A LA T I N PR I M E R

BY

H C NU TT I NG PII
. .
, . D .

I
AS S ST A NT PRO FES SO R OF LAT I N I N T HE I I
U N VER S TY

O F CAL I FO RNIA

NE W Y OR K CI NCI NNAT I , » C HI C A G O
A MERICAN BOO K COM PA NY
 Co m m , u

H C NU TT NG
. . I .

Eur 3
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m AT S TA TI Oa ’
B A LL. LOND Ofl
.

m 0 . m“ l

vv. v . 1

E du c a t i o n

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Add l
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 Co

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NY L TT LE D A UG HTE R

EL IZ AB ET H

w aosn u c za I NTE RE ST AND cu m

am T HE INS PI R ATI ON or

I
TH S S MALL

292
 PR E FA CE

FR O M s o m e p o int s o f vi e w it is a misfo rt u n e th a t i n
A m e ric a n s c h o o l s th e st u dy o f L a tin is us ua lly und e rt ak e n
s o l a t e th a t e v e ry d e t a il o f th e w o r k o f th e fir s t t e r m s m us t

be p l a nn e d with a vi e w to re aching C a e sa r in a y ear Eu

.

c o u ra g in g sign s , h o w e v e r are a p p e a ring h e re a nd th e r e

, ,

a n d in tw o o r thr ee s t a t e s a m o v e m e nt is a lr e a dy o n f o o t

to c a rry th e b e ginning o f L a tin b a c k int o th e u p p e r grad e s

o f th e gr a m m a r s ch o o l .

Fo r th e p r o s e c u ti o n o f thi s w o rk in th e gr ad e s th e re
s ee m s to b e a n a l m o st t o ta l l a c k o f s a ti s f a ct o ry m a n u al s

a nd it th us h a p p e n e d th at s o m e ti m
,

e ag o w i s hing to t a k e
,

u p th e s t u dy o f L a tin with o n e o f my o w n c hildr e n I w a s ,

le d to w o r k o u t fo r my s e lf a p l a n o f in s tru c ti o n s u it e d to

th e y e a rs o f m yp p u il .O u t o f th a t e x p e ri e nc e th e p re s e n t
v o l u m e h as gr o wn .

I n th e f o rm ul a ti o n an d d e v e l o p m e nt o f th e p l a n o f th e
b o o k I h ave a i m
,
e d p a rti c u l a rly a t f o u r things :

I
( ) T o l a
y
o
a br o a d a n d s u r e f o u nd a ti o n o f f o rms

( 2 ) To i m
.

p r e s s thr o u gh c o n s t a nt u s e a lim it e d
n u mbe r o f th e m o st f u nd a m e nt al c o ns tr u c
ti o ns .

( 3) T o m a k e th o r o u ghly f a mili a r , by c o ntin u e d

re p e titi o n a w o rking v o cab ul a ry o f so m e
,

thing l e ss th a n f o u r h undre d w o rd s .

( 4) T o i nf u s e a l a rg e d e gr e e o f h um an int e r e s t int o
th e w o rk .

I n p u rs ua n c e o f th e l as t m e nti o n e d o f th e s e aim s I h av e ,

ad m i t t e d i n t o th e ea rli e r E xe rci se s s e ve ra l L atin w o rds

s
6 LA T I N PR I M E R

s e l e ct e d ra th e r fo r th e in t e r e st th e y m igh t e xcit e th an
b e c a u s e o f fr e q ue n cy o f u s e i n C ae s a r s Co m
'
men ta r ies o r
Cic e r o s Ora tio m a nd i n th e tr e a tm e nt o f f o rm s an d
’
‘

, ,

syn t a x th e o rd e r o f t o p ics h as b ee n d e t e rm i n e d v e ry
,

l a rg e ly wit h a vi e w to th e e a rly d e v e l o p m e n t o f i nt e re stin g

d i a l o g ue and n a rr a tiv e I n g e n e r a l m e th o d h o w e v e r th e
.
, ,

b o o k f o ll o ws th o r o ugh ly w e l l tri e d a nd c o ns e rv ativ e lin e s ;

-

a nd I h a rd ly n e e d add t h a t i n m ak in g th e a b o v e n a m e d
,
-

in n o v a ti o ns it i s fa r fr o m my p u r p o s e to r e nd e r th e w o rk
,

e a sy o r a ttr a ctiv e a t th e e x p e n se o f r e a l a nd s ubsta nti a l

a tt a in m e nt o n th e p a rt o f th e p up il .

T h e l a ck o f g e n e r a l v o c a b u l ari e s a t th e e nd o f th e
v o l u m e is by no m ea n s due to o v e rsigh t ; fo r it is an int e
g r a l pa rt o f my p l a n th a t th e st ud e n t sh o u ld f u lly m ast e r
a n d m a k e his o w n th e v o c a b u l a ry o f e a ch E x e rcis e as it

c o m e s I nd ee d th e n u m be r o f ne w w o rds in a d ay s
.
,
’

l e ss o n is s o s m al l an d th e a m o u nt o f r e pe titi o n s o gre at
t h a t g e n e r a l v o c ab u l a ri e s a t th e e n d o f th e bo o k w o uld b e
n o thin g b ut a h in dr a nc e to th e p r o pe r u s e o f th e m a n ua l .

I n p l ac e o f th e se t h e r e f o r e I s ubstit u t e sim p ly a L atin

, ,

W o rd L ist B y m ea n s o f th is list i n c a s e o f dir e n e e d

.
, ,

a p up il c o u ld ru n d o wn th e m e a ni ng o f a w o rd ; b ut a s a

m att e r o f p r a ctic e s uc h n e e d wil l s e ld o m b e f o u nd to a ris e .

T h e h a bit o f th o r o ugh a cq u isiti o n o f e ac h d ay s v o cab u

’

l a ry r e s u lts q uickly an d n at u r al ly in ability to r e a d at sigh t .

T o f o st e r o n th e p a rt o f th e p u p il th e d e v e l o p m e nt o f th is
v e ry d e sir abl e p o w e r th e re h as b ee n intr o d u c e d int o e ac h
,

E x e rcis e be gi n n in g w ith Nu mb e r X XX V o n e o f a s e ri e s
, ,

o f littl e st o ri e s t o ld i n L a ti n T h e s e ri e s is d e v e l o pe d
.

s trictly o n th e gra d ati m p l an e ach s ucc e ssiv e a n e cd o t e

,

b e in g c o nstr u ct e d s o c o m p l e te ly o f f a mi li a r m a t e ri a ls th a t
f o o t n o t e s are n o w h e re n e c e ss a ry S u ch a p ro gr a m m e o f
.

c o u rs e s ubj e ct e d th e w rit e r to a v e ry try in g r e str a i nt ; b u t

 I
L A T N PR M E RI 7

it w a s in thi s w ay p o ssibl e to d e ve l o p a b o dy o f m a t e ri al
which p ro vid e s p r actic a lly id ea l c o nd iti o n s fo r th e p rac
tic e o f sight re ading .

Thi s Pri m e r is s h o rtly to b e f o ll o w e d by a F irst L a tin

R e ad e r th e tw o b o o ks t o g e th e r c o v e ri ng th e fi e ld c o m
,
”
m o u ly r e f e rr ed to as F ir s t Y e a r L atin . T h e s t o ri e s o f
th e R ea d e r are dr awn in l a rg e p a rt fr o m e a rly A m e ri c a n

hi st o ry a s ubj e ct th at l e nds it se lf v e ry h ap p ily to th e

,

p pu r o s e in h a nd ; f o r th e t a l e s o f th o s e sti rring d ays o f

w ar an d a dv e nt u r e a re r e p l e t e with h u m a n int e r e st wh il e
,

a t th e s am e ti m e th ey a ff o rd th e m o st a d m ira bl e Op p o r
tu n ity fo r th e i ntro d u c ti o n o f th e v o c ab u l a ry a n d s ynt a x
o f L a tin hi s t o ric a l n a rr a tiv e T h e R e a d e r c o ntin u e s with
.

so m e wh a t gr e a t e r fr ee d o m th e gr a d a ti mp l a n b e g u n in th e

Prim e r a n d th e p u p i l w h o fir s t w e n t o v e r th e gr o u nd
,

c o v e re d by th e tw o b o o ks w a s a bl e to c o m p l e t e e v e n
th e s i m p lifi e d C ae s a r c o nt a in e d in th e R e a d e r with o u t
“ ”
kn o wing wh at it is to p r e p are a n E ngli s h tr an s l ati o n ;
fo r fro m th e v e ry s t art tr a n s l a ti o n “a t s ight
”
h a d e s t ab
lis h e d it s e l f a s th e n o r min th e m o s t d e lightf u l an d n a tu ra l
manne r p o s s ibl e On acc o u nt o f th e n arro w li mit ati o n s
.

o f s ynt a x a n d v o c a b u l a ry th e a n e cd o t e s o f th e Prim e r are

l a rge ly f ancif u l ; b ut in th e R e ad e r it is my aimto m a k e

,

th e n a rr a tiv e hi s t o ric a l .

I n p utting th e m at e ri a l o f this v o l um e int o fi n a l fo r m ,

I h ave b ee n m uch h e l p e d by th e s u gge s ti o n s o f D r R . .

A rro w s m ith I w o u ld a l so h e r e e x p re ss m y th a n k s for

si m
.

il a r as s i s t a nce re c e ive d fr o mM is s M arg ar e t We bb a nd

M i s s Cl a r a L S m . ith b o th o f wh o m h a ve u se d my m a n u
,

scri p t as a b a s i s fo r th e w o rk o f th e n e wly o rg a niz e d

se ve nth gra d e L atin cl as se s in th e B e rk e l e y sch o o l s .

H C N
. . .

Bl
iR K KLEv , CA LI ?O R NIA .
 T O T HE T E A CHE R

IN w o rk o f th e gra d e fo r w hich this Prim e r i s d es i gn e d

m u c h m ust b e l e ft to th e d isc re ti o n o f th e instr u ct o r I .

v e nt ur e h o w e v e r to add a w o rd o f s ugg e sti o n o r a dvic e

, ,

o n s e v e ra l t o p ics

I OralW or k I n c o nn e cti o n with th e e arli e r E x e rcise s

. .

p a rtic u l a rly it is e
, m in e ntly d e sir a bl e th a t m u ch tim e b e

s pe n t i n o ra l w o rk Th e p rint e d s e n t e n c e s o f th e E xe r
.

cis e s are p r actic a lly fo rc e d i nt o th e f o r m w hich th e y h av e

t ak e n by th e f a ct th a t i n add iti o n to i ll ustr a tin g as f ul ly
,

a s po ssibl e th e n e w po in ts o f th e l e ss o n o f th e da th y
y e ,

m u st a ls o i ncl u d e ad e q uat e r e vi e w m at e ri a l S up p l em en .

t a ry w o rk o ra l o r o th e rw is e w o u ld n a t ura l ly f o ll o w fr e e r
, ,

li n e s One t e a c h e r s u cc ee d e d i n sti rring th e in t e r e st o f an

.

i m m at u re cl as s by p u ttin g t o g e th e r a lm o st fr o m th e v e ry ,

st a rt sh o rt c o n n e ct e d se nt e nc e s e g Ag r ic o l
,
a in aired es t
, . . .

Co r bu lamtene t
'
I n car bu l
'
. a fi v zi: e t r o s a : Iza bet ; a nd my

o w n e xpe ri e nc e h a s s h o wn t h a t a s s o o n as th e limit a ti o n s
,

o f v o c a b u l a ry an d syn ta x wil l p e rmit it i s b o th p r o fi ta bl e ,

an d p o p u l a r to c o nstru ct o ut o f f a m il i a r m a t e ria ls sh o rt
st o ri e s to b e t ra n sl a t e d at h e a ring A s a h e l p to th o se
who m
.

ay wish to do s o m e wh at e xt e n siv e w o rk a l o n g v iv a

w ee li n e s a sh o rt list o f c o l l o q u i a l p h ra s e s h a s b e e n a dd e d
,

in A pp e n dix I I A lls u ch w o rk o f co u rs e m u st b e strictly

.
, ,

s u pp l e m e nta ry No thin g c an wi th saf e ty b e s ubstit u t e d

.

f o r th e c o m p r e h e n siv e t e st o f th e p ri nt e d s e n t e nc e s .

2. Pronun ci ati o n I n th e be lie f th a t p r o n u nci a ti o n is

.

b e st l ea rn e d by y o u th f ul be gin n e rs d ir e ctly fr o m th e
t e ach e r g e n e r a l tr e a t m e n t o f this s u bj e ct h a s be e n r e l e
,
'

8
 LA T N PR M E R I I 9

g at e d to A p pe ndix I T e ach e r s will u se th e ir o w n dis e re

.

ti o n a s to th e u s e o f th e m a t e ri a l th e r e p r o vid e d .

3. P ar a digms .I t h a s s ee m e d b e st t o p r e fix t o t h e

p a r a dig m s all o f th e c u s t o m a ry h e a ding s a,lth o u gh it is

n o t e x p e c t e d o r d e sir e d th a t e q ua l a tt e nti o n b e giv e n

a t th e o u t se t to a l ls uch intr o d uct o ry p hra s e s ; fo r e x am p l e ,

o f th e v a ri o us h e a di n g s o f th e p a r adig mo f E x e r c i s e I I ,

“ ”
th e p hr a s e Pre se nt T e n se is c l e a rly o f gr e at e st im p o r
t a nc e fo r th e w o r k o f th a t p arti c u l a r l e s s o n A s di ff e r e nt .

p a r a digms a re t a k e n u p th e t e ach e r s h o u ld e m p h as i z e th e
,

h e ading o r h e ading s to which h e f e e ls th at h is cl as s c a n

with p r o fit give a tt e nti o n .

I n c o n stru c ting th e p ar a digm s I h av e p ur p o s e ly re fra in e d

fro matt e mp ting to d e fin e th e diff e re n t c a s e s m o o d s e tc , , .
,

o f th e w o rd s u s e d as m o d e l s A s r e g a rd s th e v e rb it
.
,

is r e a lly i m p o s s ibl e t o fr a m e bri e f a n d a d e q u a t e d e finiti o n s

fo r th e f o r m s a s th e y s t a nd in th e p a r a dig m ; a n d with
r e s p e c t to th e n o u n to o th e q ue sti o n o f d e finiti o n is n o t
, ,

with o ut c o m p lic a ti o n s F
. o r e x a m p l e in ,
thi s m a n u a l t h
'
e

abl ativ e is fir s t p ut to a c t ua l u s e in c o nn e c ti o n with th e

“ ”
p pr e o s iti o n s i n a n d s u b to e x r e s s
p p l a c e wh e r e a n,
d it
w o uld th e r e f o re s ee m wh o lly ill o gi c a l to inf o rm th e s tu
d e nt in th e p ar adig mo f E x e rci s e I th a t th e abl a tive c a s e
s ig n ifi e s
“ with ” “ ”
by e tc Pe r s o n a lly I find th a t it
.
, , ,

w o r k s w e ll to p o st p o n e d e finiti o n u ntil f o rms are p ut to

a c t ua l u se ; b ut a n t ch e r w h r f e r s t h e o th e r p l a n
y e a o p e

c a n o f c o u rs e s u
pp ly a t o nc e f o r th e u s e o f th e C l as s

th o se d e fin iti o ns which se e m to h im b e s t to c o v e r th e
gr o und .

4 Th e Ve rb T h e gr e a t w e alth o f L a ti n v e rb f o rm s
m a k e s it u lti m
.

at e ly i m p o s s ibl e t o m a i n t a in a n a d e q u a t e

re vi e w th ro ugh th e m e di u m o f th e s e nt e n c e s o f th e E x e r

ci se s me re ly A s a s u ppl e m
. e nt a ry m e a s ur e it h a s b ee n
IO LAT I N PR I M E R

fo u nd h e l p f u l to w rit e o ut th e f o rms o n s m all c a rd s o ne ,

o n e a ch c a rd . Th e s e dr a w n o ut a t ra n d o m f u rnis h an
th e p u p il s i nt e r e st b e in g h e ld
’
e xc e ll e n t m e m o ry t e st ,

m e a nwh i l e by th e l ik e n e ss to a g a m e .

5
. A ss ign m e n t of W o rk T h e r at e o f p r o gr e ss thr o u gh
.

th e b oo k m u st o f c o u rse b e d e t e rmi n e d by th e ap ti t ud e
o f th e cl a ss . I n m a ny c as e s it wi ll b e f o und n e c e ss ary
to s pe n d at l e a st tw o p e ri o d s up o n s in gl e E x e rcis e s and ,

th at to o with fre q ue n tly int e rs p e r se d r e vi e ws .

I n c o nc l usi o n to th o s e w h o n o w fo r th e fi rst tim e are

,

a b o u t to j o in i n th e p l ea s an t w o rk o f i ntr o d u cin g y o u ng

be gi n n e rs to th e st udy o f L atin l et m e sa y by w a f
, y o

r e min d e r th a t it is v e ry e a sy fo r a n ad u lt to u n d e r e sti m at e
th e d iffi c u lti e s u nd e r wh ich a s e v e n th o r e ighth gra d e
u p i l is l a b o rin g I f s u ch a st u d e n t at th e o u ts e t is a
p .

littl e be wild e r e d by his n e w e nviro n m e nt a nd m ak e s a

n u m be r o f v e ry cr ud e m ist a k e s this f act sh o u ld no t be
,

c o u nt e d e ith e r s u r p risin g o r d isc o u r a ging Th r e e things

.

o n ly a re n e c e ssa ry : H a v e p a ti e nc e ; K ee p g o o d m o d e ls

b e f o r e th e p up il s e y e an d ea r ; R ep ea t o ft e n
’
.
 TA BLE O F CO N T E N T S

PA C K

I ntro duc to ry No t es a nd t
D e fini io ns I5
“I RC IS B
I . Firs t o r A D ecl e ns io n
-
I 7
II S eco nd o r E C o nj uga tio n P es e nt I ndicativ e A c t ive
-

, r .

A g ee m
.

S ubj e c t a nd D irec t Obj ec t e nt o f th e Ve rb . r I9

I II . I rregul ar Verb S u m Pres e nt I ndica tiv e

: , 22

IV . Vocab ul ary R e ding Less o n

. a

V . V ocabu l ary R e ding Les s o n

. a

VI . S e co nd o r E C o nj uga t io n Pe rfe c t I ndica t ive A c tiv e

-
,

VII . Voca bu l ary R ea ding Les s o n

.

VIII . Vo ca bu lary R eading Le ss o n

.

IX . S e c o n d o r O D ecl e ns io n M as c ul ine
-
Po s s ess iv e G e ni
, .

t ive 32
X . S ec o nd o O D e cl e ns io n M as c u l ine ( co nt inue d)
r -

, Pl ac e .

int o W h ic h 34
XI . S eco nd o r O D e c l e n io n Neut er
-
s , 36
X II . Vo ca bul ary R ea ding Le ss o n
. Pl ace to W h ic h .
39
XIII . Vo ca t ive Cas e 4i
X IV A dj ec tiv es o f th e Firs t n d S e c o nd D ec l e ns io ns
a A g ree
ment o f A dj ect ives Predicate A dj ec tives a nd
. .

No uns 44
XV . S ec o nd or E
C o nj ugat io n Futu re I ndica tive A ct ive
-

, 46
X VI . I rregul ar Verb : S um Fut ure I ndicat ive , 48
X VII . A dj ec t iv es o f th e Firs t a nd S ec o nd D ec l ens io ns ( c o n
tinue d) 50
X VIII . S ec o nd or E Co nj ugatio n, Pres e n
~
t S ubj unc tive t ve
Ac i .

t ve o f th e I ndirec t Obj ec t
Da i 53
H
12 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

’5 6 !

S eco nd or E -
C o nj ugat i o n I mp fec t
e r , S ub j unctiv e
A c tive . (f t C l auses o f Purpo se
-
. S eq ue nc e in
55
XX . Pe rso na l Pro no uns : Eg o , 58
XX I . Perso na l Pro no u ns ( co n ti nued) . Poss ess i v e A djec
tives 60
xx u S e co nd or E C o nj uga tio n
-
Pluperfect subj unc ti ve
mC i cu mt nti
.
,

A c tive . Cu -
r s a al a 62
XX III . Vo cabulary R eading b ess o n
. 65
XXIV . Irreg ular Verb S u mI m :
pe rfec t and Pl uperfec t S ub
,

j unc ti ve 66
xx v . S eco nd o r E C o nj uga tio n -
Pluperfec t I ndica ti ve ,

A ct i v e 68
XXVI . Voca bula ry R eading Les so n
.
7o
XX VII . A bla t i ve o f M ea ns 72
XXVIII . Pers o nalPro no u n I s ea sd : , ,
’

74
XX IX . S eco nd or E C o nj ugat io n -
Im p e rfec t I nd i ca t i ve ,

A c ti ve 77
XX X . I rre gular Verb S u lm :
p e rf ec t I n m
di ca ti v e D a n a »: .
79
XXXI S eco nd or E C o nj ugat io n Prese nt I nfinitiv e A c t i v e
-

Co m m
. .
,

p l e e n tar y I nfi ni ti v e 8r
X XX II . I rregu lar Ve rb S umPrese nt S ubj unc tive
: ,
83
XXXIII . S ec o nd o r E C o nj uga ti o n Futu re Perfa tt I ndic ati v e
-
,

an d Pe rfec t S ubju nc ti v e A cti ve ,

XXX IV . S yno ps is o f th e Verb

XX X V . Princi pal Parts o f the V erb U se o f m e .

X XX VI . Firs t o r K£ o nj uga t ion A cti ve Vo i ce ,

X XX VII . T h ird D ed e ns io n C o nso nan t S t e m, s

XXXVIII . Cardi nal Num era ls : D uo Tr is ,

XXXIX . I rre gula r Verb : £6 Ho rtato ry S ubj uncti ve .

XL I rregu lar Verb Poss um :

X LI . Vocabulary R eading Lesso n

. 1 03

X LII . Th i rd D ed e ns io n I S t em s ,
-
Ios

X LIII . T h ird or E C o nj uga ti o n A cti v e V o ice

-
,
1 07
 LA T I N PR I M E R I 3

X LI V . I rregul ar Ve rb F er d A ct ive Vo ice

: , n o

X LV . A ccusa t iv e o f E te n t x I t:

X LVI . I rregular Ve b V lo A cc usa t ive o f E x t e nt ( co nt inued) I I 5

r : o .

X LVII . I rreg ul ar Verb M ale N olo Cardinal Num

s : , eral s
‘

nt inued) I I7
( c o

X LVIII . T h ird o r E C o nj uga t io n ( ve rb s in J o) A c t iv e Vo ice

-

n o ,

X LIX . R el ative Pro no u n A gre e m. e n t o f R e l a tiv e 1 22

L . Fo urth o r I Co nj uga tio n A ctiv e Vo ice

-

, I 24

LI . I mperative ( allco nj uga tio ns ) Pres e nt A ct ive Pro h i , .

c

bit io u 1 26

LI I . A dj ec t iv es o f th e T h ird D ec l e ns io n I S t em s I 29 ,
-

LI lI . Fo urth o r U D e cl e ns io n-
Im perfe c t o f C us t o m
. ary

Pas t A c t io n I 3I
LI V . Perfec t T e nses ( al lc o nj uga t io ns ) Pass iv e Vo ice I 34 ,

LV . I dem Ipse
, . U s e o f Ne u t e r P o no u ns r I 37
'
LVI . Firs t o r A C o nj ugat io n Pass iv e Vo ice
-

, A b l a tive o f .

A ge n cy I 40

LVII .
Qu ida m I 44

LVI I I . S ec o nd o r E Co nj ugatio n Pass iv e Vo ice Co m

-

, pl em en .

tary I nfinitive ( c o nt inued) I 46

Fifth o r E D ec l ens io n
-
Ca rdina l Num e ral s ( co ntin
D e cl e ns io n o f (7 mm ls e id ( as adj ec
.
.

u ed) . .
,
a,

tive ) I 49

T h ird o r Ii iCo nj ugatio n Pass iv e Vo ic e Qw s

’

-
,
. I 52
LX I . R e fl e x ive Pro no u n ; s u l VI s I ndirec t D is co urs e
. . I 55
L XII I rre gul ar Ve rb Fer d Pass iv e Vo ice U se o f th e R el
: .

at iv e Pro n o u n in p l ac e o f a D e m
.
,

o ns t ra t iv e I 5 S

L XIII . T h ird o r E C o nj ugat io n ( v e rb s in

-
Pas s iv e Vo ice .

Partial I S te m -
s I 62

L XI V . I rre gul ar Verb F M Pe rfec t Pass ive Part ic ipl e ( all

: .

co nj uga t io ns ) A b l at ive A bs o l ut e
.

LX V . Co m p a ris o n o f A d j e c t iv e s I e g ul ar .C o m p ariso n rr .

D e c l e ns io n o f th e Co m para t iv e
I4 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

B X I I CI S I PAC !

L XVI . Fo urth or lC o nj uga ti o n, Pass i v e

-
Vo ice . Co m i
p so n
ar

of A d v e rbs I 72

LXVII . Pres e nt Parti ci pl e ( lco n u a

al j g tio ns ) . D ec l e ns i o n of

th e Pres e nt Parti ci pl e I 76

LXVIII . De m
, Do mu s . Ordi na l Nu m e ra s l . of

Purpo se 1 79

LXIX . D epo ne nt Verbs I SI

LX X . I S3

LXXI . Al
ig n! ( A l
toids ) , I sl
e I S6

LXXII . T h e Ge rundi v e ( al j g i
lco n u at ons ) . Ordinal Nu m era s l
( c o n ti nued ) I 88

Su mmry a of Fo r m s ‘91

W o rd Lis t 2 23

A ppe ndix I . T h e Pro nunc ia ti o n of Latin 2 29

A ppe ndix II . Co ll o quial Ph ras es 2 32

I nd ex 234
 I N T R O D U C TO R Y N O T E S A ND
D E FI N I T I O N S

I NELE CTI O N

LA T I N n o u n s p ro n o uns a dj e ctive s an d v erbs are in

, , ,

flec te d i t u nd e rg o ch ang e s o f f o rm w hich sh o w th e ir

, .

re la ti o n to o th e r w o rds in a s e nt e nc e T h e infl e ctio n o f .

n o un s p r o n o uns a nd a dj e ctiv e s is c all e d D e cl e nsi o n a nd

, , ,

th e infl e cti o n o f v e rb s is kn o wn a s C o nj ug a ti o n .

D E CL E NS I O N

I n s p e aking o f th e diff e re nt f o rm s which n o uns pro

n o un s an d adj e ctiv e s m
,

,
a
y t a k e th e t e rms C a s e G e
, nd e r , ,

an d Nu mb e r are u se d .

Case . T h e thr e e c as e s o f E ng l ish c an be s e e n to b e st

“ ”
adv an ta ge in th e p r o n o u n ; fo r e x am p l e he ( No min a ,

“ ” “
tive C as e ) h is ( Po s s e s s iv e C ase ) and him ( Obj ective ”
, ,

C ase ) . L atin h a s s e v e r a l a dditio n a l c as e s which c o rr e ,

s p o nd in m e aning to th e E ngli s h o bj e c tiv e c a se with a

“ ” “ "
r
p p e o s iti o n ; th u s to a s a il o r ,
fo r a s a il o r , with a ,

"
s w o rd , e tc c o u ld allb e transl at e d into La tin with o ut th e
.
,

h e l p o f pr e po siti o ns .

Gender I n E nglish w e h ave th e v e ry s im pl e g e nd e r

.

ru le th at th e n am es o f m a l es are M as c ulin e th e n am es o f ,

f e m al e s a re Fe minin e and th e n a m e s o f things a re Ne ut e r

, .

I n La tin too th e s e three ge nd e r s a re f o und b ut th e r ul e

, ,

is m o re c o m p lic ate d ; fo r in L atin th e n a m

,

e s o f firin s
g
may be e ith e r masc uline feminine o r n e ute r , , .

‘5
I6 L A T I N PR M E R I

Number I n th e E nglish p h r a s e s :12

“th e “
”
.
s a nd th e
s la
p s th
, e di ff e r e nc e b e tw e e n th e n o u ns is o n e o f n u m ber ;
“ ” “ ”
th a t i s sh i p r e f e rs to a s ing l e v e ss e l and sh i p s to
mo re t/za n one v e ss e l T o m a rk thi s d iffe r e nc e w e us e the
, ,

t e rm s S in g u l a r Nu mbe r a nd Pl u r a l Nu mber
T h e s e t e rm s a re u s e d i n j ust th e s a m e w ay
o f L a ti n w o rds .

CO NJ U G A T I ON

I n c o n n e ctio n wi th th e in fl e cti o n o f th e v e rb th e fo l ,
.

l o win g t e rm s a re u s e d : M o o d Nu mbe r ( a lr ea dy d e fi n e d )
, ,

Pe rs o n T e n se an d V o ic e
, ,
.

M ood T h e m o o d s o f a v e rb are its w ays o f e x p r e ssin g

.

a cti o n B o th E n glish a nd L a ti n v e rbs h av e th r e e m o o ds ;

.

n a m e ly I nd ic ativ e S u bj u n ctiv e a nd I m pe r a tive A v e rb

, , , .

i n th e I ndic a tiv e M o o d g e n e ra l ly s ta tes th a t a thin g is s o ;

”
fo r e x a m p l e T h e b o ys a re r u nn ing
,
I n th e I m p e r a tiv e
.

M oo d a v e rb c o m ma nds so m e thin g to be do ne as R i m “
, ,
”
b o ys. T h e u se s o f th e S u bj u n ctiv e M o o d a re v a ri o u s .

Person I n E ng l i sh and La ti n th e re a re th ree p e rs o ns

. .

Th e F irst Pe rs o n r e f e rs to th e s p e a k e r “ we th e

S e c o nd Pe rs o n re f e rs to th e p e rs o n s po k e n to
an d th e T hi rd Pe rs o n r e f e rs to th e p e rso n o r thing s p o k en
” ” “ ” “
of he sh e, it th e y , ,

Te n se A n E nglish o r Lati n v e rb by its t e ns e i nd ic a t e s

th e tim
.

“ "
I s ee ( Pr e se n t T e ns e ) “
e o f a n a c ti o n ; as , I ,

”
sh a l ls ee ( Fut u r e T e n se ) e tc , .

“ ”
Vo i ce I n th e s e n t e nc e J o h n ra n th e v e rb t e lls w h a t
.
,

th e v e rb I “?
“
J o h n did ; b ut i n J o h n w a s c au ght ”
L
,

w h a t w a s do ne to J o h n To m a rk t hi s di ff e re n c e th e t e rm s
.

”
A ctiv e V o ic e ran a n d Pa ssiv e V o ic e w a s c a u gh t )

a re us e d o f b o th E nglish an d L a tin v e rbs .

 EXE RCISE I

T H E FI R S T O R A —D E C LE NS I ON ‘

mé
I

ns a, ta bl
e

I
S NG UL A R NUM B E R PL uRA L NU M B E R

No min a tive mensa mé n s ae

G e nitiv e mé ae ns mé ns dru m
D a tiv e m en sae mé n s is

A cc u s ativ e mé m nsa m en sas

A bl a tiv e mé a ns m ens is

L ist e n c are f u lly whil e th e t e ach e r p ro n o u nc e s th e s e

La tin w o rd s No t e e s p e ci a lly th at th e ac c e nt n o wh e re
.

f alls U po n th e l a s t s yll abl e

C o mmit to m e m o ry th e singu l a r a n d p l u r a l o f m
.

é nsa ,

c o nn e cting e ac h f o rm with th e na m e o f its c a s e T h e .

m ea ning a nd u se s o f th e se c as e s will b e t a k e n u p l at e r .

Gende r — Al ln o u ns o f th e F ir s t D e cl e n s i o n are f e mi
.

nin e e xc e p ti ng th e fe w n a m
, es o f m a l e s .

VOCA B U LA R Y
co rbu l a ,
-
ae, F .
,
bas ket .
p il a ,
-
ae, P .
, l
ba l .

nafita, ~
ae, M .
,
s a i or l . rosa ,
-
ae, F .
, ro s e .

R EM AR K I . bo v e v o c abul ary th e s e fo ll o w i ng eac h

I n th e a -

no un is th e e ndi ng o f th e ge ni t i v e s ingul a r ; a nd F and M are . .

“ Fe m “
” ”
abb re vi a t i o ns fo r i ni ne and M asc ul i ne E ac h no un .

s h o ul d b e m em o ri ze d in th e fo l
“
lo wi ng way : Cé rbula cé r buls e
Fe m
, ,
”
i ni ne ba sket
, .

1 Fo r th e m e aning o f D ec l
e n s io n an d o th e r g ra mmti l t m h
a ca er s ere used, see

I t
n ro d u c to ry No tes a nd D e finitio n s pag es
, I 5 and I 6
.

LATI N PR M E R I 2 I 7
18 LA T I N PR I M E R

PI LA E

Am o ng the G ree ks and b all pl aying e xc ept fo r sm

R o man s , all

children was fo r th e m o s t part a m eans o f e x ercise rath er th an a

,

m ere gam e Th e ha ll
. s us ed we re o f v ari o us size s so m e be ing
,

as l arge as a foo tball o r

“ medic ine ball Ba ts and rac que ts
”
.

we re no t th e n in use Th e p laye rs e i t h e r threw th e bal

. l o r struc k
it abo ut with th e hand o r arm .

C ORB U LA
Th e R o m ans s d baske ts o f m any sh ape s and siz es So m
u e . e

were v e ry s to u t and stro ng fo r examp l e tho se in whi c h so ldi e rs

carri ed away o n th eir sho uld ers th e e arth dug o ut in m
,

ak ing

fo rtifi c ati o ns .T h e pa rti c ul ar kind o f b ask e t sh o wn in th e p i c tur e

was u se d o n th e far mfo r fru it p i c k ing a n d o t h e r p urpo s e s
.
 I
L A T N PR I M E R I9

RE MAR K In headi ngs and v o c abul ari es it is c o nv eni ent to

2.

re nd e r m onsa by
“ ” ”
tabl e corbula by bask e t e tc B ut w he n .

ac tu a lly us e d in a se nt e nc e m é nsa fo r e xa m
, , ,

p l e
, w o u l d b e a p t to
, ,

mean the tabl e o r a tab l e I n La t in th ere is no thi ng c o rre

”
,
”
.

sp o nding to th e E ngl i s h art i c l es a

” “
an
”
and
“th e
”
.
, ,

I Na me th e c ase a nd n u mb e r o f th e fo ll o wing fo rm s :
ros is nautaru mm ens as pil amcorbu l a
.

p il
ae , co rbu l a , , , , ,
.

I I G ive .

T h e g e nitiv e p l u r a l o f ro s a ; th e abl a tiv e s in gu l a r o f p i l a ;

th e d a tiv e p l u r a l o f mé ns a ; th e a cc us a tiv e sing u l a r o f n au ta ;
th e n o min a ti v e p l ura l o f corbul a ; th e a cc u s a tiv e p l u r a l o f

rosa .

E XE RC I S E II
T HE S E C OND OR E—C ONJ UGA T I ON !

h abob , I ha v e

I ND I CA T I VE M OO D A CT IVE VO ICE

PR E S E NT T E NS E

PE R SO N I
S NG U LA R NU M B E R PLU R A L NUM B E R

I st pr n
e s o h ab eo h ab é m us

2 d p e r so n h ab é s h ab é tis
3d p e rs o n hab et h abent

R EM AR K I n E ngli sh w e say
. have , y o u have , be (site , “I ” “ ”

” “ ”
it) h as , w e h av e, e tc , d e p e ndi ng l argel y o n th e p ro no uns to
.

sh o w th e p e rso n and nu m be r o f th e v e rb bu t in La ti n a v e rb h as
sp ec i a l e nd in s wh i c h re nd e r unne c e ssary th e us e o f
g p ro no uns
fo r th is purpo se No t e ab o v e h o w th e e ndi ng s o f be beo Ch ange
.

fo r eac h pe rs o n and nu m be r .

1 Fo r th e m ea n ing o f th e gra mmti l a ca te rmh s e re use d, se e I ntro du cto ry No tes

and D e fin itio ns pa ges
. I 5 a nd I 6 .
20 LAT I N PR I M E R

With h abeo as a m o d e l giv e , th e c o rr e s po ndin g f o rm s of

tencO, I h o l
d, I a mh o l
ding .

C
VO A BU LA R Y
h é rb a, ~
ae, P .
, g ra ss . et,c o nj u ncti o n a nd , .

p a el
la, a s, F irl in p re p o siti o n u se d wi th
.
, g .
, ,

p upa, s e, -
P .
, l
do l . th e a bl a tiv e c as e in o n , , ,

vi
a ,
~
s e, P .
, s treet, roa d . at .

est, is , Me n is .

R EMAR K . No te pa rticularly th e se c o nd me an ing o f cat In .

"
Latin the re is no th ing c o rrespo nding to th e re in suc h ph rases
" ”
as th ere is , th e re are e tc , .

M O D E L S E NTE NC fi

Nau ta corba lan ten et . A sail o r i s h o ldin g th e bas k e t

mh
.

Nauta e corb ula abent. T h e sa il o rs h a v e a b ask e t .

an ac tiv e v e rb, t/I e no mi

na tiv e

a nd the accu s a tiv e is fire cas e o f tb e

directly a fl ecte d by tl
ie v erb ac tio n .

T h us i n th e fi rst o f th e m o d e l s e n t e nc e s abo ve Nau ta

, ,

( n o min a tiv e ) is th e d oe r a n d co e ( a cc u s a ti v e ) is th e ,

th in g d ire ctly a ff e ct e d by th e v e rb a cti o n i n o th e r w o rd s

am
,

Nau ta is th e S u bj e ct o f th e v e rb an d corb ul is its D ir e ct ,

O bj e ct .

RULE I I l e n th e S u bj ec t of tl ze v er b i s pl u ra l( a s i n

ike w is e m
.

th e se c o n d o f th e m o de l s e nte n c e s ) tlze v erb l us t ,

u ral
be p l .

I
R E A D NG LES S ON

I . Tra n sl at e in to E nglis h :

Pue l
I la p tI p a
‘

m et ro szis
'
te n e t 2 In c o rb u l a p il as
m
. . .

h abé tis 3 P u p ae . . m en sas h ab e nt .

4 . Co rb ul
is te n é
i us .

5 . In mé n i s e st p il a .
 '
I
L A T N PR M E RI 2I

VI A

Th e ro a d h ere sh o wn is th e fam o us Ap p i an Way ( Via App ia )

buil t m
,

o re th an two th o usand y e ars ago a nd s t ill li ned w ith th e

o nu m
,

rui ns o f an c i e n t m en t s
. I t was alo ng this ro ad that S t Paul
.

j o urney ed to R o m . e
 22 LA T I N PR I M E R

I I Tra ns l a t e i n t o L a tin :
.

I Th e s a il o r h as a d o l l
. 2 T h e girls are h o ld ing . . -

ro ses 3 W e h a v e a d o ll i n th e b as k e t
. .
4 T h e r e is . .

gr ass inth e str e e t 5 O n th e ta b l e y o u h av e r o se s

. .
.

EXE RC I S E III

I R R E G U LA R VE R B

su mI m
, a

PR ES ENT T E NS E I ND ICA T I V E M OO D

PE RS O N S I No U LA R NU M B E R PLU R A L NUu s ER

I st prs o n
e su m s tim us
2d p e rs o n es estis
3d p e rs o n es t s un t

C
VO A B U LA R Y
Area, -
ae , y a rd Iat oo I b ide , I a mlidi g z n

m
.
,

mf
. .

scé l
ae, d r um F s ta irs ti eo, I ( f)a a ra id o I f ea r
m m ky
. .
, , , .

s i in, -
s e, on e . sub r
p p
, e o siti o n u s e d with ,

th e a bl a tiv e c a s e u nder , .

RE A D NG I m ON

I . Tr a ns l at e in t o E n glish :

I . Pue l
lae si mi mtim a e nt . 2 . Pil a in arefi s ub mé i
ns z
‘

e st
.
3 Ns u ta m si mi a t e n e t
.
4 Na uta e . . et s imi ae i n
v ii s u n t 5 P fi p ae r o sas in c o rb u l
is h abe n t . 6 S imi ae
.

mé mtim
. .

s ub n sa a e l t nt ; n au ta e nt .

II T ra n sl at e int o L ati n :
.

I .S ai l o rs a re in th e y a rd 2 . . T h e g irl is u n d e r th e
st airs ; s h e is afr aid o f th e s ai l o rs
- -
.
3.T h e m o nk eys h a ve
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 23

S IM IA

Thi s little d o ll is m ad e o f Ab o v e is sh o wn a s tro lli ng street

i v o ry and its arm s and l e gs ar t i s t wi t h h is m o nke y an d a do g

are m
,

th a t h as bee n taught to Cl i m
,

o v abl e . Ro m a n gi rl s b a
ha d a ls o d o ll s m ad e o f ra s
,g l add er S uc h art i st s trav e l e d aro und
.

wo o d w ax o r t e rra c o tt a fro mp l ac e to p l ac e pi c ki ng up a
l iv i ng in m uc h th e sa m
, , . ,

So m e do l l s w ere m uc h m o re e m an ne r as

e l abo ra t e th an th e o ne in th e han d o rgan m

-
an o f to day
-
.

th e p i c t ur e
.
24 LA T I N PR I M E R

bask e ts 4 Y o u a re h iding
. .
-
u nd e r th e t ab le .
5 . A
m o n k e y i s h o ld in g th e d o ll -
. 6 . The d o lls a re -
h idin g in
th e gr ass .

EXE RC I S E IV

VOCA B U LA R Y
q u a, -
s e, F .
, w a ter . v id eo I s ee , .

m/
m
-
s e, P be rry tib i ? a d v e rb ze re I
m
. .
, ,

8 611a , e/za ir fidé

l l l b l
l
’
ae, p et
us , s
p y
a
-
.
a .

sé l
ea, ~
s e, F .
,
s a nda l
.
inq uit, l
ie (s l
ze
) s a id, re
p l
ie d ,

a s ked, e tc .

NOT E Th e
n ames o f pe rso n s are d e clin ed j ust as any o the r
.

“
no un s fo r e xa m pl e I dlia ( w h e nc e o u r J ulia ) fo llo ws th e dec l "
en

sio n o f m litm
,

u s ( th e n o m ina ti v e o f a bo y s nam
enu '
.
e ) is

d e c lined in a w ay so o n to be d e sc ribed .

I
RE A D NG L E S S ON

I . Tra n sl at e in t o E n glish :
A I M arc us e t I ti li a s im ia mvid e nt Co rb u lam
’

. .
2 . .

'
e t b ac as h ab é tis 3 I n ar e a b a c zis vid. e o 4 N a u
. t a . .

s o l e as i n c o rb u l a h a be t .

“ ” “
B I U bi s u nt p fi p ae ? in q u it I ti li a Pfip ae i n
’

. .

fi dam
.

” ”
h e rb i l a t e nt inq u it M arc u s ,2 Pi l a l us in q u it . .
,

“ ”
U bi es t p il a ? in q uit I fi l
M arc u s . ia Pi l a s ub m ens a .

”
e st, inq uit M arc us .

II T ra n sl a t e in t o L a ti n :
.

A I T h e m o nk e y i s a fr a id o f th e w at e r
. . 2 Th e - -
. .

san dals are o n th e ch air 3 T h e d o l l h a s s a nd a ls a n d a . .

ch ai r a nd a ta b l e 4 T h e m o n k e ys are h o ldin g gr a ss
. .
-
.

B I .
“
I Wh e r e are th e b e rri e s
.
? ”
s a id J uli a “ Th e . t
”
be rri e s are i n a b ask e t un d e r th e st a irs r e p li e d M a rc u s ,
.
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 25

As I t al y is a warmc o un try ,

th e R o m an s o ft en w e n t bare

fo o t ed w h e n in th ei r o w n h o m es.

