Running head: EXPECTING MOTHERS 1

Community Dental Health Project:

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, & Evaluation Phases

Oral Health Education for Expecting Mothers

Kelsey Hull

Kaitlyn Lebakken

Kristina Lebakken

Community Dental Health V

Spring Quarter, 2019

April 22nd, 2019

EXPECTING MOTHERS 2

Assessment

The problem identified for our community health project is the lack of knowledge and

awareness of the relationship between oral health and a healthy pregnancy. It is important to

increase awareness because a strong oral health education will help the mother know how to

improve her own health as well as, help her ensure the health of her baby during pregnancy and

during and after infancy. Our target population is expecting mothers and the plan for our project

is to hold a presentation at Special Delivery in Woodinville, WA. Our contact person is Misty

Talkish, the executive director at Special Delivery. After our first location option fell through,

we searched for different places online. Randomly, one of us saw a post by Special Delivery in a

local facebook group and reached out to them. The social media contact was Olivia Thompson

and who provided us with Misty’s contact information.

Community Profile

Accurately pinpointing the specific socioeconomic status, demographics, ethnicity,

education, and languages spoken in our population is difficult because it could vary greatly. The

majority of the population in Woodinville, WA is mostly middle class to wealthy individuals, but

the greater Seattle area is very diverse. Because of this, many different types of women could

attend this presentation. In 2013, a study was done in North Carolina to determine if there was a

correlation between oral health literacy and oral health knowledge in low income pregnant

women. “Health literacy is the degree to which people have the capacity to obtain, process and

understand basic health information and services that are needed to make appropriate health

decisions.” (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2013, p. 11-20). The study showed,

“in pregnant women, poor health knowledge resulting from low health literacy has the potential

to influence the ease of self-care decisions and, thereby, health outcomes of both the woman and

the fetus,” (Arnold, et al., 2001, p. 313-320). We assume that the oral health literacy and
EXPECTING MOTHERS 3

knowledge levels will be low because the women living at this house are transitioning out of

homelessness, and most likely have not been putting any emphasis on their oral health; however,

this assumption cannot be confirmed until we meet the participants. Our goal is to lead a class

and give an informative presentation on the importance of oral health and proper oral hygiene

care during and after pregnancy.

Needs Assessment

The need for oral health education is great no matter which population is chosen.

However, among expecting mothers it is even more crucial because they will be training and

teaching their children about the benefits of good oral hygiene. If expecting mothers are

informed about how their poor oral health practices could be exposing their children to greater

risk factors, they may be more inclined to make a change for themselves. By participating in a

strong and healthy oral hygiene routine themselves, their child will start off life in a healthy

place. Special Delivery is “a dynamic housing program and community for pregnant women

transitioning out of homelessness,” (Talkish, Thompson, n.d.). Donations are accepted by

Special Delivery because it costs money for the women to stay at the facility. Special Delivery

costs are:

Transportation $60 Care Support $200

Classes $70 Case Management $250

Counseling $170 Room & Board $450

The house offers classes and counseling to their residents but does not have any dental

providers that specifically serve the house, which illuminates a need for outside intervention in

the oral health field.

EXPECTING MOTHERS 4

Literature Review

Proper oral hygiene during pregnancy is very important for both the mother and the baby.

It is important to educate expecting mothers on maintaining proper oral hygiene care during

pregnancy to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Part of good oral hygiene is following

healthy nutritional guidelines during pregnancy because it is incredibly important for the

adequate growth and development of the embryo. With knowledge about the importance of oral

hygiene to systemic health, how a proper nutritional diet can affect their child’s life, and how to

develop an effective at home oral hygiene routine for themselves and their child, expecting

mothers can set their children’s oral health up for success from the very beginning.

Our project is needed because there is a lack of knowledge between oral health and

pregnancy outcomes. In one of the studies reviewed for this project there was a significant

number of women unaware of periodontal conditions that could occur during pregnancy. A total

of 446 women were surveyed and 74% of them were unaware of the periodontal conditions that

can occur during pregnancy (Nagi, Sahu, & Nagaraju, 2016 p.396-402). In another study, oral

conditions such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental caries were compared. The cohort study

was carried out over a two year period and 1,200 women participated. The results of the study

indicated 1,080 of the participants had dental caries, 1,175 women had gingivitis, and 1,080 had

periodontal disease (Gupta & Siddiqui, 2014. p.3516-3520). The results of these two studies

indicate the lack knowledge among pregnant women and the importance of a proper oral hygiene

education.

