the place and time where
he can collect his data
 METHODS USED IN COLLECTION OF
DATA

1. Direct or Interview Method

- method of person-to-person exchange between
the interviewer and the interviewee
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method
- written responses are given to prepared
questions
 METHODS USED IN COLLECTION OF
DATA

3. Registration Method
- enforced by certain laws. (advantage: information
is kept systematized and made available to all
because of the requirement of the law)
4. Observation Method
- investigator observes behavior of persons /
organization and their outcomes
 METHODS USED IN COLLECTION OF
DATA

5. Experiment Method
- used when the objective is to determine the
cause and effect, relationship of certain phenomena
under controlled conditions
 SAMPLING SIZE DETERMINATION

1. BY PERCENTAGE
• For large population, 10% of the population is obtained
• For small population, 20% is desired

2. BY MARGIN OF ERROR
Slovin’s Formula: Where: n = sample size
𝑁 N = population
𝑛= e = margin of error
1+𝑁𝑒 2
 EXAMPLE

1. How many samples are required in a certain study if

20,000 students are to be considered using a 5%
margin of error?
 EXAMPLE

2. The researcher would want to survey eighty respondents for

her study. If she wants to be 95.64% precise with the study,
how many students must be considered?
 EXAMPLE

3. How many percent precise is the result of the study if 250

respondents were taken from 5750 members of the
academic organizations?