S E L LA Fo r o u t do o r w ear th e y p re fe rred
s and al s o f w hi c h th e
“ H

h ai rs o f th e R o m
u p pe r

c o nsi st e d m
Th e c ans fo r
e rely o f a s t ra p o r
th e m o s t par t l ac k e d b o th b ac k
T h e so l ea e ab o v e S h o w n
an d ar m
tw o .

s Se at s o f h o no r as ,
w e re o f th e k ind use d in th e
in th e pi c tu re ab o v e w e re so m
.

a rm
e
,
y
ti m
.

es p ro v id ed w i t h a fo o t re st
-
.

Hi gh O ffi c i al s c o m mo nly o c e n
p i ed a so rt o f c a m p c-
h ai r th e

legs o f whic h were m

,

ad e o f

Ivo ry .
26 LA T I N PR I M E R

"
2 . Wh e r e a re th e s a il o r a nd th e m o nk e y h iding ?
a sk e d M arc u s
“ ”
I s ee th e s a il o r i n th e y a rd s aid J u li a
.
,
”
T h e m o n k e y i s u nd e r th e ch ai r .

E X E RC I S E V

VOCA B U LA R Y

e6, I lead s, I amt / i gea r t n ti mbr a -

ae, F sl
ta de

m pr
,
.

mly i g
,
. .

aced I lie I
l , , a n . cu , siti o n u s e d w it h
e po

m itti g
,

sedco, I s it, I a s n . th e ab l a tiv e c as e ( in ,

p y)
a n w it/z .

I
R EA D NG L E S O N
S
I . Tra nsl at e in t o E ngl
ish :

in se ll i c u mp apa s e de t
m
A2 I Fuc l
la I n c o rb u l
is
m
. .

s u n t ro sae e t b i e s e 3 H e rb a e t a q u a m v.id é us . .

. is i n m
4 U bi s e de t n au t a ? Na u t a s ub s c al é nsi s e de t .

B .
“
Pi l a l
fida m us c u mn au t a e t S imi a ,
”
inq u it M arc u s .

“ ”
U bi s u nt n a u ta ets im i a ? inq uit I fi l
ia In u mbra
mi md
.

” ”
iac e nt, in q u it M arc u s ; n a ut a si a oc e t .

II . T ra nsl at e int o L a tin

A I . Th e
s ail o r is ly in g u n d e r th e t a bl e ; I s e e ( his )
.
-

s a nd a ls 2 1 W e are sitti n g in th e sh a d e with th e girls

.
-
.

Let s
’
T h e Ch ai rs are i n th e y a rd with th e t a bl e s
3 4
m
. . .

p l a y b a ll i n th e y a rd ; o n th e str e e t I a a fr a id o f th e - -

sa il o rs .

B I
“Wh e r sk e d J ulia ?
” “W e a re in
e are o u a
. .
y .

” “ th e
th e w a t e r r e p li e d M a rc u s
, 2 Wh e r e are . . girls
? ”
h id in g s a id M arc u s “ T h e y are sittin g u nd e r -
th e t a bl e
.

”
with th e d o l ls a n sw e r e d J u li a ,
.
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 27

EXE RCI S E VI

THE S E C OND O R E -
C ONJ U G A T I ON

b abel
)

I ND I CA TI VE M OO D A CT IVE VOICE
PE R FE CT T E NS E

PE RS O N I I
S NG U L A R NU M B E R PLU RA L NU M B E R

I st p rs o n
e h ab ui h ab di m us

2 d p e rs o n h ab u is ti h ab u is tis
3d p e rs o n hab u i t h ab u é runt

I n fle c t in
s am e w ay th e p e rf e ct t e ns e o f doceo ( docui)
th e ,

iaceo ( iacui) l a t eb ( l atu i) s edc o ( s edi) t en co ( té nui) t im eo

m
, , , ,

( t im u i) vi deo (
, v idi) ; s o a l s o o f s u N o t e th a t in
sedi an d v idi th e r e is n o 11 b e fo re th e fin a l 1 .

th e p e rf e ct o f s edc o fo r e x am p l e p r o c e e ds : s edi
, , .

s edit e tc
, .

NOTE Th e p e rfec t is th e p ast te nse o f th e i ndi c ati v e

. o od m
m o st u s e d in La t i n I t h as two di s t i nc t e ani ngs Fo r ex a pl e,
. m . m
v idi m e ans e it h e r
“ “ ”
I saw o r I hav e seen ; fui, I was o r ”

I hav e be en e tc .

R EM AR K . S p ec i al a tte nti o n m t b gi v
us e e n v erbs dike sé di ; fo r,
i
s nc e th e p re se nt s edeo m eans a s n I m i tti g
as w e ll as I s it ,
”

i t is v e ry eas y to make th e m i st ake o f transl ati ng sedi by I was “

”
si tti ng T h e c o rrec t re nd e ri ngs o f sedi are i ndi c at ed ab o v e ,

n am
.

e ly I sat and I h av e sat

, I hav e be e n si tt i ng G iv e
al so th e
p p
ro e r t ra n s l a t i
o n s o f d ocu i ia cui l a t ui a n d t enu i B y
m
,

m
.
, ,

a n ap a re nt e x c e t i t th r l t i i b tly d r d
p p o n o e u e u a y ,
e c o rr e c re n e e
“
by I w as afraid
28 LA T I N P R I M E R

VO A B U L A R C Y
a ricol
g a, -
ao, M .
f , ar m er . n unc a dv e rb , ,

m
‘
Cl
audia. -
ae, F .
, a gi rl s n a m e . q uid ? w ind ?
fl
‘
9
(: -
ae, boa t, :kz .

R EA D NG LES S O N I
Tr a n sl at e int o E nglish

A I U bil
a tuis tis
U b i n u nc M arc u s Iate t ? 2 A gri ?

a e i n cy m b a c u m
. .

n a nt is fué ru nt 3 I n u mbra s é dim

.

co l us

m
. .

et p l
ue lés do c u i us .

B Q uid i n ar ea v idis ti ? inq u it M arc u s " “B a

. r . s . cé
” “
e t r o sas i n ar ea v id i inq u it C l a ud i a 2 U bi s u nt , . .

” " '
sim ia e ? inq uit a g ric o l a S ub s e ll is l a tu é ru n t inq u it
M arc u s ; n a uta mtim
.
,

“ ”
Q id i n l h b it
b
‘

e nt 3 u c o r u zi a u . .

” “
n aut a ? in q uit C l audi a Na ut a p iipi s in c o rb ul a h a .

"
b uit inq uit I fi l
,
ia .

II . T ra n sl at e i nt o La tin !

A . W e h av e be e n sittin g in th e y ard 2 Th e re w e re
I . . .

r o s e s and b e rri e s i n th e b a sk e ts 3 Wh a t w e re y o u afr a id . .

- -

of ? 4 I s aw f a rm e rs a nd s ail o rs in th e b o a t 5 T h e d o ll
. . .

la
y u nd e r th e t a bl e .

B 1 .
“ Wh e r e a mI n o w ? a sk e d M a rc u s
.
”
Y o u are .

”
u nd e r th e st a irs sa id J u l i a Y o u a re sitti ng o n a c h a ir
,
.
-

” “ ? ”
a sk e d th e
a n d h o ldin g a d o ll 2 Wh e r e w e r e y o u
. .

s a il o r “ ”
I w as in th e y a rd with C l au d i a r e p li e d M a rc u s .
. ,

”
L t s l y b l l s i d j li T h b ll is ly in g n d r
’

3 e a a a u a e a u e
p
-
.
. ,

”
th e ch ai r in th e gr as s .
 LA TI N PR I M E R 29

CY M B AR

I n th e i l lustrati o ns are sho w n two cy m é a e as repre sen t ed b y

anc i e nt a rti s t s
. I n th e firs t pi c t ure a passe nge r is s t e ppi ng o n
bo ard to be fe rri e d o v e r a ri ver and in th e o the r so m
, e so l di ers

are l o adi ng ca sk s i nto a bo a t.

3o LA T I N PR I M E R

E X E R C I S E VI I

C
VO A B U LA R Y

conch n, ~
ae, F .
, zel
:l l . c fir ? a dv e rb , w iry ?
h aré na, ae, ra nd, beat /r Inq uiu nt, M ay s a id, l
ied
p
re
-
.
,

qu ia c o nj u ncti o n
, , beca us e .

I
R E A D NG L ES S O N

I . T ra n sl a t e int o E n g li sh

A . I . Q uid i n h ar é na e st ? 2 Naut as n u n c agric o l

ae

m
.

ti e n t .
3 U bi fu é ru nt c o nch ae ? 4 Pue l
. a s im
l ia mdo .

c ui t .
5 . Cfi r s ub mé n sa l
atuistl?

B . I “Car
in u mbr a iac é s ? inq u it M arc us
.
" “Pil a
.

” “
lfidarn u s 2 Q u id in h aré n a v idé ru n t p ue l
. . l
ae ? "
in q u it
"
I fil
ia Pue l lae i n h aré na c o nc h as v idé ru n t inq u it M arc u s
m
, .

“U bi l i i ?
”
i i C l di “ l t i
3 a tu s t s n q u t a u a S u b é n sa a u .

mus in q uiunt p ue lla e q uia a gri c o las e t n autas tim é

.

" “

m
, ,

us .

II . Tra n sl at e La tin :

A . I . Wh
gi rls see i n th e w at e r ? 2 Th e
a t do th e .

s ail o rs h a v e b e e n lyin g i n th e b o a t a nd M a rc u s h as b e e n ,

o n th e b ea c h wi th th e m o nk e y 3 W hy do w e sit i n th e . .

sa n d ? I n th e y ard th e re are sh a d e and w at e r 4 W h a t . .

did th e s ail o rs h a v e in th e bo at ?
B I .
“ .
"
Wh e r e did y o u see th e b a ll ? a sk e d M a rc u s .

“
W e saw th e b a l l o n th e b e a ch ”
r e p li e d th e girls , .

2 .
“ Wh y h a v e y o u b ee n sittin g in th e y a rd ? "
s a id th e .
a
“
f arm e r I s at i n th e y a rd b e c a u s e i n th e s h a d e th e r e are
.
,

” “
c h airs a n sw e r e d M a rc u s 3 Wh a t a re th e d o lls n o w . .
,
”
h o ldin g ? a sk e d C l au di a T h e y h a v e b e rri e s a n d s he l l
. s ,

s ai d J u l i a .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 3r

EXE RC I S E VIII
VOCA BU LA R Y
c av ea ,
-
ae, F .
, e dg e . itaq ue, c o nj u ncti o n a nd s o , .

c dnae -
ar um s ed c o nj u n c ti o n bu t

t é rr eo I f n jg/ztm I a m
.
, ,

gi rl s n am
, ,

' '
MM cé l
la , ae , F -
.
,
a e .
, f g
rz
r /zt ,

w ing , e tc .

I
K E A D NG LES S ON

I . Tran s l at e int o E ngli s h :

I In n u nc in b ar en ai
b ac as v idim us ; sed
‘

A are a
Cfi r n a uta mte rr uis tis ? 3 I ta q u e in
.

is v idé m
.

c o nc h i us 2 . . .

fi i
c n s p p e u a iac e n t 4 Q u id in cymb a h a b e n t a g ri.c o l
a e ? .

B I .Cur s im ia mte n é tis

. in q u it M ar c u s S im ia m .

te n é m
” ”
l
in q u iu n t p u e l q u i a p fi p zis t e rre t U bi
‘

us ae
,
2 , . .

" “ ”
e s t c av e a ? in q u it I fi lia C av ea in h aré ni f u it in q u it .
,

”
Cl a udi a ; s e d n u n c in ar e a es t 3 Q uid vid e t I filia . .

”
in q u it M arc e ll a I filia n a u tzis e t agric o l as vid e t in q u it
‘

Cav e a mh a be n t ia c av e a mtim e t
.
,

S im
”
M arc u s . . .

II Tr a nsl at e int o L a tin :

.

A I Wh at do yo u s e e in th e s h ad e ? 2 B ut th e d o ll
. . .

n o w h a s s a nd a l s a n d a c r a dl e 3 Wh e r e a r e th e b as k e t s . .

4 .T h e m o nk e ys a re in th e c a g e be c a u s e th e y fright e n e d ,

th e girl s .

B I “.
"
Wh e re h av e th e s ail o r s b e e n s itting ? ask e d
.

M a rc us “ ”
Th e y saw b e rri e s in th e y a rd r e p li e d th e
.
,

g rl s an d s o th e y h av e be e n s itting in th e gr as s with th e
i
,

" "
f a rm e r 2 Why is th e m o n k e y hiding in th e w a t e r ?
. .

sa id M a rc e ll a “ T h e m o n k e y w a s u nd e r th e cr a dl e s
”
.
,

re p li e d M a rc u s ; a nd s o h e is n o w in th e w at e r b e c aus e ,
"
h e is a fra idc f j u li a
-
.
32 I
L A T N P R IM E R

EXE R C IS E IX

T HE S E C ON D OR O—D E C L E NS I ON

h é rtus , M r de n
.
, g a

CAS E I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L

No m in a tive h ortu s h ort i

G e nitiv e h ort i h o rté ru m
D a tiv e h ort o h ortis
A cc u s a tiv e h ort um h ortos
A bl ati v e h é rto h ortis

C
VO A B U LA R Y
i
’

é q uus , i, -
M .
, h o rs e .
Qu n t u s i M ,
-

, .
, a bo y s n am e .

M arcus , i, h o y s n a me ca uda ae F ta il
’
-
M .
,
a .
,
-

,
.
,
.

RULE Th e g en itiv e is th e ea s e of th e p e rs o n o r th ing to

m
.

w h ich so m e th ing be l
o n s ; f o r ex a
g p le ,
M arc i cymb a , M a rc u s
’

boa t; p uel
lae s th e g ir ls h o rs e ; e tc
e uuq ,
’
.

I n this u s e th e g e nitiv e c o rr e s p o n ds to th e Po ss e ssiv e

C a s e in E ngli s h .

R E M AR K . In a it is no t alway s po ss ibl e i nsta ntl y

Lati n t
s en e n c e

to re c o gn i z e a ge n i t i v e si nc e so m e ti m es o th e r c as e s are li k e i t in
,

fo rm Th us eq ui ( so far as fo rmis c o n c e rned ) m

. ight b e e i t h e r
n i t i v e s i ngul a r o r n o m i n a ti v e
p l u ra l a n d na u ta e m i ht be e
g e g
g e n i t i v e o r d a ti v e s i ng u l ar o r n o m i n a ti v e p l u ra l W h e n .

fo rm s are u s e d w e h a v e to d e p e n d o n th e o t h e r wo rd s o f
,

La ti n s e nt e n c e to m ak e c l e ar w hi c h c as e is m eant .

I L E S S ON R E A D NG

1 Tr a n sl a t e i nt o E nglish :
.

A . I M arc i sim
. i a n u nc i n c av e a e st 2 S e d in . .
p
a r m c fi n is s u nt c o nch a e e t h ar é n a Cfi q i i n h
p u
3 r e u . .

ia c e n t ? 4 I ta q u e e q u i c a nd a m simi a t e n u it
.
.
 I
LAT N PR M E R I 33

HO R TUS

Ri c h R o m ans too k m uc h p rid e in w ell kept p l easu re gard e n s

-
.

I n th es e th ere we re l e v e l w alks w i th fo un tai ns h ere and th ere

‘

we re c are fully c ul tivat ed and th e t ree s and shr ubs w ere

,

o rnam e nt al s h ap e s . T h e p i c ture abo v e sh o w n was

p ai n t e d o n a w a ll in th e ru i n s o f Po m p e ii Th ere w e re o f

m
.
,

p l e n ty o f v e ge ta b l e g ar de n s a l so in I ta ly b u t p a i nt e rs s e e

h av e taken li ttl e i nt erest in th em Th e lo wer pi c t ure is fro m

,

Herc ul
aneu m .

H O RTUS

L AT I N P R I M P R 9
34 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

B . I .
“Q u id
vid e t Q uinti e q uu s inq u it M arc u s ? ”
.

E q u u s b e rh a m e t aq u a m vid e t in q uit M arc e l l a 2 Cur , . .

a g ric o la e e q uos t e n e n t ?
”
in q u iun t p ue ll “
ae E q ué s te .

n e nt inq uit Q u int us q ui a i n v ia n a u ta e c u ms im

”
,
“
iis fu é
E q u i na u tziru m si mi as tim
,

”
r u nt U bi
‘

. u é ru n t 3
I n p fi paru mse llis s é dim
. .

s é dis tis ?
”
inq uit M arc u s “ ”
. us ,

in q uiu n t p ue l
lae .

II Tr an sl at e i nt o La tin :
.

'
A . I A nd s o th e d o ll s tab l e a nd ch airs w e re u nd e r
.

th e st ai rs Th e r e is n o w a b a sk e t i n th e d o ll s cr a dl e ’
2 . . .

W hy did th y f righ t n h e f a rm e r s h o rs e s ?
’

3. e e t 4 Wh a t
did th e s a il o r s m o n k e y se e ?
5 Th e g irls h id i n th e y a rd
’
.

a n d g a rd e n .

B . I “ L e t s p l ay b al l with M a rc us m o n k e y
.
’ "
s aid ’

M a rc e ll a “ Wh e r e i s th e b a l l ? ”
M a rc u s b al l w as o n
’
.

” “
th e d o ll s c h ai r an sw e r e d C l a u di a ; n o w i t is u nd e r th e
’

t abl e ” “ W hy did Q u i nt u s sit in th e sa i l o rs b o a t ? ” ’

.2 .

a sk e d J u li a
“ Q u i nt u s s at i n th e b o at b e c a u s e th e r e h av e
.
,

”
b e e n h o rs e s o n th e b e a ch s a id Cl a udi a ; b ut M arc us an d
,

”
th e gir ls s at in th e g ard e n i n th e s h a d e .

EXE RC I S E X

T HE S E C O ND OR O—D E C LE NS I ON ( co n tinued)

p fier, M .
, boy ag er ,
M .
, field
CA S E I
S NGU LA R PL U R A I . I
S NGULA R FLU R A I .

No mi n a tiv e p ue r p ue ri ag e r agri
G e niti v e p ue ri p u e r ru6 m agri ag r ru é m
D a tiv e p ue r o p ue ris agro agris
A cc u s a tiv e p ue ru m p tI e
'
ros ag ru m agr os
A b l a tiv e p ue r o p ue ris agro a g ris
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 35

VOCA B U LA R Y
cucfirri, I ra n , I ha v e ru n . v en i ,
I ca mI e, hav e co m
e .

6, ex , r
p pe o s iti o n u s e d with , in, r
p p e o s iti o n ,
us e d with
th e abl a tiv e c a s e ( o u t) th e ac c us a tiv e c as e , in to .

m
,

f ro , o ut o f .
o

R EMAR K A v e rbs fro mw hic h c o m

. Th e e th e p e rfec ts cu curri

and v eni do no t be l o ng to th e sec o nd c o nj ug at i o n b ut th e ih

fle c tio n o f th e p e rfec t t e nse o f al lc o nj uga t io ns is i de nt ic al W it h .

h ah ni th e re fo re as a m
, o d e l infl ec t th e p e rfe c t s cucurri a nd v é ni
, , .

R EM A R K 2 B o th fo rm s o f th e p re p o s i t i o n 6 ex h av e th e sa m
. e

meani ng T h e sec o nd fo rmis to be used w hen th e fo ll o wi ng

,

ab l at i v e be gi ns with a v o w e l o r h .

R EM AR K 3 Co ntras t th e m e an i ng o f in and th e ab l a t i v e w i t h
.

that o f in and th e ac c usat i v e Th e fo rm e r i nd ica t e s Pl ac e W h e re

.
,

th e l att e r Pl ac e i n t o Wh ic h T ra nsl at e th e fo l l o w i ng p h rases : in

cy m bi s ub cy m ba e c y m ba in cym b am
.

.
, , ,

R E A D NG I LES S ON

I Tra n s l ate int o E ngli s h :

.

A I E x are a c uc urrim .us 2 Pue r in a gric o l ae h o r

tumv enit m
. . .

3 C ur c u c u rr is ti é v ia in a rea ?
4 I ta q ue
simi a c u mI iiliae p ap a in c av e a mc uc urrit
. . .

ae in n a u taru m c y m
”
B I Pue ll b is s e d e nt in q u it ,

fi dam
. .

M ar c us ; c u mp ue r is p il a l
“ “
” ”
us U b i s un t p u e ri ? .

“
Pue ri e x h o rt o in ar c a mc u c u rré ru nt
”
inq uit Q uint us .
,

inq u it M arc u s ; n u n c in u m
“ ”
br a l a t e nt 2 Cur n a u ta e . .

e q uu s e x a gro in h o rtutn c uc u rrit inq u iu n t p u e l l

ae

s e d n auta é c m
.

S imi a e q uu mte r ru it in q u it M arc u s

” '

, y b i
z
”
v enit e t e q uus n u nc in ar e a simi a in c av e a e s t
, , .

I I Tr an s l ate int o L a tin :

.

A I A nd s o y o u ran fro m
. . th e w at e r int o th e y a rd
a nd hid u nd e r th e d o ll s t a bl e Why did th e y c o m e
’
. 2 .
 36 LA T I N PR I M E R
C

fro m th e y ard in t o th e f a rm e r s fi e lds ? 3 Wh a t i s ’

C l a u d ia s d o ll h o ldin g ? 4 Wh e r e is M a rc us b a ll ? Why .
’

w as it u nd e r th e ch a ir ?
“
B . I Wh e r e did y o u s e e th e f arm e rs h o rs e s
.
a sk e d
’

“ ”
Q ui nt u s . T h e y w e re i n th e g a rd e n r e p l i e d th e girls , ,

“ ” “
b ut no w th ey h a v e ru n int o th e w a t e r 2 Why did . .

' ” “
th e girl s m o nk e y r u n fr o m th e b o at ? sa id M a rc e ll a It .

h a s run fr o m th e bo a t
"
r e p li e d M a rc u s “ be c a u se th e
, ,
”
f a rm e rs c a m e and s at i n th e sa n d .

E X E RC I S E XI

T HE S E C O ND O R O—D E C LE NS I ON ( con ti nued )

mel m u , N.
, pp
a l
e

I
S NG U LA R

No min a ti ve m al um m al a
G e nitiv e mall malo umr

D a tiv e ml ao mall s

A cc u s ativ e m al u m m ala
A b l a ti v e m al o m al is
R EM A RK . The ac c usa ti v e o f n eu e rt w o rd s is always th e sa me as
no m
th e i nat i v e No t e ho w th is fac t is ill ustrate d by th e singul ar
um
.

and p l ura l o f mi l .

Gen der . nd d ec l e n si o n is m ad e u p al m
Th e sec o o s t wh o lly o f

m asc ulin e and n e ut er n o un s R egular m as c u li n es e nd in na o r -

e r and th e n eut e rs e nd in m m T h e few fe minines be l o nging to

.

this d ec le nsi o n hav e th e te rminati o n a s

C
VO A B U LA R Y
tabern ACul
u mi,
-

, N .
,
ten t. ii, I w en t, I h a v e g one .

ta be rn a , ae, F -
.
, s to re, s h o p . m is i, I s ent 1 h a v e s ent
, .
 I
L A T N PR M E R I 3;

T A BE R NA

Ro mna sh o p s w ere o fte n hard ly m o re t h an b oo t h s . B ut m any

d wel l i ng h o use s w e re so bui lt th a t th e gro und flo o r o n th e s t re e t

s ide c o uld b e l e t o u t to t rad e s m en . E ac h s uc h s t o re c o nsi s t e d
us ual ly o f a s i ng l e roo msh u t o ff c o m l e t e ly fro mth e re s t o f th e
p
bui l di ng th e m
, e rc h a n t d o i ng h is b us ine ss th e re d uri ng th e da y ,

bu t h av i ng h is re sid e nc e e l se w h e re . A t ni gh t th e sh o ps w e re
c l o se d b y putt i ng u p w oo d e n s h utt ers in fro n t .
38 LA T I N PR I M E R

R E MAR K . Th e pe rfect ii is a sho rt er fo r mf or Iv i

. G e n e rall y
th e ingular a nd pl uralo f th e se c o nd r n further sho rt e n ed
s
p e s o are

to is ti and iotis .

I
R EAD NG L E SS ON

1 . Tr an sl at e in t o E ng l
ish :

A I I taq ue a gric o l
a p ue ros cu m e q uis in a gros
in tabe rna m is tis ?
. .

misit CtI r Cur i n s e llis se dé tis ?

’

h o rt o i n ar c a m m
. .

3. P u e ll
as ex is is ti .
4 . Cur p ue r p up as
t e n u it ?
“Q ”
B I u id i n tabe rnac u l
Q uint u s
o v idis tis ? inq uit
Ptipar u mc finas e t si mia e c av e a mi n ta be rn ac u l
. . .

”
o vi di m us
‘

Car p ue rié c y m
,

“ ”
inq u iu n t p ue ri 2 .b a i n h o rtu m ié ru nt ?
.

inq u it M arc u s “ Fue ro s in h o rt u m m isi

.
”
inq u it n auta ; ,

“n nc m al a in c rb l h a ”
l
”
u o u a be nt 3 U bi l
a tu it I u i a ?
I tili a in tabe rnac u lumc uc urrit inq uiu nt
. .

”
inq u it M arc us .
,

”
p ue lla e ; se d n u n c in u
p p a e c un is l
a t e t .

II . Tra nsl at e in t o L ati n :

A I Th e
f a rm e r w e nt fr o m th e t e n t a nd s e n t th e b o ys
.

I n th e f a rm
.
,

in to th e sa il o rs b o at 2
’
e r s g ard e n a re
. .
’

be rri e s an d r o se s ; o n th e bea ch th e re are sh e l ls 3 A n d . .

s o th e f a rm e rs h o rse s c a m e fr o m th e fi e ld and ra n i nt o th e
’

g a rd e n .

B I .
“
Wh e r e are th e m o nk e ys ? a sk e d J ul i a
.
”
.
“T h e
”
m o n k e ys w e n t with th e b o ys in t o th e te n t re p l i e d M a rc u s ; ,

“b ut n o w t h e y ar
e o n th e str e e t 2
“ Why did y o u c o m e .

” “
fro m th e sh a d e in t o th e r o ad ? s a id C l au di a I ca m e
i nt o th e r o a d be c au s e I ama fra i d of th e f a rm e r s h o rs e
.

” ’

“ ” “
a n sw e r e d M a rc e ll a B u t said Q u i n t u s th e f a rm e r h as
.
, ,

c o m e fr o m th e st o re wi th th e bo ys an d s e nt th e h o rse i nt o
"
th e fie ld s .
 I
LA T N PR I M E R 39

EXE RC IS E XI I
C
VO A B U LA R Y
udus , I,
l -
M .
, sch oo l . ad, r
p pe o s iti o n , s d with
u e

liber bri M bo o h
,
~
,
.
, . th e a c c u sa tiv e c as e , to .

m agist er tri M tea ch er ,

~
,
.
, . d ux i ,
I bro ug h t, I ha v e
s ubs el l i um i N benc h ,
~
, .
, . bro ug h t ; I l
e d, I h a v e l
ed .

turn a dv e rb then
, , .
po e i n s dedi, I w a s p u n is h ed,

I h a v e bee n p u n is h ed .

R E M AR K 1 . Co nt ras t th e m niea ng o f in a nd th e ti v e
ac c usa

wi th th at o f ad and th e ac c usa ti v e th e fo rm er , i ndi c at i ng Pl ac e

in to W h i c h th e l a tt e r Pl ac e to W h i c h
,
.

R E MA R K 2 T h e ph rase poenas dedi m e ans l i t eral ly

. I p aid
th e p e nalty
” “
h e nc e I was puni shed ”
T h e p erfec t dedi is to
be c o nj ugat ed as any o th e r p e rfe c t po enas re m
.
,

ai ni ng u nc ha nged 1 ,

e g poeni s dedi p oenas dedis ti po enas dedit e tc

. .
, , , .

RE A D NG I L E S S ON

I . Tr ansl at e int o E nglish :

A I gris in ltI du m ié runt

Pu e ri l l
’

. . et p u e ae ex a .

2 I ta q u e n u n c in
. s e d e nt 3 M a gist e r é ta s u b se l
liis . .

b e rn a v enit ; b ac as e t mal a i n c o rb u lis h ab e t 4 I fi l

ia e . .

libri in tab e rn ac u lo s u nt .

B I “
Cl a udi a M arc u s “ gric l
. . U bi e st in q u it A o a

M arc u min tab ern amm

.

”
in q u it I til “ Q id in
is it ia 2 ,
. . u
”
l
tI do v idis ti ? in q u it M arc e ll a M arc u s e t Q u int u s si
’

mi a min lfidu mdfix é ru nt inq u it I filia S imi a s ub s ub s el

.

”
‘

m m m
.
,

"
liis la tu it e t a gis tr u te rru it T u p u e ri p o e n as de d é ru n t .

m
.

3
“Cur
. in ta b e r n ac u lu c u c u r ris tis ? c r s ub é n s ei l a t e m ‘

tis ? ”
inq u it Q uint us “
L a té us
”
in q uiu n t pu e l l
ae
“ qu i a m
in are a e q uu mv idi mus
.
, ,

"
.
4o LA T I N PR I M E R

I UE R PO E NXS D E B I T
’

In this ill ustrati o n schoo l se e m s to be in se ssi o n in an o p en

c o l o nnad e as w as th e c us t o m a m o ng th e G re e ks Thre e bo y s
.

may be se en sitting o n sello e h o lding spre ad o ut upo n th eir laps

,

ro lls o f m an usc ri pt fro m w hich t h e y a re s tud ying The ir l ess .

fo rtu na te c o mpa ni o n in fro nt is be ing se v e rely whi ppe d .

S UBS E L LI U M

A ny e b n c h u p o n l egs a n d w ith o u t a b ac k w as c a ll ed s u b selliu

. m
T h e p ar t i c u l ar b e n c h s h o wn a bo v e w as fo u nd in th e p u b li c bath

f P m ii N t e t h e o rn am e nta l ca r v in g s u
p o n t h e l e gs
o o p e o .
.
 LA T N PR M E R I I 4 x

II Tr a nsl a t e int o L a tin :

.

'
A . I M arc us b o o k s lie o n th e b e nch
. 2 A nd s o . .

th e t e ach e r th e n br o u ght th e b o ys a n d girl s fr o m th e

ga rd e n int o th e stree t 3 Y o u w e re p u ni s h e d at sch o o l
. . .

4 Wh t did y h v e i n t e b as k e t
h
. a o u a ?

B .I “ T h e s a il o r s m o n k e y hid in th e gra ss an d fright

.
’

” “
e n e d th e t e ac h e r s h o r s e s a id th e girl s Th e n h e w as
’

, .

ni s h ed
”
2
“ L e t l y b a ll i n th sch l’”
id
p u . s p a. e o o sa ,

M a rc u s “ ”
Wh e re is th e t e a c h e r ? a s k e d Q uint us “
. Th e .

”
t e ach e r is in th e y a rd answ e re d M arc us “He l ,e d th e .

h o rse to w a t e r s a id Cl au di a ; th e n h e c am
”
,
“
e int o th e
"
y a rd with ( h is ) b o o k s an d is n o w lying o n th e b e nch , .

E XE R C I S E XI
T HE VOC A T VE I C
In dditi o n to th e fiv e c a s e s a 1 o rds o f N“
y
‘
‘
a

th e s e c o nd d e c l e n s i o n e nding i n us h a v e a l s o a s p e c ia l :
UK l -

v o c a ti v e s ing ul a r e g M arce Qu int e e tc E v e rywh e r e 9 h; , ,

.

e n s I o n s th e n o m
.
,

e l se in a l
, lde c l in ative is m ad e to do se rv
,

ic e as a v o c ativ e .

M O D E L S E NT E NC ES

Ub i s u nt l
ibri, M arce W h e re a re th e b o o k s M arc u s ?
,

Quid h abé s , I fil
ia Wh a t h av e y o u, J li
u a ?

Curé cy mb a puellae , , cuc urr is tis ? Why did y o u ru n

fro m th e b o at girls ? ,

R ULE . Th e v oca tiv e ca s e is u s ed in a ddress in

g a p ers o n

by na m e or titl
e .

R E MA R K . In t an E ngl i sh
th e v o c at i v e o ft en s tand s s en e nc e

fi rs t but in La t in I t se l do mh as th is po si ti o n In a sh o rt se nt e nc e
,
. .

i t is apt to stand l as t .
42 LA T IN PR I M E R

C
VO A B U LA R Y
s t i lus, I -
, M .
, p en . capsa ,
-
ae, P .
, s ch o o lbag .

terg u m , -
I, N ba ch tab ul
a -
a e, ta bl
et

m
.
,
.
, .

u eru s , -
l
,
M .
, sh ou l
der . v éx i, I ca rr ied, I h a o e ca rr ied .

R EM A R K Th e v erb of which v ex ! is th e pe rfe c t is seld o m

m
.

app l
i ed to e n. It is c o mmo nly use d o f ca rrying by h o rs es ,

s hips , e tc .

I
REA D NG LES S O N

ITr a n sl at e i n t o E n g l
. i sh :
A I Q uid i n c a p s a h ab é s Q uint e ?
. . 2 I n c ap sa , .

libros e t ta b u l as h abeo 3 U bi e s t simi a C l a u d ia ? . .

,

4 .S im i a in n a u ta e u m e r o s e de t m a l u m h a b e t 5 Q u id . .

i n h aré na v idis tis p ue l lae ? 6 Co rb u l as e t c o nch as v id i

m
.
,

us .

B I Car i n a q ua m c uc u rr it e q uu s inq u iunt p ue l

lae

mq
. . .

"
In ~
aq ua e s
q u i a si mi a i n
uu c uc u r rit, inq u it M arc u s ,
”
t e rg o e s t 2 U bi f uit Q uinti e q uu s Cl a u di a
. . inq uit ,

“
E q uu s m a gis tru m ad l fi du mv é xit
”
M arc e ll a . inq u it
T u mv en it a gri c o l a e t e q u u min a gr os dfixit
,

C l a ud i a “ ”

“ ur c u mt a b u l a e t stil o Q uint e s u b m
. .
,

"
C di ?
‘

3 é n s i
z s é s ti
a me t Cl a udia mterru i
.
, ,

"
inq uit M arc u s l
M arc e l . inq uit ,

“
Q uin t u s ; itaq ue p o e nas d e d i ”
.

II Tr a nsl a t e int o L a tin :

.

A I W h at is u n d e r th e be n ch M arc u s ?
. . 2 Wh e r e ,
.

are th e b o ys Q u i nt u s ? L e t s p l ay b a ll in th e s h a d e
,
’
.

3 . Wh a t do y o u s e e i n th e gr a ss n o w b o ys ? 4 W e ,
.

br o u gh t a d o ll to sch o o l ; a n d so w e h av e b e e n p u n ish e d .

5 . W hy did y o u r u n o u t o f sch o o l Q u i n t u s ? ,

“ “
T h e sch oo l ba g is in th e t e nt
”
B x . . s a id J ul i a It , .

li e s w ith th e b o o ks i n th e d o ll s cr a dl e ”
2
“ W h a t do ’
. .

” “
o u s e e C l a u di a ? a s k e d M a rc e ll a I s e e th e b o s in
y ,
y
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 43

CA I S A
’

I
S T LUS ET
Th e ca ps a was , t i tly
s r c ,

.
ULAE
a bo x ra th er th an a b ag
mm l y md
.

Tablets w ere c o on a e by I t w as c irc ular in fo rmand ,

p u t ti ng a l ay e r o f w ax u p o n s tri p s h a d a c o v e r R
. o ll s o f
o f w oo d . U p o n suc h tab l e t s sc h o o l manusc ri p t ( libri) s tanding
child ren trac e d l e tt ers w i t h a s til us o n e nd fitt e d v e ry n i c el y

whi c h was a p i ec e o f m i nto suc h a bo x So m

,

e t al sh ap ed . e

so m e w h at li ke a p e nc i l. Th e w rit tim e s a sl av e w as s e nt al o ng

ing end o f th e s til u s w as v e ry s h arp to c arry a bo y s c apsa to

’

wh i l e th e o t h er was o ft en fl at te ned sc h o o l fo r h im Th e abo ve

,

i ll ustrat i o n is so m
'
s o th a t i t c o u ld b e u se d to e ras e e wh a t s tifl
marks mad e in th e wax . and fo rm al in its s tyl e .
44 LA T I N PR I M E R

” “
th e fi e lds r e p li e d C la u di a
, Th e y h av e c o m e fr o m .

sch o o l a nd a re n o w o n th e h o rs e s b a ck ” “ I s n t ’

, 3 e . .

”
Q ui nt us to th e st o r e s a id th e f a rm e r W e s aw M a rc u s , .

”
i n th e sto r e s a id th e b o ys ; b ut Q u i ntu s h a s g o n e in t o
,
"
th e sa il
’
o rs b o a t .

E XE RC I S E XIV
AD J ECT IVE S O F T HE FI R S T A ND S E C OND D E C LE NS I ONS
0

bo n us ,
o
n, u
~ mg ,
o od

S INGULA R Pw RAL

m
F Newt
m bo num
. .

No bo n us bo ne bo a! bo nae bo na
m mm
.

G en .
w ui bo nae bo ni bo nbru bo na bo noru m
D at Bo nb bo nae bo nd bo nie bo nis bo nla
m bo num bo nam bo num
.

A . bo nds bo nla bo ne
A bl . bo nd bo ni bo nd bo nie bo nis bo nis
R E M AR K No t e
tha t th e masc ulin e o f t j ec tive is d e c lin e d
inin e like men u a nd th e n e u t e r li k e m
.

li ke h ortu s th e fe m , il um

Th e fo rms s h o uld no w be m
,

em o ri z ed fro ml e ft to righ t
.

th us :
( m) bonus bone bonum ; ( Ge n ) bonl bo nae bonI etc
,

N o .
, , , , , .

al us ,
b -
a, -
u mw h it e mg a n us, -
a, o
u mbig l
a rg e ,

mi d w
.
, , ,

defessu s, .
a, u «
t re ea ry e tc

ml g
. , . .

l
o ngus , ~
a, -
u , on .

e tc .

R UL E . An fl
( re ec t v e i h a s th e sa m e
g e n de r , ca s e, a nd

nu mb er as th e no u n to w h ic h it bel
o ng s ; e g
. .
, pu el
la e p ar

v ae, pu ell
ds bo nas , etc .

R EM AR K It sh o uld be r em e m
. ber ed th at a fe w no uns o f ib t
firs t d ecl e nsi o n are m ascu lin e W i t h t h ese o f c o urse th e masc u

lin e fo rm s o f th e adj ecti v e must be us e d e g nautae m

. , ,

agn i nau .
.
, ,

ti s bonds , e tc .
 LA T N PR M E R I I 45

M O D EL S E NT E NCES

M drcus v s M a rc u s is s m all M
es t p ar u , . . w l
il
Quin t us es t agricola Q u int u s is a f a rm e r , .

R ULE .
fIVith or mf
s o th e v erb su m,
a n a d ectiv e re e rr in
j g f
to th e s ub
j e c t of th e v e r b is l
ca led a P redica te A dj ec tiv e
m th i g
,

a nd a no u n ref e r r ing to th e sa e n as th e s ubj ec t i s

ca l
led a P redica te No u n . P r edica te A dj ectiv es a nd No u ns
s ta nd in th e sa m e ca s e a s th e s u b ec t o
j f th e v erb .

R E A D NG LES S ON I
I . Tr ansl at e int o E ng l
is h :
A I M arci e q uu s a lb us e s t ;
. b et c au da ml o n ga mh a

Cfir a d ta b e rn a mié ru n t a gric o l

. .

2 a e d ef e ss i ? 3 I n a gri
aru mdé fe s s oru mc o rb u l
. .

col is f u é run t m al a m a gn a e t b ac a c
a lb ae 4 Q u
. id in c a.
p s a h ab e n t p u e l
la e p a rv ae Cl a u di a ? ,

Cur n a u tae s im ia mm ag n a min c av e a mm

B I .
“ . is is ti ,

” “
I fil ia ? in q uit M arc u s S imi a p fipas p a rv as i n a q ua m
.

tump o e n i s d e dit
v é xit
”
inq u it I tili a ; “ ’

2
“
U bi e st .

Ca p sam
,

” “
Cl a u diae c a ps a M arc e ? in q u it M arc e ll a
,
.

”
Q uint us in are a vidit inq u it M ar c us ; se d t ab ul ae e t s ti
,

lu s in s ub s e l liis ia c e n t
” “ bi n nc Cl di
3 U u e s t a u a

a u diam
. .
,
'
Q uint e in q uit I fi l ia M a gist e r b o n u s Cl. é ltidé
”
in h o rt um duxit inq u it Q uint us , .

II Tr a nsl at e int o La tin :

.

A I Wh a t is o n th e whit e m o nk e y s sh o u ld e r J u li a ?
’
. .
,

2. Why do th e girl s t e a ch th e d o ll s ? 3 Wh at did th e .

big s il r h o rs e c a rry o n ( his ) b ack M arc us

a o s
’
?
4 A n d , .

so w e s e nt Q uint u s to sch o o l with a b o o k a nd a sm a l l ta bl e t .

B I “. T h e girl s h av e g o n e to s c h bo l Q u int u s
.
”
s a id , ,

M a rc u s ; l e t s p l ay b a l l in th e d o ll s g a rd e n
’ ”
2
“Why ’
. .

did y o u bring th e f a r m e r s h o r s e s fr o m th e fi e lds int o th e

’
46 LA T I N P R I M E R

“
stre e t Q uint u s , a sk e d J ul i a ; th e y a re no w fri gh t e n ing
”
th e l ittl e bo ys a n d girls
"
Q u int u s is a g o o d bo y r e p li e d .
,
“
C l a ud i a He ra n a nd bro u ght th e h o rse s i nt o th e str e e t
.
,

b e c a us e w e s a w big m o n k e ys i n th e fi e lds H o rs e s a re .

"
a fr a id o f m o n k e y s .

E X E RC I S E XV

THE S E C OND O R E —C ONJ U G A T I ON

h abeo

I ND I CA T I VE M oo n A CT IV E Vo rc a

FUT UR E T E NS E

I
S NG U L A R PLU RA L

I st pe so r n h abé bo abé bim us

2d pe rs o n h a bé bis a bé bitis
3d rs n h a bEbit ' '
ha bé bunt
pe o I v

C o nj u g a te i n th e s a m e w ay th e f ut u re t e nse of doceo,
l
aced l a teo s edet
, ) te n co t e rreo , , , , tim ed Vid eo
, .

C
VO A B U LAR Y
m alus a umba d e tc ié ci, I th rew , I ha v e th ro w n
m
- -
.
, , , ,

fili a ae F da ug h te r
-
e dv e rb to m
s, a o rro w -

namc o nj un c tio n f ar
. .
, , .
, ,

filiu s fill M s o n boy

, ,
.
, , .
, , .

fregi I brah e I h a v e broh en

, , .