Based on an article in Maternal and Child Health Journal, there is a definite correlation

between women who had a child previously and women who had not, and the education level of

oral hygiene. The study showed that the women who had previously given birth had higher levels
EXPECTING MOTHERS 5

of infant oral health knowledge than women who had not. The study also stated that women who

had yet to have a child were more likely to seek information about how to care for their future

child (Baker, Quiñonez, Boggess, & Phillips, 2016. p.1288-1295). This shows that providing

valuable oral health knowledge to this population will be well received and could really change

the lives of the women and their children.

The education provided to expecting mothers is not only for while the women are

pregnant, but also after the child is born, and later on when the children are able to begin taking

care of their own oral health. By creating a mental priority in children that oral health is

important, it can provide them with a good foundation for how to take care of themselves when

their parents are no longer watching. In an article in Pediatric Nursing, a study was done that

showed how in general, parents of preschool age children showed a lack of sufficient knowledge

regarding proper oral health routines and oral hygiene practices. The children with parents with

the least amount of knowledge had an increased number of caries (Mahat & Bowen, 2017. P. 30-

34). The results of this study show the true importance of how educating mothers affects how

their children will view and practice good oral hygiene in the future.

While most mothers are told that a good nutritional diet is crucial to a have a healthy

pregnancy, they are not told the role diet plays in relation to oral health. Pregnancy poses an

increased threat for caries and therefore diet is much more important than simply eating for the

developing baby. As mentioned above, there is a link between a healthy mouth and a healthy

pregnancy. Avoiding cariogenic foods like simple carbohydrates and sugars is crucial in keeping

unhealthy bacteria under control. Pregnant women have certain risk factors like modified saliva

composition, erosive effects of gastric acid from vomiting, and aversions to healthy foods and

cravings for junk foods. These risk factors highlight the importance of pregnant women
EXPECTING MOTHERS 6

surrounding themselves with healthy options and choosing to eat nutritious food a priority

(Jevtic, Pantelinac, Jovanovic, Petrovic, Grgic, & Blazic, 2015, p. 388).

Easily digestible carbs and sugars are linked to cavities. The acid-producing by-products

from bacteria that damage enamel and tooth structure are the main connection (Jevtic et al.,

2015). Teaching the decay process to our subjects will show just how damaging these sugars are

to the teeth. Talking about many different types of foods, what they contain, and the effects these

foods have on the teeth will be very helpful in protecting this susceptible group of pregnant

mothers. For example, some dairy products contain acids that weaken enamel and are only

recommended to be eaten during meals. The way food is eaten can also affect the oral health of

pregnant women. Small frequent meals tend to be more common due to nausea. This leads to

increased acid attacks for longer periods of time because the pH is never able to balance out. It is

also important to stress adequate water consumption to aid in saliva production. “Saliva not only

helps digest food, but it aids in protecting against tooth decay as well” (Thrower, Hogan-

Thrower, & Danawi, 2014, p. 53). Providing these women with the knowledge that diet and

nutrition affects their oral health just as much as it affects their body will benefit not only

themselves, but the developing child and their future oral health.

Diagnosis

Our number one priority is to increase the knowledge of the importance of oral hygiene

and its link to systemic health for expecting mothers. Since these women are attending birthing

class, we can assume that there is a good chance they could already be knowledgeable about

proper nutrition during pregnancy. Special Delivery is already providing care for our population
EXPECTING MOTHERS 7

through the classes that they offer, but they do not specifically discuss oral health, which is

where we can help.

The target population we have chosen is expecting mothers. All the members of our

group are women and who hope to have children one day, which is why we were all very

interested in learning about the relationship between the oral cavity and pregnancy, as well as

how to best care for a newborn’s oral health. We have yet to hear back on a specific number of

participants, but we are anticipating roughly 10 people. The location is in Woodinville, WA at

Special Delivery.

Planning

To plan our presentation, we will have to take multiple steps. First, we are corresponding

through email with our contact about when, what, and where we will be doing our presentation.

Regardless of those final details, we plan to create a colorful PowerPoint presentation, with

concise information, to make sure that even if a participant tunes out our voices, they may read

the screen and still gain some valuable knowledge. We have created a pre and post test of basic

questions about oral health specific to pregnant mothers, children, and overall system links. We

found some examples of facts, fallacies and questions in one of our sources and updated them to

fit our presentation more accurately. They are listed below.