R EM A R K light irregu larity in th e genitiv elsingul

. No te th e ar
s

o f fflius T h e o th e r cas e s o f thi s n o un p roc e ed regul arly ( filio ,

ium
.

fil e x c e p ting th e v o c a ti v e singu l

ar whi c h al so h as ,

i com mo nl y appears in th e c o mbinati o n

,

fil i T h e v o c a ti v e fil
m
.

i fil
i my ,
so n,
”
my b oy .
"
 I
LA T N PR M E R I
I REA D NG LES S ON

I. Tra nsl at e int o E ngli s h :

A . I I taq ue n a u t a m
. a l u s M arc e l lae c a p samin a q ua m

ié c t
i 2 Q u id t u rn in a r e a v idi s tis ? Q u id n u nc in h o rt o
m
. .

v idé tis ? 3 U b i i f i
.l i c r as s e dé b is ? 4 I n e q u i t e rgo
, , .

s e dé bo 5 C d r a g co l
r i ae f ili i m ag ni Q uint e n a u ta m
b o n um e cymb a in h aré n amié c é run t ?
. .
, ,

B . I “ Q u id i n v ia c ras v idé b imus M arc e ? inq uiu nt

.
”
,

u ll E uos a lb os e t s im i a rv a c a in ia vid e
p e ae q. s p a s r s v
” “
bitis inq u it M ar c u s 2 Cl audi a é tab e rnac ulo in h o r
tu mc u mQ uint é c u c urr it
. .
,
” ”
in q uit I fi l ia ; u b i n u n c e s t ?
“ I n h rb a tu ml
,

”
in q u it M ar c e ll a “
e a tuit , S e d n u nc in .

p pu a r u m c u n is d e f e s s a ia c e t ; n a m Cl a u di a p a rv a e s t
” “
p u e lla .
3 U b i e s t .
p il a ? in q u it M a r c u s A g ric o la e .

f il ”
i us p u e r e st m a l us in q u it Q uin t u s ; p il a m in t ab e r “

umié c it e t p fi p a m fr egit S e d tumv enit a gric o l a

,

nac ul .
,
”
e t f il i u s m a l us p o e n as d e dit .

I I Tr ansl ate int o L a ti n :

.

A I T h e f a rm e r s d a u ght e r s e nt M a rc u s to th e st o r e ;
’
. .

an d s o w e h a v e a p p l e s a n d b e rri e s 2 Cl a udi a an d M a r . .

ce ll a are g o o d d au ght e r s fo r th e y h av e c o m e int o th e y a rd

with tabl e t s and p e n s 3 Why d o e s th e m

. . o n k e y sit o n

th e sh o u ld e r o f th e littl e b o y my so n ? 4 Cl a udi a h a s
,
.

thr o wn M arc u s p e n int o th e sa il o r s b ask e t

’ ’
.

B “ T h e t e ach e r will h av e l o ng b e nch e s in th e

. I .

“
s ch oo l
”
re m ar k e d Q uint us
,
W e s h a ll hid e u nd e r th e
.

”
b e nch es and fright e n th e girls s a id M a rc us 2 , The . .

”
s a ilo r s b ad b o y br o k e a b e nch at sch o o l s a id Cl au di a
’
, .

“To m o rr w h e will h id e fo r th e t e ach e r will th e n s ee

o ;
-

th e b e nch
” “ Why do y o u fright e n th e ti re d m o nk ey s
3
I a mfright e ning th e m
. .
,

Q uint us as k e d M a rc us “ . o n k ey s
”
,

“ ”
re p li e d Q u int u s b e c a us e th e y br o k e Cl a udi a s s h e ll s
,
’

.
48 I
LA T N P R M E R I

E X E RC I S E XV I

I RR E G U LA R VE R B

su m
FUTU R E T E NS E I ND I CA TI VE Moo n

I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L

I st p e rs o n e ro e ri m us

2d p e rs o n e ris e ritis

3d pe rs o n c rit r
c unt

C
VO A B U LA R Y
l
upus , I -
, M .
, h odié , dv e rb to day
a ,
-
.

si l v a s e -
E f o re s t, w o o ds ibi, a dv e rb th ere in th r
m
.
, , , , ,

v al i dus ,
~
a, -
u , s tro n
g , p l
ac e .

s tu r dy o w er u l f nbn, a dv e rb
, p .
, no t .

occidi, I kil
le d, I ha v e h il
le

R E MA R K . D is t ingui sh
r f ll y be tw ee n th e use o f th e wo r ca e u
“th e r e in th e se n t e nc es : The r e are roses in th e ga rd e n ” an
,

“We ran in t o th e gard e n th e re w e sa w a wo lf ” Wh en as i

; .
,

th e sec o nd se nt e nc e
“ ” “ ”
t h e re m eans in th a t plac e it is to b
, ,

re nd e red by ibi .

I
RE A D NG LE SS O N

I . Tra n sl a t e int o E n glis h :

A . cras i n S i lv a c u mQ uint o e rim

I . I taq u e u s M arc e l ] , .

Ibi l u pé s m a gn os v idé b im us 2 T u mCl a u dia p n e l l . .

b o n a c rit ; s e d n un c i n ar ea p u e ras p a rv os t e rr e t 3 Pi l . .

lfidam us S im iamh o di e do c é bim us 4 L u p u s m a l u s

ia mo c cidit S ed tu ml upu m
. . .

si lv a v enit e t M arci sim dé fe .

s u mo c c idit a gric o l a v a lid u s .

 I
L AT N PR M E R I 49

BI “Q u id
i n Ifida fr egit M arc us ? inq uit Cl a udi a ”

u ml o n gu m fr egit
. . .

” “
M arc u s s til in q u it I tili a ; t u rn 6 l ud o
a mc u c u rrit a l i p ue ru min a q u a m
,

ad c m b I bi h a nt ae m
y .

“
Cfir e s p ue r m a l u s m
”
ié c é ru n t 2 . i f il i? inq u it a gric o l a
" ue r m a l u s n on s u m” in u it f ili u s
.

m
,

m
.

P q s e d ,q u i a a g is tru ,

ti m ed é l fidé c u c u rri
”
3
”
U b i e ritis ? in q uit M arc u s
I n te rgt) a lb i e q ui s e dé bim
. . .
,
”
in q uiu nt p ue l l Pup a
‘

us ae

m
,

in s imi ae u m
.

”
e r o s e dé bit 4 C fi r C l a u d iae fi
p p
. a o c c i .

“ Ptip a mo c c idim
” ” '
dis tis p ue ri ? in q uit I uli a us in q uit.
,

q u ia Cl au di a simi ae c av e amfregit
,

”
M arc u s ,
.

I I Tr ansl at e int o L a tin :

.

A I I n th e s c h o o l th e re will h é g o o d b o o k s an d tab
. .

l e t s b u t th e s a il o r will b e th e t e ac h e r
,
2 Why did th e . .

f ar m er s h o r s e c arry th e girl s int o th e f o re s t to day ?

’
-

Wh t sh ll e s ee in th e w o o d s m Th e re
'
3 . a a w y b o y ? 4 , .

will b e a w o lf th e re 5 T h e s a il o r s .d a u ght e r wi ll.n o t

’

t e ach th e littl e b o y s .

”
B I . Why w as M a rc u s p unish e d to day Q u in tu s ?
.
-

as k e d J uli a H e thr e w th e s a il o r s littl e m o n k e y into th e

’
.

”
st o re a nsw e re d Q u int us and so h e w as p u ni s h e d B u t
, ,
.

to m o rr o w h e will b e a g o o d b o y
-
2 Wh a t do y o u s ee .

n o w girl s ?, s a id th e f a r m e r s tir e d d a u ght e r

“ W e see a ’
.

”
s tr o ng w o l f i n th e fie ld re p li e d Cl a udi a ,
He h as run o u t .

o f th e w o o ds a n d kill e d th e big h o r s e B u t h e d o e s no t .

”
s ee th e b o y s ; fo r th e y h a v e hidd e n in th e gra s s 3 To . .
.

”
m o rr o w s a id M a rc u s th e b o y s a n d gi rl s will b e in th e
f o r est Th e r e th e girl s will b e a fr a id o f w o lv e s an d m
, ,

. on
”
k e ys ; but th e b o ys wil l no t be afr aid .

LATI N PRI M E R —4
so LA T I N PR I M E R

E XE RC I S E XV I I

A D J E C T I VE S O F T HE FI R S T A ND S E C O ND D E C LE NS I ONS

( co n t inued)
m
i ser, -
e ra, o
eru mw ,
r e tch ed,
p oor

Riser. sra. - -
gru m l
azy .

I
S NG U LA R
M a re F m Nex t M ore Fen Nes t
m mi mi mi m m
. . . . . .

No ser se ra se ru p ig e r p g
i ra i
p gru
mi i mi
.

G e n. mi i s er s e rae se r
pgi ri ig
p ran i
p ri g
D t
a mi é mi mi b se r s e rae s er p igro pigrae i
pg rb
mi m mi m mi m m m m
.

A oc s e ru s e ra se ru i
pg ru
p g
i ra i
p gru
mi 6 mi i mi d
.

A bl . s er se r s er g
pi ro pigri i
pg rii

NOTE . Th e pl ural o f t h ese adj ecti v es is d ec l in e d in th e sa e m

w ay as th e p l u ra l o f bo n us No t e th a t th e s ingul ar, too , is l i k e
xc ep ting t hat m
.

bo nus , e iser has th e pe c ulia riti es of pu e r whi l

, e

p ig er fo ll o ws ager l o sing its e thro ugh o ut , .

C
VO A B U L A R Y
porta ae ,
~
, F .
, g a te . dv e rb y es terday
h eri , a , .

opp id u m ,
.
1, N .
, to w n . in p r e po siti o n
,
use d with ,

anz u m I ,
-

, N .
,
r ock, s to ne . th e a cc u s a tiv e c a s e at , ,

cecidl,
I f e l
l, I ha v
e
f a l
len . ag a ins t, u
p o n, to .

R E MAR K . Th e p re po si tio n in withti v e n o rm all y

th e ac c usa

m e an s “into ”
as al rea dv s ta t e d B ut wi t h v e rbs o f th ro w ing
. . ,

falling and th e li k e ,
th e mean i ngs gi v e n in this vo c a bulary are
so m eti m
,

e s call e d fo r .

I
RE A D NG LES S ON

I Tr a n sl a t e i nt o E nglish :
.

A I I taq u e a g ric o lae b o n i e t h a nt ae v a lidi

. . é rta
p o

Op p id i h e ri ié ru n t e t c u c urré ru nt i n silv a m 2 ,
. . H o di e
 LAT I N PR I M E R 5[

Po R TA

Fro mG m
us
’
an s Po p ii b y p m
m e , eri on of
ss i M ess rs D o dd M ea d
. . a nd Co mp
any .

Thi s i ll ustratio n sho ws o ne o f th e gate s in th e rui ned wall o f

Po m p e ii
. N o t e th e s t re ng th o f th e wal l and th e s ub sta n ti al w ay

in w hi c h th e stre e t is pav e d .
5 2 LA T I N P R I M E R
O

a gric o l
aru mq
m ise ri i n aq ua m c ec idé runt ; eras in a gris
e ui

c r u nt 3 M a rc u s n a u t a c rit ; se d a gric o la c ri t Q uIn tu s

m
. . .

4 . N a p u e ri p ig r i sa x a i n a q u a m ié c é r u n t .

B I “ ”
U b i e s t M arc u s ? inq uit M arc e l “
. . la M arc u s .

”
i n Opp id u m h o dié iit inq u it Q uint us Via e s t l o ng a e t
c rzis p ue r umdé fe ss u m dé b im
, .
,
‘

vi us
”
2
“ I n h aré na c o n .

tu mc u mc o rb u l
.

”
inq u it Cl a u d i a ; “
Ch as a l bas h e ri vid i is
a e e q u u s c o n ch as in are a mv é xit
,

iim
”
u s e t b o n i a g ri
. co l

m
.

“ im ia é c o rb u l a i n ”
3 S fi
p p a r u c a n a s c e c idit in q u it
T u m I tili a
.
,

M arc u s ; “ c fin as e t p upas fr egit m ise ras

‘

iamié c it ; s e d s ax u m
.

o e t sax u mi n sim
'
c u c u rrit é tabe r nac u l
”
in c a nd a m s im i ae c e c idit e t Cl audiae p up ae se l , la m fr eg it .

II Tr a nsl at e i nt o La ti n :
.

A I Wh a t is o n th e l azy h o rs e s b ack Q uin tu s ?

’
.
.
,

2. T h e g a t e o f th e t o wn is l a rg e b u t th e str ee ts a re n o t ,

lon g .
3 T h e b o ys . ki ll e d a sm a ll w o lf th e r e y e st e rd a y .

Y o u sh al l see ( its ) ta i l to m o rr o w M arc u s 4 A nd s o

-
, . .

y o u w il l no t be t e a c h e r t o d a y 5 T h e b ad b o ys wi ll sit
. .

o n th e l o n g be n ch 6 W h a t d id th e s ail o r f e ar ?
. .

“ "
B I. Wh e r e wi l l y o u h id e girl s ? ask e d M a rc us
.
, .

“W e sh al l h id e u nd e r th e sta i rs " re lie d th e girls “I

p .

amtir e d
,

” “
s a id M a rc u s ; I s h all h id e with l azy Q u in t u s
,

”
u nd e r th e be nch 2 T h e f a rm e r s e n t ( his ) str o n g s o n
. .

" “
fro m th e f o re st to th e t o wn r e m ark e d C l au d ia B ut
,
.

th e b o y s a w th e s a il o rs bi g m o n k e y i n th e r o a d ; a nd s o h e
’

”
ra n i nt o a g a rd e n .
 LA T I N PR I M E R 53

E XE R C I S E XV I I I
T HE S E C O ND O R E -
C ONJ U G AT I ON

h abeo

S UB J UNCTI VE M o o n A CT IV E VO ICE
PR ES E NT T E NSE

I
S NGU LA R PLUR A L

I st pers o n h ab ea m iab ea
l mus

2 d p e rs o n h ab eas h ab eatis
3d p e r s o n h ab eat h ab eant

mri m
I

R EM AR K . Me b v
o ze th e a o e fo r s . Th e n ex t E x e rc is e wi l l
s how o ne o f th e way s in wh i c h th e y are to be use d .

V OCA B U LA R Y
l
u tu m1 N md u columba a e, a l
c ov e.

m
- -
, , .
, .
, ,

ter ,
-
s e, F .
, g ro u n d,
fl oor . dedi, I g a v e, I h ave
g iv en .

D A T VE I CAS E . M O D E L S E NT E NCES

Tu mQ i t u n u s Cl
au dia e
“ bi
U es t Inq uit , Th e n
”
said Q u intu s Cl au di a Wh e re is th e s c h é o l b ag
to ,
?

I til
ia M ixed malum ded it J u l
i a g a ve an a p p l e to M a rc us , .

m
.

RULE . Th e da tiv e ca s e is u sed o f th e p e rs o n to w h o

so mth i g
e n is s a id o r g iv e n . Th us u s ed, th e da tiv e is ca l
led

the I ndirec t Obj ec t o

f th e v er b .

R EM A R K . Th eI ndi rec t Obj ec t mus t be care fully

d at i v e of th e
di sti nguis h ed fro mth e ac c usa t i ve o f th e D irec t Obj e c t Thus in
o d e l se nt e nc es a bo v e :m umis th e th i ng
.
,

th e se c o nd o f th e m al
di rec tl y affec te d by th e v erb ac tio n ( direc t o bj ec t ) whi l e M drco ,

ndi re c t o bj e c t m ly omi s gi v e n
( i ) i
s e re th e p e rso n to w
'
h th e

thing t hus di rec tly a fiec te d .

54 LA T I N P R I M E R

I
R EA D NG LE S ON

I . T r a nsl at e in t o E nglish
'
A I Ctir
q ui v alid i Q uint e s ax a in o p p id u m h o d i e
‘

. . e , ,

v é x é run t ? 2 Q uin t us e t M arc us p ue ri bo n i s u n t ; n amé

.

id i ru n t e t m al a e t b ac as a r ic o l mis r
‘

p o rtzi O pp v é n é g ae , e ?
)

dedé run t U bi c r nt fi li i tarum p ig rOru m ?

‘

3 c rzi s . u n a u
.

H e ri s é dé runt in cy mb al e t Q u int i e q uu ma lb u m te rru é ,

r un t 4 Q u id ag ric o l
. a e fili a n au tae m
. al t f ili o d e d it ?
“ ”
B I Q uid i n silv a v idé b itis ? p ue ris inq uit M arc e ll a
. . .

“
L u pé s pa rv os v idé bim “
n a m a gri
”
us inq u it M arc u s ; ,

”
co l ae h e ri ié ru n t i n si lv a m e t m a gn é s l u p Os o c c idé ru n t

T umI uli a M arc o Cfir c a p sa m inq uit

, .

"
2 Q uinto n on
Ca psa m n On d e d i
.
, , ,

" “ ” “
de dis ti ? inq u it M arc us q ui a
u min l u t u m
, ,

Q u int u s h e ri fregit Cl a udi a e t a b u l as e t s til ,

” “ " '
ié c it Q id i n l d h di d i ? I li d f
‘

O
’

3 u tI .o é v i s ti ti a e é e s s a e

fidumv en it
.

“ ”
in q uit M arc e ll a S im i a i n l inq u it I nli a
T u ma d p ue l
.
, ,

a mm a gist e r
“
e t in Cl a udi a e u m e r o s ed it l
S im ia m is e ra tim nit e t i n terramc ec idit ; n u n c
.

c uc u rrit . I

i n c av ei iac e t .

II . Tr a nsl a t e in t o L a tin :

I Why d id th e bo ys br ea k th e p oo r d o lls t abl e

A . .
’

M a rc u s ? 2 Wh a t did y o u giv e to th e l a z y s a il o r my b o y ?
.
,

3 W hy did th e tir e d t e a ch e r se nd M a rc u s fr o m sch o o l

.

to day ? 4 A n d s o th e b a d b o ys br o u ght th e littl e w o lf

-
.

’
i nt o th e t e nt ; th e r e th e y sat o n th e d o ll s ch ai rs a nd br o k e
th e cr a d l e .

B I “
T h e d o v e will sit o n th e m o n k e y s b ack C la u
’
.
.
,

dia
”
sa id J u lia 2 “ Ye st e rd ay Q u int u s thr e w a p p l e s at
.
, .

” “ ”
th e d o v e r e m a rk e d C l au di a ; t h e n h e w as p u nish ed
, .

3 W hy did y o u n o t g o to sch oo l t o d a y s a id M a rc e ll a

I f e l l i nt o th e m
.

“ ud
” “
r e p lie d Q u intu s ; b ut
to Q u in tu s .
,
 I
L A T N PR M E R I 55

str o ng h o r s e s c arri e d M a rc us to s ch o o l He is no w s itting .

” “
th e re wit h th e b o y s o n th e l o ng b e n c h e s 4 A re y o u . .

g o ing to b e l azy to mo r ro w ? ”
s a id J u li a to Cl au di a
-
“ I .

will be a g o o d girl to m o rr o w
” “
r e p li e d C l a udi a ; wh e re
-

,
”
ar e th e b o o k s J uli a ?
,

E XE RC I S E XIX
T HE S E C OND OR E -
C ONJ UG A TI ON

h ab eo

S UB J UNCT I V E M o o n A CT IV E VO I CE

I M PE RF E C I T E NS E
’ ‘
e

S I NG U L A R PL U RA L

I st r n
p e so h a bi t em h abiri m us

2d p ers o n h a b ir is h abi ritis

3d p e rs o n h ab6r0t h abirent

VOC AB U LAR Y
a ncilla -
ae, mid a s erv a n t, co mplo e I fill I
'
a mfilli g ; n

rfe c t t e n s e com
, , ,

mida
p e pl
é vi
im a dve rb o n ce ( up o n
.
, .

s pelunca ~
ae, F ca v e , de n ol a

m
.
, .
, , ,

a, -
ae, F .
, bea r . ti m) e .

’
'
ut, co nj u n c tio n ( s o , as
) to ,

( )
so tha t .

M OD E L S E NT E NCES
'
I til ia a te t
l , ut t u mt errea t, j liu
a is hiding to frighte n
hiarc us .

I fil
ia l
atu it, ut M arcum terré ret, J u li a b id to fright e n
hda rc u s .

R UL E Th e p u rp os e f o r w h ich
. a th ing is do ne my a be
u t a n d th e s u b u nc tiv e
ex ress e d b
p y j .
5 6 LA T I N PR I M E R

NOTE I n thi s c o n structi o n th e te nse o f the subj un c tive is de

term
.

ine d by th e t e nse o f th e m a in v e rb o f th e se nte n c e I f the .

m ain verb is a pres ent o r futu re th e p re se nt subj unc t i v e is used in ,

th é p urpo se c l au se if th e main v e rb is a pas t th e i m

-

p e rfe c t sub ,

j unc t i v e is use d Th ese po ints are ill ustrat ed in th e mo d e l sen

.

te nc es a bo ve .

R EM A R K I n writing Latin purpo se cl auses ca reful attenti o n

r .
,

m ust be gi ve n to th e pe rso n and n umbe r o f th e ve rb In E ngli s h

we m
.

e c am
a sa
“ I ca m e t s
”
u c m e t
”
h e to see
"
y y o ee y o a o see , , ,
“th ey ca me a) see ” e tc m ak ing no c h a nge wh ate v e r in th f rm
,
.
, e o

o f th e purpo se c lause but if th e se fo ur se nt e nc e s sh o uld be trans

'
l ated into Latin eac h purpo se c l ause o f c o urse wo uld be difierent
n amely veni ut vidé remv é nieti ut v idé ré s venit ut v idé ret v é né
, ,

, , , ,

runt ut v idé rent I n case o f d o ub t th e pro pe r Latin fo rm ca n

.
,

always be fo und b y e x pa nding th e E ngli s h p urpo s e c lause : fo r

e xam pl e
“ I c am e to se e
,
” “ I c am e that I m igh t se e y o u

c am e to se e y o u c a m e th a t y o u m i
g h t se e e tc .

R EM A R K 2 . main v e rb o f th e s entenc e and

Th e su bj ect o f th e

th e s ubj ec t o f th e ve rb o f th e p ur po se c la u se o f c o urse n ee d no t be
id e n t i ca l ; e g A gri cola ex agro v 6nit ut Cla udia eq uumv idé ret ,

e / ra m
. .
,

th e farm e r c a m d s o th a t Claudi a m
th e fiel igh t see th e h o rse,
.

I
RE A D NG LE SS ON

I Tran sla t e in t o E nglis h :

.

A I Pue ri bacas m a gn as vid e n t I ta q ue in h e rb a

o dié iim
. . .

iac en t ut c o rb u l is c o m p le an t 2 I n si lv a m h us ,

u t u rsziru ma l u nc amv idé ré m

. .
,

b aru m s p é l
'
us 3 C iir in . .

a gr os p ue r p ig e r c u mm i
'
s e ri agric o l a e fil iis dé fe ssis nOn
m m am
, ,

v enisti ? 4 S u b m é n sa se d é bo u t s i ia d o c e .

m
.
,

5. M a rc u s a d o pp id u m c u c urr it u t I u l ia c a p sa h ab er e t ; ,

Q u int a s til u md e di t .

“
B I Cur u rsas m is e r as agric o l ae m a li

U rsas o c c idim
,

T u ma g ric o l
.
.
,

“ ”
in q uit I fil ia ae
. I fil iae us ,
 I
L AT N PR M E R I 57

inq uiun t,
“q u i a
p u e ri e t p u e l
lae s pé l
u nc a mtim e nt ; n a m
i
Ol m r
u s ae ibi p ue ru mp a rv um o c c idé ru n t
”
2
“Cras ”

m
.

m
.
,

“s ub s c al l l
”
inq u it M arc u s , is a té b i u s, ut
p u e las te rre a us

m m
.

“ I bi ” “
h e ri l a t u i Q uint us
in q u it ut Cl
a udi
a et I fil
ia
c u m p ue l
, ,

te rré re m S ed lis f u it a ncill a ; ita q ue h o dié

mb m lb mM a ll d di ti
.

d edi ” “Co l
po e n as .
3 . u a a a rc e ae e s ,

imi m Cl di
” “
M arc e in q uit I uli a ; c fi 6r n d dit
n s a au ae e

ml h
,

Q uintu s ?
” “ Na ut a a us ri v enit in h o rt um ”
in q u it
e ,

imi mmis r m ”
M arc us , et s a e a o c c idi
t .

II . Tr an s l a te int o L a ti n :
A . I T h e g o o d s ail o r to—
. day c a m e fr o m th e t o wn to t ea ch
th e b o ys a n d girl s 2 Why did y o u thro w th e b o o k s
. .

o f th e f a r m e r s d a u ght e r s int o th e b e a r s c ag e Q u int u s ’

’
?
,

3 . Why did th e y n o t fi ll th e l a rg e b a s k e t s a n d giv e th e

b e rri e s to th e p o o r girl s ? 4 Wh e re wi ll y o u hid e to .

In o rro w to se e th e b e a rs ?

I “ ” “
B . O nc e u p o n a tim e
. s a id M a rc us I g av e , ,

Q uint u s a d o ve a n d a c age He k ill e d th e d o v e and th e ,

maid thre w th e cage into th e w ate r

.

“
2 W e ran fr o m .
"
.

th e y a rd to s e e th e s tr o ng sail o r s
”
sa id J II l
ia “ Y e st e r ’

.
,

day th e y br o u ght b ea r s a n d w o lv es fr o m th e w o o d s
“ T h e girl s h a v e c o m
”
i nt o th e t o wn 3 . . e to s it o n th e
”
st airs Q u int us s aid M arc u s “
Le t s p l ay b a ll in th e
’

, , .

fi e ld s with th e b o y s ” “ Wh r Q i t s and
4 e e a r
.e u n u .

" “
Cl a udia M a rc us ,
? as k e d J u li a Th e y hav e go n e int o .

”
th e fi e ld to hid e i n th e gr a s s a nsw e r e d M a rc us , .
S3 LA T I N PR I M E R

EXE RCIS E XX

PE R S O NA L PR O NOU NS

FI RS T PE R SON S E COND PE R SON

ego , l til, y o u

I
S NGU LA PLU RA L I
S NGU LA R PLU RA L

No m i n a tiv e 7
m
ego nos tu v 68

G e n itiv e mi e n os tr um tul ve stru

n os tri v es tri

D a tiv e mihi nbbl

s tib i v bbis

A cc u s a tiv e me nbs té v 68
A bl ativ e me nObIs té v bb is

R E MA R K Wh e n
d wi t h th e abla tiv e fo rm s o f th ese p ro
use

n o un s th e pr e po si t i o n cumfo llo ws and is w ri tt en as a part o f th e

.

u m nOb fscum v obfsc um m

, ,

wo rd ; t e mecum No te h o w th e
additi o n o f cu m
. .
, , , , .

affe ct s th e ac c e nt o f n obis and v

~
is .

C
VO A B U LA R Y
gremiu m J N bos o m lp a m u l ti -
ae, -
a, my an

m
. .
, , , , .
,

l
ectus , i, -
M bed, co uc h oneb, I w a rn , I a dv i
se ;
m
. .

m
,

pec unia, s e, F oney pe rf e ct t e ns e onui

-
. . .
, ,

I RE A D NG L E S S O N

I Tr a ns la t e i n t o E n glish :
.

A . I Q u id h o d i e tibi d e dit a gric o l a Q u in t e ? Q u id

.
,

v obis d e dit n a u ta p ue l l
ae ? 2 A g ric o la e m i hi p ec fi n ia m

de dé ru n t ut fili os doc é re m
.
,
'

3 A n ci ll a u r s zis m a gn as
i n ag rc) vid it ; itaq u e i n i re a mc uc u rrit u t in tab e rn zic ul
. .
,
‘ '
O
m
,

l até re t 4. P u e l
la i n lec tO s e de t .u t s im i a d é f e s sa m in ,

gre mi o te ne at .

“ Pe c fi nia m t ibi d e d i Q uin t e

” '
B I in q u it M zirc u s
“u t sim
.
,

ia m té c u m n On
.
, ,

ia mdo c é ré s fi du m s im
'
CIir in l .

” “ ”
dfix is ti ? 2 T u rn a gric o lis bo n is I fi l ia . H e ri in qu it , ,
 LA T I N P R I M E R 59

L E CT US

Th e i ll ustratio n sh o ws th e bro nze fram e o f a b ed fo und at

Po m p e ii
. O ft e n a l ec tu s w as p ro v id e d w it h a fo o t bo a rd an d

bac k and th us loo ke d v ery m

, uc h l i ke an o l d fas h i o ne d so fa wit h
-

a pill o w at o ne e nd .
60 LA T I N PR I M E R

b ac as m u ltas n obis de distI s ; c o rb ul as c o m p le V I m O

u s C r i s
O

u n c a mc u c u r
.

” “
m al a h ab é b itis ? 3 C fi r i n u rs ae s p é l .

u n c a m c u c urri
risti M arc e ? ”
inq u it n a u ta “ I n S pé l ”

a u dia m m o n é re m
.
, ,
“ ” “
inq uit M arc u s ut Cl 4 O l
i m é
s a xis m
, . .

”
a gn is i n l u t u m c e c idit l u p u s inq uit I fi l ia T urn
u p um
,

miserumo c c idit
.

”
6 s pel u nc a v enit u rsa v alid a e t l , .

II Tr a n sl a t e i nt o Latin :
.

A .I Th e n w e g av e th e f a rm e r s da ught e r s a nd als and

.
’

a d o ll J u lia W h at did th e f a rm e r giv e y o u ? 2 C la ud i a

h as c o m e with m
.
, .

e to w a rn th e s a il o rs 3 Why did th e y . .

no t giv e y o u a str o n g bo a t b o ys ? 4 T h e d o ll is sitti n g

so th a t th e m o n k e y m
, .

o n th e be nch , ay l ie o n th e b e d .

Fo r M a c e l l a is h o ldi ng th e w hit e d o ve i n ( h e r ) l ap
s
.

B .I Why d id th e t ea ch e r giv e m
’
. e th e a p p l e s ,
” “ ”
C l aud i a ? a sk e d Q u in t us He g av e y o u th e a pp l e s
.
,

“
r e p li ed C l a udi a s o t h a t w e sh o u ld sit with
, y o u in t h e

s h a d e ; fo r h e h as se n t J u l i a an d M a rc u s in t o th e fi e lds .

”
W h e re a re th e a p p l e s ? d id y o u gi v e th e
' "
f arm e r s l azy so n y e st e rd ay ? s a id C l a udi a to Q uin t us .

“
W e ga v e th e bo y m o n e y r e p li e d Q u int us
”
A nd s o
, .

h e w e nt w ith u s in t o th e y a rd to fill th e b a sk e ts ; fo r th e r e
”
are m a ny be rri e s i n th e S h ad e 3 I wi ll sit with y o u . .
,

” “
girls sa id M a rc u s ; b ut I do n o t s ee th e b oo ks and
,

”
t abl e ts .

E XE RCI S E XXI

M OD E L S E NT E NC E

M aI cus In h ortumfit ego ,

In tabern acul
u m cucurri,

M a rc us w e n t int o th e g a rd e n I , ra n int o th e ten t .

R ULE As s u b ec t o
j f a v er b, th e p e r sona lp ro no u ns ego

m
.

( nos ) a nd tii ( W e ) a rein g ene ra lw r itten on ly f or p

e h a s is

o r cl
ea rne s s o r to m a rk a c o n tras t .
 LA T N PR M E R I I 61

VOCA B U LA R Y
POS SES S I VE A DJ ECT I VES

m eus -
a, ~
mm
u y mi ne noster ~
tra, -
tru m , o u r , o u rs

my y
, , . .
,
.

t u ns ,
-
a, ~
u , o u r, o u rs in
tr u m y o u r vester ,
-
tra , -

, ,

s p e a king t o o ne y o u r s pe rs o n )
( in s pe a king to m o r e
th a n o ne p e r so n ) .

R E MAR K T h e v o c at i v e o f th e m as c ul ine singu lar o f m eu s is

mi a fo rmalread y fami l iar in the p hras e mi fi li

.

.
,

NOTE T h e ge ni t i v e o f th e p e rs o na l pro no uns ego and til is no t

.

use d to t e l l to w ho mso m e th i ng b e l o ng s suc h us e o f th e ge ni t i v e ,

being re nd e red unnec essary by th e abo v e Po sse ss i v e A dj ec t i v es ;

eg
. .Iiber m
, eus s t il us tuus e tc ( T o, u s e th e ge n i t i v e o f eg o a nd
, .

til in suc h p h ra se s wo ul d be as ba d a s to say in E ngl i s h

“ th e

bo o k o f m e i nst ead o f m y bo o k
”
e tc ) ,
.

R EA D NG I L ES S O N

I Tr an s l at e into
. E ngli s h :
A I U bi s u nt
. . co l u m b ae v e s trae ? 2 E g o , p u e l
lae .

tibi librumd e d i ; tII

,

s til u mm e u m in l u t u m ié c is ti T 6
‘

3 . .

e q ué s e t s imii s tim
'
u is ti ; né s m u lt as u rs z I s v alidzis e t l u p Os
’

m agn os v idim u s 4 I ta q u e p p
il a tu a in g re m
. iO s imi a e .
‘

n o s tra e ia c e t ‘ .

B I “A ncill
a dé fe ss a nob is c u min ag rOs iit,
”
in q u iu nt
Tum
. .

p u e l
la e Ibi e q uO tuO Q uint e z a e dim us
. 2 , ,
mil d ‘

.
”
.

M arc o “ ” “ ”
U b i e st inq u it n a u t a p ec fi n
,
ia n o str a ? ,

”
Pe c iin ia in s p é l un c zi h e r i f u it in q uit M ar c u s n un c s u b
‘

l e ct6 m e t) ia c e t ; n a n c a p s a m com
, ,

” “ II r non '

l
“

p é v i 3 C .

ut a gric o l as m
. .

c uc urris ti Q uint e
” “
in q uit Cl au di a ise rOS
mo né ré s ?
, , ,

” “ ” “
Nan c uc u rri inq uit Q uint us q ui a agri
m m
, ,

” ”
co l a e p igr i s u nt 4 C fi r i f ili p u e rO s n 6 n is is ti , ,

b a m m e am v idé re n t
,

ut c y m
. .

in q uit a gric o l a “ ? ”
M is t
m m
,

”
p u e rO s in q u it f ili
, u s ; s e d n a u ta e a ll M a rc u in a q u a m
a tu
”
ié c é ru nt e t Q uint u s in tab e rneic u l o n o s trO l it
‘

.
,
62 LA T I N PR I M E R

II Tr a n sl at e i nt o L a tin
.

A I . Y o u will sit o n th e b e a ch to m o rr o w g i rls ; I sh a ll

.
-

lie i n th e s h a d e 2 I g a v e my t ab l e t and y o u r p e n to
. .

M a rc u s t e a ch e r A d h
’

3 n .s o t e ti r e d sa i l o rs ran to th e
.

wh it e b o at ; w e w e n t to sch o o l 4 W hy did th e f a rm e r . .

g o w ith y o u int o th e big st o r e b o ys ?

,

“ ”
B I . Wh at did y o u s e e i n th e t o wn s ? sai d M arc u s to
.

“ ”
Q ui nt u s I s aw stro n g g at e s a nd l o n g str e e ts r e p li e d
.
,
‘ “ ”
Q ui nt u s 2 C l a udi a is h iding in y o u r t e nt Q uint us
. .
, ,

”
s aid J u li a ; w e wi ll sit i n th e y a rd to w arn th e b o ys .

3 Y n i nt u t e nt t o —d a a n d thr w big st n s n
. o u r a o o r y e o e u p o
”
th e d o l ls be d s a id M a rc e ll a to M a rc u s a nd Q uint u s
’

o u g av e m
, .

“Y st e rd ay e th e d o lls a nd n o w u h a ve
e y y o ,

" “W e sa w th ”
bro k e n th e be d . e t ea ch e r t o d a y s ai d ,

“
Q ui nt u s to th e g i rls I ran to h id e i n th e gra ss ; M a rc u s
.

"
f e l l i nt o th e w ate r .

E XE RC I S E XXI I

T HE S E C OND O R E—C O NJ U G A T I ON

h abeo

S UB J UNCT IV E M OO D A CT IVE VOI CE

PL U PE R F E CT T E NS E

S I NO ULA R PL U RA L

I st p e rs o n h a b uisse m h ab u iss é m us

2d pe rs o n h ab u iss é s h ab uis sé tis

3d p e rs o n h ab uis set h ab uiss ent

lc o n
Th e p l upe rfec t subj un c ti v e ac ti v e o f v erbs o f al
j g
u atio n s is infl ec t ed in th e sa e w ay as h ab uiss T m
o find th e m .

first p e rso n singu l ar o f th e p l upe rfec t s ubj unc t i v e ac ti v e o f any

verb im l y c ha ng e th e i o f th e rf t i di t i v
pe ec n iss em
ca ; e to

m
s p
-
-

m; ii m m
.

e.g .
, cucurri, cu urrisse é , ( iiss e ) s
is a veni v enis s e ,
; e tc ,
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 63

VOCA B U LA R Y
a vi a ,
~
ae, F .
, g ra n d mth o er . cu m , c o nj u ncti o n , w h en ,
a vu s -
i, M g ra nd a th e r f w h il
e, as, s in ce , e tc

m m
. .
,
.
,

l iber i .
-
6ru ,
M .
, ch il
dr en . ox , a dve rb ,
soon .

M OD E L S E NT E NCES

Cu mM arc us l
u pu mt erré ret, p uel
lae in cy mb mc a c r
u u

ré runt, Whil e M a rc u s fright e n e d th e w o lf , th e girl s ra n

int o th e b o a t
si lva m v é nis sent u rs amoccidé run t
m in
.

A g ricol
ae, cu , .

Wh e n th e f a rme r s h a d c o m e int o th e w o o d s th e y k ill e d ,

a b e ar .

R ULE . Th e c irc u mt s a nc es u n de r w h ic h a th ing to o h

p l
a c e my a be des c ribed by th e us e o f th e i m
p f
er ec t o r
p l
u

p f er ec t s u bj u nc tiv e, in tr o du ced by th e j
co n u nc tio n cu m.

NOT E imp e rfec t subj u nc t i v e in th i s c o ns t ruc t i o n d e sc ribe s

. Th e
ac ti o n go i ng o n a t th e sa m e ti m e as th e ac t io n o f th e m

%
e b
y
Of th e s e nt e nc e wh e re a s th e p l u p e rfe c t re fe rs to an a
, n Ede éi
ac t i o n S e e th e m
. o d e l s en t e nc e s abo v e .

R EM A R K I n th e se c o nd o f th e m
. o d e ls n o t e th a t A gr icol a e th e , ,

lo gi cal subj ec t Of bo t h c l ause s is gi v e n fi rs t p o si t io n in th e se n ,

t e nc e T h i s is th e no rm
. al La t i n arrange m e nt b ut i t sh o ul d no t b e ,

c o p i e d in th e E n l i sh t ransl a t i o n
g .

I R EA D NG LES S ON

I . Transl at e int o E nglish :

A I Cu m p u e ri é lfidO V é nis s e nt Cl audi a ex are a
mé m
.
.
,

c uc u rrit, ut cu s ub sci is l
l a té re t 2 . M arc i a vi a
bo n i e rim
.

p e c fi n ia mmihi t Q int? d dit ; it q e u ) e a us

ue p u e t i
r i min p p id mi
.

3 . L ib e , cu t Cl o u sse n a udia e av u m
, e t avi a m

in v ia V idé ru n t 4 . . M arc e ll a in av iae gre mi o e s t Q uinta ,

Cfi r no n in c fi nis ia c e t p ue l
la ?
64 LA T I N PR I M E R

B mi n lid
I “Cu '
t
‘

c) s e dé re m ’
in q uit I tili a
‘
“libri é
i ma i n t
. .

m idé md
, ,
”
c ap s e e rra cec ru nt . Poe nas tu e dis ti

in q u it “ ”
C l a udi a 2 U bi e s t n au t a m al u s ? inq uit Q u in
hmm
. .

Na uta h e ri agric o l ise ru m

”
tus . o c c idit in q u it M i r
T u mi n si lv a m c uc urrit e t n u n c i n s p é l
,
”
c us u nc i l a t e t

m M arc u m dé fe s sumi n silv a m

.
, .

“ d
3 C r f ili
a e a g ric o l
fi r u

mis é runt? inq uit I filia M arc u m mis é run t inq uit Q uin
.

ut n au ta mm o né re t ; n a mu rs ae m
.
,

tu s , ul ta e i n s p é l
u n c is

4 Q uin t u s c u m in h o rt u m e x a gris Vé nis s e t

”
s unt :
. .
, ,
'
“ ”
M zirc O U b i s u nt c o rb u l no s tra e ? inq uit M e as
’

ae .

i s ag ric o l
c o rb u l is bo n is d e d i
” “
inq uit M arc us ; se d t ua e ,
' "
i n zirei s un t .

II .

I
Tr a n sl at e i nt o L a ti n :

A I W h e n M a rc u s c a m e fr o m th e st o r e h e w e nt i nt o
. .
,

th e fi e lds S o o n h e wi ll be u p o n th e b a ck o f y o u r str o ng
.

h o rs e Q u int us , 2 I th r e w a st o n e ; b u t y o u br o k e th e
. .

be nc h 6 Whi l e J u li a w as te a chi n g th e g irls th e b o y s

m
.
,

w e n t to se e th e h o rs e s g I w ill frigh t e n th e o n ke
y ,

s o th a t th e bo y s m
.

a fi ll th e c ag e ; fo r th e r e a re m a ny
st o n e s i n th e s a nd y .

B I .
“ W h y d id th e m ai d c o m e w it h y o u fr o m th e
.

bo a t C l au dia ? ask e d J u li a
, M y gra nd m o th e r s e nt th e .

” “
m ai d with us r e p li e d C l au d i a b e c au se th e r e are m a ny
, ,

w o lve s i n th e w oo ds Whil e w e w e r e sittin g th e re i n th e .

sh a d e I sa w a w h it e b ea r “ Wh a t did y o u se e in
,

"
th e f o r e st to day my d au ght e r ? -
s a id th e f a rm e r
,
Wh e n .

”
w e c a m e o ut o f th e t o wn r e p li e d th e g ir l w e s aw a l ittl e , ,

w o lf M a rc u s th r e w a st o n e at th e w o l f Q ui nt u s ra n i nt o
.
,
” “Wh r y r
a c a v e a nd I h id i n th e gr ass
, 3 e e a re o u .

”
sch o o l b a gs girls ? as k ed M a rc e ll a “ Ou r sc h oo l b a gs .
,

”
a re (o u t) i n th e fi e ld an sw e r e d th e tir e d gi rls ; ,
b ut w e
”
h a v e y o u r b o o ks .
 LA T N P R M E RI I 65

E XE R C I S E X XI I I
I VOCA B U LA R Y
fi v a, ae, -
F .
, g ra
p e . v u lpecula ,
-
ae, F .
, l
ittl
e

p e r ,
e
p pro s itio n u s e d with th e , f ox .

a c c u s a ti v e c a s e th ro ug h , , inv é ni I f o u nd I h a v e f o u n d ;
, ,

by w ay of , e tc . I dis co v e red, I h a v e dis

co v ere d .

R EA D NG L ES S O NI
I Tr ansl at e int o E ngli s h :
.

A I I n are a v e s tré v u lp é c ulets m ul tzi s h e r i in v é nim

'
’

us

m dé fe s s a mI n c av e a mdfi x it ; n 65 in
. . .

2 M arc u s v u l p é c u la

a gr u m
.

c u c u rrim us 3 L ib e r i c u mp e r s ilv a mV é n is s e nt
.

in o p pid u mn 6b is c umié ru n t u t ltI du mn o s tr u mVidé re nt

.
, ,
’

; n a ml u p us v a lid us
.
,

4 I n v ii s e dc o u t a g ric o l as m
. o ne am ,

in h o rtO l a t e t 5 A v u s e t a vi a m
. e a c u ma n c il
. l
is e x o p
‘
'
i d h M i n h cr nt b
’

p 6 e r i v é n é r u n t o x o rtc) u u t a
. c z
i s e t fi v i
i s ,

e t m i l a m a gn a V ide an t .

B I “
Cfi r p e r s ilv a m is t i f ili a m ea in q u it agri c o l a
q ui a p ue lla m a gn a s u m v u l
. . .
,

”
Pe r s ilv a m ii in q u it f ili a , ,

p é c u l
a s n c m ti m e d
” ‘

2
“ Q u id in c a p s a t u
. i
t i nv e nit M i r .
.

c us ?
”
in q u it I fi l
ia “L ib rO
s et s ti u l mi nv é n it,
”
inq uit
mt
.

b u l ae m “ ”
'
Cl a u di a ; e ae na in tab e rn fic u l c) as u nt .