1. Gum disease in the mom may cause babies to be born early.

2. It is important to wipe a baby’s gums after they drink from the breast or bottle?

3. It is OK to let a baby sleep with a bottle of milk?

4. Cleaning baby teeth is not important because they fall out anyway.
EXPECTING MOTHERS 8

5. It is important to brush your child’s teeth as soon as their teeth come in.

6. Cavities in a child’s teeth can lead to other health problems.

7. A cavity in a baby tooth does not need to be filled unless it hurts.

8. It is important to take a child to the dentist when the first tooth comes in. (Baker, et al.,

2016).

We are also going to demonstrate about how to properly brush and floss adult teeth. We

want the women to leave this presentation knowing that their personal oral health is just as

important as their child’s, and the more knowledgeable they are about oral health, the more

effectively they can help their children with their own. At the end of the presentation we will

thank them with small goodie bags full of toothbrushes, floss, and mouth rinse to get on the right

track with their homecare routines.

Project Goal and Objectives

One project goal is to increase awareness of oral health in expecting mothers. One of our

objectives is to increase knowledge about proper oral hygiene during pregnancy in expecting

mothers. Another objective we have is to increase knowledge about proper nutrition during

pregnancy in expecting mothers. Our last objective is to increase knowledge about proper infant

oral hygiene care in expecting parents. We will be conducting a pre and post to measure any gain

in knowledge after our presentation. It will be a multiple-choice test with 10-15 questions.

Timeline

March 2018 Choose topic: expecting mothers

EXPECTING MOTHERS 9

May 2018 Write ADP paper and decide on all aspects of the presentation

Summer 2018 -Collect presentation props

-Create a more specific lesson plan
-Create rough draft of PowerPoint
-Rough draft of pre and post tests

Fall 2018 -Finalize PowerPoint

-Finalize pre and post tests
-Finalize who is doing what in the presentation
-Collect any missing props
-Put together goodie bags

Fall 2018 Present at Special Delivery in Woodinville, WA

Winter 2019 Evaluate project and present findings to the class and instructors

Lesson Plan

Our teaching methodology will be a PowerPoint presentation, activities, and demos. We

will be bringing dentoforms, toothbrushes, floss, toothpaste, baking soda, tongue scrapers,

washcloths, a baby doll/stuffed animal, and an egg in vinegar to show acid erosion. The

presentation will take place in the fall and will be no longer than one hour long. The number of

participants will be dependent on what our contact comes back to us with, but ideally it will be

around 10 women.

Budget

Items Proposed costs Actual costs

Baby doll Free - borrow Free

Demo Toothbrush Free - already own Free

EXPECTING MOTHERS 10

Large dentoform mouth Free - already own Free

PowerPoint Presentation Free Free

Pamphlets Free - print at library Free

Goodie bags (toothbrushes, floss, mouthwash) $20-40 $10

Gas (driving) $10 $2

Summary

The problem identified for our community health project is the lack of knowledge and

awareness of the relationship between oral health and a healthy pregnancy. In order to help solve

this problem, we have developed a presentation to teach a group of expecting mothers about a

variety of subjects centered around oral health and how it relates to their pregnancy and future

children. The next phase in our program planning is to implement these ideas by creating a

PowerPoint presentation, collecting the necessary props and information, and finalizing a pre and

post-test to give to the participants. We plan to implement this presentation during fall quarter of

the 2018-2019 school year.

Implementation

We communicated through email with the executive director of Special Delivery, Misty

Talkish. Misty was incredibly receptive to having us come in to teach a class to the women living

in the house, so we set up a meeting to discuss our project. At the meeting we discussed our
EXPECTING MOTHERS 11

objectives, the specifics of our presentation, and how we would present the information. She told

us at the time of our presentation the house would be at maximum capacity with six residents

living on the property. After the meeting we were under the impression that in addition to the

residents, Misty and the other employees would be present as well.

We scheduled our presentation for 6:00 PM on October 25th, 2018. Misty allowed us to

present in the common family room so we could use the television to present our PowerPoint.

This presentation set-up worked great because the women were able to sit on the couch with their

babies, while watching our presentation. Unfortunately, when we arrived on the 25th, there were

only three residents present, and no other employees, including Misty, were unable to make it.

They said currently only four women were living in the house and one of them had to work at the

time of our presentation. Since the group was so small, we ended up bringing in chairs and

sitting with the women to give the presentation. This helped make it feel more personal and

allowed for more audience engagement. Our presentation was 25 minutes, the pre-test and post-

test took a total of 15 minutes, and the remaining 20 minutes were spent on demos, questions,

talking about the LWTech dental clinic, and passing out the goodie bags.