“L e c tu s i ig i b i li t
”
in q i r M a
3 p u e r p r s u s c s e s u rc u s .

ec tu mv idé re m
,
.

M a gi s t e r mé m
“ a
”
is it u t l 4 C r tibi ,

M arc e p ec iin ia m de dé ru n t a g ric o l

. .
,
”
ae ? inq u it Q u intu s .

Pec fi niam m
,

“ ” “ u a
ih i de dé run t inq uit M é rc u s q i p ig e r
n é n s u m He r i té i n a g rOs m
, ,

is é ru nt s e d ttI e q uOs ad
‘

.
,

”
a q u am n On dfi x is ti .

I I Tr a nsl at e int o L a tin :

.

A I On c e a littl e fo x c am e int o o u r g ard e n to see th e

. .

gra p e s 2 A s M a r c u s w a s lying in th e gra s s h e thr e w

. .
,

I A I I N PR I M E R — 5
66 LA T I N PR I M E R

a st o n e a t a l i ttl e girl 3 T h e! st o n e s f e ll u po n my
. .

gr a ndf ath e r s b as k e t a nd br o k e th e w hit e d o v e s c a g e

’

,
’
.

4 \Vh e n u h ad c o m e i nt o th e w o o d s w h t d id
.
y o a
y o u ,

fi n d my so n ? 5 I sa w a po w e rf ul w o lf an d Q u int u s
, .
,

f o u nd a tir e d s a il o r i n th e sh a d e .

B . I .
“T h e
t ea ch e r h as s e n t u s fr o m sch o o l sai d ”
,

C la udi a to M a rc e ll a “ T h e b o ys w ill so o n b e in th e
.

” “
fi e lds r e p li e d M arc e ll a ; th e n w e wil l sit in th e b o a t
,

a n d see th e sh e l ls i n th e wa t e r 2 Th e littl e fo x w as .

”
afr a id o f th e w o lf s ai d J uli a ,
B ut th e be a r fri ght e n e d
.

th e w o l f a nd s o th e l ittl e fo x h as no w g o n e i n t o th e c av e

to l ie in th e sh a d e
” “ I w a rn e d y o u t o d a y b o ys ”
3 .

s ai d th e t e a c h e r b ut y o u h a ve no t gi v e n m
.
, ,

“
e th e a pp l e s

W e t hr e w th e be rri e s i nt o th e m
,
” “ "
and be r ri e s . ud ,

re p li e d M arc us “ a nd th e a p p l e s a re i n th e w at e r ”
.
,

“ ”
4 . Wh e r e a r e t h e d o v e s ? a sk e d M a rc e ll a M y d o v e
”
is o n th e S h o uld e r o f th e f a rm e r s d a u ght e r r e p li e d j uli a ; ’

,
”
th e sail o r s b ad s o n h a s k i ll e d y o u rs
’
.

EXERC IS E X X IV

I R R E G U LA R VE R B

m
su

I M PE RPECT T E NSE

I
S NG U LA R

I st r n
p e so e sse m e s sé m us

2 d p e rs o n e ses s 1 M A"
e ss é tis

3d p e rs o n e ssent

NOTE T h e p l upe rfec t bj un c ti v e o f t hi s v e rb

su m
is fuis se .

h abuissemin E x e rc i s e XX I I
.

th e R e mk ar on .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 67

C
VO A B U LA R Y
Inna, -
ae, m o on. cae u l m I N s hy ,
-

, .
, .

t
S el
la, -
ae s ta r. -

q ue c o nj u n c ti o n
, , a nd .

nj unc ti o n que fo ll o ws th e w o rd to w hi c h i t
The co -

be l o ngs a nd is w ri tt e n as part o f th a t sa m
, e w o rd ; e g p uer puel ,

lé gua “ th e bo y a nd g irl
”
No t e h o w th e addi ti o n o f q ue in flu
.
-

e nc es th e a c c e nt o f th e w o rd to wh i c h it is j o i n ed an d c o m p ar e

cumin th e c o m bi nat i o ns nobiscumand Vobiscum

,

th e e ffe c t o f -

( E x erc i s e XX ) .

RE A D I NG L ESS ON

I Tr a nsl ate int o E n gli s h

.

A I Q u id in c ae l M ar c e tfi Vid é s ? E g o l tI na m
‘

é
uint u s c u min c m
. .
, ,

s te llars u e V i
’

q d e ci 2 Q
‘

y b.é m e a e s se t , ,

s a x a in a q ua m ié c it 3 A g r ic o l
a e v é b is .
p u e ri p.e c fi n ia m , ,

de dé run t u t e q ué s in Vii te n é ré tis

, 4 Vul p é c u la t u a . .
,

ia h e ri in ar e a fi v é s m
'
I fil u lt a
is inv é n it Ho dié b i c é s h ab e
bit ; namc o rb u l
.
,

a mc o m p lé v i .

”
B I T u rn M é rc é Na u ta v a lid us in q u it Q uint u s
mé i n c y mb amm isit S imiamq ue m eam in h aré nzt te rruit
.
. , ,
” ‘

Cl au di a c u me x h o rté m
.

ec u mv é n is s e t
2
“ ”
in q u it I tili a
’

.
, , ,

“b i cais m '
ila q u e M zirc i s imi a e d e dit
” '
U b i e s t p fipé
3
r uml
. .

e c tus p u e l lae in q u it M ar c e ll a L e c tu s in t a b e r .

itaq ue ibi c u mp fi p is se d e
,
”
n ac u l é e st in q u iu n t p u e l lae

b im m
,

us
”
4
“ O li m ”
in q u i t n a u t a p ig e r “ c u lfi n a in

a mmi s e r a m
. . . ,

c ael O e s s e t u rs a e S p e l u n c fi v é nit e t v u l é c ul
, p
”
o c c idit .

I I Tr a n s l at e int o L atin
.

A I Wh e n y o u r gra ndf ath e r b o ys h ad give n u s b o o ks

. .
, ,

a n d s ch o o l b a gs h e s e nt u s to s ch o o l 2 T h e ga t e o f
, . .

th e t o wn is s m a ll Q ui nt u s 3 W h a t did th e p o w,
e rf u l . .

h o rs e s c arry thro ugh th e fi e lds int o th e t o wn ? 4 M y .

68 L AT I N PR I M E R

gr a nd m o th e r and th e m a id wi ll si t with y o u J u li a I s h a ll
be i n th e b o a t ; fo r I amtir e d
, .

B “ ”
. I Wh e n j u li a w a s h o ld in g th e d o v e i n ( h e r) la p
.
,
”
s aid C l au di a a big w o l f c a m e in t o th e y a rd Th e n

m
, 2 . .

sai d th e f a rm e r s d au gh te r to M a nce l
’

l
a Why did M a rc u s ,

br ea k my c h air é nd be nc h He br o k e th e b e nch re
, ,
"

M “
p li e d a rc e ll a b e c a
, u se y o u kill e d o u r d o v e y e s t e rd ay »
B u t h e is nOt a b ad b o y ; h e d id n o t br e a k y o u r ch a ir ”
.

“
3. Why a r e y o l
i sitti n g i n th e y a rd M a rc u s ? s a id Q uin ,

tus to se e l itt l e f ox e s ? T h e littl e f o x e s a re no w i n th e

”
w oo d s ; b ut s o o n m a ny will be i n th e fi e ld s .

E XE RC I S E XXV

THE S E C OND OR E —
CONJ UG A I I ON
’ ‘

h abea

IIID ICA TI VE M oo n A CT IVE VOI CE

PL UPE R PE CT T E NS E

I
S NG U LA R

I st p e rs o n h ab uera m h a b u erd m us

2d p e rs o n h ab ueras h ab u eratis
3d p e rs o n h ab u erat . h ab uerant

R EM A RK indic at i v e ac tive o f v e rbs o f allc o n

Th e pl upe rfec t
m
.

j g
u a tio n s a m
is infl e c t e d in th e
s e w ay a s h ab u er a T o find th e .

firs t pe rso n singu l ar o f th e pl upe rfec t i ndi ca ti v e ac ti v e o f any

v erb si m p l y c h ang e th e i o f th e pe
-
rf ec t ind ic a t iv e to e r a m ; e g
-

; ii ieram ven t v é ner am e tc

,

cucurri cucurreram
. .
,

.
, , ,

se is use d in re fe rring to a p as e e t v nt
whi c h e v e nt ; eg
. .
, M ircu s m ox in h ortum
v é nit ; sed Q nt
ui uin. agros ierat, tl
s I a r c us soo n ca m e in to th e

ga r de n; bu t Quintus ha d go ne in to th e fiel ds .
 LA T N PR M E R I I 69

VOCA B U LA R Y
Iatebrae, ~
ar um , F .
, h iding cel
eriter, a dve rb , sw i tl
f y,
p l
a c e .

é rfi pi, I rus h ed ( ou t
) ,
I burs t difi , a dv e rb f o r , a l
ong m
ti e,

f o r th , e tc . l
o ng , e tc .

R EA D NG L ESS ON I
'
I Tr a n s l a t e in to E ng lis h
.

I Cu mp u e llae dé fe s s ae difi i n ta b e rnac u lO f u iss e nt

m
A . .
,
'
M arc u s in arc a m v enit p fi p é s q u e in a q u a ié c it 2 A gri
é c u mie rat ; ita q ue Q u int u s n 6 3 in a gr is
.

c o l a in Op p id u mm
.

nOn in v é n it 3 In l fi dO p o e n as d e d i q ui a m
. a g is tri s til um

fré g e ra m 4 T urn 6 l
.
,

a te b ris é r fi p it Q uintu s ; s e d e g o difi

. .

in h e rb é l at ui .

“ D ifr u r s a s n 6 n in v é n im
”
B I . us inq u it a gric o l a
um m
. .
,

u n c éi m
“T
ul tae é rfi p é ru n t e s p é l a gn a n a u té s q ue

v a lid é s te rrué ru n t ; e t e q uu s m e u s c u mu rs as v idis se t é

,

si lvi c u c urrit m
, ,

é q ue p e r ag rOs c e l
” “ Q uid
e rite r v é x it 2 . .

M i rc c) de dis ti m
”
i f ili ? in q u it n a u t a p ig e r M arc ?) v ul
‘

m
.
,

é l m l m d d i
”
i i f ili “ d mihi M a rc s
p c u a a a e n q u t u s ; s e u

e c fi n ia mde de ra t
,

” “ L t st ll m gn ”
in it
‘

p 3 II n a e s e a
. a a .
q u ,

“ ” “
Cl a udi a I n c ae lc) lfi n a e s t inq u it Q uint u s ; se d nOn
’

M arc u s c u mp e r fire a min h o rt u m c uc ur

.
,
”
e s t s t e ll a 4
n é s in c y m b a mc umCl audi a
. .
,
”
ri s s e t inq u it M ar c e l l a “

mis it q u i a in agrc) lup umm agn u mv ide rat

, ,
' ”
.
,

II r ansl a te int o L a tin :

T .

A I Y o u r gra ndm o th e r g av e gr a pe s to th e childr e n

. .
,

Q uint u s Why did S h e no t give m

. e b e rri e s ? T h e f a rm e r
h ad fill e d th e b as k e t s 2 T h e tir e d m o n k e y is hiding i n . .

th e d o ll s b e d ; h e is a fr a id o f th e w o lf a nd b e a r 3 Th e n
’
. .

th e m a id br o ught u s int o th e fi e ld s Th e re th e be a rs h ad .

k il le d y o u r littl e fo x b o ys ; fo r w e f o und th e ta il 4 Y o u
-

,
. .
7o LA T I N PR I M E R

h a v e frigh t e n e d th e t e a ch e r M arc uS; an d so I will t each ,

th e c hi ldr e n to day e
.

B I M y a pp l e s f e ll o ut o f th e b ask e t i n t o th e m
. . ud
”
,
“
s aid J u li a T h e n w h e n th e b ad bo ys h ad c o m e fr o m
.
,

sch o o l th e y th r e w th e a pp l e s at o u r p o o r d o v e s ” “
, 2 To . .

"
day w h e n I w as sitti n g i n th e w o o ds
, sa id Q ui nt u s ,

“
to J u li a I s a w a be a r A nd s o I ran q uickly to w a rn
, .

M a rc us ; b ut h e h ad r u sh e d o ut o f th e c av e a nd g o n e in t o
”
th e s a il o rs b o a t
’

3 T h e n sa id C l a u di a
. Wh e n th e s ail
.
,

o rs h ad sa t fo r a l o n g tim e i n th e s a nd th e y c a m e i nt o th e ,

” “
fi e ld and s e n t u s int o th e y a rd 4 W h e n th e m o nk e y . .

”
f e ll to th e gr o und s a id Q u int us h e ra n q uickly i nt o th e
, ,

c ag e and sat th e re a l o n g tim e

, No w h e is afr ai d o f y o u r .

”
littl e f o x e s bo ys , .

EXERC ISE XXVI

C
VO A B U LA R Y
sa g itta -
ae, E a rro w . in te rim a m
dv e rb ea n w h i e , l
m tim
, , , ,

in th e ea n e.

I
RE A D NG L ES S O N

I . Tr an sl at e in t o E ng l
is h

A I In mé
Q u in t us ut in s ub sel
n si s e dé l ic) I fi l
b it ia
‘

M arc u s c u min S ilv a e ss e t l t m

. .
,

a ms te l
'
s e de at l
‘

2 . .
, is q ue
r ,

m u lti s i n c ac l O v id it 3 M o x l u p i é s
p é l
u n c is é r fi p é r u n t ;
a e v a lid i i n silv a m c u msa g ittis ie ra nt
. .

se d int e ri m a g ric o l

m m rdu mm
.

N t l
l f li d l i fi li s
’

4 . a u a c u p u e is i u a i s e r at u t u ,

p u e r b o n u s e ss e t .

I T urn M arc ?) “ Tibi t a b u l a m m e a m d e d i ”

ih
B ,

ae c a p sa m n 6 n de di
. .

“
q uit C l a u di a ; c irr tfi M i rc e ll s ti ?
”

“ u e ri m a l i s a x a h e ri in c av e a m ié c é ru nt ” in uit
2 P q ,

C l au d i a ; se d S im i a n o str a in ta be r nfic u lu mc uc urre rat

.

“ .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 7t

Ibi difi s ub l e c t 6 latuit 3 o di e a g ri c o la e . c

”
u m in .
“H

u rs a ma l
,

“
bam
”
s i lv a m c e l erite r v é n is s e n t inq u it M ar c u s
u p um m
,

a gn u mo c c idé ru n t
,

l
” “ Q id in il v d '

q u e 4 u s v i
z i i .

Cu me x a gr is in silv a m
.

'

s ti s M zirc e ? l
in q u iu n t p u e l ae

Ven is s é m
, .

us
”
in q u it M arc u s ,
“
Q uint u s u rs zis ti mn it s e d ,
'

u n c a mii
,

eg o ad s p é l I bi simi ae v e s trae c a nd a m v id i
m
.

m
,
” ”
p u e lla e 5 C u Q u int u s c o rb u la a g ric o la e de dis s e t

e rite r in h o rt u mc u c u rrim
. .
,
”
in q u it I tili a c el , us .

I I Tran s l a t e into
. L a tin :

A I I sh a ll sit in th e s h a d e with y o u my b o y 2 Th e y
. . .

h av e s e nt y o u Q uint us to h o ld m
.
,

y m, o n k e y in y o ur l
ap,

m
.

3 . Wh e n th e f a r e r s w e r e in th e fi e ld s a b ad w o lf w e n t ,

int o th e g ard e n ; b ut h e did n o t fin d th e littl e fo x 4 T h e .

wo lf kill e d a m o n k e y b ut th e littl e fo x h ad hidd e n i n th e ,

gra s s 5 A nd s o th e f a rm e r s s o n s thr e w th e a p p l e s int o

. .
’

th e l a rg e b a s k e ts .

”
B .I Y o u will s o o n se e th e girl s C l au di a s aid Q u in
.
, ,

tus ;
“ in th e m e a n ti m e th e y wil l b e in th e b o a t with m e
”
.

2.
“ Wh e n th e b o y s h ad thr o w n st o n e s fo r a l o ng tim e
” “
int o th e g a rd e n sa id J uli a th e y ran swiftly int o th e
, ,

w o o d s to hid e in th e c av e ” “ nc ”
s id M r
3 O e a a c u.s .
, ,

j u li a h a d br o u ght y o u r littl e fo x to s ch o o l Q u int us B ut , .

th e sa il o r s l a z y s o n thr e w b o o k s a n d t a bl e t s a t th e girl
’

” “
an d littl e fo x 4 M e a nwhil. e t h e b e a r s
. h a d kill e d a

f ar m er s h o rs e
’ ”
r e ma rk e d th e gi rl ,
“ I s a w th e p o o r .

” “
h o r s e s a id th e s t u rdy s a il o r
,
To day I s h a ll s it in th e .
-

“
w o o ds to f right e n th e b e a rs ; fo r lh a v e a r ro w s
”
5 W h e re . .

w e re y o u bo y s a s k e d M a r c e ll a
,
Had y o u g o n e to th e .

”
c a ge to s e e th e w hit e d o v e s ?
72 LA T I N P R I M E R

EXE RC I S E XXV I I
M O D E L S E NT E N E C
M u cu s g itta colum
sa bamoccidit M a rc u s kill e d , th e d o ve
w ith an a rr o w .

RULE Th e l
a b a tiv e w ith o u t a
p p re o s itio n is u s e d to l
te l
m
.

th e ea ns by w h ich a ny th ing is do ne . Th is us e is h u a w u
as th e A bl
a tiv e ( y h I ea ns .

R EMA RK Q uite fr eq uently as in th e abo v e e x am

.
p l e th e A bl a , ,
.

"
ti v e o f M e ans is c o n v eni e n tl y re nd e re d by w i th Thi s w i t h .

m ust no t be c o nfuse d w i t h th e w ith m ”

e ani ng
“ in c o m pany wi t h ”

whi c h as pre v i o usly sh o wn is re pre se nt ed in La t in by cum(and

,

, ,

th e abl at i v e cas e ) Thi s la tt e r c o n s truc t io n is c a ll e d th e Ablat i v e

.

o f Ac c o m pa nim en t .

VOCA B U LA RY

p ulch e r ,
-
ch r a ,
e
ch ru mb
, ea u é mi I b
, ou
g h t, I h a v e bo u h t
g .

ttf u l
, p re tt
y , e tc .

I
R E A D NG LES S O N

I . Tra n sl at e i nt o E ng l
is h

A I I taq ue tui ru mp fi pi m fi ru c né s h aré n ai p ue ri p a rv i

‘

mi n
. .

co mp lé v é ru n t, I iil
ia . 2 . A gric o l a , cu o pp id u m c u m
f ili a p u l
c h rei ibi bzic zi s
'
a ue
v é n is s e t,
'
mi lq m u lt a é mit
Na magric o l
.

3 a e d ef e ss i i nt e ri m i n silv a m m é c u mie ra n t ,

i n um m m
.

ut b ré iac é re n t 4 C fi r Q uint e s i ia m e a m . .
, ,

sax 6 o c c idisti ?

i n tabern amiit Q u int u s C l

'
'
B I Ctrr au di a ? in q u it
“Q u in t u s h e ri c a s am u l
.
,

ra min
.

”
I iil
ia h tab e rn zi v idit
‘

p p c ,

h o dié p e c fi n ia mh ab e t
.

” “
in q u it C l au dia . 2 . Co rb u l
fis
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 73

mIi
‘

zi s co mplé im v us ,
’
in q u iun t p u e l
lae ,
“q
u a i a g ric o l
i ru m
fil
” “ l at e t
iae né b is b i c fis de de ra n t 3 Cfi r
. . sub sc i l
is
” ”
M arc us p ige r ? in q u it M ar c e ll a Q u i a p ue r e s t m a l us
Cl a udi a ; n a mc u me q ué s
.
,

in q uit in a g ré s dfix is se t c e l e
rit e r i n h o rt u mc uc u rrit u t Elvi s V idé re t ib iq ue c o lum b i r um
,

c av e am u té c o m
, ,

” ”
l p l
é v it 4 A v u s m e u s in q u it I fi l
. ia .

c u m in s ilv a m V é n is s e t up é ru m s p é l
, ,

l un c a m in v é n it
, ,

Inp um m ”
q u e v a lid u sa gi ttis o c c idit .

II . Tra n s l at e i nt o L a ti n :

A I M e a nw hil e w e h a d g o n e i nt o th e fi e ld s with th e
. .

f a rm e r s to fright e n th e h o r s e s with s t o n e s 2 A nd so . .

a id h ad s a t fo r a l o ng ti m
,

wh e n th e p re tty m e in th e s h a d e

with th e s t urdy s a il o r s h e ra n thr o u gh th e y a rd to fill th e

,

c hild re n s s ch o o l b a g s with t abl e t s an d b o o k s

’

3 F o r . .

y o u r gr a nd m '
o th e r h a s s e nt th e f a rm e r s big d a u ght e r s o ,

th a t o u w o u ld b e g o o d b o ys
y
.

S o o n m a ny b o y s c a m
“ ”
B . I . e with s t o n e s s a id J u li a , ,

“a n d br o k e th e d o ll s r tty t bl ” “ Why
’
did u n o t
p e a e y o

s e nd m
.

e int o th e y a r d to fright e n th e b a d childre n ask e d

Q uint u s 2
“ Wh e r e did y o u find y o u r s a nd a l s girl s ?
. .
,

s aid Cl au di a “ Wh e n w e c a m e int o th e y a rd and w e r e

.

” “
s itti ng in th e t e nt r e p li e d J u li a w e sa w M a rc e ll a s san
, ,
’

d a l s in th e gr as s ; M a rc u s h ad thro wn min e int o th e

w at e r ” “ Q int will h ld th d v ”
s id M rc s
3
. u u s. o e o e a a u ; ,

“ m e a nwhil w wi ll w a rn th e fa r m e r a nd sc a r e th e littl e
e e ,

fo xe s ”
.
4
“ T h e m o
. n k e y s hiding p l a c e is u nd e r th
’
e
”
s t a ir s said M a rc u s
,
Y e s t e rd ay h e lay th e r e a l o ng tim e
.
.

B ut to m o rr o w th e b a d b o y s will b e at sch o o l
-
an d th e ,
”
m o nk e y will th e n s it in th e c ag e .
74 L A T I N PR I M E R

E XE RC I S E X XV I I I
PE R S ONA L PR O NO U N

T H I R D PE R S O N

is , ea, id ; h e, s he , it
I
S NG ULA R PLU RA L

M arc m
Fe Nea t Fern Netti
m
. . . . .

No Is ea Id e] , ii, I eae ea

m
.

Ge n . eIus e u i s e u i s co u r ca u r m co ur m
D at e1 e1 e1 eI s , il
s, Is eIs, iIS , Is eI s , its , Is
m
.

A cc . cu earn id L é ‘ieoS e ns ea

A bl . e6 ea e6 eis , iIs , Is eis , iIs , is eIs , its , Is

R EM A R KI t m ust be re m em be red that th e n am es o f th ings

in Lat in m
.

a b e e ith e r m asc u lin e feminin e o r n e ut er H e n c e

y , , .

“
E ngli sh it
”
is v a ri o usly re pre s e n t e d in La t in Fo r e x am pl e in .
,

re fe rring to a bo o k ( li ber ) “ ”
it must be re nd ere d by Is but ‘

in spe ak ing o f a tabl e (m

,

é nsa ) ea sh o uld be u se d ; and id w o uld ,

be th e pro pe r fo r mwh e n speak ing o f a n appl e ( mi l um ) .

NOTE . Li k e th e o t h er
n s ( ego and til) th e p e so nar l p ro no u ,

p r o n o un o f th e t hird p e rs o n is in ge n e ral writte n as subj e c t o f a

v erb o nl y fo r c l earn e ss o r e m p h a si s o r to m ark a c o n tras t eg

E go et Mi rcu s p ig ri s um
, . .
,

u s ; eg o in tabernacul o iacet) is in h erbs ,

sedet M a r cu s a n d I a re l
,
a zy I a ml ying in th e te nt he is sitting ,

in th e gr as s .

C
V O A B U LA R Y
cena -
s e, P din ner coq ua s -
I, M co b h .

mt
. .
, , , .
,

cul
lna , -
s e, F .
,
h itc h en . obé s u s , -
a, -
u , s o u t, f a t.

p atera,
-
ae, F .
, dis h , pl
a te . é di, I a te, I ha v e ea ten .

R EA D NG I LE S S ON

I T ra n sl a t e i nt o E n glish :
.

A I U bi e st c o q uu s ? CIir de distis ?
‘

ei p ate ré s n 6n

Cu m i n c y m
.

b i c u mp uel
.

2 . l
is e ssé m u s, l
up u mv a l id u m
 I
LA T N P R M E R I 75

A N O UT D OO R D I NI NG R OO M

This c o rne r o f th e c o urty ard o f a ho use in Po m p e ii is re st o red

in the i ll ustrat io n to so m e th ing l i k e its ap pe aranc e b e fo re th e

e ru p t i o n o f V e suv i us in 7 9 B C . I n th e c e n t e r is a ro u nd s t o ne
.

tabl e ( m Ens a ) o n th re e s id e s o f wh ic h are sl o pi ng c o uc h es o f

maso nry On o c c asi o n these c o uc h es were c o ve red w i th c ushio ns
,

.
,

and h e re gu es ts w o u l d re c l ine to pa rtak e o f a fe as t ( cEna ) eac h ,

man hel pi ng h i msel f to th e go o d t hings wh i c h th e sl av es p lac ed

o n th e tab l e in th e c e n t er . T h e p illa rs s uppo rti ng th e roo f o f
th e arbo r were buil t o f bri c k .
7 6 L AT I N PR I M E R

In h ar e n a m s g tté n t v idr
O

id t m us . I taq u e cu a
I

i au a occ
O

am ; t m mdi in
.

3 Eg t M arc s in si lv m é
’

o e u a V ne r us u cu II

mb é é di é m g i n h rt m ii is d t b m
.
,

u r s ss us, e o o u a a e rna

m
, .

4 C q bé po l
i uus it p t m
o
q sus er cu na c uc u rr a e ra ue

mg mi imi mm l m ié it q i
.

mé m
,

a na lib én s a a a c , u a ea e r ru c na

é de ra t .

B . I . T urn “
Q uin t a U bi est p a e t r
a m ea ?
”
inq u it
M é fc us .
“E a rn s ub mé i ns V ide é
”
inq uit Q uint u s
m l tO l
.
,

“ t'ir ”
2 . C s ub fi
p p i ru ec a e t t v ul
p é c ula Q uint e ?
m in m
,

“ ”
in q uit C l a u d ia . V ul
p é c u l
a , cu i rea v é n is s e t,

in q u it Q uint us “
I fil
v idit c i sq ue
iae co l
u mbéi s p u l
c h ri s

ia mtim e t
, ,

te rr uit ; ita q ue n u n c I fi l
” “
3 A v i e q u is d ef e s
s is c ume x a gr is h e ri is se nt mé la m ult a
. .

”
inq u it M arc u s
am
, , ,

d e d i ; c ri s h e rbé c o rb ul m eam c o m p l
é bé
”
4
“
C o q uu s

b eic zrs fiv fis q u e é m
. .

c u mis
”
in q uit M arc e ll a ; “
sed
‘ ’

e ra t , ,
'
i n c u lin i se dé re t p ue ri m ali b i c zis II v as q ue ié c é ru nt i n
‘

u t6 c o m
,

”
a q u a m c o rb u l as q ue l
, p l
é v é ru nt .

IITr a nsl a t e i nt o La ti n
.

' ' '

A l \ t . f a rm e rs d in n e r is o n th e h o rse s b ack ;
th e i r p l a teé are in th e b a sk e t 2 W h il e th e tir e d c o o k . .

w a s lyin g o n th e sail o r s b e d a littl e w hit e fo x c a m e in t o

’

h is kitc h e n a n d a te th e gr a p e s 3 M a rc u s w e n t i n t o . .

th e y a rd to s e e th e be au tif u l m oo n a n d sta rs i n th e sky

He d id n o t s ee th e m fo r h e f e ll int o th e m
.

ud 4 W hy
,
. .

d id y o u r gr and m o th e r a nd th e st o u t m a id g o to t o wn ,

J u li a ? 5 W hy d id th e s a il o r c o m e q u ickly fr o m th e
.

ga t e o f th t o wn
f“ ”
B I . A p o o r b o y c a m e fro m th e w o o ds y e st e rd ay
. ,

“
s a id j u li a to fi ll ( his ) b a sk e t% with b e rri e s W e g a v e h im .
,
” “Wh a t d id th e s a il o r giv e
a pp l e s an d gr a p e s X y ou .
,

” “
M a rc u s ? a sk e d J u li a Wh e n th e w o lv e s r u sh e d f o rth
.

” “th
fr o m ( th e ir ) h id in g p l ac e s aid M a rc u s e s a il o r g a v e
, ,
 LA T IN PR M E R I 77

m e rr o w s a n d with th e mI k ill e d a b ear an d a w o lf

a , .
”

“
Whil e I w a s hiding in th e s h a d e to fright e n a littl e
fo x
”
, s aid Cl a udi a m “
y sc ho o l ba
, g f e ll to th e gr o u nd .

No w I do n o t se e it
” “
4 T h e t e a ch e r s e nt th e l az y
. .

” “
co o k to th e st o r e s a id M a rc e ll a ; a nd whil e h e w as
,

s itting th e r e o n a b e n c h M a rc u s r a n i n t o th e kit c h e n with

,

'
Q u int u s Th e re th e b ad b o y s a te th e t e ac h e r s d inn e r
.

a n d br o k e his

E X ERCI S E XX I X
T HE SE C O ND OR E -
C O NJ U G AT I ON
h ab eo

I ND I CA T IV E M OO D A CT IV E VO CEI
I M PE R F E CT T E NS E
S I NG U LA R PLU RA L

I st p r n
e s o h a bé ba m h abé b a m
us

2 d p e r so n h ab é b ds h ab é b i tis
3d p e r s o n h ab é b at h ab é bant

C o nj u ga t e in th e sa m e w ay th e im p e rf e ct indica tive

a c tive o f com pl eo d oc e o ia,c eo l

a t ed
, m o n e o e tc , , ,
.

NOTE T he i m
.
p e rf ec t t e ns e is u se d to d esc ri b e so me th ing as

o in o n at a de fin it e p o in t o r p e ri o d in p as t t i m e eg M a rcu s In
g g
mM
.
,

mé
.

drea v nit ; eg o turn in tabernacu l

o sedé b a ,
a r c us c a mi t e n o

I I
the y a r d ; I the n W AS S TT NG in the ten t .

R E M ARK I n th e abo v e e x am p l e n o t e c ar e full y h o w t h e u se o f

venit difle rs fro mth a t o f s edé bam T h us th e pe rfec t v é nit si m
.
,
'
pl y
e th ing h appe ned wh e reas th e i m m
.

s ta t es t h a t so m , p e rfe c t s ed é b a

t e ll s wh a t w a s h appe ning at th at Ve ry sam e ti m e (c o m pare th e use

o f th e i m rfec t s ubj u nc tiv e in c l a us e s i nt ro duc e d b y c um E x e r
p e

s pe c ul ia r fo rc e o f th e i m
,

c i s e XXI I
) T h i p e rfe c t t e n se c an n o t be

ly fix ed in th e m
.

to o firm i nd .
7 8 LA T I N P R I M E R

C o m p are th e m e a nin gs o f th e f o ll o win g t e ns e s :

Pr e se n t se co d I s it, I a m itti g
s n

mI
.

I m pe rf e ct sedEba w as s ittin
g .

Pe rf e ct sé dl I s a t, ( I h ave sat
) I h a v e be e n s itting .

I n th e sa m e w ay giv e th e m e a n in g o f e ac h o f th e se
t e n se s o f com
,

pleo doceo ia ceo l ateo m oneo te n co terreb

tim
, , , , , , ,

ed v id eo ,
.

R EM ARK im p e r
. fect o f hFo r th e
abeo th e e xac t tr an sl a ti o n ,
“I
"
was h av ing is o ft e n h a rdl y go o d E ngli sh B ut th o ugh w e a re
gen e rall y t h us fo rc ed to re nd e r habé ba mby I h ad w e m
.

”
ay s till ,

f eelth e d iffe re nc e o f m e an i ng be twee n it and th e pe rfec t habul .

C
VO AB ULA R Y
pocul
u mI N p cu é brius , a, u mi t n ox ica ted,

m I N wi
- - -
, , .
, .
,

vl
nu ,
-

, .
, ne . dru nhe n .

REA D NG I LES S O N

1 . T ran s la t e i nt o E n glish :

A I I taq ue h e ri n a uta i n c ul
in zi c u
‘

m gric l a d ef sso a o e

Co q u u s c u mi n
. .

se dé b at 2 c ul
ina m é i t pé lq
V n ss e cu a ue

q ua c o m
.

mgi t i
.
,

l i b i l
‘

a s r p é v ss
a e t n a u tae o é s ci e t a g r c o a e ,

i
p g rO V in u m d e dit H o d ié in V ia é b r ii i a c é b u n t.n au t a e t

a gric o l a I bi e 63 p u e ri p ue l
. lae q u e v idé b u nt .

B . I . Tu mCl
C fi r S imi a tu a i n c av eamc u c u r
au dia e

Na u ta é b riu s p er i rea miit in q uit

”
rit ? inq uit I tili a
‘

C l au di a e a m m m m
.
,
”
i in b é
‘’

q u e t e rr u t ; n a ta e r n i v r n u e r at
m
.
,

Cu mi n c u l inai es s é m
”
in q u it c o q u u s “ v ul
'
é l
2 us p c u a

m m
.
, ,

”
p u lc h ra i n E
ir e é v idi m u s C fi r e a n a n o c c idi s tis ? .

“
Cuc u rrim u s i n i rea m
”
inq u it n au ta . in q u it c o q u u s ;
a c u mv a l
,

“s d int e ri m x a gris a gri c o l idis fil iis v é n e rat

e e .

I s s a gitt é v ulp é c ula mo c c idit ”

3 I n h e rb i c o q u i p a . .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 79

te ras m u ltas in v é n i m us,

”
inq uit M arc u s ; si mi a e as s a xo
”
fré g e ra t .

I I \ Tr a n s l ate into L a tin :

.

A . I I w a s hiding u nd e r th e t abl e Th e r e my gr a nd
.

m o th e r f o u nd m
.

e ; fo r s h e h ad fi ll e d m s ch o o l b a g with
y
m any gr a pe s 2 A n d s o wh e n th e int o xic a t e d f a r m
. .
, er

c am e o u t o f th e s t o re h e ra n s wif tly int o th e fie l

, ds
3 M e a nwhil e th e s a il o r s str o n g m
.

o n k e y h ad br o k e n
’
.

th e f a rm e r s c u p s a n d thro wn his wi n e int o th e w at e r

’
.

‘
4. Wh a t did th e gi r l s s e e i n th e s tr ee t my s o n ? ,

B . I:
“ Wh e n M a rc u s a n d I c a m e to th e g a t e
”
s a id ,

“
J u li a w e s e nt Q u i n t u s i n to th e t o wn to w a rn th e g o o d
,

fa rm e r ; fo r a w o lf h a d c o m e f ro m th e w o o d s a n d w a s
”
fright e ning th e h o rse s 2 Q uint u s a n d Cl a udi a w e re
. .

t e ach in g th e m o n k eys
”
s a id M a r c u s ; s h e w a s s itting o n
,

th e d o ll s t a bl e h e w as lying i n th e gr as s
” “ h
T
’

, 3 e . .

”
b o y s h ave fill e d th e c u p s with w a t e r said th e fat c o o k to ,
”
th e girl s s o o n th e din n e r will b e o n th e t abl e .

E XE R C I S E XXX
I R R E G U LA R VE R B

su m
I M PE R FE CT T E NS E I ND ICA T IVE M OO D

S I NG U L A R PLU RA L

I st pr n
e s o e ra m e ra m us

2d pe rs o n e r as c ratis

3d p e r s o n e rat e rant

R E MARK E ngl is h q uit e l ac ks a spe c ial a nd e xac t re nd e ring

th is v e rb bo th fut and erambe i ng t rans l at ed
.

fo r th e i pe rfm m
t f o ,

by “I w as .
”
80 LA T I N P P I M E R

C
VO A B U LA R Y
Co rv u s I, M ra v en ripa ae F ba nh ( of a

mm
- -

, .
, .
, , ,

m
.

do u cu cu rr I, I ra n ho e, str ea m )
I ha v e run ho m e . ri m ,
-
1, M .
, s trea m .

R EM AR K T h e fo r md mmmy th bo u a us e us e d with any v e rb

d mmvenit h mm
.

of go ing o r se nding : g c o u e ca m h m;
e o e do u

Quint umm
, ,

ini I sen , t Q i t h m t
u n us o e e c .

I
REA D NG LE SS O N

1 T ra n sl a t e in t o E n glis h :
.

A I Cu mad riv u mv é n is s é m us l ibe ri s ax a m u lt a i n

a q u a m ié c é r u n t ; se d m o x i n h e rb a c uma ncill a s e dé b an t
. .
,

fidb do m u mc e l e rite r c uc u rrim us ; n amM arc u s e t

.

2 . E l
Q uint us turn i n cy m ba e rant I t l i c l mb in
‘

3 i a o u a s g re . .

m i 6 difi t e n ui t ; c o rv us i nt e ri m i n u m e r a na utae v a lidi s e

d é b at 4 P u e ri p u e lla e q u e p e r o pp id i p o rt a m c u c u r re

aru mo bé sé ru mp6c u l a v im
. .

r an t ut agric o l ) com l
"

, p é re n t .

B I “ I nt e ri m e g o e t C l a u di a inq uit I fi l ia
“
c o q ui ’

us i n c ul in a eiq u e de de r am
. .
, ,

so l eas inv é ne ram us

” “
U bi .

”
e s t eiu s p e c iin ia in q u it M arc e l la 2 Lupus in q uit
c um
. .
,

a gric o la
“ spé l u n c a é rfi pis se t a d ri pa m c e l e rite r

u p u mv idis
, ,

c uc ur rit I b i laté bat u rs a m a gn a E a c u ml

. .
,

ateb ris é rfi p it e um
"
se t E l
, q ue oc c idit 3 E q
,
u i n o stri . .

.
”
libe ré s e x Opp id6 i n silv a m v é xe ran t in q u it Cl au di a
T u mp er agré s v é nit Q u int u s
.

M o x a n ci lla c u mM ar
,

c um v um
.

q ue a d ri m isit q u ia pé c u l
a h a b é b ant N O S in t e

ri m in h e rb a iac é b am
.
,
”
us .

II . Tr a nsl a t e in t o L a tin :
\

A . I . g o n e i nt o th e g ard e n an d
A nd so we h ad
w e r e fi lling y o u r b a sk e ts C l a u di a wit h b ea u tif u l gr ap e s , , .

2 . Wh e n th e tire d f a rm e r h ad s e n t ( h is ) s o n s in t o th e
 I
LA T N P R M E R I 81

to wn , he l o ng o n th e b ank o f a s m
s at a ll str ea m Th e re .

h e sa w a r av e n a n d k ill e d it with a s t o n e 3 W e are . .

hiding with a fat b o y to fright e n th e t e a ch e r Why is .

‘
M arc u s hiding with y o u girls ? ,
}
“
B .I O nc e w e f o u nd a littl e fo x o n th e b a nk o f th e
”
s tr e a m a nd thr e w it int o th e w a t e r s a id th e s a il o r s to ,

M a rc us “ Why did y o u n o t give it to m

. e ?
”
a s k e d Q uin

tu s . 2 W e saw a dr u n k e n s a il o r in th e sh a d e s a id
.
”
,

j u li a ;
“ I r a n h o me b u t th e b o ys br o u,
ght littl e w o lv e s

fro m th e w o o d s s o a s to fright e n him ” “ Wh n th

3 e e . .

”
c o o k h ad g o n e to th e s tr e a m s a id Q uint us I c am e i nt o , ,

th e kitch e n A r av e n w as hiding th e r e u nd e r th e t a bl e
.
,

a n d I thr e w a p l at e a t h im
”
4 M a rc e ll a w as a g o o d
. .

” “
girl to day said Cl au di a ; fo r s h e g av e th e littl e b o ys
-

”
p e n s b e c a u s e th e y h a d f o u nd h e r sch o o l b ag .

EXERCIS E XXX I
T HE S E C ON D O R E —C ONJ U G A T I ON
h abeo

PR ESE NT lNRI NITIVE I

A CT VE VO I CE
h ab é re, to h a v e

NOTE . lv erb s
Al o f th e sec o nd con u a j g ti o n fo r mth e
p re se n t
infi ni ti v e ac t iv e in th i s sa mw e ay .

VOCA B ULA R Y
coepI , I beg a n , I h a v e beg un po tn i, I l
co ud ; I w as l
a b e,

m
.

uI , I p ref e rr ed, I
al ha v e I hav e bee n a bl
e .

p fre erred . v ol
uI, I w a n ted, I hav e
nbl
ul, I re f us ed ; I did no t w a n ted ; I w as l
w iling ,
w a nt I was unw l
iling , I ha v e been w il
ling .

I h a v e bee n un w il
ling .

LAT I N P R I M E R
—6
82 LA T I N PR I M E R

my g
0
NOTE E ach O f th e a o b v e verbs a o vern th e p rese nt infini
mE
.

ti v e ; e .g , . tI , I
re coep l bega n to be f
a r a id ; mil i ti
u s s edat e, y ou

p f
re err ed to sit; K a ena o l
a r v it eguba Vidé re, M a rcus w a nted to s ee

the h o rses .

I
RE A D NG L E S S O N

I Tra ns l ate i nt o E n glish

.

A I I n S ilv a l up us v a lid u s n63 te rruit ; itaq ue e g o

do m u mc uc u rri se d M arc u s dé fe s s u s in a ris l
. .

, g a t er e m a
l uit 2 C laudi a c o rv u mm is e ru mi n g re m ié te né re né l ue

rat e t c u m
. .

i
i
p p is i n u m br a iac é b a t 3 I n a g r6 e r a t ri v us
m
,

m
. .

p u lch e r n a in ri p a e ra n t b a c a c e t ro sae u l
ta e 4 U bi
f uit h e ri pé c u lumn os tru m Q u in t e ? Na mp ue l ae c u m
. .

l in ,

ueru nt a q ua c o m
,

arc a m v é n is se nt i d v o l p lé r e, se d n a n in ve ,

n é runt .

B I “U bi Q uint us p ue l
e st lae ? inq uit M arc e ll a ;
"

n a mn au ts e
. .
,

p ig ri e q uu s a lb u s i n h o rté n o str a e s t E g o

mf mi
.

” “
cu e rré re n On p o tu i 2 Co q u us é b rius , cu n

mi
. .

” “
Op p l
d6 vi n u m é s se t, inq uit M arc u s , nau ta e dé fe s s i
p6c u l
u m mplé co re nO u it l I ta q ue is poc u l u m ié c it i n c o rb u
mc q i m is ri
.

"
l
a o u e e ius q ue p a t e r as f ré g it 3 T u rn Q u int a
C min c lin a
,
. .

u u e ss é m u s,
”
inq u it p ue r p a rv u s , v u lp é c u la
“

gris in are am
'
ex a t, e t I til
v é ni ia e c o l u mb as te rré re c o e p it .

NOS 6 c u l in a é riip im u s ; se d v u lp é c u l
a c e le rite r in h o rt u m

c u c u rrit u t i n h e rb a l
a té re t
,
I nt e ri m av u s m e u s c u ms a git .

tis i n h o rt u m v é n e ra t ; itaq ue ibi v u l p é c u la m a l a poe n as

”
d e d it .