While presenting, we made sure to incorporate our objectives. Our objectives were to

increase knowledge about proper oral hygiene during pregnancy, increase knowledge about

proper nutrition in expecting mothers, and to increase knowledge about infant oral hygiene care

in expecting parents. Our delivery method was a group presentation with the goal of increasing

awareness of oral health in expecting mothers. Our presentation was delivered via a PowerPoint

and the use of visual aids. The presentation addressed many topics including acid erosion, the

decay process, periodontal disease, pregnancy gingivitis, pregnancy granulomas, proper brushing

and flossing techniques, proper nutrition, and the benefits of fluoride and sealants.
EXPECTING MOTHERS 12

We used a few visual aids in addition to the PowerPoint. These aids were a large

dentoform, dental floss, and a large toothbrush. We used the dentoform to demonstrate proper

brushing and flossing techniques. The brushing method demonstrated was the Bass method and

we made sure to emphasize brushing the lingual surfaces of teeth. We also demonstrated “C”

shape flossing by showing the women how to use up and down strokes on the tooth while

making sure to slip the floss below the gumline. We also used the dentoform and a washcloth to

wipe the teeth in order to simulate wiping the baby’s gums. After completing our presentation,

we graded our pre-tests and post-tests in order to evaluate our success in obtaining our

objectives.

Summary

We went to Special Delivery with the goal of increasing awareness of oral health in

expecting mothers. During our presentation we spoke about proper nutrition, changes in the oral

cavity during pregnancy, proper oral hygiene for mother and baby, and preventive measures. The

audience appeared to be very engaged. They asked us questions, made comments throughout the

presentation, and were truly interested in learning about the topic we were presenting. Therefore,

we hope our presentation was impactful, and will help these women and their children in the

future. The next stage will be to evaluate whether our objectives were accomplished by the

process of grading our pre and post-tests. We will also evaluate how we could change our tactics

and presentation if we were to do it again for the same audience.

Evaluation

Upon completion of our presentation we were able to tally results of our pre and post-

tests to see how successful we were at increasing the knowledge of the women who participated.
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In the table below, the statistical results we found show how much of an increase the women had

in their knowledge of infant and female oral health.

TABLE 1

PRE TEST POST TEST

Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect

Question #1 3 0 3 0

Question #2 1 2 2 1

Question #3 1 2 3 0

Question #4 1 2 3 0

Question #5 3 0 3 0

Question #6 2 1 3 0

Question #7 0 3 3 0

Question #8 0 3 3 0

Question #9 1 2 3 0

Question #10 2 1 3 0

MEAN Average Score 5.3/10 = 53% Average Score 9.6/10 = 96%

MODE 5/10, 5/10, 6/10 5/10 9/10, 10/10,10/10 10/10

MEDIAN 5/10, 5/10, 6/10 5/10 9/10, 10/10,10/10 10/10

Table 1 shows the correct and incorrect answers from our pre and post-tests. Overall,

according to the mean, median, and mode of the data there was a significant increase in

knowledge. However, because of how few participants we had attend our presentation, and take

the tests, the median and mode are not significant pieces of data. Other than question #1 and

question #7, at least one participant answered each question incorrectly during the pre-test. This

shows that the questions that we chose to include in our pre and post-tests were accurately

chosen to help increase knowledge in the participants.

EXPECTING MOTHERS 14

Based on our test results, there was a 43% increase in knowledge, because the mean score

of the pre-test was 53% and the mean score of the post-test was 96%. Our project had many

strengths but a few weaknesses as well. The presentation that we created was incredibly

informative and well organized. We had visual aids and hands on props the women could play

around with. However, because our sample size was so small with only 3 women, the data we

collected is not as reliable or statistically significant as it would have been if there had been more

participants. In retrospect, we should have communicated better with our contact, Misty, to make

sure more people were going to be present. If she had informed us of the small expected turnout

in advance, we possibly could have planned to come in another day, or for another group of

women. The small group of participants did have some advantages though. We were able to

work one-on-one with the women and answer all their questions in great detail. We didn’t feel

rushed or flustered trying to get through the presentation. It was a very relaxed atmosphere and

we all left feeling like we had given those women a little bit of knowledge to help them raise

their children with proper oral health in mind.