II . T ran s l
a t e in t o La tin :

A .J u li a s gra n d m o th e r s e n t M arc u s to s ee th e
I .
’

t each e r s bo at We p r e fe rr e d to fi ll o u r b ask e ts w ith

’

Y o u r e f u s e d to sit with m
.

a p p l e s i n th e g a rd e n 2 . e .

o n th e be nch 3 W h e n y o u r m o n k e.ys h a d th r o
. w n m a ny

gra p e s a nd be rri e s int o th e w a t e r b o ys th e y ran h o m e an d , ,

 I
L A T N PR M E R I 83

hid in th e t e nt 4 Th e n th e f a r m
. e r b e g a n to w a rn th e
.

'
sai l o r s p re tty d a u ght e r ; fo r S h e h a d r e f u s e d to t e a ch th e

p o o r childr e n .
I

“
B I Wh at did y o u w a nt to se e in th e w o o d s y e s t e r
.

” “ ”
day ? s a id J u l i a to M a rc e ll a I w a nt e d to see a b e ar .
,

r e pli e d M a rc e ll a A n d s o th e b o ys hid in a c a v e ; b u t
.

th e y c o u ld no t fright e n m e 2 Wh e re w e re th e c ups .

and p l ate s
”
a s k e d th e girl s
“
? T h e c up s w e r e o n th e .

b a n k o f th e s tre a m r e p li e d Q u int us an d th e pl at e s
” “
, ,
”
w e re in th e gra s s with y o u r b as k e t s 3 Wh e n w e h ad . .

co m e hom e thr o u gh th e fi e ld s
”
sa id M a rc us
“Q uint us b e , ,

g a n t o fi ll t h e girl s sch o o l b ag s with w at e r an d I thr e w

’

mud into th e d o ll s cradl e Th e n my gr andfath e r se nt th e

,
’
.

sto ut m a id to w a rn u s ; an d s o w e ra n q u ickly int o th e

”
w o o ds .

E X E R C I SE XXX I I
I R R E G ULA R VE R B

su m
PRE S E NT T E NS E S U B J U NCT VE M OO D I
S I NG ULA R PLU RA L

I st rs o np e Si m si m us

2 d pe rso n sis s I tis

3d p e rs o n s it s int
VOCA B UI A RV

l
aetu s -
a, u -
mp l ea s ed, h appy r ap ui I s e iz ed , I ha v e s e iz ed ;

m f
,
.
, ,

ta t u s ,
-
a, -
u ,
sa e . I s to l
e, I ha v e s to l
e n, e tc .

I R EA D NG LESS ON

1. Tr a n s l at e int o E ngli s h :
A I M a gi s te r c a p sas m
. al is m a g n is c o m p l e t ut p u e l
lae

fidu mc u m
.
,

b o n ae la e tae sin t 2 A g ric o l a e f ili i v a lid i a d l

.
84 LA T I N PR I M E R

Q uintO v é ne ran t ; s e d e as d o c er e mg iSt a e r né l

uit 3 M ar
m b es i c y m b a mp u l c h ra m
. .

c us, c u n a u tae o v idis s e t, c e l

e rite r

do u mm c u c u rrit ; e g o in h aré na se d er e m al u i u t c o rb u l am

m e a m c o n ch i s c o m m
,

p l
é re m 4 I ti li a s im ia t e .n e t u t .
’

a u dia e g re m
,

c o l u mb a tfrta sit E a n u nc in Cl ir) l a t e t

’

. .

Co q uu s c u mi n r ip a c o rv u mp a rv u m inv é n is se t
“ ”
B I
m
. .
,

m m
,

“
inq u it C la u di a p e r a gr a s d o u
, iit c o rv u q u e m ih i
H e r i c u mp ue r is pe r silv a m ad riv u mii
,

” “ ”
d e d it 2. .

I bi c umi n a q ua e s s é m
,

inq uit M arc u s us v ul p é c u l a m a l a

m
.
,

u nc a v é n it c é na m
”
é s pé l q u e é dit n o s tr a 3 U bi s u nt . .

“
p 6 c u l
a c o q ué inq u it a gric o l a N a u ta e S imi a h o dié p é .
.

“ ita q ue n auta m
”
c u l a m ulta e t v in u m ra p uit inq u it c o q u us
mm m
,

”
é b riu o x v idé bi us .

II . Tra nsl a te i n t o La tin :

A .I ) T h e h o rse s ra n thr o u g h th e g a rd e n a nd are n o w ,

i n th e y a rd 2 T h e gi rls a re s ittin g w ith u s i n th e t e n t

.

s o th a t th e d o l ls m
.
,

a
y be s a fe 3 Y o u r gr a n d m o th e r . .
,

J u li a s e n t th e fat bo y to th e st o re ; m e a nw h il e I be g a n to
,

fi l l hi s sch oo l b ag with s a n d 4 A n d s o w h e n w e h a d . .

kill e d th e w o lf w e w e n t i nt o th e c a v e Th e re w e f o u nd a
, .

b e a r b ut c o u ld n o t frigh t e n h e r w ith o u r a rr o ws
, .

B I “ Y e st e rd ay bo ys w hi l e y o u r tir e d gr a n d f ath e r
. .
, ,

”
w as ly in g in th e g a rd e n i n th e sh a d e s a id J ul ia h e s aw , ,

a wo l f an d w a nt e d to fright e n it be c a u s e h is h o rs e s w e r e ,

no t sa f e B u t a b e a r ra n q u ick ly th r o u gh th e fi e l ds a n d
I a msittin g in th e
.
,
” “
th e w o lf h id i n th e w o o d s 2 . .

” “
y a rd my so n sa id th e s ai l o r so t h a t y o u wi ll b e a g o o d
, , ,

bo y . Y e st e rd ay y o u w e r e l azy ; y o u did no t l e a d th e
” “ he h
h o rs e to th e str e a m 3 T gr a p e s f
. e l l fr o m t .e
” “
r b ys b a sk e ts i nt o th e w at e r s id M a rc e l l a and
’

p oo o a ,

n o w th e y are a fr a id o f th e f a rm
,

er W e will fi l l th e ir b as .

” “ h '
k e ts w ith m a ny a pp l e s an d be rri e s 4 T e s a il o r s . .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 85

h a p p y to day s a id Q uint u s ” “
so n w as -

, ; fo r M a rc us h a d
giv e n him a n arr o w B u t to m o rr o w .
-
I s h a ll hid e in th e
w o o ds an d fright e n h im”
.

EXE RC I S E XXX I I I
T HE S E C O ND OR E -
C ONJ UG AT I ON
h abeo
A CT IVE VO I CE
I ND I CA TIVE M OO D S U B J UNCT IV E M OOD
FUT U RE PE R F ECT T E NS E PE R F E CT T E NSE
S I NG U LA R PLU R A L S I NG U LA R PLU RA L

I st pers o n h a b uero h ab uerim us h a b u erim h ab u erl mus

2d p e rso n h a b ueris h a b ueritis h ab ueris h ab ueritis
d
3 p e r so n h a b u er i t h a b u eri n t h a b uerit h ab uerint

R EM AR K I A s an aid to th e m
. em o ry no t e th a t th e las t sylla

b l e s o f th e fut ure p e rfec t ind ic at i v e fo rm

,

s s p e l l o u t th e future o f

th e v e rb s ume x c e p t i ng in th e t hi rd p e rso n pl ura l ; and th a t th e

,

e fec t s ubj u n c t i v e is th e s am e as th e fu t u re p erfec t i ndi ca ti v e

p r ,

wit h th e ex c e pti o n o f th e fi rs t p erso n si ngu l ar and th e fac t th at

th e I is l o ng in t h ree fo rm s .

R EMAR K 2 T h e future p e rfe c t in di ca t i v e and th e p erfec t sub

j unc t i v e o f v erbs o f allc o nj ugat io ns are i nflec t ed in th e sa m
.

e w ay

as h abuerd an d h a buerim T o find th e fi rs t p e rso n si ngul a r fo r

.

any v e rb c ha nge th e i o f th e p erfe c t i ndi ca t i v e to er6 a nd

-
~

er im rim
,

~
; e g cu c u rr i cu cu
‘

rr e r6 cu cu r re ; I i Iero Ierin ; v eni , , ,

m;
,,

m;
. .
, ,

v aner o, v é neri fui, fu ero, fu eri e tc .

R EM A R K 3 T h e fu t u re p e rfec t t e nse re fe rs to a futu re ev e nt

m m
.

co m p l e t e d be fo re a no th e r fu t u re e v e n t e
g , M drcus o x In c y b i . .

c rit ; eg o interi m ex a gris Venerd, M a rc u s l so o n be in the

w il
bo a t ; m ea n w h il
e I sh a l
lh a v e co mf mth
e ro e fi e l
ds T h e p e rfec t
m tly
.

j t iv e is use d
s u b u nc os in de p e nd e n t l
c a use s , in w ay s to be
e x p la i ne d e l s e w h e re .
86 LA T I N P R I M E R

C
VO A B U LA R Y
g a l lin a, -
ae, P h en c h ic h c n Ovu m , I , N -

gg
e

m
.
, , . .
, .

n id us ,
-
I, M .
, nes t . f urti , a dv e rb ,
s tea th il
l y .

RE A D NG I L ESS ON

1
Tr ansla t e in to E n glis h :
.

A I M arc i s imi a h o dié c o l

. . um b ar u m u l d um in v é nit
m m
,

Ov aq ue m u lt a fré git 2 V ul p é c u l
a c u f fi rti i n are a m
iss e t Q uint i g a llin as ra p uit ; inthrimM arci g a llin a a lb a in
. .
,

c avea ttita e r at 3 L
‘

Iin a m s te ll
as q ue vid a r e v o l ui
‘

se d
M arc us m
. .
,
'
ec u tn in h o rtc) s e dé re nb l u it 4 E x a gr is
v é ni ut c o q uu mé b riu mv i
.

dé re m E u mn an v id i s e d i n
.

, .
,

ar e a ag ric o l
a e fi li o s o b é sé s i nv an i ; c o q ui p a t e r as é c u lin a

ra p ue ra n t .

B . I .
“ rs a
U m id O V e ,
”
inq uit Q uint us .
“U bi l
até b is ,

”
C l audi a u t tiita s is H e r i i n ta be rnac ul t) l a t u i inq u it
’

I bi l u p u s m
,

C l aud i a “ . é v idé re nan po tuit

"
2
“ Cr as
l acta e ra inq uit M arc e l l a ; i n S i lv a tu mse dé b im
. .

” “
, us e t i n ,

co rb ul is c rit c é na p u lch r a
”
3
“
I n si lv a m a d r iv u m
iim
. .

c um m
” “
us in q u it M arc u s ; q u e i bi in r ip a se d é ré u s

cy m
,

bam
,

n au tae v a lid i c e l e rite r v é n é run t e x O p p idc)

‘

q u e

no s tr a m ra p ué ru nt Q u in t u s do m um c e l e rite r c u c u rrit

u mn o stru m m
.
,

”
ut aV o n é re t ; e g o in t e ri m in h e rb a l a t u i .

I
I X T ra n sl a t e i nt o L atin :

A .W e h av e c o m e to see th e d o v e s e ggs Q u i nt u s
I .
’

, .

W h e re is th e n e st ? 2 Why d id y o u b rin g y o u r littl e fo x .

i nt o th e y ard bo ys ? M y p r e tty h e ns a re a fr aid o f it

,
.

3. W e b e g a n to b e a f ra id o f th e dr u nk e n s a i l o r ; b u t M ar

c u s g a v e h i m m o n e y a n d s e n t hi m h o m e 4 M e a nwh il e . .

th e b e a r h ad g o n e s te a lthi ly fr o m th e c a v e ; a n d s o th e
tir e d b o ys did n o t disc o v e r its h idin g p la c e .
 I
LA T N P R M E R I 3;
1

B . I . f a rm e r c a m
Th e e to da
y s a id J u li a to fill -
t h e ,
”
,
“

s tr e a m with s t o n e s Q uint u s w as h a p py ; fo r h e h ad l o ng
.

”
w a nt e d to se e th e fa rm e r s whit e h o r s e s ’
2 Wh e n th e . .

”
b o ys w e r e hiding in th e gra s s to fright e n th e girl s sa id ,

“
Cl a udi a th e s a il o r s l azy so n c a m e int o th e t e nt a nd s t o l e
,
’

y o ur r av e n s c a g e J u li a ” “ ”
O nc e u p o n a tim e s a id
’

3 , .

Q u int us a littl e fo x c a m
.
,

“
, e thr o u gh th e f o r e s t to s e e th e

f ar m e r s chi c k e ns
’
B ut th e f a r m
. e r s s o n s w e re sitting in
’

”
th e g a rd e n ; a n d s o th e y k i l le d th e p o o r littl e fo x .

E XE R C I S E XXX I V
S Y NOPS I S OF T HE VE RB

I n s u mm ariz ing th e f o rms o f a v e rb it is n e c e s s ary to

r e c o gn i ze a s t a n d ard o rd e r o f t e n s e s Th u s th e s yn o p s i s
o f h abeO a n d s um
.
,

w o u ld b e a rr a nge d a s f o ll o ws :
A CT IV E VO ICE
I ND I CA TI VE V IV
I OO D S UB J U NCT IVE M OO D

Pre s T e ns e h ab eo z m su h abea m sim

m m m
.

Im p e rf T e.n s e h abé ba e a r m h ab é re es se
V
F ut T e ns e h abé bé eri
i
mf m
.

Pe rf T e ns e h abui fui h abuerl ueri

mh mf m
.

Plu p e rf T e ns e
. h ab uera fu era ab uis se uisse

F ut Pe rf T e ns e
. . h ab uero fu er o
‘
s o f th e gr e a t e s t i m
~

It l p o rt a nc e th a t this o rd e r o f t e ns e s
b e firmly fix e d in th e m ind ( I ) b e c au s e f o rm s are m
,
ost

r e adily r e c a ll e d w h e n th e y a re a rra n g e d in a d e finite o rd e r ,

and ( 2 b c a u s e in t a k ing u p a n e w c o nj u g a ti o n th e fix e d
) e , ,

p l a c e fo r e a c h t e n se h e l p s t o bring o u t cl e a rly th e p o ints

o f sim il arity a nd di ffe re nc e b e t w e e n th e ne w f o r m s and

th o s e o f th e s a m e t e n s e s o f c o nj u g a ti o n s a l re a dy l e a rn e d .
88 LA T I N PR I M E R

Th e b v e sy n o p sis giv es th e fi rs t p e rs o n sin gu l ar o f

a o

ea c h t e n se Fo ll o win g th e sa m e o rd e r o f t e n se s giv e a
) a n d su mi n th e s e c o n d p e rs o n sin g u l ar
.
,

syn o p sis o f b abel ,

th e th ird p e rs o n sin g ul a r th e fi rst p e rs o n p l u ra l e tc This , ,

.

e x e rcis e sh o u ld b e r e e a t e d u nti l a sy n o sis i n a n rs n

p p y p e o

a nd n u m be r c an be iv n wi th t h si t ti n m ist k
g e o u e a o o r a e .

C
VO A B U LA R Y
folmI
iu -
N l
eaf I ratus , u m a ng ry en

am
-

, , .
, .
, ,

r I us , ~
, M .
, bra nch .

RE A D NG I LES S O N

I . T ra n s lat e i nt o E nglis h :

A I I taq ue p ue l
l
bo n ae c o l
ae um baru m n idé s fo l iis
co m
. .

p l
é v é r u n t 2 H e ri c u m g a ll
. in a e i.n r am 6 s e d é
, re n t ,

p u e ri m a l i ié c é ru n t s a x a e as q u e te rr u é r u n t 3 Cr a s i n
rc I c m m ue m
,

m
.

m
.

'

y b a p u lc h ra h a b é b é V a sq é c u in e a s e d é
bitis 4 E c o rb u l a c o q u i c u mis v u l m
,

. .
p é c u la te rr é r e t 6 v, a ,

i n s ax a c ec idé ru n t .

B I H o d i e nauta e filiumdo m um
”
m is i inq uit M arc u s
“Tu mn a uta iratus c u mi n h o rt u m n o str u m V é nis s e t r am é s
. .
, .

, ,

fré git g al linas q ue t u as I fi l ia o c c idit

”
2
“ Ciir i n fo l iis
, , . .

” “
dé fe s s i iac é tis p ue ri ? inq u it a gric o l a A via v e stra i n .

é es t ; c o q u u mé b riu mtim e t
,

” “
tabe rnac u l 3 P ue r p ig e r . .

e x h o rté fII rtimin a gr as ie rat

' ”
in q u it Cl au di a I bi b ac as
o x u rs a e m
.

m a gn as inv é n it ; se d m
,

ul tae V é n é ru nt é S ilv a
m
,

p u e ru m q u e ise r u m ra p ué ru nt
”
4
“
P e r vi as l o n g a s .

am
.

”
e q ui agric o l a d O p p id u m v é x é ru n t in q u it M arc e ll a ; in
i i p i gri n au taru mc y m b a ma q ua c o m
,

”
t e ri m e i us fil p lé b a n t .

II . T ra n s l
a t e int o L a tin :
‘
A . I T h e e n r a g e d c oo k thr e w e ggs a t th e fat s ai l o r
. .

2 . I a msa f e ; b u t Q u in t u s h as g o n e int o th e w o o d s to fi ll
 LA T I N PR I M E R 89

th e b as k e ts with l eav e s a nd th e re a re be a rs i n th e c ave s

, .

3 Wh e n th e b o y s s a w th e n e s t o f th e d o ves th e y br o k e
.

th e br a n c h a n d st o l e th e e gg s 4 Why did y o u b e gin to . .

fright e n my m o nk e y M arc u s ? ,

B I. Th e n y o u r gr andm o th e r s str o ng m aid c a m e

.
’

”
q uickly th ro ugh th e g a te o f th e t o wn b o ys sa id J uli a , , ,
“a n d f o u nd th e Chi c k e ns o n th e b a nk o f a str m"
ea .

”
2. M a rc u s w e nt s t e a lthily int o th e kitch e n s a id Q uint u s , ,

“an d t o k a c u A fi ll d it with nd g v
o p n d s o w e. e _ sa a n d a e

it to th e sa il o r s m o n k ey T h e m
’
o n k e y br o k e th e c u p a n d
.
,
”
n o w th e c o o k is a ngry 3 Wh a t did .
y o u fin d u nd e r th e
.

c o o k s t a bl e Q u int us
’
a s k e d J u li a
“ I did n o t find my .
,
” “
b all r e p lie d Q uint us ; b ut I s aw th e re y o u r sch o o l b ag
,

”
an d Cl a u di a s p e n
’
.

E XE RC I S E XXXV
T HE PR I NC I PA L PA R T S O F T HE VE R B
To c o nj u g at e a r e gu l a r v e rb it is n e c e s s a ry to kn o w in
, ,

additio n to th e fir s t p e r s o n s ing u l a r o f th e p r e s e n t indi c a

tiv e th e thre e f o ll o wing f o rm s : ( I ) th e p re s e n t infinitiv e

,

activ e ( 2 th e fir s t p e rs o n s ing u l a r o f th e p e rf e ct indic a tiv e

) ,

ac tive an d ( 3
, ) th e p e rf e ct p as s iv e p a rti c i p l e ; e g v i deo . .
, ,

Vidé re Vidl v is u s
,
Th e s e f o u r f o rms a re k n o wn a s th e
, .

Prin c i p a l Pa rt s o f th e v e rb .

R EM A R K I . Wh en inc i pal p arts are k no w n allth e

o nc e th e p r ,

o t h e r fo rm s o f a regul ar v e rb c an e as ily b e fo und Fo r e x a m p l e .

,

th e p re se n t i n fini t i v e v idé r e sh o w s t h a t v ideo is o f th e se c o nd c o n

j ugatio n ( h e nc e v idé ba mVidé bo ; v ideamv idé rem) and fro mth e
v ide rimv idis sem
,

e find Videram videro

, ,

p e r fe c t i nd i
c a tiv e v id i w , , .

Th e p e rfe c t p ass i v e part i c i pl e gi v es th e key to c e rt ain p ass i v e

fo rm s a s w il l b e s h o w n l at e r
, .
90 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

R EM A R K v erbs Ot h erwise re gula r lac k c ert ain fo rm

2 . M any s , ,

and th e re fo re
, S h o w l e ss t h a n fo ur p rinc i pal pa rt s
, 8 0 fo r ex .
,

a m pl e v erbs w hich be ca use o f th e i r m eaning are no t use d in th e

,

pass i v e .

Le ar n th e p rin ci p a l p a rts of th e to rbs of th e

s e c o n d c o nj u g ati o n
h abed h abé re h a bu l , h abitu s co mpld e com plet e co m
m
,

m
, , ,

So oned a n d terred .
plé VI , co pl é tu s .

l
aced Iacer e l
ac uL doced, docé re, doc ul, d oct us
tim
, , .

So l
ated, ten ed, an d ed . ce ed, d s ed er e , Se di
, se ss u m .

Vided, v idere, v idI, v is us .

VOCA B U LA RY

l
ocus , I, M ( p l u ra l l
oca , iddneus , a, u m s u ita bl
e

mm
- - -

m
.
.
, ,

45 , p l
a ce , p
s ot . l
a ,
a dv e rb , no w .

R E M AR K . Th e use o f l
a m no w
”
) is no t a o lt ge the r th e sam e

as th at o f nunc Th e la t ter w o rd re fers to . th e p rese nt o f th e

speake r e g K ar ena n unc in c y mba es t M a r cus is now in the

amca n e q ua ll y w e ll b e u se d in s p e ak ing o f an e v ent
.
,
.
, ,

bo a t; bu t l
tha t is past as I n s il v am lamv é nerim
,
us We h a d no w co m
,
e in to ,

R UL E To m a rh a q u es tio n , ~
ne my a be a dded to th e firs t

Lib fim
.

w or d f
o a s en tenc e ; eg . .
, r n e v idis ti ? D id y o u s ee
th e bo o h ’
. E stis ne in h ortd, p uel
lae ? A re y o u in th e

R E M AR KI No te h o w th e additio n o f ne c auses th e ac c e nt o f -

Co m
.

th e wo rd to w hi c h it is j o i ned to s hi ft to th e l as t s y llabl e
m
.

pa r e th e infl u e n c e o f cu an d q ue u po n th e ac c e n t o f th e~
w o rd s -

to whi c h th e y are j o m ed .

R EM AR K n t en c es in tro d uc e d b y car qu i d
2 . In se , , ubi, o r any

o th er i n t erro ga ti v e w o rd ne m ust no t be u se d ,
-
.
 LA T I N PR M E R I 9 r

I R EA D NG L E S S O N

I Tr an s l at e int o E nglish
.
'

A I M eam
. ne c a psam
. v idis tis p ife ri? H e ri iri" tab e r ,
~

u me a rn i ac i Pu e rin e in s ilv a mié ru n t Q trin te ?

'
n ac u l 2 .

Lo c u m n e iddn e u min v é n é r u n t
.
,

?
3 A g ric o l ae b o n i e q u u s .

libe rds i n l o c a trI ta v é xit I nt e rim n a utae f ili us in o pp id um

’

m mp lé
.

ie ra t u t c o rb u l
a sa
g ittis co re t 4 Vo l
u is tine , mi
md mq
, .

mba
.

f il i
, col
u ru v a n idu u e V idé re ?

B . A M a ra u der P u n is h ed

Tu mp ue r is “
O li m,
’
in q u it I fi l
ia , “l u
p u s m a l us , cu m6
spé l
u nc a mé i t p ffi rti V n ss e er silva miit in a g rds a gric o l a
mmi d m d mq q
,

ru se r ru e ru ue e u d s o c c idit I taq u e ag ric o ae l

m a in
, .

i at i
r m lb mé c v a dfi
n rsa a a a e x é ru nt in a g rOs , e t c u e

h e rba la tu é runt S ed l u p us iamdo m u mc u c urrerat e t in

ae c u m
.
,

s pé lu nc a t at u s ia c é b a t I ta q u e ag ric o l did in h e rb a
.
,

latu is s e n t c u mu r s a c e l e rite r ié r un t in s ilv a m ibiq u e l u p i

T u ml a e t i urs a mm
, ,

la te b ras in v é n é ru n t is é ru n t in s p é l
un

c aml
.

”
up u s q u e m a l us p o e n as d e dit
, .

II Tr an s l a t e int o L atin :
.

A I D id my little fo x fright e n yo u r chick e ns M ar

. . ,

c us ? 2 Why did th e a ngry s ail o r fi ll o u r t e nt with

.

s to n e s ?
3 A r e
y o u. in th e y a rd Q u int u s ? W e are in ,

a ndf a th e r s c o o k b uy
’

th e k itch e n 4 Wh. a t did y o

. u r gr
in th e t o wn girls ? W e w a nt e d to s ee his b as k e t b ut h e
, ,

w a s u nwilling .

I “
B . On th e b a nk o f a s m a ll str e a m w e f o und a n
.

” “Q uint u s bro k e th e
a rr o w a n d a b as k e t s a id M a r c u s ,
.

a rr o w w ith a st o n e a n d I thr e w th e b a s k e t int o th e w a t e r

,
.

M e a nwhil e th e f arm e r w a s filling ( h is ) c u p with win e ; a nd

” “
so h e did no t s e e u s 2 Wh e n I w e nt int o th e g a rd e n
. .

C l audi a “ I f o u nd a s uit abl e p l a c e a nd

, ,
92 LA T I N PR I M E R

s at fo r l o n g tim e i n th e sh ad e T h e n th e b o ys c a m e
a .

h o m e fr o m sch o o l a nd be g a n to fri ght e n y o u r r a v e n J u li a

, , .

”
A nd s o I ra n in t o th e y ard to w a rn y o u r gr a nd f ath e r .

EX ERC IS E X XX V I

T HE FI R S T O R A—C O NJ U G A T I ON

v oc d, v oc m ’
e, V OCAV I , v oca m l
s , ca l, su mm on

I
A CT VE VO I CE
I ND ICA T I VE M oo n S U B J U NC I IVE M OOD
‘‘

PR ES E NT T E NS E
I
S NG U LA R PL U RA L I
S NG ULA R PLU RA L

I st pe rso n v o c d v ocd m us voce m v o cé m us

2d pe rs o n v o c as v o c dtis v o c es v o c é tis

3d pe rs o n v o c a t v o c ant v oc et v oc ent

I M P E R E ECT T E NS E
I
S NG U L A R PLU R A L I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L

I st pe rs o n v o c ati
a m v oc ab a m us v o c dre m v o c aré m us

2d p e rs o n v oc dbAS v oc ab atis v oc dré s v o c dré tis

3d p e rs o n VOCEbat v o c dbant v oc aret v oc arent

FUT UR E T E NSE
I
S NGU LA R PLU R A L

I st pers o n v o c abd v o c ab i m us

2 d p e rs o n V 0Cdb is v o c ab itis

d
3 p e rs o n V OCEbit V O CAb unt

R E MA R K The bo ve fo rm
a s ca n eas ily be m em o rize d b y c o m

e c o r re s po nding fo r m
.

p a ring t h e m w i t h th s o f h abed Th us in t
.h e ,

im p e rfe c t i n di c ati v e an d subj u n c tiv e an d in th e fut ure indi ca ti v e

, ,

th e fo rm at i o n o f th e tw o c o nj ugati o n s is ve ry si m ila r th e o nly ,

'
difleren c e be ing t h at h abed h as 6 and v ocd h as a in th e S ec o nd
sy ll abl e o f e ac h fo rm Fo r purpo ses o f co m
.
p a ri s o n it ma y b e ,
 LAT I N I
PR M E R 93

fo und v i t he re
c o n en e n and e s e l wh e re to c o nsu lt th e Su mmry a of

Fo r mp s, age 2 0 4

NOTE . T h e p e rfec t i ndi ca t i v e v oci v i is gi ven abo ve am o ng th e

p r nci i pal p art s o f th e v e rb W i th th

. is as a bas e g i v e a sy no ps is
,

o f v ocb in th e fi rst p erso n si ngul ar o f th e p e rfec t l

p pu e
,
rfe c t, a nd
fu tu re p e rfe c t t e nse s .

VOCA B U LA R Y
do, dar e, ded i, datu s , g iv e ( s ee p ro pero, properaI e prOperav i
mmry mlmy
, ,

Su a of Fo rm s , p . 2I p rop erfitu ,
n , Iza s t m .

R EM A R K W h ere v e r th e p rinc i pal parts o f a v erb are gi v e n

. in
ful l , it is c usto ma ry
( as in t hi s E x e rc i s e
) to s t a t e t h e me a ni ng o f
th e v erb in th e l t erms w i th o ut a tt e m
mt os g e ne ra
p t i ng to t ra ns ,

l a t e e xac tly any o ne o f th e p ri nc i pal pa rts Fro mth e ge ne ral

d e fini tio n th e me ani ng o f any p art i c ul ar fo rm
.

c an easi ly be d e ri v e d .

I R EA D NG L ES S O N

I Tra n s l at e into E nglish :

.

A I Fue ros v o c ab im
. . us u t c o rv u m m e u m V ide a n t , .

2 M is is tis ne M ar c u mdé fe s s u m c umé l ud o v é n is s e t u t

a mv o c a m
.
, ,

a g ric o l ire t ? 3 C u
'
r a d c
y m b a is t i ? u t n a u ta e

ib ru mdaré s ?
.

‘
o b é so l 4 E s tn e M a r c u s in a gr is ? Q u int u s

in ar ea e s t ; n amna u ta e f ilia g a ll in a mda t

.

B . Th e Fox a nd M e Ch icken:
“H e ri ” in ui M arc u s “a v u s m e u s c u
q t mg a ric o l
is v a l
idis
u rs iiru mv idé re t
, ,

in s il
v a m iit, u t s p é lu n c zts la te b ras q ue
‘

I bi c u mse dé re t in fo liis v u l p ec u l a furtimé S ilv a in a gros

.

v enit e t c e le rite r c uc urrit i n h o rt um n o s tr umg a llini s q ue

,

m u lti s ra p uit I nt e rim ag ric o la e u rsarums p é lu nc i s in

.

v en e ra nt ; ita q ue av u mm n v o c ab a nt S e d iamin s il e ‘

v a mv é ne ra t Q u int us u t av u ma g ric o l
.

i s q ue v o c é re t q ui a
v u l pec u l a g a ll in as ra p ue rat I taq ue av us iratus do m um
, ,

m m
.

"
e rav it ; s e d na u ta e f ili u s i u l é u l id t
p p
ro a v p c a o c c e ra .
94 LA T I N PRI MER

II . Tr a n sl at e i nt o La ti n :

A I D id th e b o ys h u rry to a s u ita bl e p la c e ? D id th e y
. .

e at be r ri e s i n th e w o o ds ? 2 W h at a re y o u givin g to th e .

ra v e n Q uint us ? I g av e hi m a n a p p l e to — da y 3 A re
th e girls c a l lin g m
, . .

e to s e e th e d o ll s c h air ? I sa w it y e st e r
’

4 I s M a rc u s gl ad be c a u se th e f ar m e r s l a zy s o n
‘
day . .

did no t bre a k th e d o v es e ggs ? ’

B I “ o ” “w
. m o rr o w
. T sa id J u lia
-
e will h u rry fr o m
, ,

” “
sc h oo l a nd fi l l o u r b ask e ts w i t h be rri e s 2 Why a re . .

? “ W "
y o u i n t h e y a rd g i rls a s k e d C l a u di a
, e a re c a l li ng .

” “ u
th e bo ys re p li e d th e g irls B t th e y a re i n th e fi e ld s ; .

m
,

"
a nd s o th e y do n o t s e e u s 3 T h e f a rm e r g a v e e a

b a sk e t s a id M a rc u s an d w e n t wit h m
. .

” “
,
e to th e b o a t
, Th e .

sa i l o r s s o ns c o u ld no t give us h is be autif ul sh e lls b ut I

’

,
"
f o un d m any in th e sa n d .

E XE RC I S E X XX V I I

T HE T HIR D D E C LE NS I ON

CONSO NA NT S T E M S

flbs, M .
, fl o w er ar o b r ,
F .
,
tr ee l
ltus , N .
, M or e

I
S NG U L A R P LURA L I
S NGU LA R PLU RA L I
S NG U LA R P LU R AL
No m fla s fl ar es a rbo r a rbo r é s l it u s l
ito ra

m m lit m
.

Ge n . floris floru a rbo ris arb o ru o ris l

ito ru

D at flori florib us a rb o ri arbo rib us l

ito ri l
ito rib us

m rb
.

A cc fl orem flo ré s
. a rbo re a o ré s l it u s lito ra
A b l fl are
. floribu s a rbo r e arb o ribu s lit o r e l
ito rib us

R EM A R K th is d ec l e nsi o n v ary wid e l y in th e fo r m

r . No un s of

o f th e n o min ativ e singul ar b ut th e ge niti v e al ways e nd s in is as -

, ,

in th e abo v e e xa m pl es .
 LATI N PR I M E R 95

R E MA R K No t e
th at here (as in allo the r d ec le nsi o ns) th e
2 .

ac c us at iv e c as e o f a n e u t e r no un is th e s a me as th e no mina t i v e ,

bo t h in th e si ngul ar and in th e p l ural .

Gend er Th e r e is n o s i m
.
p l e r u l e fo r th e ge nd e r o f n o uns
o f th e third d e cl e n s i o n a n d it is th e re f o r e n e c e s s a ry to
,

l e a rn th e g e nd e r o f e ac h w o rd as it is t ak e n u p .

Wh e n th e ab o v e f o r m s h a v e b ee n m e m o ri ze d t e st y o u r ,

re c o ll e c ti o n o f th e mby d e clining to g e th e r flOs p ulch er

it u s tutu m e tc
,

arbo r m agn a l , , .

VOCA B U L A R Y
h abit o h ab itare, h ab itav i, p erterritu s ,
~
a, -
u mm / ac r

m li m
, ,

h ab itAtu ,
v e, dw e l
l .
f g/ t d z en e ,
t/zoro ng /zl
y
é scendi, I c l m
i bed ( p)
u I l md t
a ar e e c.

m
, ,

za r/e c l
l i be d ( p)
u . s ub it o , a dve rb , s u dde n l
y ,

w it/to u t w a rn ing , e tc .

RE A D I NG L ES S ON

I . Tr ansl at e int o E ngli s h : 4

A I I it u e Q uint us in a gr os ut p u e l
li s v o c are t, ut

m
. .

floré s p u l c h r é s v idé r e n t ? 2 Na ut a é b riu s , c u 6 t a b e rn a

m
.

v é nis se t p é c u la p a te ras q u e fr egit 3 A g ric o l ae u lt i in

m m
. .

m
,
' '
a g ris h abit a n t ul tI in l it o r e 4 E q uos ia v ide ri u s,

m
. .
,

e t ego ad ta b e rn a mp ro p e rab a .

B . Tl
ze P i
c ni
c

“
Ad lo c u m idon e u m m cu v é nis s é m us ,
”
inq uit I fil
ia,
“
p ue l
la e in h e rb a s ed er unt s e d M arc us e t
dé fe s s a e ,

Q u int us ad riv u mp a rv u m p ro pe rav é ru nt Na min r ip a e ra t

a rb o r m e rite r in a rb o re m
.

a gn a e t n id u s i n r am o M arc u s c e l
é s c c ndit u t ov a v idé re t ; s e d c u mi n ram
.
,

?) l a e tu s s e dé re t

rb o re mc uc u r
, ,

s ubit o é s el u nc a é rfi it s im i a o b esa e t a d a
p p
rit I raq ue Q uint us p e rte rritu s e r ip a c ec idit in a q ua m :
.
96 LATI N P R I M E R
O

et M arc u s cu m simi i n a rb o re m é sc e n dis s e t i n

a fo l
iIs
m m
,

m
,

l at er e c o e p it ; se d p ue r m ise r o x ra u fr e git , e t ad
"
te rrarn i n saxa c e c idit .

II . Tra ns l
a t e i nt o L a tin :

A .I A re th e re ap p l e s o n th e tr e e ? D o y o u se e
.

be rrie s in th e g a rd e n ? 2 Why w e r e th e s a il o rs livin g .

with y o u b o ys ? 3 W h e n th e f arm e r h ad c o m e to th e
, .

sh o r e to c a ll th e s ail o rs h e sa w a w o l f i n th e b o at , .

4 . S u dd e n ly th e litt l e fo x ra n fr o m th e te nt i nt o th e

g a rd e n ; th e re M a rc u s d o v e s m uc h a l a rm e d be g an to ’

, ,

hid e i n th e br a n ch e s o f th e tr ee s .

“
B .I W e did no t w a n t to giv e m o n e y to m a ny
.

” “
c h i ldr e n s a id J u li a ; I p re fe rr e d to fi ll th e ir b ask e ts
,

“ ” "
with ap p l e s a nd g r a pe s 2 A n d so said M arc u s . .
, ,

w e h a d n o w fri ght e n e d th e b ea r B ut s o o n m a ny w o lv e s .

ca m e fr o m th e f o re st ; and s o w e h u rri ed h o m e to c a ll th e
f a rm e r s str o n g s o n s T h e n w h e n th e f a rm e r h ad co m e
’
.
,

”
with a rr o ws w e kil le d th e w o lv e s a nd be a r
, 3 Q u in t u s . .

”
w i ll liv e i n th e t o wn sa id C l au d ia ; w e sh all liv e i n th e
,

”
fi e lds .

EXE RCIS E XXXV I I I

C A R D I NA L NU M E R A LS

duo , d une , du o ,
tw o tré s , tr é s, tr i a, t/zree

Fern .

No m duo d uac du o tr es tr es trla

md m m t ria m
.

Gen . d uoru m du Aru uo ur m triu triu

D at . du bbus du i b u s dubbu s tribu s tribu s tribus

A ce .
duo d u as du o tr é s tr es tria
d ub s tris tris
A bl . dubbus du ab us dubb us tribu s trib us tribus
 LAT I N P R I M E R 97

VOC A B U LA R Y
adiuv o, adiuv are, adifiv i, cé teri, -
ae, -
a, tire o t/ter .

adifi tu s , b el
p . ffig i, I ra n a w a
y , I ha v e ru n

conocar e,
colloco collocav i a w ay ; [ fl d, 1 l fled

mp l
, , e za v e .

col
loca s, a ce ,
p ut .

R E MA R K v e rb coll oco is used w i th in and th e a bl

. Th e a tiv e case

Thi s fac t must b e k e p t c a re fully in m

.

in d bec ause th e no t u nc o w
mo n transla tio n put (i nto ) sugges ts a d iffe re nt c o nst ruc ti o n
,

”
.

R EAD I NG L E S S ON
I Tr a ns l
. a t e int o E ngli s h :

A . 1 . Cu m a gr ic o l
aru m
q ui v alid i c o rb u las a d l it u s
e

v é x is s e n t n a u tae d uas i n cymb a c o l

, lo c av é runt 2 Q uin .

tu s m e a diiiv it ; n arn p ue ri c é te ri ia min s ilv a m f fi g e ran t

.

'

3 V o b is c u m a d lit u s p pro e ra b o u t n a u tas dé fe s s os ,

a diuv é m
.

us 4 I
. n a r b o ri b u s e ra n t c o rv i m u lti ; ita q ue
v im
.

p u e ll i s c é te ras v o c a u s u t n id os v idé re nt , .

B . Pl
ay in
g on th e Sl
zo re

“I ta ue
q
”
gr is v é ne ram
inq u it M arc u s , u s e t ia m
“e x a

b a mp arv a m in
, ,

s e dé bam us in h a ré n a T u rn s ubito c y m . .

lit o re v idim u s I n e a p ue lli s tres c o ll o c av i se d c é te ri

ibe ri c u c u rré ru n t a d o p p id u m u t n au ta mv o c are n t
.
,

l In
b a s ed i; c u m
,

te rim e g o c u mp ue ll
.

is i n cy m q u e di u c o n c h a s

in a q ua m ié c is sé m us c m
y b a ml u t o c o m p l
é vi
, S e d ia m e x .

o p p id o n a u ta ir atu s p ro p e rab a t E g o c u mnon tim é bam .

m
,

se d p ue l lae p e rte rr itae e ra nt I ta q u e c e l e rite r m ec um

a tuim
.

”
f ug é r u nt in h o rt u ib iq ue s ub a rbo rib us p a rv is l
,
us .

II Tr a nsl at e int o L a ti n :
.

A I I a mp utti ng fl o w e rs i n s uit abl e p l a c e s . Soon I

l c a llth e girl s to h e l p m
. .

s h al e 2 W e liv e d in . . th e t o wn
LATI N PRI M E — 7 R
98 LAT I N P R I M E R
C

fo r al o ng tim e ; b ut m y gr a n df a th e r p r e f e rr e d to live i n
th e fi e ld s . D o y o u s e e t h e b e a u tif u l tr e es in o u r g a rd e n ?

3 . T h r e e b o y s c a m e to sch o o l t o d a y T o m o rr o. w th e
o th e rs w il l b e p un ish e d ; fo r the t ea ch e r w as an g ry b e c a u s e

t h e y h ad run a w a y to th e sh o r e .

B . I .
“T h e r av e n w a s n o w m uch frigh t e n e d
”
s aid ,

“
J u li a ; a nd so Q ui nt u s cli m be d u p i nt o th e tr e e to h e l p
h im B ut in th e m e a n tim e M a rc u s thr e w tw o st o n e s a t
.

th e b a d m o nk e y a nd kil
” “
l e d it 2
. A re y o u h u rryin g
.

to sch o o l girls a sk e d C l a udi a

“ I will giv e y o u b e auti
.
,

" “
fulfl o w e rs to \ p u t in y o u r sch oo l b a gs 3 T w
. o littl.e
”
f o x e s c a m e st e a lth ily fr o m th e c av e s a id M a rc u s “
, be ,

c a u s e th e y h ad se e n ch ick e n s i n o u r g ard e n B ut I h a d .

p u t t h e ch ick e ns i n a s a f e p la c e ; a n d so th e li tt l e f o x e s
"
c o uld no t frig ht e n th e m .

E X E RC I S E X XX I X

I R R E G U LA R V E R B
e6, ire, ii, i tumg o ,

IND I C A TI VE M o o n M oo n
P R ES E N T T E NS E
I
S NG U LA R P LU R A L SI NGULA R L AL
P UR

I st prs o n
e e6 im u s c am u s
2 d pe rs o n Is itis e as c atis
3d p e rso n it c an t eat eant

I M PE RF E CT T ENSE
I
S NG UL A R PLU R A L SI NGULA R PLU RAL

I st prs o n
e ib a m u
ir e m iré m us

2 d pe rs o n was ib atis iré s

d
3 p e rs o n ib at ibant iret irent
 LATI N P R I M E R 99

F U T U R E T E N SE
I
S NG U L A R PLU R AL

I st rs o n
pe ibo ib i u s m
2 d pe r s o n ib is ibitis

3d p e rs o n i bit ib un t

R E M AR K I As an aid to th e mmrye o no et that th e endi ngs

im
.
,

o f th e p e rfec t i ndi c at i v e o f and fu t ure t his v e rb are id enti c al

wi th th o se o f th e c o rrespo ndi ng t en se s o f w eb and b ebeo and

com p are th e
p res e n t s ubj u nc t i v e o f e d w i th th a t o f b e beo .

R E M A RK 2 The im p e rfec t s ubj u nc t i v e o f any v e rb re gu l ar

fo u nd b y addi ng mto th e pres e nt i nfi ni t i v e

.
,

or i rregu l ar c an be
ac ti v e 3 n o t e abo v e ire and irem
,

‘
U s ing b a si s th e p e rf e c t indic a tive ii give a syn o p s i s
as a ,

o f ed in th e s e c o nd p e r so n s ing u l a r o f th e p e rf e ct p l
up e r ,

f ee t and f ut ur e p e rf e ct t e ns e s
, .

VOCA B U LA RY

au e t m c o nj u ncti o n
, , b o w ev er , alu t s ,
-
a, -
mt ll lg/
u , a ,
u z
.

bitt, m o reo v e r .