During the process of creating our presentation, we used formative evaluation to refine

the details to make sure on the day of the presentation it was organized, informative, and well

developed. Originally, we had planned to include multiple props and examples, but as we

developed our project further, we decided that it was not necessary to have a hands-on

demonstration of some of our original ideas, and instead the information could be incorporated

through images on our PowerPoint. We also used formative evaluation at the very beginning of

the project. We had originally planned to work with Providence Medical Midwifery Clinic in

Everett, WA but when our contact person gave us a very short time slot and a detailed set of

rules that did not fall within our project’s guidelines, we decided to find another location.
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Upon conclusion of our project, we used summative evaluation to determine if our goals

and objectives were met. We felt that even though our data wasn’t statistically significant on a

large scale, there was a drastic increase in the participant knowledge. Our overall goal for the

presentation was to in increase knowledge of the importance for adequate oral hygiene during

pregnancy and for the expecting child. We believe that based on the results of our pre and post-

tests that we succeeded in achieving our project’s goal. Our individual objectives were also met.

Specifically, we discussed the formation and exfoliation stages of primary teeth and proper oral

hygiene for the child and mother through our presentation and a take-home pamphlet. Our

presentation also educated on the essential nutrients during pregnancy, changes in hormone

levels, immune responses, and other changes that could occur to the mother during and after

pregnancy, and the relationship between bacteria, saliva and sugar to decay. Overall, we felt that

our presentation was a success and that if we could it again, the only major change we would

make, would be to ensure that our population sample was larger. We believe that educating this

population is incredibly important and should be continued by us, and other groups in the future.
EXPECTING MOTHERS 16

References

Arnold CL, Davis TC, Berkel HJ, Jackson RH, Nandy I, London S. 2001. Smoking status,

reading level, and knowledge of tobacco effects among low-income pregnant women.

Prev Med, 32(4), 313–320.

Baker, S. D., Quiñonez, R. B., Boggess, K., & Phillips, C. (2016). Pregnant Women’s Infant

Oral Health Knowledge and Beliefs: Influence of Having Given Birth and of Having a

Child in the Home. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(6), 1288-1295.

doi:10.1007/s10995-016-1930-3.

Gupta, B., & Siddiqui, A. (2014). To study the relationship between pregnancy, gingivitis, dental

caries and periodontal disease. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences,

3(13), 3516-3520.

Hom, J. M., Lee, J. Y., Divaris, K., Baker, A. D., & Vann, W. F., Jr. (2012). Oral health literacy

and knowledge among patients who are pregnant for the first time. National Center for

Biotechnology Information,143(9), 927-980. Retrieved August 24, 2018, from

https://jada.ada.org/.

Jevtic, M., Pantelinac, J., Jovanovic-Ilic, T., Petrovic, V., Grgic, O., & Blazic, L.. (2015). The

role of nutrition in caries prevention and maintenance of oral health during pregnancy.

Medicinski pregled, 68, 387-393.

Mahat, G., & Bowen, F. (2017). Parental Knowledge about Urban Preschool Children’s Oral

Health Risk. Pediatric Nursing, 43(1), 30-34. Retrieved May 16, 2018, from

https://www.ajj.com/.

Nagi, R., Sahu, S., & Nagaraju, R. (2016). Oral health, nutritional knowledge, and practices
EXPECTING MOTHERS 17

among pregnant women and their awareness relating to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 28(4), 396-402. Retrieved

from http://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2091/10.4103/jiaomr.JIAOMR_246_15.

Talkish, M., & Thompson, O. (n.d.). Special Delivery. Retrieved August 24, 2018, from

http://www.specialdelivery.org/

Thrower, A. C., PhD., Hogan-Thrower, D., & Danawi, H.,PhD.M.P.H. (2014). Maternal oral

care: A health practitioner's toolkit. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 29(1),

52-56. Retrieved from http://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2507/login?url=https://lmcproxy.

lwtech.edu:2482/docview/1496655691?accountid=1553

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and

Improving Health. (2000). Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 11–20.

EXPECTING MOTHERS 18

Appendix A

Lesson Plan

TITLE: “Oral Health for Baby and Me” TARGET GROUP: Prenatal
session for expectant parents

ESTIMATED LENGTH: 1 hour, evening class INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD:

Presentation, Demonstration,
Pamphlets

EDUCATIONAL GOAL:
To increase knowledge of the importance for adequate oral hygiene during pregnancy and
for the expecting child.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss the formation and exfoliation stages of primary teeth.
2. Discuss essential nutrients during pregnancy.
3. Discuss proper cleaning methods for mom during pregnancy.
4. Discuss changes that may occur to mother during and after pregnancy.
5. Discuss hormone levels, exaggerated immune response, and changes that may occur in
the oral cavity during pregnancy.
6. Discuss proper oral hygiene for a child throughout stages of life (infancy, toddler, child).
7. Discuss decay process in relation to bacteria, saliva, and sugar.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
· Common changes in oral cavity during pregnancy

· Brushing/Flossing Techniques

· Eruption and Exfoliation pattern

LEARNING ACTIVITY:
● Quiz: “Oral Health for Baby and Me”
● Consists of multiple choice and T/F questions
● Questions pertain to mother’s oral hygiene, infants oral hygiene, bacteria transfer, and
nutrients

Instructional Set:
EXPECTING MOTHERS 19

We are so happy to see all of you expecting parents here tonight and we are very excited
to help you and your child live a happy/healthy life.

Body:

1. Distribute “Oral Health for Baby and Me” quiz. Allow about 10 minutes for quiz.
2. Go over questions from quiz allowing responses from audience, then have discussion of
correct answers.
3. Start presentation on our learning objectives with an emphasis on our quiz questions.
4. Show demonstrations of proper brushing/flossing techniques + show all props and how
they work.
5. Hold Q&A session
6. Distribute Post-test and allow about 5 minutes.
7. Distribute goody bags to audience and thank them for their time.

Closure:

We have enjoyed our discussion with you all tonight and hope our presentation was
helpful. We have a few handouts we would like to give you to help you remember some of the
information that was presented to you. If you ever have any questions about your baby’s teeth do
not be afraid to contact your dentist! It is best to get an established dental home earlier rather
than later!
EXPECTING MOTHERS 20

Appendix B
Pre-Test

“Oral Health for Baby and Me”

1) Gum disease in the mother may a) True

cause babies to be born ______. b) False
a) Early
b) Late 6) A cavity in a baby tooth does not
need to be filled unless it hurts.
2) Before your baby’s teeth have a) True
come in, what should you do after your b) False
baby is done feeding?
a) Nothing. 7) Cavities are contagious.
b) Brush their gums with a toothbrush. a) True
c) Wipe their gums with a washcloth. b) False
d) Wipe some mouthwash on their
gums. 8) When should you take your baby
to the dentist for the first time?
3) How long should you brush your a) As soon as possible after bringing
teeth for? them home.
a) 5 minutes b) When their first tooth comes in.
b) 30 seconds c) Once they have all their teeth.
c) 1 minute d) When they have a toothache.
d) 2 minutes
9) What causes cavities?
4) When putting baby to bed with a a) Sugar
bottle, what liquid is OK to have in the b) Bacteria
bottle? c) Juice
a) Milk d) Milk
b) Water
c) Formula 10) How often should healthy adults
d) Juice see the dentist?
a) Every 6 months.
5) Cleaning your baby’s teeth is not b) Once a year.
as important as cleaning adult teeth c) Once every 2 years.
because they will fall out anyway. d) Once a month

Appendix C
Post-Test
EXPECTING MOTHERS 21

“Oral Health for Baby and Me”

1) Gum disease in the mother may a) True

cause babies to be born ______. b) False
a) Early
b) Late 6) A cavity in a baby tooth does not
need to be filled unless it hurts.
2) Before your baby’s teeth have a) True
come in, what should you do after your b) False
baby is done feeding?
a) Nothing. 7) Cavities are contagious.
b) Brush their gums with a toothbrush. a) True
c) Wipe their gums with a washcloth. b) False
d) Wipe some mouthwash on their
gums. 8) When should you take your baby
to the dentist for the first time?
3) How long should you brush your a) As soon as possible after bringing
teeth for? them home.
a) 5 minutes b) When their first tooth comes in.
b) 30 seconds c) Once they have all their teeth.
c) 1 minute d) When they have a toothache.
d) 2 minutes
9) What causes cavities?
4) When putting baby to bed with a a) Sugar
bottle, what liquid is OK to have in the b) Bacteria
bottle? c) Juice
a) Milk d) Milk
b) Water
c) Formula 10) How often should healthy adults
d) Juice see the dentist?
a) Every 6 months.
5) Cleaning your baby’s teeth is not b) Once a year.
as important as cleaning adult teeth c) Once every 2 years.
because they will fall out anyway. d) Once a month.

Appendix D
Pamphlet
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