NOTE . Th e c o n unc j tio n au e t mi s a t po si t i ve wo rd ; i e i t

p o s . .
,

d o es no t s tand fi rs t in its t
se n e nc e U sually it is fo und in sec o nd
md
.

p l ac e ; g M ircus
e . .
, au e t a itus ier at, M a r c us , l
l zo w ev er , Izo d

go ne to th e sh o re .

M O D E L S E NT E NCE

'
itu s
Ad l ca m us , Le t s go to th e s h o re .

R ULETl ee
f irs t
p.e u ra lof th e p res en t s u bj u nc tiv e
rs o n p l

is us ed in u rg in g o r in v iting th e b e a r er to j o in tl ze s ea b e r
p
in do ing s o v ie t/rin
g . T/zis us e is kno w n as tl
ze Ho rta to ry
S u bj u nc tiv e .
1 00 LA T I N PR I M E R

I RE A D NG LE SS O N

I . Tra n s la t e int o E nglis h :

A I Pro pe ré m u s in a gr os di u a g ric o l
i s q ue mi se ros a «

Ho dié c umad l
. .

vé m fidu miré m
,

us 2 u s p ue l la p u lchr a

n ob is uv as m
. .
,

3 H e ri c u m p ue r is trib u s
,
'
ul tzis d e d it .

um
.

M arc u s in a gr os iit ut n idé s c o l b aru mm ise raru min

ram is arbo ru m al tar u m c o l
,

loc are t 4 A ncill a n o str a

c u ml u os d uos i n S i lv a v idisse t do m m
. .
,

p u pe rt e rrita f ugit , .

B . Th e Wolf a nd tire R a v en

M ul ta e a rb o r é s a l
ta e i n si lv a n o stra s u n t floré s q ue m u lti ,

e t p ul
c h ri O li m i n silv a m p u e l
. la pa rv a v é n e rat, c o rb u

l am gue florib us l acta c o p lé ba t S ubit o au te m é s p el u n c a m

v a mc uc u r
.

é rfi p it l u p u sm a l u s ; tu ue l la pe rte rrita p e r S I l mp
rit S e d in a rbo r e al tzi h ab itab a t c o rv u s I s c umlup um
‘

. .
,

p u e l
la mq u e v idis s e t s u bit o U bi s u n t s a gi tt a
, e m ca e

inq u it I ta q u e l u p u s m a l u s a d l ate b ras p erte rritu s f ugit ;

m m
.

p u e l
la a u t e m m u lt is c u m flo rib u s p u l
c h ri s d o u ro
p p e ra
vi t e osq ue l
, ib e ris c et e ris d e di t .

II T ra n s la t e i nt o L a ti n :
.

A I Le t s gi v e a rro ws to th e b o ys and d o l l
. .
’
s to th e ,

g irls 2. T w o b o ys .w e r e lyi n g o n t h e b a n k ; w e c a ll e d
th e m h o w e v e r to g o with u s to th e s h o re
, , 3 W e sh a ll . .

g o to th e w o o d s to d a y to p u t th e l
ittl e f-
o x e s i n t h e

c av e 4. Wh e n M a
. rc u s h a d f o u n d a s u i ta bl e s p o t h e ,

c limb e d in t o a tr ee to c a ll th e o th e r ch ildr e n .

' ”
B I. L e t s p u t tw o d o ll
. s in th e cr ad le s ai d M arc e l la ,

“ Wh y did y o u w an t to p ut th e d o lls i n
to Cl a u di a 2 . .

a sk e d M a rc u s L e t s fright e n th e m o nk e y
’
th e cr a d l e .

”
w ith th e m 3 I s a.w th r ee littl.e f o x e s in t h e fi e ld t o
”
Le t s
’
day s a id Q u in t u s
,
an d I h a v e br o u ght tw o h o m e
,
.

” “ ' ’
th e m i n th e r av e n s ca g e L t s fi ll h gi rls
’
u t 4 e t e
p . .
 I
LA T N P R M E R I 101

“
b as k e t s with fl o we rs s aid J u li a , Th e y h ave go n e
’
to
"
th e str ea m wi th th e b o y s a n d s o o n th e y will g o h o m e
, .

E X E R CI S E XL

I R R E G U LA R V E R B

possu m , po ss e, po tni, be l
a b e , ca n , e tc .

I ND I C A TI V E M o o n S unj U NCTIV E M oo n

PR E S E N T T E N S E
S I NGULA R L S I NG U LA R P LU RAL
I st p e rs o n p o ss u m p o ss u m u s p o s si m p o s s i m us

2 d p e rs o n p o t e s p o te s tis p o ss is p o s s itis
d
3 p e rs o n p o t est p o s s u n t p o ss it p o s sint

I M PE R FE CT T E NSE

SI NGULA R P LU RA L I
S NG ULA R P LU RAL
I st pr n
e s o p o tera m p o teri m us p o s se m p o s sé m us

2 d pe r s o n o t
p erAs p o teratis p os es
s p sé
o s tis

3 p e rso n
d p o terat p o terant p o ss et p o s sent

F U T U R E T E NSE
I
S NG ULA R PLU RA L

I st p rso n
e p o t
ero p o teri m us

2 d p e r so n p o teris p o teritis

3d p e rs o n p o terit p o teru nt

R EM AR K . Thi s v e rb is a c o mpo u nd o f pot e and sum I n th e .

co m po sit io n pot e is o ft e n so m e wh at di sgu is ed b ut th e fo r m s of ,

s um
,

s uffe r li ttl e c h an e f r th e full p ri nc i pal p art s o f s umse e th e

g ( o ,

fo l lo wi ng Vo c abul ary ) .

With th e p e rf e ct indic a tive potul as a b asi s giv e a ,

syn o p s i s o f po ss um in th e third p e r so n s in gu l a r o f th e
pe rf e ct l
p p
,
u e rf e ct a n d f u t
,
u r e p e rf e ct t e n s e s .
1 02 LA T I N PR I M E R

C
VO AB U LA R Y
su m , es se, ful
,
be . en i m c o nj un cti o n f o r
, , .

NOT E Th e co nj un c t io n en im( unli ke nam) is a po s tpo s itiv

uncam
.

wo rd eg Lup us en im in s pé l fugere t F o r th e w o l
f Izo d
C o m pare th e n o te o n autemin th e prec eding
, ,

fl ed in to tl
re c a ve .

E x e rcis e .

RE A D I N G LES S ON
I . Tr an sl at e i nt o E n gl
ish :

mbr a s edezim
'
A . I . In u us 2 Po te s ne l
lb e rOs c é te rOs

m?
. .

v idé re ? E u n tn e
I n a gros im u s u t a gri a d riv u 3 .

c o las bo n os adiu v é m
,

us 4 M o x Q uint u m vidi ; e i u s e ni m
a v u s tu mibi h ab i m
. .

tab at 5 P ro p e ri v e ra in h o rt u m u t .

m
.

re m u t e is
,

p u e llas v o ei b ac as d a r e m S e d e a e, ia e x .

h o rt o i n silv a m ierant ; itaq ue p ue r o b é s us b acas é d it .

B . A D is tu rbe d S c/zo o lS es s ion

M arc u s , m6 l ud a d mm é i t Q in ta H dié
cu o u v n ss e u o
”

i n lfid mI p mp rv m t im
, ,

i q it
n u i md fi im u Eg U u a u e s a x us o

l c m idO m b l p mc ll
,
.

o u b llii i é i ib iq neu su su se s nv n ue u u o o

c av i ; im im t m p
,

s i é t i i n mgi t i s ll i c l l c a
a au e ue r c er a s r e o o

v é t
ru n M gist r m imi m idi t t b lm in m
. a e , cu s a v s se , a u a ea

ié it
c T n s bit o l p s é lt b i é fi p it mgi t q p
ur u u u a e r s r a s er ue er

t m l it
.
,

t rrit s f ug it i n fi m t i n b m l
e u é re a e ar o re a a c e er er sc e n

d it I n t ri m p i m lt i fu timé l ud o p
. e gros i n silv m
ue r u r er a a

c u c u rr é ru nt . S ed cri s p o e ni s dab u nt m a gist e r e nim

”
iratu s e s t .

II Tra nsl at e int o L ati n :

.

A I I d id n o t w a nt to b e a f a rm e r ; an d so my gr a nd
. .

f a th e r s e n t m e to sc h o o l 2 Ca n th e y h e l p y o u ? 1 . .

c o u l d n o t h e l p th e o th e r gi rls L t s c ll h str ng ’

3 e a t e o . .

f a rm e r M a rc us 4 ,
I w e nt w ith tw o b o ys to p u t th e .
 LA T N P R M E R I I [o3

bea r in ( its ) ca ge 5 Th e r e a re three l a rg e s t o n e s in th e

. .

'
r o ad A re y o u abl e to p ut th e m o n th e h o r se s b ack
.
,

boys ?
“
B I. T h e dr u nk e n s ail o r s s o n a n d d a u ght e r c a nn o t
.
’

”
g o t o s ch o o l s a id J u li a H o w e v,e r th e y h a v e t w o b o o k s .

a n d w e s h a ll h e l p th e m
, ,
”
x “
.
2 A littl e fo x s t o l e my . .

”
three c hic k e n s to day s a id Cl audi a ; fo r th e fa rm e r h ad -

g o n e to t o wn B ut wh e n h is s o n s c a m .e h o m e th e y h u r ,

ri e d to th e f o r e s t a n d kill e d th e littl e fo x in ( its ) hiding ,

l c ” “ I h ll ”
p a e 3 s a g o to th e sh o r e to da a id M a rc u s
.

y s -
.
, .

“
Q uint us h o w e v e r p r e f e rre d to c a ll th e o th e r b o ys a nd
, ,

”
g o with th e m int o t h e fi e ld s .

E XE RC I S E X LI

VOCA B U I A R Y

frAter, tris , -
M bro tl
zer so ror o ris , F s is ter .

mh
.
, ,
. .
,

m at er tris ,
-

,
F .
,
mt/ o ze r . v illa ,
-
ae, F .
, f ar o use.

pater tr is ,
-

,
M .
, f a t/zer .

REA D NG L ES S ON I
I . Transl a te int o E ng lish :
A I Vo luis tin e m a gi s t e r e ss e ? l ib e r os d o c er e p o t e s ?

u it ; p at e r au t e m
. .

F r at e r dé fe s s u s m ec u ma d l it u s ire n Ol
'
2

i n a gros me dfix it u t fiOré s v idé re m 3 M i tre m m e a m

.

. .
,

e t s o rOre mp u e ri m a l i s ag ittis h e r i te rru é ru n t 4 M arc us . .

p u e r is p e c un ia m d ab it N O S a u t e m tiv as e t b ac as m u lt as .

p u e lli s d e dim u s .

'
B . A Tn cky Wo l
f
“I n ilv ei ' ” “ l
h ab ité b a t p ue l
s inq u it Cl audi a a p a rv a .

m
, ,

O li mm at e r e a m m cu c o rb ul a ad av iae v ill a m p e r s il v a
m is it I nt e ri ml u pu s é
. l
a teb r is v é n c ra t
p ue l
la mq ue v idit ;
I 04 LA TI N P R I M E R
O

itaq ue cel
e rite r c uc u rrit a d vi ll a m cu mq ue a via m mis e r a m
ml
,

é dis se t, in l
e c tO l
atu it Pue l
c ta flOrib us co rb ul
la i
a am a

co m m
.

lé b a t S e d c u v é nis se t i n v ill a m l u p u mue v idisse t

p q
e c to tu mp e rte rrita ag ric o l é s v a lid os v o c é v it ; m
.

in l , ul
tOs
e ni m i n s il i v ide ra t I ta q ue c i c uc urré ru n t ad v il l
‘

vz a rn

up u m
.

”
l q u e m a l u m o c c id é ru n t .

11 . Tr a n sl a t e int o L a ti n :

A . I . Y o u r f a th e r Q u intu s i s givin g
, , my tw o e ggs to
sist e r ; I h o w e ve r s h a ll n o t be ab l e to g iv e y o u a n e st
, , .

2. T h e ir br o th e r will go w ith y o u ; fo r th e re are w o lv e s i n

th e w o o d s 3 M.
y m o th e r . a n d gr a n d m o th e r w e r e g o i n g
q uick ly th r o ug h th e fi e ld s to c a l l th e girls 4 Y o u will . .

b e abl e to h e l p u s bo ys ; fo r my bro t h e rs a re fi ll in g th e
,

str e a m with st o n e s to — da y 5 I h ad c o m e to th e sh o r e
. .
,

a n d w as sitti ng o n th e r o cks ; fo r Q u in t u s h ad r e f u se d to

g o w ith u s to th e w oo d s .

B .I “ I f o u n d a l ittl e d o v e i n th e r o ad y e st e rd ay ”
.
,

“
s a id M a rc e ll a Le t s p ut it o n a br a n c h o f th e tr e e
.
’

w it h th e o th e r d o v e s ” “ I w a nt e d to b e abl e to h e l p
2 . .

”
th e b o y s a nd g o with th e m int o th e s ail o r s b o a t sa id ’

J u li a ; but my sist e r s e n t m
, ,

e to th e f a rm h o u se to sit with

( )
my gr a nd m o t h e r ”
3 W e
.
p u t th e c u p s .o n th e t a b l e
”
,

sai d Q u int u s a n d th e c o o k fi ll e d th e m w ith win e B ut

,
.

th e m o n k e y s u dd e n ly r u sh e d o u t fr o m th e c a g e a n d th r e w
th e c up s to th e gr o u nd an d br o k e thr ee ,
A re th e p la t e s .

”
s af e M a rc us ?
, 4 M y f a th e r c.a n n o t s e e th e b o a t o n
”
said C l au d ia “ Le t s cal l th e sail o rs to h e l p ’
th e s h o r e , .

”
h im .
 LATI N P R IM E R I 05

E XE RC I S E XLI I
T HE T H RD I DE C LE NS I ON
I S -
TE M S
ignis v n s val
l m r
fi ,a eM .F , ey re a e N s ea ,
.
, , .
,

S I NGULA R PLU RAL S I NGULA R PLU R AL S I NGU LA R PLU RA L

No m ign is ign é s v al lés v al

l és m a re ma ri a
igni s ig n ium v a lli s v a ll ium m aris
.

Gen .

D at ign i ig n ib us v a lli v al
l ibus mari
ig n em ign is em v a ll is
.

A cc . v al l m are m a ri a
ign é s l
v al és
A bl . ign i ig n ibus v a lle
, l
v al ibus marl
ign e
N OTE . Th e fo ll o wing l
c asse s o f th i rd d ec l e nsio n no uns be l o ng
to th e I -
s e t m s :

( )
r M asc u l i ne s and fe mi i n nes in is
-
and femi i n nes in 65 wh ic h
~

hav e th e same num be r o f syll ab l es in th e no min ti va e and ge ni t i v e

si ngu l ar ( as ignis ignis ; v all é s v al lis )

, , .

( ) Ne ut e rs in e al ar
2 -

,
~
,
~
.

R EMA R K I Th e m os t i m rt a nt difl ere nc e be tw e e n c o n so

‘

.
p o

nan t and I s t e m s th a t th e l a tt e r h av e ium( i ns t e ad o f um in

s i -

) - -

th e ge nitiv e p l ural a nd th a t n eu t e r 1 s t e m
, s h av e ia ( ins t ead o f - -

a in th e no m i a t i v e and a c c u s at iv e p l u ra l N t l th t
-

) n o e a so a i s is .
-

th e p re ferre d e nd ing fo r th e ac c usa t iv e p l ural o f m as c ul ine s a nd

fe m i ni nes ; and th at th e re is c o nsi de rabl e v ariat io n in th e e nd ing

O f th e ab l a t iv e s ingul a r T h e fo rm s o f th i s la tt e r c as e a re be s t
.

l earne d by be c o mi ng pe rs o nally ac q uai nt ed w i th eac h no un .

R E M A RK 2 T h e b l a nks in th e p l ura l o f m
. ar e m e an si m ply
th at c ertai n c ases o f th i s no u n are no t in c o m mo n use Th e w o rd .

is h e re c h o s e n as a m o de l b e c ause i t is th e m o st c o m p t e ly
l e

in flec t ed ne u t e r I st e me m pl o y e d in th i s bo o k
-

( I n th e g e ni t iv e ,

dat iv e and ab l a t i v e p l ural fully i n flec t ed ne ut e r I s t e m

.

, s s h o w th e -

asc u l i ne s and fe m
,

sa m e e n din s as m inines )
g .
I 06 LATI N P R I M E R

C
VO A B U L A R Y
col
lie, -
Is ( l ab
e) .
~
, M .
, l
zil
l . v eh emen ter d v e rba v e ry

ml
, ,

piscis ,
-
is ( a b l e ) .
-

, M .
, fi s /t . u c i, ex c ee d in ly
g .

I
R EA D NG LES S ON

I . Tr a n sl a t e i nt o E ngl is h :

A . I t r l
. ib ru m t uu m in ign e m ié c it ?
M e us n e p a e

2. I n m a ri p isc is m a gn os v idé re p o ss um Po te sn e tu
e m
.

e os v idé re ? 3 I n c o llib u s s u n t v ill a ul ta e 4 Pe r

em
.

a d riv u m e am e r p ig e r c um a t e r c u m
. .

v all us 5 P u
p
i n ag r os m is is s e t ad l it u s c u mfri trib us iit u t so rOris mc ae
. .
,

mb m idé
, ,

cy a v re t.

B . A T/tief R o u ted

I ul
ia cu mi n c et e ris p ue l
u m b rilis s e dé re t,
“H e ri ”

em
,

M arc u s c u mp u e ris m u lt is pe r c o ll é s i n v a l
,

“
inq u it , l
iit ; n a min v a l l e riv us p u lch e r e s t Cu ma u te m ibi ia c é .

r e n t in rip a u t p isc is v idé re nt l u p u s m a gn us é 5 p é lunc 5 .

v en it e Oru m u e c é n a m ffi rtim ra p uit

, ,

q S e d M arc u s id
v ide rat e t ia m iratu s p u e rOs c é te rOs ad l u pi s pé l un ca m
.
,

iv it ; c u m u e in e a rn ri m u pum
'
v oca Os e t f o li a ié c is s e n t l
q
q u e i gn i te rr é re n t i s s u bit o é rup it é l
a te b ris e t i n si lv a m

L up i e n i m i gnis v e h e m e n t e r tim
, ,
”
c el e rite r f fi g it . e nt .

II . Tr a n sl at e in t o L a tin
A . I . fr aid o f th e se a M y br o th e r
M y m o th e r is a .

?
a nd sist e rs h o w e v e r a re i n th e b o a t
,
2 A n d s o th e y
, .

will g o q u ick ly th r o u g h th e v a ll e y ; fo r th e r e are m a n y

be a rs in th e w o o ds 3 W a s th e f a rm e
. r a bl e to h e l p.th e

r s a il r ? I c a ll e d my f a th e r to h e l p h im B ut m y
p oo o .

br o th e rs w e r e th e n p u tti n g a b e a r i nt o th e c a g e ; an d so
( my ) f a th e r c o u ld n o t g o in t o t h e fi e ld s .
 LATI N P R I M E R 1 07

B I
“T h e s ail o r s thr e w
into th e s e a
no w th e fis h
”

s a id M arc u s ; fo r th e f a r m
. .
,

“ e rs h a d r e f u s e d to fil l th e ir

b as ke t s with ap p l e s be g a n to b e m
.
”
u ch a f ra id ,
”

“
s aid Cl a udi a to th e b o y s F o r th e r e w a s a n int o xic at e d
.

s a il o r in th e y a rd a nd my fa th e r h ad g o n e int o th e hill s
,
'

to giv e m
” “
o n e y to th e f a rm e r s L t h rry i to ’

3 e s u n. .

” “
th e k it c h e n M a r cu s s a id Q uint u s , T w o littl e f o xe s .

h ave c o m
,

e i n t o th e g a rd e n a n d w e will fright e n th e m,
”
with fire .

EXE R C I S E XLI I I
T HE T HI R D OR E—C ON J U G ATION

mitto mi tt er e m is i missu s
, , , , s e nd

A CT I V E V O I C E
I ND I C A T I VE MOOD S U B j UNCT IV E MOOD

P R E S E N T TE N S E
S I NGULA R PLU AL S NGULA
R P LU R AL I R

I s t p e rs o n m itto mitti mus mittam mittamus

2d pe rs o n m ittis mittitis mittas mitti tis
3d p e r s o n mit rit mittunt mittat mittant
I M PE RF E CT T E NS E
SI NGULA R PLU AL R S I NGULA R LU R AL
P

I st r n
p e s o mitté b m mitté bam
a us mitt m mitt é m
er e er us

2 d pe rs o n mitté b a mitté b é ti
s s mitt é mitt é ti
er s er s

3d pe r s o n mitté bat mitté b nt a mitte et mitt nt

r ere

F U TU R E T E N SE
SI NGULA R PLU R AL

I st p e sr n
o mitt m mitté m
a us

2d p e r s o n mitté mitté ti
s s

3d p e rs o n mitt t mitt ent

e
1 08 L A T I N PR I M E R

R EMA R K th at e x c e pt in th e i m
. Obs e rv e p e r fec t indica tiv e th e
,

abo v e fo r m s o f th e t hird co nj ugatio n are m

,

o re o r l ess unli k e th e

co rr es po nding fo rm s o f th e firs t a nd s ec o nd c o nj u a ti o n s
g No t e

m
.

p arti c u l a rly tha t in th e i p e rfect su bj un c t ive th e fi rs t e o f th e e nd

ing is sh o rt and c o n t rast th e c o rres po nding 5 o f th e impe rfe ct sub
,

j unc t i v e o f th e se c o nd co nj ugati o n ( as see n in h aberem ,

T h e pe rf e c t t e ns e s o f th e f o ll o win g v e rbs a re alear dy

f a mili a r Le a rn no w th e p ri nci pa l pa rts :
.

ca d o cadere cecid i cAs u mf a l

l
curro currere cucurri cu rs umru n
, , , , .

, , , , .

d uco dficere d ux i ductus lea d bring

, , , , , .

edo Ease ( edere ) edi es ne ea t; se e S u m m a ry o f F o rm s

, , , , ,

Pa g e

em o e m er e em i em ptus buy
Grum m
, , , , .

po e ru pe re eru p t eru tu
p r n rus h ( )
o u t bu rs t f o r t/z

é mndo é scendere escendi essens u im m

, , , , , .

, cl b ( up ) , , , .

frango fran ger e freg i fr actu s brea k

, , , , .

occido occid er e oocidi occis a s kil

, l , , , .

v eh o y eh er e v ex i v ectus ca rry
, , , , .

R EM A RK . No t e
th at th e present infinitive o f th e co nj uga
ti o n ends in fi re an e nding whi c h m us t be di stingui sh ed care fully
fro mth e co rres po nding 6re o f th e se c o nd co nj ugati o n
,

-
.

RE AD NG LES S O N I
1 .T ra n sl a t e in t o E n g lis h :
A I M arc i fri te r c o lu m
. b aru m Ov a sa xis fr an g e r e
u it ; s e d p a t e r c u min a gr os m isit
.

v ol u t e q uOs dé fe s sOs

I n ta be rn amtu mib aim

,

ad a q ua m dfic e re t u s u t b ac as
‘

m
. .
,

iiv fis q u e e m e ré m us 3 A d v ill a m c u .so r O rib u s c u r

rfim
.

us U b i p ue ri l a tu é ru n t ? 4 P o tu é ru n tn e p u e ri p isc i s
NO5 i n h o rt u m c urre re m uim
. .

e m e re ? il u s ; ibi e nim m al a

e x arb o rib u s i n te rra mc adé b an t .

 LATI N P R I M E R 1 09

B . l e Genero us B ea r

Olim M arc us Q uintu s é vill i v é n é runt ad l it us e t in

et

b ar en i multOs p isc es m agn é s inv é n é runt E 63 p ue ri in

,
'

i s ié c é ru n t d uas do m um
.

c o rb u l q u e p p
ro e ré re c o e p é ru n t

Cu ma u t e mp e r s ilv a m m ag n a mire n t u rs a a lb a
, .

p i s c es ,

vidit l u q u e Pis c é s vid e o inq uit ; p u e rOs te rre é m

,
”
us
”

I ta q u e l u p u s s ubito e x a rb o ru mu mb ra é rfi pit
,

T u mc o r
.

b ul ae c u mp isc ib u s p ul c h ris c e c idé ru n t in te rra m p u e riq u e

‘

m
,

e r v al l
e e rt e rri ti c u c u rr é ru n t I nt e rim u r i cis
p p sa p s

ra p u it c h m
.

q
,
u e e O s é d is s e t c o r b u las l u p o d e dit
, I s a ute m .

un c a m c u c urrit
'
iri tus in s p é l ibiq ue p a rv as u rsé s tr es
,

o cc idit .

II . Tr ansla t e into L a tin

A . I . f a lling into th e l ea v e s ; a nd
T h e fire w a s no w

s o th e s a il o r ra n thr o u gh th e v a ll e y to w a rn th e f a r me rs .

2 . Wh e n th e b o y s w e re bri nging th e li ttl e w o lf fro mth e

hills to th e b o at th e o th e r w o lve s r u s h e d o ut o f ( th e ir )
,

hid in g p l ac e s a nd fle d thr o ugh th e f o re s t ; fo r th e y w e re

e xc e e dingly a fra id o f th e a rr o w s o f th e f a rm e rs 3 T h e . .

‘
co o k w as b uyin g p l a t e s at th e st o re ; fo r th e m o nk ey h ad
bro k e n m a ny .

“
bring th e h o r s e s to th e sh o re s a id M ar ”
B Le t
’
. I . s ,

an d s e nd th e mint o th e s e a
c us
”
2
“ I h a v e bro ught . .
,

”
a s tr o ng h o r s e to c a rry my st o u t sist e r to t o wn s a id ,

“
Q uint u s ; b u t I c a nn o t p ut h e r u p o n him ”
L t ’

3 e s . .

” “ h
e a t ( o u r) b e rri e s i n th e s h a d e s a id J u li a T e bo ys , .

w a nt e d to c o m e with m e to th e f a rmh o u s e b u t I r e f u se d , .

A nd s o th e y ra n int o th e w o o d s a nd b e g a n to cli m
'
b
u p int o a t a ll tr e e to kill a r a ve n S o o n th e y will b e .

”
p u ni s h e d .
I IO LA T I N PR I M E R

E X E R CI S E X LIV
I R R E G U LA R V E R B
fero, ferre, tuli , l
atu s , ca rry ,
bea r

A cT I v E VO I CE
I ND I C A TIV E M OO D S U B J U NCT I VE M OO D
P R ES E N T T E N S E
S I NGULA R P LU R A L SI NGU LA R P LU RA L
I s t p e rs o n f e ro fe rim us fe ra m fe rA m
us

2 d pe rs o n f e rs fe rtis f e r as fe rfitis
3d p e rs o n f e rt fe runt fe rat fe ran t

I M PE R PECT T E NS E

SI NGU LA R P M l. SI NGU LA R P LU RA L
I st p e rs o n fe reba m fe r ms
A
)
u f e rr em fe rre mus

2d pe rs o n fe ré bfis fe ré b é tis o
f e rt es fe rré tis
3d p e rs o n fe ré bat fe ré bant f e rre t f e rrent
FUT UR E T E Ns E

SI NGU LA R P LU RA L
I st p rs o n fe ram
e fe ré m us

2 d p e rs o n f e r es fe ré tis
3d pe rs o n f e r et fe rent

R E M A RK fro mth e p ri nc i pal p art s fero is no t sp ec i all y

A sid e
irre gular In ge n e ral its i nfle c t i o n fo llo w s th at o f m
.
,

it to b ut no t e
u nc ti v e fer r em( c o m
.

th e p ec uli ari ty o f th e i mp e rfec t s ubj p ar e fe rre ) ,

an d o bs e rve th a t in th e pr e s e n t indi c a t i v e se v eral fo r m s ha v e suf

fe red th e l oss o f a sh o rt v o w e l .

C
V O A B U LAR Y
tran sco, tran sir e, trans ii , saspe, a dv erb of ten
, .

tr ans itu s, c ro s s ( o v er ) g o
,

ov e r .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I li I

R EM ARK . No t e t hat trans eo is a c o m po und of th e i rregul ar

v e rb e6, w ho se c o nj uga t i o n i t fo ll o ws .

REA D I NG L E S S ON
I . Tr a nsla t e int o E ngli s h :

A . I . M arc u s ex a gr is v é n e ra t, ut mé m n sa ad rip a m
f e rre t ; ibi en i m p ue llae Cen a m i n c o rb ulis h a b é b a n t
m a l a e co rv i c av e a min aq ua m ié c é run t ; sax is
.

Pue l
lae

ea mf ra n
g fi mus .
3 E g o tu . mé lt b i é mp a e r s ru e re riv u m
q u e tri n s ire v o l ui ; frfite r a u t e m Olit q i n tfi u , u a nau s é b riOs
in l un c a v ide ra t
sp e 4 U rsfi s n e o cc id e r e p o te stis
. .
, p u e ri ?
U bi s u nt s agitt a e v e s tfa e ?
‘

B . l e ayf u lM
Pl o nkey

“ I n Eire ii h o dié s e de z
a
’

m us ,
H
M arc o Olim in q u it I uli a
t m in h o rt u m ire m
.

M arc us au e m alu it, u t a gr ic o l

ae f il
iu
v o c i re t c u m q u,e e 6 in s ilv a m r
p p o e ré v it I ta q u e m o x ibi .

s ub arb o rib u s i n u m b ra p u e ri iac é ba n t I n sil v i h ab iti b at

i a a lb a E a c ump ue rOs v idis s e t furtimin a rbo re m
.

s im
fl
'

ta mé s c e n dit ram
.
,. ,

al Os q u e p a rv os in e 65 ié c it
,
E i a ut e m .

irat i s a x a m a g n a ié c é ru n t in a rb o re mS im ia m q u e o c c idé ru nt ,

mis e ram T u mpe rte rriti ffig é ru nt ; simii s e ni mc ete ri s

.

ve h eme nt e r tim é b a nt M ar c u s a d l it u s p I Op e rav it ; a gri

.

co l a e a u t e m f ili us do m u mc uc urrit e t s ub l e c tO l a tuit , .

II . Tr a n s l a t e int o L a tin :

A . I . f arm e r s o fte n c arry bra n c h e s fro m

Why do th e
th e w o o d s to th e s h o re 2 Y e s t e rd ay a littl e fo x s t e althily
cr o sse d th e s tre a ma n d c a m
.

e int o th e y ard to e a t th e fis h

ta ils ; fo r th e c o o k h ad th ro wn th e m int o a b a s k e t 3 W e . .

are cli m bing int o th e tre e to killth e r av e n 4 We r e y o u . .

th e n g o ing to th e s t o re to b uy e gg s an d gr a p e s ?
1 12 LA T I N PR I M E R

B “ ”
. Q ui n tu s is c a rryin g th e sch oo l b ags
I . s aid ,

C laudia A re y o u c a rryin g th e t a bl e ts
.
M a rc u s ? ,
“ W e wi l ”
2 . l c a rry th e o t h e r ch a irs girls s ai d M a rc us , , .

I w a nt e d to c a rry t h re e b ut m y bro th e rs h a ve c o m e f ro m
th e bo a t to h e l p m
,

” “
e 3 Y o u o ft e n c a rry th e ra v e n to
. .

”
sc h o o l bo ys s a id M a rc e l la “ D o th e ch ildr e n giv e it
, , .

” “
gr a pe s a nd be rri e s ? 4 T h e bi g b a sk e ts are in th e .

”
kitch e n Q ui nt us sa id J u li a
, H a ve y o u c o m e to c a rry
, .

th e m

E X E R C I S E X LV

Vo c A E U LA Rv

ins ul
a, s e , .
R is l
a nd con sum
o cans u mer e, can

mp i um
, .
,

h Ora, -
s e, F .
, ho u r . su s , oOns pt u s, us e

nav is , -
is ( ab L -
I a nd -
e ) , up , des troy .

M O D E L S E NTE NC E

A gricol
a e in u mbr a h ar e s dune sed erun t , Th e f arm e rs s at

in th e sh ad e tw o h o u rs .

R U LE . 7 7w a ccus a tive cas e is us ed to ex p ress E x te nt o f m

Ti e

RE A D I N G LES S ON
1. Tr a n sl at e in t o E nglish :

A I Ni v e s m ar e t m ad ins ul a m tran sié ru nt ; ibi au e

m
. .

ae e is ign i c On s iim
a gric o l p s é ru n t 2 C u p e r c o ll is
h ar i s tr is ffi gis s é m e mv é nim
. .

u s in v a l l u s e t i n v ill i la tu i

mus 3 Namp at e r s ae pe n65 v o c at ut sa x a ex ag ris

, ,

fe ré m
.
.
,

us 4 T u rn n au t ae v e h e m e n t e r iré ti q u i a simi a é
n avi i n m a r e c ec iderat p ue rOs v o c av é run t ut s im iamcym b a
. .
,

, ,

a diuv é re n t .
 LATIN P R I M E R I I3

NAV I S

Ro man s h i ps o f war c arri ed sail s but reli e d m

,
o re upo n th e ir

o ars. Th e l arge r v e sse l s o ft e n h ad th re e o r fo ur se t s o f o ars eac h

,

se t p l ac e d a li ttl e hi h er t h an th e l as t and al lw o rk e d t o ge t h er
g ,
.

Suc h a sh i p c o ul d c arry se v e ra l h und re ds o f p eo pl e . T h e anc i e nt

a rt i st w h o de si ned th e fi ure o f a w ar v ess e l sh o w n abo v e m ad e
g g
no a tt e m p t to p e e v e o o rt i o n b e tw e e n th e s iz e o f th e
r s r a p p
r o e r p p
r

s hip and th e s iz e o f th e m e n upo n it .

LATI N PRI M ER 8
I I4 LATI N PRI MER

B . A n A dv en tu re in I l
ze Wo ods
Oli m ,
”
inq uit a vu s no ste r M arc u s cu mp ris duob us
ue

Cuma u t e m ib i
,

in si lv a m iit,
c o rv os sagittis o c c ide re t
ut

riv ump a rv u m l ae t i t ransir e n t

.

s ubit o e x , arbo r e a lt a Ov a

m ulta i n e6 3 c ec idé ru nt ; sim i ae e ni m v ide ra n t p ue rOs

Ov a q ue é c o rv Oru m n idis ra p uerant
,

I taq ue p u e ri i rati
sa gitté s i n arbo re mm i tt e r e c oe pé runt S ed in t e ri m é n avi
.

i n silva m v ene ran t n auta e é b rii E OS c umv idisse nt pue ri

.

.
,

ié c é ru nt sa gitti s i n aq ua m c e l e rite rq ue ad l it u s ffi é ru nt
g
I bi inv é n é runt nauti ru mc y m b a m e t i n ins u la m p a rv a m
, .

I taq u e n a u tae c u m6 silv i v é nis se n t p uerOs

,

trans ié ru nt
se d e i ia m
.
, ,
”
o ccid e re v o luerun t i n in s u l
a t uti s e dé b an t .

II . Tra ns l
a te in t o La tin :

\
A . W e sh a ll se n d th e f a rm e r to b ri n g th e h o rs e s
I .

fro m th e v all e y 2 D id th e str o n g bo y s c a rry th e bo a t

fro m th e sea in t o th e fi e ld ? 3 W h y; a re y o u lyi n g m
. .

n
a v .

h o urs i n th e te n t ? 4 W e h a d n o w u se d up o ur w i n e . .

Fo r th e st o u t sa il o rs h ad c o m e fr o m th e shi p an d h ad sa t ,

l o n g i n th e f a rm h o us e .

B . W e ran to th e sh o r e to cr o ss o v e r to th e isla n d
I .
,
”

s aid M arc u s ; b ut th e sa i l o rs h ad st o l e n o ur b o at Y o u .

”
ca n see th e ir s h i p o n th e se a n o w M y f a th e r w as .

”
a i d Q uin tu s ;
“ fo r m y b r o th e rs h a d
e xc e din gly a n gry s
e ,
'

c a rried th e fish fr o m th e bo at a nd th r o wn th e m int o th e ,

”
Yo u wi l l g o to t o w n to m o rr o w Q uin
’
be a rs c ag e .
-

”
tus ,
s ai d th e gi rls I n th e m ean ti m e w e sh a ll c a rry th e
.

”
r s t th e f a rm h o u s e a n d p u t th e b a sk e ts i n th e t e nt
g p a e o .

”
4. I s aw la rg e fir e s i
n t h e w o o d s t o d a y s a id th e f a rm e r , .

S oo n th e re w il l be ma ny be a rs and w o lv e s in th e fi e lds ;
”
f o r th e y w il l be afr ai d o f th e fire .
 LATI N P R I M E R I I5

E X E R CI S E X L VI
I R R E GU LA R V E R B
v ell e v ol ui w iil
V016, z be w ill ing e tc
, , , , .

I ND I C A T I VE M o o n S U B J U NCT W E MOOD
P R ESE NT TE NS E
S I NGULA R PLU AL S I NGULA R PLU R AL
R

I s t p e rs o n vo l o vol um us v e lim v el im us

2 d p e rs o n v is v ul tis v e l is v el itis

3 p e rs o n
d v ult v ol unt v el it v el int

I M PE R F E CT T E N S E
S I NGU LA R P LU R AL S I NGULA R P LU AL R

I st p Brs
'
o n v ol
é ba m vol
é ba m
us v el
le m ve l
lé m us

2d rs o n
p e vol
é b As vo l
eb Atis v el
lés ve l
lé tis

3d p e rs o n vol
é bat vol
é bant ve llet ve l
lent

F U T U R E T E N SE
SI NGULA R P LU RA L
I st pers o n v o lam v ol ém us

2 d p e rs o n vo lé s v ol é tis

3d pe rs o n v o l et v o l ent
R E M AR K No t e t ha t th e i m
.
p e rfe c t an d fu t u re i ndi ca ti v e o f t hi s

v erb c o nfo rmto th e thi rd c o nj ugat io n ; al so th at th e e ndings o f

th e pre se n t subj unc ti v e are l ike th o se o f aims is s it e tc , , , .

VOCA B U L A R Y

canis is M and F dog

-

q u oq ue p o s t p o s itiv e a dv e rb
m ilia ( ium N ) pas suum
, , . .
, . ,

~
,
a n d c o nj u ncti o n a l
,
s o to o , , .

miles
.

. v en at or Ot iS M l iu n ter ,
-

, .
, .

pauci a s a f ew a f ew
-
.
, , , ,

R EMA R K I Co ntrary to th e rul e canis is no t an I ste m

.
,
-
.

Th e wo rds m ia pa ss uumm
R E M A RK 2 il e an li t e ral ly
“ t ho u
I n th i s p h ras e pa ss uum o f c o u rs e re m
.

”
sa nd s of p ac e s ai ns e v e ry

wh e re u nc h ange d ; but m
.
,

ills is d ec l i ned in th e w ay abo v e i ndic at ed .

I I6 LAT I N P R I M E R

Nor m
rul e fo r th e e x p ress io n o f E xt e nt o f Time and
. Th e
.

S pace w as stat ed in th e l as t E x erci se A n e xa m pl e was th ere .

g ive n o f E xt e nt o f Tim e ; th e fo ll o w i n g se n t e nc e ill u s trat es E x t e nt

o f S pac e : Duo mil ia pass uumpus ri v en eran t H e boy s [rad co m e ,

A D I N G LE S ON RE

I . T ra n sl
a t e i nt o E n g l
is h
A . I . Vis n e cu m v é nfitb re pe r si lv a m Ire, Q uin tc ?
2 A gric o l
ae i ns u l a m prOpe ri re ad
c ur e 63 n 6 n v o l e nt ;
mo né s ? 3 Vé nzito r m u lt a m ilia pas s u ump ro pe ri v e rat
.

4 VOS nav e mign i COn

.
,

u t a g ric o las dé fe s sOs adiu v are t

s fim
. .

ere v ul tis Q uid n autae v o l unt ? .

B . Th e Hu nters Hu nte d
H eri ”
inq uit ag ric o l a
“v é ni té ré s c u mex o pp id o
'
tn a
mI mq
, , ,

m i li a p as s u u s se nt pe r silv a m , ia ue ad s pé l
u nc a m
v eni
s se nt, u rsas ig n i te rré re nOn po tu é run t ; itaq ue c a n es
i n s pé l u nca m m is é ru nt T u m ur s ae v e h e m e nt e r iri ta e .

s ubit o é rfip é runt é l a te b ris v é nfité ré s q ue i n a rb o r é s c e l e ri

Cu m a u t e m u rs ae q uo q ue é s c e nde re
,
‘
te r é s c endé r u nt
e n t tum
.

v el l v é nfité ré s a d ram os a rv os pe rte rriti p ro p e ré

p
S ed u rsae c u min a rbo r é s é sc e ndiss e nt fré g é ru nt
,

v é run t

r i m os c um v é nfité rib us m s e ris in te rra mc ec idé ru n t

.
, ,

q u e i
I bi c umursae Ca n es oc c ide ren t v é ni tb ré s pe r silva m c e l e ri
.
, ,

mmffigé
,

”
te r do u ru nt .

II . T ra n s la t e i nt o L atin :

A I ca rryin g Q u in tus ?
Wh a t a re 2y o uI too , .
,

w a n t to go to th e fa rm
. .
,

h o iis e e
‘
3 H o w e v r w e o ft e n . .
,

cr o ss e d th e str e a m to sit fo r a fe w h o u rs in th e f o r e st .

4 .Wh a t will y o u giv e f a rm e rs to b e a bl e t o frig ht e

, n t h e ,

be a rs an d w o lv e s ? 5 ( O u r
) f a th e r w a nts to b u
y fi e
. lds
an d liv e in th e v al l e y ; b ut w e w a n t to li v e o n th e isl a n d .

6 A re y o u wi ll
. in g to sit with u s ?
 L ATI N P R I M E R I I 7
‘

B Le t
bring th e b e a r i n to th e y a rd a n d fright e n
’
I s

T h e far m
. .

” “
th e childre n s a id M a r c u s
,
e r h a s g o n e to
.

t o wn to b uy b a s k e t s ; a nd so w e c a n n o w b ring h e r fro m
“
A fe w s a il o r s h a d c o m
”
th e c a g e 2. . e fr o m th e s hi p
” '
an d w e re l a cing b as k e ts o n th e s h o re i d J u li a
p s a , .

“
M e a nwhil e th e b o ys w e r e c a rrying bra nch e s a n d l e av e s
fro m th e w o o d s ; fo r ( th e ir ) m o th e r h a d s e nt th e m to h e l p
” “
th e s a il o r s 3 . T h e h u nt e r to o n o w c a m e with ( h is )
. ,
, ,

“
s a id Q uint u s ; fo r th e f a rm e r h ad n o t b ee n abl e
do
' ”
to 11 th e b ear .

E XE RC I S E X LV I I
I RR E G U LA R VE R B S

ma mm all mAl i p, e, u , f
re e r

no w , none , n61u i, be u nw l
iling , no t w is l
z,

Th e s e ve rb s are c o mp o u nd s o f v olo an d in th e m ain ,

a gr ee with it in c o nj u g a ti o n as th e f o ll o wing syn o p sis wi l

l ,

sh o w :
mam mali m nol
o m nol
i
malé b m m allm
a e n ol éb m on m a n e

[m a lam ] [ no l m] a

m al ui mal im u er n ol i ol im
u n u er

ma1 uera m mal i m u sse n OI m OI i m

uera n u s se

mal uero nOIuero

I n th e p re se nt indi c a tiv e h o w e v e r b o th m a n an d, , n61!

)
are q uit e irr e g u l a r th e infl e cti o n b e i n g a s f o ll o ws :
,

SINGULA R P LU AL R SINGULA R LU RAL

P

m al o mé lm u us n al o n OIu m us

m av is ma lti vu s n On v is n an v u l
tis
ma vu l
t mal t un n On v ult n Ol
unt
I I8 LA T I N PR I M E R

I n th e syn a psis abo ve th e fo rms m amand 11611 111

C

R EM A RK . ll ,

are put in sq uare brac k e ts be cause t h e y a re no t in co mm o n us e .

E xc ept fo r th e first pe rso n si ngular h o weve r th e future t e nse o f , ,

bo th ve rbs is n o rmal .

C
VO A B ULA R Y
C A R D I NAL NU M E R A Ls

q ua ttu or f ou r sep te m s ev e n mi
nov e n ne

d cm
.
, , .
, .

q uinque , fi v e . c
o to, er g/it . e e , te n .

sex , s i
x .

NO TE rdin aln um erals abo ve give n are ind ec linabl e i e

. Th e ca . .
,

th ey are use d witho ut change o f fo rm no matte r what th e case o f ,

th e no un th e y mo di fy .

I R E A D NG LES S O N

1 T ran sla te in t o E n glis h :

.

A I Vé natOI Es i n a g r os ire m al u nt ut l u pOs oc c idant

C a n es ia mse p t e m m ili a p as s u u mpe r v all em

. . .
,

2 v en e r an t
em
. .

U rsae e n i m é c o l l
ib us i n v a l l fug e ra nt 3 N OS q uo q ue

um 4 Cu m
. .

nOl u s e x ins u l fi f u g e r e ; n au ta e a u t e m v o l
u nt

e nt c ur tii ig ne me
. .

a gric o l ae v il la rn i gn i c ons um e r e nOl l ,

c ul in i tul is ti ?
B . A Ti mly R
e esc u e

O li m ,
”
inq u it p ue r o bé s us , m agi st e r c u lib ris mi li a m
p ass u u m p a u c a in s il v a m p p
ro e ri v it ; c u q ue a d l o c u m m
idOne u mé v ni
s se t ib iq ue in fo l
d uas s é disse t s u bito
iis h 6 r2is
‘

tim ere c oe p it q u ia i n arbo rumu mbr a l

,

upOs m a gn os v idé b at ;

n a ml u pi a g ric o l as ib i sae p e oc c ide ra n t

,

I ta q u e m agist e r
m
.

p e rte rr itu s do u m p p
ro erfi re v o l
é b a t ; c u m au t e m pe r

silv a m furtimire c oe p iss e t l upi q u o q ue é l ate b ris v é né ru n t .

M a gist e r ia mc u rré ba t ; c u m riv u mtri ns ire t i n aq u a m

,

q u e ,

c ec idit T u mau t e m s ubit o v en at o r c umca nih ua a d rip a m

.

”
v enit l u p iq ue i n s p é l
, un cé s f fig é r unt .
 LATI N P R I M E R I I9

II Tran s l at e into L a tin :

.

A . I . D o y o u w a nt to s ee th e b o a t b o ys ? T h e s a il o r s ,

a re c a rrying it int o th e s e a 2 T h e f a rm e r s h av e c o m e
.

te n m
.

i l e s thro u gh th e fi e lds to th e s h o re Will th e s ail o r s

give th e mfish ? 3 D o y o u p r e fe r to b uy a d o ll Cl a udi a ?
.

.
,

4. M a rc u s d o e s n o t w a nt to g o to th e s t o r e with
y o u .

5 . T h e littl e f o x e s h a d c o m e s t e a lthily fr o m th e w o o d s to

eat y o u r sist e r s f o u r c hic k e n s Q uint us

’

.
,

B .
”
O n th e s hi p s a id th e b o y “are six s a il o r s a n d
, ,

e ight f a rm e rs . T h e s a il o r s w a nt to s e nd th e f a rm e rs int o
th e s m a ll b o a t ; b u t th e y ( th e f a rm e r s ) do n o t wi s h to cr o s s
” “ ”
o v e r to th e isl a nd . 2 I w a nt to fright e n my m o th e r
.
,

’
s a id Q uint us . L e t s f a ll int o th e w a t e r
”
3 W e to o . .
, ,

h av e a fe w fis h s a id j u li a ; fo r th e s a il o r s c a m
”
,
“
e to th e

f a rmh o u s e y e st e rd ay Th e y ga v e u s fis h ; w e ga ve th e m
.

”
gra p e s a nd b e rri e s .
4 L e t s.
p u t fiv e b as k’
e ts in t h e
”
t e nt a nd th e o th e r s in th e k itc h e n s a id M arc us
, , .

X LV I I I do / u b
E X E R CI S E o
r
m
T HE T HI R D O R E CON J U G ATION ( co n tinued) -

C e rta in v e rbs o f which th e fir s t p e rs o n s ing u l ar o f th e

r e se nt indi c a tiv e e nd s in i6 b e l o n g to thi s c o nj u g a tio n
p
-
.

Th e s e v e rbs are in th e ma in r e g ul a r ; b ut in s o m e f o rm s
th e i di sa pp e a r s b e f o re a f o ll o wing v o w e l .

rap i o r aper e r apui r ap t us s eiz e s tea l

, , , , ,

A CT I VE V O I C E l 5 ‘
I ND I CA TI VE MOOD S UB J U NC I IV E M o o n
‘ ‘

P R E SE N T T E N S E
S I NGULA R PLU R AL S I NGULA R P LU RAL

I s t p e r so n r a pio ra p im us ra p iam ra p iAm us

2d p e rso n rap i a ra p itis ra p ié s r a p l atis

d r it i t r a i at ra ia nt
3 p e s o n r a
p r a
p u n p p
 1 20 LA T I N PR I M E R

I M PERFECT T E NSE
SI NG U LA R PLU RA L S I NG ULA R Pu m
m m
a
I st s n e
p r o ra p ié ba ra p ié ba us t apere m ra per ém us

2 d p e rso n ra p ié bas rap ié batis ra peré s ra per é tis

d
3 p e rso n rap iebat rap IEbant raperet ra perent

sw o rn “
m m
.

I st r n pe so ra pia rapie us
2 d pe rs o n ra p l
es rap ié tis
d
3 p e rs o n ra pist ra pl
ent

T h e pe rf e c t t e n se s o f th e f o l l
o win g v e rb s are al
re ad y
m
fa ilia r Le a rn no w th e p ri nci pa l pa rts :
.

fugio , fug ere , f ugi, ru n a w a

y , fl ee.

Iacio, iacere , l eci , iactus , t/zrow .

Voc AB U LA Rv

annus , -
I. M .
, y ea r . its , a d ve rb tl
zus , , so, in tl
zi
s

a via , is
«
( abl
. e a nd -
F .
,

bird . h um i , on fire g r o u nd .

r nec ), a nd
n eque ( o no t .

A N G LESS ON
RE D I

I . Tr ans l
a te i n to E ngli sh

A . In o st e r e t a vi a m
. A v us ul tOs a n né s i n v a ll e h abit a
v é ru n t S a e p e a d vil la m i m u s u t c u me is s u b a rbo ribu s
ia min m a r e iac ié m
.
,

s e de é m us 2 S im . u s ; a vi a e n im i n

vil l a m iamiit n e q ue nos v idé re p o t e s t 3 Na u tae m i se ri

.

, .

an nOs d uos i n lit o r e n o str o h a b iti v e ra n t ; ita q u e ia mm a r e

c umc et e ris n a ntis tri n s ire v o l é b a nt 4 N a m l u i

p p e r . .

ag rOs f iirti mib a n t, u t a ric o

g l
aru mq
e uOs ra p e re n t .
 I
LA T N P R M E R I 12 1

B . A Ca s e f
o P o etic j u s tice

” “
Olim inq u it I uli a, in arb o rib u s n o s tris av é s h abita
ba nt m
,

ul ta e n idOs q u e ibi h a b é b a n t He r i a ut e m se x p u e ri
ma l i in a rb o r é s é s c e n dé run t ; c u mq ue n idOs fré giss e nt Ov a
.
,

r un t in te rra m T u mM arc us e t e i u s
,

p a rv i
a s q u e a v is ié c é
m
.

p a t e r c u , v é n is s e n t i n h o rt u m e t O v a av é s q u e h u m i inv é n is ,

s e nt v e h e m
, e nt e r ir at i a gric o l a mv o c av é run t Pu e ri a u t e m
int e rim ad late b ri s ffig e ra n t ; M arc i e ni mp atre m tim e
.

b a n t I ta q u e is a gric o la mad c Oru mp atré s m is it ; c um q u e

m m m
.

p u e r i p e r te r r iti ia d o u é la te b ris v é n is s e n t a vi u m O v a ,

in men s a in v é n é ru n t E a nOlé b an t e d e r e se d p atr é s tim é

.
,
”
b a nt I ta p o e nzis de dé runt
‘

. .

II . Tra n s l a t e i n t o L a ti n :

A . Wh e n th e b o y s w e r e thro wing th e do g in to th e
I .

w a t e r th e y did n o t s e e th e t e ach e r o n th e s h o re
, 2 Fo r . .

m a ny ye a r s th e h u nt e r s h av e th u s h e l p e d u s ; fo r w o lv e s
a n d b e a r s o ft e n c o me st e a lthily fr o mth e w o o d s an d s e iz e

o ur h o r s e s 3 I w a nt e d .to ru s h. o u t fr o m th e c av e .

Q u in tu s h o w e v e r h ad s ee n b e a u tif u l bi rd s th e re a nd w a s
, , ,

n o t willing to g o h o m e 4 I n th e fi e ld str o ng h o r s e s . .

w e re lying o n th e gro u nd .

”
B . I h o r s e h a d f a ll e n i n t o a str eam s aid M ar
. Th e ,

a n d th e f ar m
”
c us , e r w as n o t a bl e to h e l p him 2 Th e . .

s a il o r a l s o h a d c o m e fiv e mil e s thr o ugh th e hi l

”
l s s aid ,

“
Q u intu s ; fo r th e f a rm e r s w e re fright e n ing th e b e ar s with
fire an d h e w a nt e d to s ee th e m ( th e b e a r s ) “ Do
"
, 3 .

” “
o u c a rry b o o k s to sch o o l ? s a id Cl a u di a to J u li a ; w
y e

c a rry p e n s a n d t abl e ts 4 M y br o th e r s e nt th e chick .

” “
e n s to a s a f e p l a c e s a id th e b o
y Th e n w e h u rri e d int o
,
.

”
th e w o o d s to k ill th e littl e f o x e s .
1 22 LAT I N PR I M E R

E XE RCI S E XLI X
T HE R E L A T IV E PR O NOU N

ui
q , q u ae, q uod , wl
ro , w l
zi t, tl
cl ra t

I
S NG U LA R P LU RA L
M ast Fe m Neat
mq
. . .

No ui q uae q uod q ui q uae q uae

m q uerum
.

Ge n . c uius c u i us c uius q uOru

q u Oru n I
D at c ui c ui c ui q u ib us q uibus q u ibus
q uem q ua m
.

A cc . q uod q uos q u ia q uae

A bl .
q u o q ua q u o q u ibu s q u ibus q u ib us
R E MA R K In c o nn ec ti o n wi t h th e p re po siti o n cu mth e a blative
is usually writte n q uOcumq uibuscume tc
,
.

, , .

M OD E L S E NT E N E C
Av es, q uAs tené tis. m ea e su nt , Th e birds w h ich y o u bo l
d
a re m in e .

R U LE . Tire l
re a tiv e p ro no u n
g
re l l
y u ar ag r ees w it/t its
a ntecedent in nu mb er a nd g e nde r . I ts ca s e dep ends on th e
s truc tu re o f ze cl
tl a u s e in w l
zicl
z it s ta nds .

R E MARK In th e a bo v e mo del se nte nc e av é s is th e ant ec e d ent

.
,

n o un Th e r ela ti v e is th ere fo re pl ural and fe minin e bu t its case

.

is d e termin ed by th e fac t th at it is th e direc t o bj ec t o f tené tis .

C
VO A B U LA R Y
caput itis N l , eea d
-

, .
, . cap i o , ca pers , cepi, cap tu s ,

iter itin erls N j o u rney c o te/z, ca p tu re,

g e t e tc

ro a d m
.
, ,
.
, , ,

a re/z e tc
, , . faci o , facer e, feci, factus,

AD I N G LES S ON RE

I T ran sl at e i nt o E n gl ish :
.

A I. M a r e tri n s ire m
. ul tOs ann Os v o l uim us . 2 . VO
ni tOré s q ui in S i lv a h abit an t s a e p e i n o p p id u m
, , cu nt ,
ut
 LATI N P R I M E R I 23

s a gitt as e m an t 3 N a u tae q u ib us v in u m de distis ia m

.
,

h um
.
,

i iac e n t é b rii 4 P u e r c u i u s c a n es u rs a o c c idit

idOs b o dié v o c é b it ut u rsa mq uo q u e o cc idan t

,
. .
,

ag ric o li s v al , .

B . A n Ag il
e M o nke
y
“V é nfito r ”
in q uit a gric o l a mfiliO “tu
s v o c iv i
t pe rq ue
mq i mn
, ,

silv am p ro p e ri re c o e p it Cu u e a o v e m m ili a p a s
.

s uu mit e r fé c is s e n t s u bitO é s p é l i é rfi p it sim

'
un c a i a p e rte rrita
u ma lt u m é s c e n
,

a g n a ma d ré m
,

q uae c e le rite r in arb o re mm

dit Vé n é to r s im
. ia ms agitt é o cc id e r e v o l uit ; f ili i a u t e m

e a rn c ap e r e e t in o p p id u m diic e re m il é b a n t ; itaq ue in ar
b o re m é sc e n de re c o e p é ru n t S e d simi a int e rim p er rfim . Os

p arv Os in a rb o r é s c é te rzis tr i n s ib a t ; p u e r iq u e
‘

c u m i ta ,

tri n s ire v e lle n t fré g é ru n t ram Os e t in c a p u t p atris mi s e ri

, ,

”
c e c idé run t I nt e rim s imi a a d la teb ri s tfitas ffigerat
. .

I I Tr ansl at e int o L atin : 3

.
»

A . I H av e y o u s e e n th e h e a d s and t ai l s o f th e fish
.

th at I b o u ght in t o wn ? 2 Wh e n M a rc us h ad tr av e l e d .

m a ny mil e s with th e d o gs to c atch a w o lf h e c am e to a ,

l arg e str ea m an d c o u ld no t cro s s to th e w o lv e s c av e s

,
’
.

3 I s e e th e girl wh o s e f ath e r w e nt wi th u s to h e l p th e
.

s ail o r s 4 Wh e n w e h a d s at fo r thr ee h o urs in th e g ard e n

. .
,

w e to o w e nt int o th e t e nt which th e childre n h ad m ad e .

B f T h e b o y to wh o mI g a ve th e be rr i e s br o k e th e
‘
. I .

”
bi rd s n e s t s a id J uli a 2
’ “ T h e c o o k is c a rrying a b ask e t
, . .

”
to th e sh o r e s a id Q u int us
,
Th e re h e will b uy fis h which .

” “
th e s a il o r s h a v e c a u ght in th e s e a 3 I to o will go . .

“
with y o u to—day s a id Cl au di a ; fo r I w ant to see th e
”
,
” "
shi p s an d I s h all no t b e abl e to g o to m o rr o w
, 4 T h e -
. .

far m e rs w e re b urning ( l it d e s tr o ying w ith fire ) th e b o a t

.
”
,

“
sa id M a rc u s b e c a us e th e s ail o rs h ad s t o l e n th eir h o rs e s
,

”
fro m th e fi e ld s .
I 24 LATI N P R I M E R

EXERC ISE L

T HE FOU R T H O R I -
C ONJ U G A T I ON

audio, au ire, audiv i, au i u

d d t s ,
l
zea r

A C T IV E V O I C E
IND I C A TI V E M OO D S UBj U NCT I VE M OO D
P R ES ENT T E N S E
S I NC U LA I PLU R A L S I NG U I AR P LU RA L
a u dim m m
. .

I st pe rso n a u d i o us a udia a udia us

2 d pe rso n a ud is a uditis a udias a u diatis

3d pe rso n a u dit a udiunt a udiat a udiant

I MPE RPECT TE NS E
SI NGU LA R P LU R AL SI NGU LA R P LU R AL
I st rso n
pe a udié ba m a udié ba m us au dire m a u diré m us

2 d pe rso n a u dié bas a u dié b Atis a nd ir ea a udiré tis

3d pe rs o n a udiebat a udié bant a udiret audirent

FUTU R E T E NSE

SI NGUL A R P LU RA L
I st p rso n
e a u dia m a u dié m us

2 d p e rs o n a udié s a u dietis

3d pe rs o n a u diet au d i en t
R EMA R K . I t will be seen at a glanc e th at th e abo ve fo rms are
v e ry lik e th e fo rm s o f th e c o rr es po nding t e n se s o f i6 v e rbs o f th e -

third c o nj uga ti o n No te par t i c u larly ho weve r th e varying quan

.
, ,

tity o f i in th e pres e nt indi c ati v e .

T h e p e rf e ct t e ns e s o f th e f o ll o win g v e rb s a re a lr e a dy
fa mili ar L ea rn n o w th e p rin ci p a l p a rts
.

v enlo v enir e v en i v entumco m

, ,
e , ,
.

inv enio in v en ir e inv é ni inv en tu s fi n d

, , , ,
.
 LATI N P R I M E R I 25

VO CA B U LA RY
con e v ni o co nv enir e conv é ni p r ope p re po siti o n , s d with
u e

mt
, ,

mt
, ,

conv entus , ee , co e o th e a cc u s ativ e c a s e nea r, .

I
RE A D NG LESS O N

1 Tr an s l at e int o E ngli s h :
.

A I A gri c o l a p ige r q ue m p r o pe c y m bamv idé tis nOs

i s s a x is fra ng é m
, ,

Eé m
. .

a u dit u s in h o rt u m e iu s q u e c o rb u l
.
, us .

CIir ad l it u s v o l uis tis mitt e r e e q uOs q u Os ego e x a gr is

‘

b a mut ibi c o nv e niré s n a utas

,

dfix e ra m 3 I s tine a d c y m
.

e Oru m
, ,
.

u c o rb uli a d Vill a m f e rr é s ?
4 I ta q u e h u m i
q e s .

s e dé b a n t p ue ri q u o q u e ; n a u tae e ni mra p u e ra nt s u bs e lli a ,

c a q ue ign i c On S um p s e ra n t 5 L ib rO s n e M a rc u s in
. m agi .

str u miac e re v o lu it ? Q uid fé c e rat m a giste r ?

B . l e Wo l
f a nd tire Fox

Ol im in s il v éi l u p u s v u l p é c u la m c o n v e n it c u m q u e c i in ,

a g rOs it e r f ac e r e c o e p it u t a g ric o l aru mga ll in as rap e re t

S u b itO a ut e mV é n aitOré S m Tum
.
,

a g nOs q u e c a n es a udiu nt
‘

l u p u s pe rte rritae v ulp é c u lae T II in arb o re mé s c e nde re

.

“ '

p o t e s in q,u i
”
t E g o in
. s p é lu n c a m f u gi a m "
I ta q u e c u m .

v ul p é c u l
a mis e r a in a rb o re m é s c e n de re v e ll e t n e q u e p o s s e t ,

l u p us c e le rite r c uc urrit in s p é lu n c ame t in fo liis latuit

Vé ni tOré s int e ri m a d arb o re m V é ne ran t v u l m
.

p é c u la q u e

s a gittis ia mo c c idé b a n t T u m l u p us c u mid a udiv is se t

.
, ,

'
s ub itO é s p el u n c a é r up it e t v e h e m e nt e r te rru it v é natOré s ,

q u i c u m c a n ib u s c e l
e r iter p e r silv a m f fi g é r u n t I ta l up u s

mdé f m diu it
.

v ul
p é c u a l e ss a a v .

II Tr a n s l ate int o L atin :

.

A L e t s m ee t th e bo y s in th e fi e ld s n e a r th e ca v e ;
’
I . .

fo r th e y h a v e go n e to th e t a ll tr e e to find th e littl e fo x e s
’

hiding p l ac e 2 W h e n th e f a r m
. e rs h e a rd thi s ( l
it it ) th e y .
,
[ 26 LA T I N PR I M E R

c a ll e d c h i ld re n to w h o m th e s a il
si
x Or h ad giv e n r av e n s .

3 . T o m o rr
-
o w I sh a l l g o i nt o th e v a lle y to m e e t th e

h u nt e rs w h o h av e tra v e l e d m a ny mi l e s t h r o ugh th e w o o d s
,

to b uy h o rs es 4 I did .n o t w
. a nt to c atch th e bird s B ut .

th e bo ys w h o h ad c o m e with us i n to th e ga rd e n c limb e d
in t o th e ge e s and t h re w st o n e s in to th e ir n e sts .

”
B s ru n aw ay to th e sh o re sa id M a rc us to
Le t
’
. I .
,

th e o th e r ch il dr e n
“ Y o u r sist e rs a re in th e t e nt a nd ,
.

t h e y ca n n o t h e ar us ”
2 W e sh a l l soo n m ee t th e
. .

” “ He
h u n te r w h o live s in th e w oo d s sa id th e t e a ch e r , .

o ft e n sits t h e re i n th e sh a d e to kil l th e w o lv e s w h ich c o m e

fr o m th e ca v e s to stea l th e fa rm e rs c hild re n O nc e h e ’
.

w as abl e th us to c a tc h a li tt l e be a r which h e br o u gh t int o ,

th e t o wn Th e re t h r ee sa il
. o rs bo ug h t th e bea r and l ed it
"
to ( th e ir ) sh i p .

E X E RC I S E LI

T HE I M PE R AT I V E M OO D

P RE SE NT T E N S E A CTI V E VO I CE
Th e p r e se nt t e nse o f th e i m pe r a tiv e o f La ti n v e rb s i s
f o un d o nly in th e se c o nd pe rso n sin gu l ar a nd p l u ra l , .

REG U L A R V E R BS

I
S NG U LAR

v o ca v o cate
babe b abete
mitto m itte mittit e

rapid ra pe rap i te
a u di a udite

R EM ARK gu . verbs already famili ar ( duco facio)

Two re ,

and o ne y et to b e tak e n u p ( died) l ose fin al e in th e singu lar o f

th e p res ent i mpe rati v e a c tiv e a p pe a ring th e r e as dic due fac

, , , .
 LATI N P R I M E R I 27

I RR E G U LA R VER BS
S I NGULA R P LU RAL
I ite
fer o fe r fe rte
nOIO n Ol
i n Ol
ite
su m es es e t
RE MARK I n th e i nflec tio n of mils v oid, and poss u m th e

mdi
.

im
, ,

pe ra t i v e oo s lac k i ng .

VOCA B U LA RY
m ortuus ,
-
a, -
u md
, ea d. securis , -
is ( ab l I)
.
-
, F .
, ax ,

O D E L S E NT E NCE
M

N611 ( R ol
’
lt e) id facer e D o n t , do it
.

R ULE . i p era tiv e of E ng l

Th e n eg a tiv ed
is h ay be m m
rep res en ted in L a tin by th e p res e n t infin itiv e dep ending on

m
the i p e ra tiv es o r nOlite m
m
Th is is th e p rinc ipa lw ay of .

ex
p ress ing P roh ibitio n in L a tin

I
REA D NG LES S ON

I .Tr a nsl at e int o E nglis h :

A I NOlite fra nge re c ap u t c a nis mise ri p u e ri O lim
c u min a q u a m c e c idis s e m is m
. .
, .
,

e a diII v it A q ua min
‘

h o rt u m c e le riter fe r Q uint e ; ignis e nim iamin f o li a c e ci

. .
,

m
,

dit I n mbr r b l d s h I s s e d et e
’

3 u a p p o e ta e r n éic u u u i Or z

T u me g o v e ni a mut v Os do m dfic a m
.

um
. .

4 A vi u m n id Os
m
,

m
. .
,

q u i di i
i h u m i ia c u e ra n t M ar c u s tu in ri is c o,
l
lo c i b a t .

B . A Ca u tio u s Th ief

Olim s imi a in rb o re
lt a h ab itab at S ub a rb o re e rat
a a .

s pel unc a in q ua mmultae v u l p ec u l ae s ae pe fiv i s g allin as

‘

,
1 28 LA T I N PR I M E R

l r ap e re v o ldit ; v ul
S i m ia Iiv as l t m
‘

q ue tu é runt p é c u a s a u e

tim u nc a m
.

“ ”
é b at I ta q ue c o rv O T ii i n s p é l i inq u it fi v as
u mra p e
.
, ,
”
q u e v ul p é c u li r C o rv u s a ut e m
q u i i n a rb o r e

t utu s s edé re m L u p u mv o c zibO inq uit

.
,

” '
fil é b at u t is uv as

u msi mi a ir zita ri m
,

m
, ,
” '

g a l
l in é s q u e ra p i a t T. u ié c it i n c a p u t
c rv i q ui m is e r ex arb o r e m o rt uus i n s pé lunc a mc e c idit
Cu ma udiv is se nt v u l pec u l
,

a e p e rte rr ita e é s el u nc a iR
, p
lateb ri s t utas c e l e rite r fug é ru n t I n t e ri m sim i a m ala i n
u nca m
.

s pé l l ac ta pro pe rav it fiv asq ue rapuit , .

11 .T ran sl at e i nt o La tin
A . I S e iz e th e a x e s w hic h I t h r e w i n to th e t e nt b o ys
.
, ,
'
and h u rry i nt o th e fi e ld s to ki ll th e be a r 2 D o n t g o to . .

th e s h o r e girls I wi ll c o m e to th e f a rm h o use and m e e t

m
.
,

y o u th e r e .
3 S e
. n d th e f ar m e r to e M a rc us W e w a n t , .

to c atc h th e ra v e n and c a n n o t fi n d its c a g e

, 4 W hen . .

th e w o lf h e ard th e d o gs h e a l so c ro ss e d th e s tr ea m ; b ut
t h e re th e f a rm e r kill ed !h imw it h an ax
,

B I D o n t frig hIe rI us s ai d J ul
’ ”
.
“
i a to th e bo ys ; fo r
. .
,
”
w e a re ca rry in g d ish e s a nd do no t w a n t to br ea k th e m
, .

2
“ W h e n w e sa w th e d e ad sa i l o r i n th e w oo d s s a id ”
. ,

“ w e ran to th e f a rm h o u se ; fo r th e girl s w e r e
M a rc us
B ut th e r e w e m
,

m uc h f righ te n e d . et th e h u nt e rs wh o m
” “
y o u s aw y e st e rd ay n e ar th e str e a m 3 O u r sist e rs . .

”
wi ll c a rry th e e ggs sai d C la u di a and th e f a rm e r h as
, ,

g o n e to th e fi e ld to cal l( h is ) so n s to c arry th e o th e r
”
b ask e ts .
 LATI N P R I M E R I 29

E X E R CI S E LII

AD J E C T I VE S OF T HE T HIR D D EC E L N S I ON
l S TE M S
-

fo rtis is ,
~
,
~
e, bra v e
SI NGULA R P LU RA L
M as c Fe rn Nerd
mf
.

No rtis fo rtis
o f o rt e f o rtes f o rtes fo rt ia
mf mf m
.

Gen . f o rtis f o rtis f o rtis fo rtiu o rtiu o rtiu

D at f o rti f o rti f OI ti fo rtib u s fo rtib us f o rtibus

f o rt em f o rtem
.

A cc . fo rt e f o rtis f o rtis fo rtia

f o rtes f o rtes
A bl . f o rti f o rt i f o rti fo rtibus fo rtibus fo rtibus

ace r , cris cre fierce h een

-

,
-

, , , e tc .

No m i c e r é c ris ac re acres acres fic ria

i c riu m m m
.

'
Ge n . iic ris ac ris ic ris
a ac riu ac riu
D at i e ri i c ri acri ac ribus fic ribu s ac ribus
m é c rem acre
.

A cc . i c re é cris é c ri s i c ria
acr es ac ré s
A bl . i e ri acri acri fic ribus ac ribu s fic rib us

R EM AR K I t w ill b e no t ed t hat th e m asc u l i ne ah d fe m i ni ne

T h e sam
.

fo rm s o f f o rt is are id e n t i c al th ro ug h o u t e t hi ng is t ru e .

o f acer e x c e p t i ng in th e no m
,
i nat i ve si ngular .

VOCA B U LA RY
acriter, a dv e rb fiercel
y pugn o p ugn are, p ugn av i,
mfig h t
, . ,

fortiter, adve rb bra v el

y , .
pugnatu , .

NG LES S ON RE A D I

I . Tr ansl at e int o E ngli s h :

A I U rs ais ,
‘

cu mdi ‘

LI
'
ic rite rq ue
z u
p g nav is s e n t v en at o r
m
,

fidu m ut in
. .

f o rti s s ec u r i o c c idit 2 . . Pro p e ré us ad l ,

LAT I N P I M E R — 9
R
 I 30 LATI N P R I M E R
0

v ia M arc u m c o n v e n ii m us .
3 Cu. mé V itOre
nz
'
mm rt uu m
o

v idis s é s , c ur n On a dlit u s c uc u rris ti u t n a u ti s , f o rtis v o c i

ré s ? 4 I n h o rt u m f o r tite r
p p
ro e rate p u e l
la up um
e l
q ue

ter ré te ; m ae e x a gris c umc a nib us v e n i

.
, ,

o x e ni m a g ric o l e nt .

B . Th e Undu ti
f u l S o ns

Pr o p e si l va m mg m mtrib s filii
a na cu u s va l
idis h ab itabat
a gric o l a q ui a r s u s a a g mlt h b é b
e u Os q ue p u l
O O t c h rOs
q
im c u mi n a grOs i re t dé fe s s us p ue r is M é c u mv e n it e
, .

Ol ,
”
, ,

“ ”
in q uit e q u Os q u e ad a q u a m
, dfic ite Pue ri a u t e m in
u m br a h u m i m é b an t ia c é re n e c p atre ma di u v ar e v o l é
.

'
il
b a nt I ta q ue c u ma gric o l a ia m ex h o rtO iss e t c o rv u s
,

.
,

s ilv i u rs a mv o c a
, ,
'

q u i i
p g rOs f iliOs s u b a r b o rib u s v ide ra t é ,

Vit q u ae l a ct a é
, s p el u nc a p ro pe rav it ut p ue rOs ra p e re t
E i mis e ri c u mu rs a mv idis se nt p e rte r riti f u g e r e nOn p o t u
, .

iOs i nv en it m
,

Eru nf ; p ate rq u e m
,

o x s ub a rb o rib u s f il o rtuOs .

I ta p ue ri m a l i p o e nas de dé r u nt .

II Tra nsl at e i nt o L a ti n :
.

A I T h e w o l ve s wi ll c o m e st e a lth ily fro m th e w oo d s

. . .

to e at y o u r m o nk e y b o ys D o n t fi ght s a il o rs Th e
’
2

fa rm
. .
, , .

e rs who m M a rc u s h as c a ll e d a re c o m in g fr o m th e

v a ll e y ; I c a n h e ar th e ir d o gs 3 T h e g irls w e r e i n . .

th e y ard an d th e y did n o t s e e th e w o lf
, 4 T h e b o ys .

wh o s e f a th e rs y o u m
.

e t y e st e rd ay wil l s o o n g o to th e sh o r e

to c a tch fish .

B I .
“ Th e b ra v e s a il o rs w h o m my br o t h e r h e l p e d
.
”
.
,

“
s ai d Q uin tu s h av e g o n e to th e w o o ds to fi n d th e w o lf ”
.
,

“ ”
2 . M a rc u s h ad b e g u n to b e u nwi l li ng to g o s a id ,

C l a u di a ; b ut w h e n h e h e a rd th e s ea h e ran q uickly ,

”
to th e b o a t w hich th e s ai l o r h a d g iv e n to m y sist e rs .

“ ”
3 . R un to th e f a rm h o u s e ch ild r e n s ai d th e f ar m er , ,

“ I s aw "
a b e a r in th e w o o d s to da y a n d c o u ld n o t k i ll it -

, .
 LATI N P R I M E R I 31

4. Don
’
fr a t
id o f tbe
h e dr u n k e n s a il o r s
a b o y s s a id , ,
’

“
th e t e ac h e r Th e y c ann o t fright e n th e d o g s which a re ,

n o w c o ming br av e ly fr o mth e fi e ld
.

”
.

E X E R CI S E LIII

T HE FO UR T H O R U D E C L E N S I ON
-

ex ercitu s , M .
, ar m
y
S I NG U LA R P LU RAL
No min a tiv e e x e rc itus e x e rc itus

G e nitiv e e x e rc itus e x e rc ituu m

D ativ e e x e rc itui e x e rc itib us

A c c u s a tiv e e x e rc itu m e x e rc itus

A bl a ti v e e x erc itfi e x e rc itib us

f
R E M AR K . No t e d ing o f th e no minati v e singul ar
th at in th e en

th e u 15 s ho rt w he re as it is l o ng in th e us o f th e ge ni t i v e si ngul ar
,
-

a nd o f th e no m i na t i v e and ac c usa tiv e p l ural .

Gen der . No u n s of th e ) f o u rth d e c l e n s i o n in -

us a re

m c u lin e o r ( r a re ly ) f e m
as ini n e . F o r th e infl e cti o n of

n e ut e r s s e e S u m
,
mary o f Fo rms , p a ge 1 94.

VO CA B U LA R Y
d uctu s, 438 , M .
, wave . l
udo, l
udere, us i,
l l
iisu m ,

im p e tu s , M .
, a ttac h . l
p y
a .

imp er at or ,
-
6ris , M .
, g e n e ra l
, paro, parar e, p ar av i, pa r at u s ,
co mm a nde r .
p p re a re . So mti m
e es con
'

abscido, a bs cidere, ab s cidi, s tru e d with th e p r e s e nt

ab s cis us , c u t of . infi nitiv e .

T HE I M PE R FE CT O F C U S TO M A R Y PAS T A CT ON I
I n additi o n to th e us e a lre a dy f amili a r th e im p e rf e ct ,

indic a tiv e is o ft e n e m p l o y e d to d e s crib e a r e p e a t e d p as t

a cti o n E S ilv a urs ae in agrOs v enié b ant B ea r s us e d to
g
e . .
, ,
I32 LATI N P R I M E R

E XE RCITUS I TE R FA CI I
‘

Th e b v p i c ture c arv ed o n a mo n um
a o e e nt r e pres ents a divi si o n

o f th e R o m an arm y cro ssing th e D an ube o n a bridge o f bo ats . Th e

c o mm and e r in chi e f wh o l e ad s th e c o l umn d oes no t
,

appe ar in tha t pa rt o f th e car v i ng h e re s h o wn ; b ut tw o s ubo rdi

n at e c o mm and ers c an be seen o ne already c o m e to la nd th e o t h er

, ,

still upo n th e brid ge .

 '
LA I I N P RIME R I 33

com f mth e ro e
f o res t in to th e fie lds , or B ea r s w o u l
d co m e

f m t
roh f e o r es t in to th efields F ro m n o w o n in th e
.

E x e rc i se s this u se of th e i mp e rf e ct will o cc a si o n a lly b e

ill us trat e d .

I
R E A D NG L ES S ON

I . Tra nsl at e int o E ngli s h :

A . I I mpe ré to r
. au e t m e x e rc itu mf o rt e m é silvi ad
l it u s dII x it, ib iq u e in n a nt i s malOs im m i mfé i
’

p e tu c re c t .

2 . VOS q u o q u e , a g ric o l
ae , n Ol
ite m
ti é re , s e d fo rtiter ad

v ill a mc u rrite ; nim inte rim n a uti s v o c abim

D OS us e t i n
e
’

v alle mm itté m us 3 Pr o p e in s u l a mflu c tfis s u nt m agn i

na u ta e q u e ibi s ax a tim
. .
,

4 A g ric o l ziru mfil ia e h u m i

‘

e nt . .

co llo c i v é ru n t a vi u m n idOs c Os q u e ign i c On s fim p s é ru n t ;

int e rim p ue ri c o rvi c av e a mp u l c h ra min m
,

a r e ié c é ru n t .

B . Th e R ep e n ta n t B ro th e r

.
vill i h ab itéib an t p u e r e t p u e lla u Oru mm i t e r difi
In ,
o
o
m o rt ua e r at Pa te r s a e p e p e r s il i i at in o p p id u m ;
v a ri

m
.

int e ri m l ib e r i p r o p e V ill a mlfidé ban t O li mc u mp u e lla in .

,

fire é t fr é t e r m a l u s e i u s p fi p a e c a u t a b s c idit
, p I ta
q u e .

p ue ll a v e h e m e nt e r iréita in s ilv a m p ro p e rav it n e q u e e a rn ,

fri te r inv e n ire p o tuit M o x é s il r V é nit a g ric o lae f ili us

‘

vz .
,

u i ibi lu p u mm gn u m V i d ra t T u m fr é t e r p e rte rritu s

q a e

c u mc a n e v a l
.

idO in s ilv a m c e l e rite r c u c u rrit ut s o rOre m

a d ef e s s a e a m
,

inv e nire t I bi h u m i ia c é b at p u e ll
.
q u e e d e r e

l u p u s p ari h at S e d c a ni s f o rti s c u mid v idisse t in lup u m

,

a p u t l u i c um
, ,

fo rtite r f ec it im m
.

p e tu m I ta c p is fi c rite
. r c u ,

c an e p ug né ret p ue r s e c uri fré git ,

.

I I Tr a n s l a t e int o L a tin :
.

A I Wh e n th e fa rme r s wh o m th e g e n e r a l h a d ca ll ed
. .

c am e to th e S h o re th e y w a nt e d to cr o s s to th e i s l a nd ; b ut
,

th e y c o u ld no t b e c a us e th e w a v e s w e re h igh ( lit gr e a t )
, . .
I 34 LATI N P R I M E R
’ ’
2 . Le t s c ut o ff th e
fi sh e s ta ils an d thr o w th e m i n t o th e
w a t e r ; th e o th e r fi sh e s wil l e at th e m 3 T h e c o o k is . .

r
p p e a ri n g d in n er L e t s p l a y n o w i n th e s h a d e
.
’

I w i ll
c a ll th e fat bo y w h o m w e m
.

e t to d a o n th e s h o r e
y
-
.

“ ”
B . I T h e g e n e r a l w a s p r e p a ring to b u rn th e shi p
.
,

s a id th e s ai l o r B ut w e did n o t w a nt to do it ; a nd s o h e
.

” “
s e nt th e f a rm e rs to c a ll th e o th e r sa i l o rs 2 W he
y
.
, .

th e chi ld r e n w e r e p l a yin g o n th e sh o re
”
sa id J uli a th e“
, ,
” “ ”
w av e s d es tr o y e d t h e ir b o at 3 H o w e v e r sa id M a rc u s
. .
, ,

“ h b r m a d e a fi e rc e a tt a ck u o n th e d gs th r
t e ea p o ; fo r e e
” “
w e re th ree littl e be a rs i n th e c av e 4 Why did y o u . .

”
Q ui nt us ? c ri e d C l au di a “
c ut 03 my d o ll s h e a d
’

I ll ’

m
,

”
int o th e w o o ds a n d th e b e a rs w ill e a t e th e r e
g o , .

” “I l l no t kil l
D o n t ru n i nt o th e w oo d s s a id Q uin t us
’ ’
.
,

”
th e o th e r d o lls .

E X E R CI S E LIV

PA S S I V E V OI CET HE

P E RF E C T T E NSES
V e rbs o f allc o nj u g ati o n s f o rm th e p as siv e o f th e p e r
f ee t p l u pe rf e ct a nd f u t u r e p e rf e ct t e n se s i n th e s a m e w ay
, , ,

n a m e ly by a ddi n g to th e p e rf e ct p ass iv e p artici p l e ( th e

s o f s um On e m o d e l
,

f o u rth p ri nci p a l p a rt ) c e rt a in f o rm .
,

‘
th e re f o r e s u flic e s fo r allc o nj u g a ti o n s ; e g
, . .

v oco v ocare v ocav i v ocatus , , ,

PA S S IV E V OI CE
P E R F E CT T E N S E
I ND I C A T I V E S UB J UNCTI VE
SI NGULA R SI NGULA R
I st p e rs o n v o c i tus s u m v o c zrtu s Si
’

m
2d p e rs o n v o c i tu s es v o c i tu s s is

3d p e rs o n v oc i tu s est v o cé tus si t
 LATI N P R I M E R I 35

I ND ICA T I VE S uB j U NCT I VE
PLU R A L LU AL
P R

I st p e r n
s o v o c ati sum us v o c ati sim us

2d p e r so n v o c at i e stis v o c ati s itis

3d p e r s o n v o c at i s unt v o c ati s in t
P LU P ER FE C T T ENS E
S I NGULA R SI NGULA R
I st p e r n
s o v o c atu s er am v o c i tu s esse m
2d p e r s o n v o c atu s eré s v o c fitu s es sé s

3d p e r s o n v o c atus e a r t v o c atu s e ss et
PLU R A L PLU R A L

I st p e r n
s o v o c at i eram us v o c ati essé m us

2d e rs o n v o c at i s t atis v o c ati essé tis

p
3d p e r s o n v o c ati erant vo c at i ess ent
F U T U R E P E R F E C T I ND I C A T I VE
S NGULA I R P LU R A L

I st p e r s o n v o c éitu s ero v o c ati erim us

2 d p ers o n v o c atu s e ris v o c at i eritis

d
3 p e r so n v o c a tu s er it v o c ati c r u nt
R EMAR K . No t e th at ti i l
d ec l i ned in th e
th e p ar c p e v ocatu s is
sa m e w ay as bo nus a n d th a t i t ag re e s in nu m
, b e r and ge nd er w ith
th e subj ec t o f th e se n t e nc e Fo r c o nv e ni e nc e o nly th e m
. as c ul in e ,

fo rm s are gi v e n abo v e ; b ut any ge nd e r m ight be cal l ed fo r as , ,

Cl audia v ocata es t p us l la e v o catae s unt e tc

, ,
.

With w eb a s a m o d e l f o r mth e p e rf e ct p l u p e rf e ct an d
, , ,

f ut u r e p e rf e ct t e n se s Of h ab eo mi tt o f er o r ap i d an d audi o , , , , .

VOCA B U LA R Y

bellu m ,
-
i, N .
, war .
pix , pacis , F .
, p ea ce .

h o sti s,
-
is ( ab l
.
~
e ),M . a nd F .
, ger o ger er e ges s i gestu s
, , , ,

acc ipio, accip ere , accé pi, ao remitto re mitt ere , re mi i s

mi
, ,

ce ptu s , rece iv e , a cc e t tahe s end ba ck

p , . re s sus , .
I 36 LATI N P R I M E R

RE A D NG LES S O N I
I . T ran sl at e in t o E n gl is h

A . I . Ho stium i m p e r at o r n Ob isc u mi m a oc tO an u Os

b e ll u m g e ss e r i t n e q ue c a p t a e ra nt O pp id a n o stra 2 So
rOré s mc ae c u mi n silv a m is s e nt s u b itO i n u rsi ru ms p é ~
, . .

u nc a m c e c idé ru nt
,

3 Cu m s e x
,

l e t ita o c c isa e s u n t .

m ili a p as suu mit e r fé c is s é m

.
,

u s a d l o c u m idOne u m v é n imus ;

mo xq ue sub arbo rib us latue ri mus ut c o rvos c ap e ré mus

,

, .

B . A Tra itor o us S cho o l mt as er

M u l ti p uc ri p a rvi q uOru p a tr é s u o rtite r c u h o m t mf m

mm
,

s tib u s b e l
l u m ge ré ba nt c u a gis trO e x o p p idO in a g rOs ,

v e nié b an t ut ibi l ude re n t S ae p e ita fé c e ra nt ; se d Olim .

mm
,

mp
,

cu u lta m ili a p as s u u e r a g rOs isse n t, s u bitO m a gist e r

m a l us p u e rOs p e rte rr itOs a d h o s tiu m e x e rc itu md '
II x it, c Os ue
q
m
i p e ri tOri d e dit I s au t e m iri tu s nOl é b a t a c c ip e re p ue rOs ,
m m m
.

q ui ita a d c u d u c ti e ra nt I ta q ue a g i s tru in o pp id u m
mm m
.
,

p u e rO s d o u re is it I bi c u m a gist e r p oe n i s de dis se t, m
mh ti mimp
.

pi x cu os u e ri tOre b o nO f a cta e st .

II T ra nsl at e int o L a ti n :
.

A I D o no t m a k e p e a c e with th e e n e my
. . 2 We . .

h av e be e n s e nt b ack fro m th e h ills to th e sh o r e an d ca n n o t ,

h e l p o u r f ath e rs a n d m o th e rs w h o are living i n th e v a ll e y , .

3 . W h e n w ar h a d b e e n w a g e d fiv e y e a rs t h e g e n e r a ls o f ,

th e e n e my m arch e d s tea l th fly m a ny m i l e s t hr o u gh th e
f o re st to b u rn o ur t o wn 4 W e r e y o u r c u p s br o k. e n .
,

c oo k ? Fo r w h e n I w a s cr o ss in g a str e a m th e b ask e t
3
,

s udd e nly f e l l int o th e w a t e r .

B I . Th e m o nk e y w as u n wi l lin g to r e c eiv e th e l
. ittl e
” “
fo x in t o th e c a g e said th e sa i l o r ; a n d s o th e y f o u gh t
,

” ”
fi e rc e ly fo r a l o n g tim e 2 O nc e sa id th e t ea ch e r . .
, ,
 LAT I N P R I M E R I 37
“a gr e a t s hi p w as bro k e n th e re by th e w a ve s O n th e .

s h o r e w e r e s tr o ng f a rm e r s w h o w a nt e d to h e l p th e p o o r
”
s a il o r s a n d c o u ld no t
, 3 T
. h e d o v e s .u p o n whi c h t h e

r av e n m ”
s aid th e f a r m
“ .

a d e a fi e r c e a tt ac k , er w e re kill e d ; ,

th e y are n o w lying o n th e gr o u nd n e a r th e f a r mh o u s e ”
.

L e t s c a rry th e mto th e w o o d s sa id M a rc u s “
”
a n d thr o w
’

, ,

th e mint o th e b e ar s de n ” ’
.

EXE RC IS E LV

PR O NOU N OF I D E NT I T Y A ND I NT E N S I V E PR O NO U N

idem , ea d em id em
, , th e sa m
e

S I NG ULA R

mFe

m m
.

No ide eadem i dem

i d m m m
.

Ge n . e us e eius de eius de

D at eide m eide m eid m e

n dem id m
.

A cc eu ca n dem e

m m
.

A bl . de
eis e ade eOd m e

PLU R A L

Fern N ea t
m m
. .

eide m ea ede ea de

No m . iide m
Ge n m
eOru nde ei ur n dem eOrundem
i d m
.

e s e eisdem i d m
e s e

D at ii d m
s e ii d m
s e ii d m
s e

i d m
.

s e i d m
s e

A cc m
eOs de a d m
e s e d m
ea e

id m
.

e s e i d m
e s e i d m
e s e

A bl ii d m
s e ii d m
s e ii d m
s e
i d m id m
.

s e s e
I 3S LAT I N P R I M E R

ipse, ips a, i ps u m , h i ml
f se , h ers elf, its elf, e tc .

S ING U L A R P L UR A L
f m Nerd
i p s um
e

m ip s
. .

No e i p sa i p si ip sae i p sa
m mip O
.

Gen . ip s ius ips ius ips ius ip sOI u ’

ip s i I u s ru n.

D at i psi i psi i psi ip s is ip s is ip s is

i p s u m ip sam i p s u m
.

A cc . i p s os ip s is i p sa
A bl i p so . i p s a i p so i p s is i p s is ip sis

R EMA RK I . No te th at ide mis a co mp ou nd o f is , ea , id .

R E MA R K 2 . I n c o nn ec tio n wi t h a v erb in th e firs t o r seco nd

pe rso n ips e m e an s m ys e lf ” ”
y o urse lf e tc eg I ps i ad lit us
m
. .
, , , .
,
'
p rop eriv i us , We o u r sel
ves h u rr ied to th e sh o re .

NOTE These and s e v e ral o ther p ro no un s m

. ay be used e ith er

as adj ec tives o r no uns In trans la ting th e n e ut er n o minati v e and.

ac c usa tive o f p ro n o uns us e d a s n o un s it is o ft e n n ec essary to ,

su p pl y th e o d “ thing ; e g I dem vidimus We see the sa m

”
e . .
, ,

m runt Th ey h ea r d the s a m
( th ing
) E ade a u di v é, (
e things
) e tc , , .

C
VO A BU LA R Y
dumn i is e -
n N r iv er sta tim a dv e rb a t onc e, i m o

mil iti
.
, , .
, , ,

es , ~
s, M .
, s ol
dier .

I
R E AD NG L ES S ON

I . Tr a nsl at e i nt o E nglis h :

mp
d

A . I . Ho s té s ia u e rOs p u e l
li s q u e o c c idé b an t ; n Os

id e m fa c ié bi m us 2 I p s iu s i p e ri tOriS fili u s
gris m in a

m f ec it
. .

o c c is u s e s t ; tu m m p a t e r s ta tim p i c e n Ob iscu .

3 C a p u t m ili
t is f o rtis a b s c is u m e s t e t i n o p p id u m r e m is
s um
.
,

4 N O li f u g e r e Q u int e s e d fo r tite r p a rv i s u rs i s

ra pe ; n Os e ni m u rs i s c ete r is te rré b im
. .
, ,

us .
 LAT I N P R I M E R I39

B . A S ol
die r f
o D u ty

O lim ,
”
in q u it a v us mu
é s ilv i V enit in o p
e s,
“
v en i to r

p i d u m u t s e c fi ré s e e re t C u m t ris
a u t e m d o m
m u m ir e t
mil e s é briu s q ui s ub a rb o re a lti s edé bat in c u ms ub itO
,
.
,

m
, ,

im e tu m i c re mfé c it s e c fi ré s u e r a e re v o l u it T u V é
p q p , .

ni to r v e h e m e nt e r iri tus h Ori s d u i s c um m ilit e i c rite r

u
p g n i v it n e c c u m
,
o c c id e r e p o tu it I nt e ri m a u t e m in s il .

v a mV en e ra t im p e ri to r i p se ; q ui s t a ti mc u mm ilit e m v idis

a diLI V it m ite m
,

s e t é b riu mV é n i tOre m il in id m r m
‘

, q u e O pp u e i ,
”
sit ut ibi p oe n i s d a r e t
, .

II . Tr a n s l at e int o L ati n :

A . I . nc e s e nd b ack th e ge n e r a l hims elf fo r

L et u s at o

p e a c e h as n o w b e e n m a d e with th e e n e my 2 T h e s o n s . .

o f th e g e n e r a l w e r e r e c e iv e d b ut h is d a u ght e rs w e r e s e nt ,

b ac k to th e s hi p 3 T h e b o a t h as b e e n thr o wn u p o n th e
. .

r o c k s by th e w a ve s Th e tir e d s ail o r s th e mse lv e s wi ll

.

c arry it to th e riv e r 4 T h e w ar h ad b e e n w a ge d m. . a ny

y e a r s ; b ut th e e n e m y w e r e no w p r e p a ring to m ak e
p e a c e .

B ring th e s a m e b o y s to m
“ ”
B . I . e Q uint u s s a id th e ,

s o ldi e r ; I w ant to s e nd th e mb ac k to th e ir bra ve f ath e r s

,

“ ”
.

2.
“
Wh at th e n w as d o n e a s k e d Q ui n t u s w h e n th e a r m
” “
,
y ,

h a d m a d e a fi e r c e a tt a c k up o n th e t o wn a n d h ad n o t b ee n ,

T h e f ar m
”
abl e to br ea k th e g at e ? 3 e r s w o u ld c u t o f? .

th e h o r se s t a il s
”
s aid Cl a u di a
’ “Th e n th e h o r se s w e r e .
,

”
n o t p l e as e d 4 Wh. e n w e w e r e p l a ying n e a r th e
.

” “
riv e r s aid J uli a w e h e ard th e s a m e dr u n k e n s ail o r w h o
, ,

frighte n e d th e girls y e st erd ay ; and s o w e ran at o nc e to

th e f a r m
”
h o us e .
I 40 L AT I N PR I M E R

EX E RCIS E LVI

T HE FI R S T O R A -
C O NJ U G A T I ON
V OCO

P A SS I V E V O I CE
I ND I C A T I V E M OOD S U BJ U NCTI VE M OO D
P R ES E N T T E N S E
S I NG U I A R P LU RA L S I NG U I AR P LU R A L
m m
. .

I st p e rs o n v o c or v oca ur v o c er v océ ur

2d p e rs o n v o c aris v oc ami i n v o c eris v oc emi in

v o c ar e v o c ere

3d pe rs o n v o c atu r v o c antu r v o c etur v o c entu r

I M P E R F E C T TE N S E
'
S I NC I LA R PLU R AL SI NGULA R PLU R A L
I st p e rs o n v o c ab ar v o c ab am ur v o c arer m
v o c aré ur

2d p e rs o n v o c ab aris v oc abami i n v o c aré ris A ém

V OC I i i n

v o c ab are v oc i ré re

d
3 p e rs o n v o c abatu n v o c abantur v o c aré tur VOCAI entur

FUT UR E T E NS E
SI NGU LA R PLU R A L

I st p e rs o n v o c abor v o c abi m ur

2d p e rs o n v o c aberis v oc abimi i n

v o c abere

3d p e rs o n v o c ab itur v o c ab un tur

I M PE R A T IV E M OO D : P R ES E NT TE NSE
S I NGULA R PLU R AL

2d rs o n v o c are v o c am ini
p e

PR ES E N T I NF I NI TI VE
Vo c at i
 LAT I N P R I M E R I4I

R EMA R K I l im
. i nary to l e arni ng th e abo v e fo rm
As a p re s O f th e

i ndic at i v e ind subj unc t iv e no t e ( I ) th at e v erywh ere in th e t hi rd

,

e n th e pass i v e is fo rm e d b y addi ng ur to th e c o rre s po ndi ng

p rso s
-

ac t i v e fo rm s ; and ( 2 ) th a t in th e fi rs t pe rso n s r is e i t h e r add e d

to fi nal 6 o f th e c o rre sp o ndi ng ac t iv e fo rm s ( w i th s h o rt e ni ng o f

th e o r sub st it u t e d th e re fo r fi na l mo r s .

R EMARK 2 O b se rv e th e re l a t i o n wh ic h th e fo rm
. s o f th e p res

e nt i m p e ra t i v e be ar to th o s e o f th e se c o nd p e rso ns o f th e p re se n t

i ndi ca ti v e .

VOCA B U LA R Y

nox n octis F
,
nig h,
t .
,
c a st r a 6r
.u m N ca m p ,
-

, .
, .

R E MA R K . I n th e p l ural , nox h as I -
t
s e m en dings .

M O D E L S E NT E NCE

U rsae nim a v é natOI e occis as

e erant, Fo r th e b e ars h ad
be e n kill e d by th e h u nt e r .

R UL E . PVith a p a s s iv e v erb, th e do e r is in dica ted by th e

l
a b a tiv e ca s e in tro du c ed by th e p rep o s itio n a, ab . Th is co n

s tr uc tion is h n o w n as A bl
a tiv e of th e A e n t
g .

R EMAR K blati v e o f ag enc y m

r The us t b e di sti ngui sh e d c are
a

fully fro mth e ab lat i v e wi tho u t a pre po si t io n a s u se d to t e ll th e

.

m ea ns b y w hi c h a t hi ng is ac c o m p l i s h e d e
g Ursa e enimsecirri . .
,

oc cisa s erant, F o r the bea rs h a d bee n h il

led w ith an ax . H ere
th e do e r is no t m ti
en o ne d l;
at al b ut th e m e ans by whic h th e
ac t w as do ne is i ndica t ed by s ecuri.

R EMA R K 2 . Th e tw o fo r m f th s o e pre po si t i o n i , ab are ide nti

ca lin . m
e a ning . T h e fo r mbi t a s o be used w h en th e fo ll o w ing

a bl at i v e be gi ns wi th a vo w e l or h .

R EA D NG I LE SS ON

I .Tra nsl ate int o E nglish :

A I . Na mm ilit es q ui ad flfi m
. e n ie ra nt ibi st a tim ab,

h o s tib u s e is de mc a p t i s u nt
,

2 Pa ri b i s ne v u l
p é c u l
i s in . .
I 42 LATI N P R I M E R

B U I LD I NG A R A M PA R T

R o ma n so ldi ers were train ed to wo rk as well as to fight and o n ,

cam paigns e v e n und e r o rdin ary c irc um stanc es th ey had m uc h

, ,

fortifying to do . Fo r wh e n th e army halt e d in th e o pe n c o untry

ev e n fo r a night a we ll o rd ere d c am
,
-

p ( ca s tr a ) h a d to be l aid o u t

and surro und e d by a wall o f fo rtifi ca tio n Th e abo v e ill ustra tio n
.

repr es e nts an o t h er c arving o n th e mo num ent r e ferre d to in c o n

nec tio n with E x e rcise LI I I .
 LATI N P R I M E R I 43

s il v a mre m itte re ? M i rc u si p se in c o rb u l
i eis l
co lo c i bit

e t in s ilv a m f e r e t 3 Cur b e ll u m i militib u s n o s tris s e x

mp
. .

a n nOs c u mh o s tib u s fo rtib u s g e s tu me ra t? 4 . I e ri to r

I d e m q ui a p i c e m
,
n Ob is c u mfac ere n On p o tu e ra t,
h um e n
s t a t i mtri n s iit u t i c é te ris
, h o s tib u s a diu v i ri p o ss e t .

B . Th e B ra v e S o l
diers

Pue ri tré s i n v ill i r

p pe
o flfi m en m agn u m h ab iti b a nt,
ib iq u e p i s c is p u l
c h rOs s a e p e c é p é ru nt S e d Oli , c u in . m m
m
rip i c o rb u la e c u p isc ib us c o llo c i tae e ss e n t, s ubitO é s ilv i
é rup it u rsa r v a q u a e te rru it p u e rOs p is c é s q ue r a p e r e
p a , ,

S e d ia mp a t e r i p s e p u e rOru me x a gris p ro p e ri b a t
,

c o e p it .
,

u t n rs a mo c c ide re t ; q u ae p e rte rrita in a rb o re mé s c e n dit

mo x q ue in ri mO mag nO s edé b at S t ati maut e mag ric o l a

,

q uo q u e é s c e n dit ri m um q u e a b sc i d e r e p ari b a t I ta q u e

Os c é te rOs tri n s ire v e ll e t ad te rra m in

, .

urs a c u min ri m

c a p u t c e c idit e t i c a n ib u s o ccis a e s t T ummilité s tré s

, ,

, .
,

u i i n u m br i int e rim la tu e ra n t iamfo rtite r é l a t e b ris p ro

q
m
,

e r i é u n t c u t u e u r s a e a b sc id é r u n t ; q u o d o x tul é r un t
p v r a p q
,

in c as tr a im p e ri t Oriq u e de dé ru n t .

II . Tra nsl at e int o L atin :

A nd b ac k th e n e sts to th e f armh o us e so
se

th a t th e y m
,
.

b e giv e n a t o nc e to th e littl e girl s 2 Wh n

a
y e .

th e s o ldi e r s w e r e b e ing c a ll e d to c a m
.

p by th e g e n e r a l th e ,

ene m y q u ic k ly cr o s se d th e rive r with a l a rge a rmy an d

b urn e d o ur s hi p s D o n t s it o n th e d o ll s t abl e b o y s ;
.
’ ’

Q u int u s bro k e it y e s te rd ay 4 Wh e n w e . h a d h urri e d .

h o m e fr o mth e w o o d s in o rd e r th at th e w o lf which w e
h a d c a u ght m
,

ight b e at o nc e p l ac e d in a c a ge th e f a rm e r ,

re f u s e d to r e c e iv e h im; a n d w e c o u ld n o t s e nd th e w o lf
b a c k to th e w o o d s b e c a u s e it w a s n o w night
, .
I 44 LAT I N PR I M E R

“ ”
B Le t
s h u rry to c a m p a t o nc e s aid th e s a m e
’
. I .
,

“
s o ld i e rs ; fo r th e e n e my will s o o n cr o ss th e riv e r a nd w e ,
”
a re a fr a id o f th e n igh t 2 W h e n a fi e rc e a tt a ck h ad
. .

”
b ee n m ad e by th e e n e my o n o u r a rmy s a id o ur gr a nd ,

“
m o th e r th e o t h e r so ld i e rs fle d int o th e w oo d s ; b ut y o ur
,

gr a ndf a th e r w h o w as a g e n e r a l h im s e lf tr a v e l e d m a ny
, ,

m il e s t h ro ugh th e n igh t to a sm a ll c a m p to w a rn th e ,

s a il o rs w h o h ad be e n s e n t fr o m th e o t h e r isl an ds to th e
"
sh o r e .

E X E R CI S E LVI I

I N D E FI N I T E P R O N O U N
q uida m q ua edamq uoddam( a ) ce rta in , , ,

S I NGULA R
M F m N wt os e e e

No m q uida m q u odda m
. . .

q a
u

m m m
.

Ge n cu iusda cuiusda cu iusda

id m id m
.

D at cu a cu a cuid am
d m d m m
.

A cc q u e n a q uan a q u odda
ad m m m
.

A bl .
qu a qui da q uOda
LU R AL
P
M Fern N ext
quaed am quaedam
ar c .

m
. .

No q uida m
m m m
.

Ge n q u Orunda q uarun da q uaru nda

m d m m
.

D at q u ib u sda q uib us a q uibusda

ed m m
.

A ce qu s a q uas da q uaed a m
ib d m d m m
.

A bl .
q u us a q uibu s a q uibu sda
NO TE p n
Th e o un is hae rbo v e
e t reat e d as
ro a n adj e c ti v e .

W h e n i t is use d as a no un th e n o m
.

ina ti v e and ac c u sati v e singu lar

o f th e n e u t e r ta k e th e fo r m m
,

ng )
g uidda a ce r ta in
( th i ,
.

R EMAR K As an a id to th e mmrye o no te th e l c o se rel ati o n be ~

rm s o f q uidamand th o se
,
.

tw e en th e fo of th e re lati v e q ui .
 LAT I N P R I M E R I 45

VOCA B U LA R Y
nirbé s , -
is ( ab l e) F -
cl
oud at er -
tra, t rum bla ch da rh
-

in th e m
. . .
, ,
.
, , ,

igi tur , p o s t p o s itiv e c o nj u n c m an e , a dv e rb o rn ,

ti o n ,
th e re o re f .

RE A D I NG L ES S ON
I Tra n s l at e into
. E ngli s h :

A I M il
ité s i d e ma d c a s tr a mi n ib t t b im p ri e un , u a e

m
. .

tOre ip s O a diu v e n tur . 2 T mim

u p i t f ti itfi er or or s cu e x e rc

t min
.

p a rv O s t ti mflum
a e n q uo dd mt i iit a t p r ns , e er no c e

h o s tiu ma g rOs ite r fé e it .

3 E i m in il v m t v i m
. us s a ,
u a u

n idOs m
in v e nii us Va l idOs p ue rOs V OCi , Q uint e .
4 . E q ui
mi milit
.

i tri , cu e q u Od a ad flu e n m
du c ti e s s e n t, m in aq ua m
c el
e rite r c u c urr é ru n t .

B . A S to l c ni
en P i c

In m mmg i t O h b itib t p i p ci
l
fidO q u Oda cu a s r a an ue r au

t mgi t q in l tO i é t p i
.

O lim mi m cu a n o x e s se a s er ue ec ac re uer

m
, ,

f fi timé l dO ié
r t in g O m ‘

i
II l q g i l i m
ru n lt a r s, a ue a r co ru u a

ra
p é u t T m ru n m i m t i i t du in l m p cu r vu r ns s se n a su a ar

m p r p ig m q m é ri mi fé
,

t m
.

'
va , o e ne h mi , ue s c e ra n , ox u

t m
‘

i éb t
ac il
an d t S d u b itO in l O a t e e re n . e su c ac e ran

mlt fib é i t n q lu mi m idé p t t p i ;
,

u ae n s ra e , e ue na a v re o e ra n uer

q iuigit r p t iti p u t m d m m
e r e rr pé t er no c e o u c u rr e re c o e ru n

m
.

It d a
q i b é i
uo , t in i u i dé o t m i q s e ran r vu c ec run ne ue

m t i inv nti nt Cé t i t m t p n i d r nt
, ,

or u e su er au e u oe s a e a

mgi t O mi i s n t d g i li q O mm i l p
.
, ,

a s r ss u t a a r co s, u ru a ra u e ra n .

II . Tr ansl ate int o L atin :

' '
A Wh e n th e girl s w e nt int o th e y ard to ca ll th e
. I .

b o y s th e y sa w bl ac k cl o ud s in th e s ky 2 Th e r e f o re
c erta in s o ldi e r s h a s t e n e d to th e fa r m
, . .

I h o us e a n d s e iz e d th e . :
, .

o IA T I N PR I M E R IO
I 46 LAT I N P R I M E R

h o rs e s w hic h h ad be e n c ap t ure d by th e e n e my 3 Whi l e . .

th e f a rm e r hi ms e lf w as b e in g c a l l e d by th e s a il o r h is so ns ,

w e r e p r e p a rin g to s e n d h o rs e s to th e c a m p 4 T h e . .

e n e my h ad n o w d o n e th e sa m e th in g ; an d s o w e w a nt e d

to m a k e p e a c e w ith t h e m a t o nc e .

“
B . I Whi le th e d o gs w e re p l aying i n th e y ard n e ar
.

”
th e f a rm h o u s e sa id M a rc u s a w o lf c a m e st ealthi ly i n to
, ,

”
th e g a rd e n and m a d e a fi e rc e a tt a ck u po n th e litt l e b e a r .

2. Le t s run b ra v e ly int o th e w at e r
’ ”
sa id Q u int u s ; fo r“
,

th e bo a t h as bee n fi ll e d with th e w a v e s a nd th e girls are ,

” “ ”
th o r o u ghly f righ t e n e d 3 I n th e m o rni n g s a id th e
. .
,

“
s a il o r w e sh a ll se nd c e rt a in h u nt e rs to th e s a m e p l ac e to
,

” “ ”
m e e t th e o th e r ge n e rals 4 O ur g e n e ra l
. . sa i d m y ,

gr a n d f ath e r h a d r e f u s e d to r e c e iv e th e br a ve sa i l o rs a nd
,

f a rm e rs A nd s o a c e rta i n f a r m e r s so n h u rrie d t hr o u gh
.
’

th e n igh t to th e c a m p o f th e e n e my a nd l e d s o ld i e rs to th e
,

”
sh o r e to c ap t ur e o ur S hi p s .

E XE RC I S E LV I I I

T HE S E C O ND OR E -
C ONJ U G A T I ON

P A SS I V E V O I C E
I ND I C A T I VE M OO D S U B J UNC I I VE
‘ ‘
M OOD
P R E SE N T T E NSE
SI N GULAR PLU R A L NGULA R
SI P LU R AL
I st p e rs o n h abeor h a bé m ur b a bear h abea m ur

2d p e rs o n h abé ris ha bé mi i n h abe aris h abe imi i

n

h ab ere h a bear e
3d p e rs o n h a bet ur h ab entur h ab eatur h ab eantur
 LAT I N P R I M E R I 47

I M PE R F E C T T E N S E
SI NGULA R PLU R AL S I NG U LA R P LU AL
R

I st p e r n
so h abeb ar h a b é ba m ur h a b é rer h a b é ré m ur

2d p e r s o n h ab é bi ris ha b é bami i n h ab é ré ris h abé r émi i n

h a b é bi re h ab é rere

3d p e r s o n h ab é b a mh r abé b antu r h a b é ré tu r h a b é rentu r

F U T UR E T E N SE a
SI NGULA R P LU R AL

I st p e r n
s o h a bé bo r h ab é b i m ur

2d p e r so n h ab é b eris ha bé b imi i n

h a b é b ere
d
3 p e r s o n h ab é b itur h a bé bu ntur

I M PE R A T I V E M OO D : P R E S E N T T E NS E
S I NGULA R P LU AL R

2d p e sr n
o h ab é re h ab é mi in

P R E S E N T I N F I N ITI V E
h a bé ri

R EMAR K . In mm i i
e o r z ng th ese fo rms n o te th e c o rre sp o nd
,

e nc es be tw ee n ac t iv e and p assi v e wh i c h w e re po i n t e d o ut in
E x e rc is e LVI .

VOCA B U LA R Y
o ngé ,
l dv e rb f a r (a w ay )
a , . iub eo, i nher e iuss i, iu ss us
mm
, ,

l
fix , ucis F l
l ,
ig h t .
, . co a n d, o r de r . Co n
s tru e d with th e a c c us a tiv e
a n d p r e se nt infiniti v e .

R E MAR K I . v eral v e rbs h ave been m

I n pre vi o us E x erc i ses se
en

tio ne d as c o ns t rued w i th th e p re s e n t i nfi ni tiv e eg po ss u mm aid

The m
. .

e a ni ng o f so m
, , ,

e o f th e se v e rb s is suc h th a t a s in th e
e tc .
(
c ase o f iubeo abo v e ) th e d e pe nde nt i nfi ni t i v e m ay h av e a s ubj e c t

acc usa tiv e T h us w e m

. ay say e i t h e r l ubed t6 ire 1 o r de r y o u ,

u go , or V016 t6 ire I w a nt y o u to go , .
I 4S LAT I N P R I M E R

R E M A RK 2 . Th e ge niti v e pl ural o f In: is lacking , and th e ending

o f th e a c u a c s ti v e plural is ~
60 o r ~ is .

I
R E A D NG LE S S ON

I . T ra nsl at e i nt o E nglish :

A I . Na mi p ue ri s is de mO n n te rré bo r . 2 Co rb ul
ae

h i c is c o m
. .

p l
é b an tur 3 N Oli p u e ris sa g itti s d a r e ; e Os

um
. .

e ni m l o ng é in si lv a m ire n Ol us 4 M ilit es igit u r

iuss é runt n a utas dé fe s sOs in ig n e m ri m os iac e re u t in
. .

lit o r e m a gn a e sse t K m 5 I n m ilit es c u mpe r v al em

,

. l
it e r face re nt eOrunde magric o l i ru mc a n es fo rtite r im
.
,

p e o

mfé
,

tu c é ru nt .

o
B . L os t in th e Ca v e
“O lim ” in uit a via
q e a
“
p u e r m et p u e l
la p a rv a ex

m mflO é q
, ,

h o rtO fiirti i n silv a m i er nu t u t riv u r s ue Vidé re n t

mi mg m in
.
,

I bi au e t m s pé l
u ne a n v é né ru n t a na , q ua m l ae ti
c uc u rré ru nt, u t in u mbr i l fide re nt ; u rs ae e ni m a b e is nOn
tim é b a ntu r Cu mibi difi l fi s is se nt p ue r s ubitO l o n g é in
u nc a m
.

aq u e q u ae c u m
,

s pé l f ugit p ue l l c a pe r e v o l é b a t q uo
m
, , ,

q u e pe r s p é lu n c a I
p p O e ri v it D i i
i c u c u rr é r u n t s e
. d ia m
vi am v idé re nOn po te rant q u i a i n s p é l un c i e r a t n o x i tr a
, .

H u m i igit u r p erte rriti s ed eru nt M o x a u t e m p u e ll a l fic e m

m m m
.

p arv a l o ng é v idit ; c u m q u e tria m ili a p a s s u u a d c u

”
l o c u m it e r fé c is se nt s ub itO é sp é lunc i i n l
, it u s V é né ru nt .

II Tra n sla t e i nt o La tin

.

A I .Th e g e n e ra l w a n te d c e rtain s o l die rs to c a rry b as

.

k e ts in t o th e fi e lds to b e fi ll e d with a pp l e s by th e f a rm e rs .

2. Th e ref o re l et u s se n d th e h u n t e r h im se lf at o nc e to th e

ca m p Fo r th e e n e my h av e cr o ss e d th e rive r a n d w i ll
.
,

m ak e an a tta ck in th e m o rn in g 3 O nc e w h e n th e . .
,

nigh t w as d ark c e rta i n sail o rs fle d fro m th e t o w n an d ra n

,

to th e riv e r s o th a t th e e n e my mi gh t b e w a rn e d
, 4 Th e . .
 LA T I N PR I M E R I 49

ge n e ral o rd e re d th e s am e s o ldie rs to cr o ss th e riv e r a nd

t ak e o u r c a m p .

”
B . I .n e my w e r e th e n fighting fi e rc e ly with u s
Th e e ,

“
s aid a c e rt a in so ldi e r ; b ut o u r ge n e ra l o rd e re d u s to
m a k e an att ack a t o n c e o n th e c a m p a l s o
”
2
“ Whil e . .

”
th e b o a t s w e re b e ing fill e d with fis h s a id th e h u nt e r cer , ,

tain f a rm e rs s t o l e th e s a il o r s h o r se s whi c h h ad b ee n le d ’

,
”
fa r int o th e fi e ld s 3 M a ny s o ldi e r s h a
. d b e e n k i ll e.d
by th e e n e my said m
”
y f a th e r ,
“
B u t it w as n o w d a rk .

night ; a n d so th e o th e rs fle d fro m th e f o re st a n d w e re ,
”
c a rri e d to th e i s l and by s hi p .

E XE RC I S E LI X

T HE FI FT H O R E D E C LE NS I ON -

dié s, M .
,
day I é s,
‘
F .
, c irc u mt s a nce , th ing
SI NGULA R PLU R AL S IN GULA R P LU AL R

No min ativ e di es di es ré s res

G e nitiv e dié i dié ru m r ei ré ru m

D a tive di ei dié bu s rei ré bu s
A c c u s a tive di em dié s re m ré s

A bl ative die ré bus dié b us re

Ge n der No u n s o f th e fifth d e cl e n s i o n are f e m

. ini n e
E ve n dié s which is a n e x c e p ti o n to thi s ru l e is s o m e ti m
.

es

fe m
, ,

inin e in th e sing u l a r .

VOCA B U LA R Y
C A R D I NAL Nu ME RA Ls

unus a u mone - -
s edecims i x teen

ml m
.
, , , , .

fi ndec i e e v en s eptendeci s ev e n te e n

d imtw l
.
, , .

duo ec e ve duodé v iginti, ei

g h teen

d imth i t
, . .

tre ec r een undev iginti, n in ete en

d imf
, . .

q ua tt u or ec o u rteen. v iginti, tw en ty

m
, .

'
q u n deci m fif teen
i , . Indi, Oru .
, M .
, I n dia ns .
I 50 LATI N P R I M E R
0

With th e e xc e p ti o n o f un u s th e a b o v e c a rd in a l n u m e r a ls
in a b l e T h e p l u r a l o f fi rm
,

are ind e c l s is r e gu l
. a r b u t th e ,

sing u l a r is in fl e ct e d a s f o ll o ws :
M as cu l
ine Neuter
No min ativ e
'
fi nu s II n a tin u m
'
G e n itiv e Iin ius finius fin ius
D a tiv e fi ni fin i u ni

A cc u sa tiv e fin u
'
m fi na m finu m
A bl a tiv e I I no fi nd u nO

Th e r e are i n La ti n e ight o th e r a dj e cti ve s d ec lin e d i n th e

g e niti v e a nd d a tiv e si ng u l a r aft e r th e f a sh i o n o f fir m s .
I

A lth o u gh n o t a l lo f th e se w o rd s a re to b e h e r e us e d th e ,

f u ll list s h o u ld be m e m o riz e d o nc e fo r a l l; n a m e ly al i u s , ,

al t er ; nlius n ullus ; uter n eu t er ; sOlus toru s un us S e e

, , , , .

a ls o S u m m a ry o f Fo rm s g 1 97
p a e , .

NOT E Wh en s trength ene d b y

dverb uni th e pre p ositi o n th e a

cum
.
,
” ”
is o ft en well re nd e re d by t o ge t h e r with al o ng wi t h

m
e tc

uni cumcy m
, , .

eg Na
. .
, bis ad ins ul am mi s sae s unt Yh e sh ips , ,

togedre r w ith th e bo a ts , w er e sen t to th e is l

a nd .

Is , ea, id As AN A D J E CT I VE

T h e pe rs o n a l p r o n o u n is c a, id h e, , ,
” “s h
e,
” “it
,
”
my a

a ls o be u s e d as an a dj e ctiv e m e a n in g t hi s is d163,
e
g
. .
,

th is day ea ré s , th is c irc u mt s a nc e , e tc .

I
R EA D NG LE S S O N

I . Tr a nsl at e in t o E ng l
ish :

A m i n ntis f tib d c str p p é

1 . U ni cu e s a or us a a a ro er

m ; ibi n im milité O d imp i tO mi p s m dfi t

.

us e s n S a er re u c en .

2 C m di i é m u
q O h ti m l
i
aui mq in l it
v ss r us e u s os u ce ue o e

t mim
.

idi é m
v ss
p i t
'
i it it m
us , l it u p si l er or u ss e x e rc u c e er er er

mit r f c r 3 Nfib é alb i s i n lO idé t p ll

va e a e e . . s c ac V e, ue ae .
 LAT I N P R I M E R I 5 I

Po te s tis ne hin am
‘

q uo q ue v idé re ? 4 . Cu m id b e ll u m
sé dec i m a nu Os g e s tu m e s se t h o s té s m ar e n i v ib u s tri n s i
mi mfé
,

é run t, ct in o pp id a n o str a m
i p e tu c re c é ru nt .

B . Cap tu red by th e I ndia ns

“I n
q u Oda m
id o in q u it m i t e r v e str a
o pp sil “
p ro p e
v amh ab iti b a t a gric o l a uni c u m
, ,

duOb u s fil iis p a rvis O lim ,

c u mdiII b e l l u m c u mI nd is g es tu me ss e t p i x q u e ia me ss e t
.

fact a f ili i e i u s a gr ic o lae l ae ti p e r ag rOs lI I dé b a nt S ubitO

‘

.
,

a ut e m tré s I nd i m a li é rfi p é ru n t é s i lv i p u e rOs q u e c é p é ru nt , ,

u i rte rriti f ug e r e n On p o tu e ra n t tum s t a ti mp u e rO s un i

q p e

I e u m e q uis gr l ng in silv m d
‘

q u Os e x a is ra p u e ra n t o é a II ,

Pa te r v e h e m e nt e r iri tu s in s ilv a mst a ti mc u c u rrit

,

x é run t

n e q ue filiOs inv e n ir e p o tuit E i a ut e m c umm

.
,

ul tOs di es
.
,

c um I nd is h abiti v is s e nt i m itib us q u ib u s da min ve nt i s u nt ;

il
m mi é
,
”
ui c c idé ru n t I n dOs p ue rOs q u e ad p a tr e re s ru n t
q o , .

II Tr ansl at e int o L atin :

.

A 1
. Th e se d o g s to g e th e r with th e r av e n will be giv e n
.

to th e b o y s by w h o mth e w o lf w as kill e d 2 Th e re f o r e . .

th e g e n e r a l hi m s e lf with a l a rg e a r m y m a rch e d thr o u gh

th e fi e lds sixt ee n m il e s 3 T h e I ndi a ns at o nc e m ad e . .

a n att a c k o n th e thr e e fa r m h o u se s an d c a p t u r e d o n e ,

f a rm e r s h o r s e s 4 I n th e mo rning th e g e n e ra l will o rd e r
’
. .

th e se br av e h u nte r s to cro s s th e rive r with th e s am e so l

di e rs so as to b u rn th e t e nt s o f th e e n e m
, y .

B 1
. L e t u s s e nd b ac k t w e lve I ndi a n s int o th e fo r
.

e st
” “
sa id th e so ldi e r ; th e o th e r s w e w i ll thr o w int o th e
,

w a ve s ”
2
“ T o g e th e r with ( h is ) f ath e r an d bro th e rs
. .
”
,

sa id Cl a u di a M a rc u s w a s c a ll e d i nt o th e fi e ld s y e s t e rd a y
,

by th e s o ldi e r s ; fo r th e e n e m y w e r e th e n c ro s s ing th e
” “ ”
rive r 3. I h a v e re c e iv e d t w e lve b a s k e t s s a id th e
.
,

sail o r W h er e a re th e o th e r s ? 4 Th e n s aid th e f a rm e r
.
”
.
I 52 LATI N P R I M E R

to ( h is ) s o ns ,
“W hy
h av e y o u c ut o ff th e h e a ds o f th e se br ave
d o gs ? S o o n y o u w il l ki ll m y h o rs e s to o ” “ T h r
5 o

m
, . .

”
o u ghly fright e n e d by this circ u s ta nc e s a id th e t e a ch e r , ,

“th e s a il o rs h a v e fle d to th e riv e r T o m o rr o w th e s o l
.

”
d i e rs w i ll do th e s a m e th ing .

EX E RC I S E LX

THE T HI R D OR E C O NJ U G A T I ON
-

mitto
P AS S IVE V O I CE
IND ICA TI VE M oo n Moo n

SI NGU LA R P LU RA L SI NGU LA R PLU R A L

I st p e r mitt or mittimu r mittam ur

mitt mittim mitti i

.

2d p e r . eris ini r s

m i ttere mitta re

d
3 p e r . mittitu r mittuntn r mittatu r

h m
ar T E NSE

SI NGULA R P LU R A L S I NG U LA R P LUR A L
I st p e r mitté b mitté bé mu
ar r mitt erer mitt é m
er u r

mitté b ari mittebAm mitteié mitt é mini

.

'
2d p e r s ini ris er

mitté b a mitt é
.

re er re

3d p er . mittebatu mitté bantu

r r mitt eré tur mitt erentur

FUTU R E T E NSE
N G U LA R
SI P LUR AL
I st p e r m itt ar mittemu r

mitté mitté m
.

2d pe r . ris i i n

m i tt ere
d
3 p e r . mitté t ur
 LATI N PR M E RI 153

I M PE RA TIVE Moon : PR ESE NT T E NS E

S I NG ULA R PLU R A L

2d p e rs o n mitter e mittiminl

PR E SE NT I NF INI T IVE
mitti

I NT E R R OG AT I VE PR ONOU N

( q ui s) ui
q , qu ae ( quid) qu od ,
w iza w ha '
t1

Wh e n u s e d as an adj e ctiv e thi s w o rd is infl e cte d e x actly ,

a s th e r e l a tiv e q ui q u ae quod Wh e n it is u se d a s a n o u n
, , .
,

q uis r e p l a c e s q ui ( n o m in a tiv e s ing ul a r ) qu i d r e p l ac e s qu od ,

n min tiv a n d ac c u s a tiv e sing u l a r ) a n d th e f e m ini n e is

( o a e ,

la c king thr o ugh o u t T h e n o u n u se is th e m o r e fr e q u e nt ;

u ibu s cums edé tis ?

.

e
g Qu
. is
,
v e ni t ? W /zo is c o m ing ? Q
m
.

W
'
Wit}: a r e y o u s itting ? Q 11 68 v i dit ? /zo d td l
ze

s ee ? e tc .

VOCA B U LAR Y
co mmbt u s, -
a, -
u m , ex c ited, o mi
n s, ~
is ,
~
e, ev ery , t/ze

dis tu rbed w /zo l

e, a l
l
frum en tum i
. .

,
-

, N .
, g ra in . ux o r ,
-
6ris, F .
, f
wz e .

I
RE A D NG LES S O N

I Tra n s la t e int o
. E ngli s h :

A I
Q uis v o lu it a vis p ul c h ri s in silv am re m itti ?
Na m I nd i e 6 im m m
. .

2 p e tfi c o o t i fr u m e nt u m o mn e in ,

m
.
,

s p el unc a atr i c j l lo c av é ru n t 3 V é n é té r u u x o ré s un i
ib e ris in a gris c uiu sdamag ric o l a e im
. .

c u mv igin ti l p e ri toré s

i ps os c o nv é né ru ut 4 M il e s o b é s u s c u m l ib e r i a b I ndis
in silv am dfic e re ntu r in v ill a laté b a t Nolite c umte rr é re
.
.
,

. .
,
 1 54 LA T I N PR I M E R

B . A n I ndia n R a id

I n q ui d a m va ll e e ra t flfim e n m a gn u m i n q ua parvae
ins ul ae e ra nt m I bi h ab itab an t una c umux orib us
,

ul tae .

l ib e ris q ue a g ric o l a e q u id a m f o rt es I n d i aute m sa e p e é .

S ilv a f firtim v e nié b a n t ad flfi m inis ri p a m e t i n c y m b is p a rv is

aru mv ill as im m
,

ad i ns u las p ro pe rab a n t u t i n ag ric o l , p e tu

fac e re n t O lim c u mita e q u i in ag ris o mn es o c c isi e s se nt

e ntu m u e e ss e t ign i c on s um m
.
, ,

frfim q p tu lib e ri q u o q u e s e d e

cim ab I n d is c a p t i s u n t e t l o n g é i n silv a m duc ti T u m

,

ae v a lidi v e h e m e nt e r c o m moti ad ripa m p ro pe ri v é

.

agric o l

ru n t ; c u m a s suu mtre de c imit e r fé c isse n t

, ,

q u e mili a p p e r

no c te ms u bit o i n I ndoru m c a stra im p e t u m i c re m f é c é r u n t

c aq ue ign i c ons um
, ,

p s é ru n t I ta q u e h o s té s l o n g é p e r v a llé s

ffig é ru nt pe rte rriti libe ri a ut e m a p atrib us do m

.

, nrn duc ti

s un t
II . Tra n s l
a t e in t o L a tin :

A I T h e s e I ndi a ns a l
. . l c a m e i n t o o ne p la c e and fo r ,

m a ny d a ys t e rrifi e d th e wiv e s a nd c hi ldr e n o f th e f arm e rs .

2. T o w h o m w a s th e b l a ck h o rse giv e n ? B y w h o m w as
he l e d in t o th e fi e ld ? Wh o se gr a i n is h e ea ti n g ? 3 Wh e n .

t h e y s aw th e gra in w h ic h th e f ar m e rs w e r e b e a ri n g to th e
riv e r b a n k th e s o ldi e rs w a n t e d to b e c a rri e d a t o nc e by
,

s h i p /to th e isl a n d 4 T h e g e n e r a l is o rd e ri n g c e rtain

. .

h u n t e rs to tra v e l t hr o u g h th e w oo d s to th e riv e r ; fo r a
c am p h a s be e n p l a c e d th e re n e ar th e t o w n by th e e n e my .

B . I
Wh e r e is th e li ght o f th e m o o n Q ui nt u s
.
,

ask e d M a rc u s
“ T h e ni ght is d a rk an d I c a n n o t fi n d th e
.
,
”
r o ad .2 Wh e n th e ch ick e ns w e r e be in g ki ll e d by
.

” '

th e littl e fo x s ai d Q u in tu s w e allr a n q u ick ly to c a l l th e

, ,

” "
f a rm e r 3
. M u ch dis tu rb
. e d by th e se thin g s s a id my ,

f a th e r , th e h u n t e r s br av e wif e s e n t th e s a m e s o ldi e r to
’
 LA T I N PR M E R I I s5

w arn ge ne ra l w h o w as th e n m
th e ,
a r c h ing int o th e f o r e s t

sm a ll a r m
"
with a y to c a p t u r e c e rt a in b a d I ndi a n s .

4.
“
T h e I ndi a n s w o u ld o ft e n r u s h f o rth s u dd e nly fr o m
”
th e f o r e s t a n d k ill o u r h o r s e s s a id y o u r gr a ndf a th e r , .

“
Th e n w e w o u ld r u n to th e c a m p o u r s e lv e s a n d c a ll t h e
"
s o ldi e rs .

E XE R C I S E LX I

R E FLE XI VE PR ONO U N I R R E G U LA R NO U N

s ul ( g e n .
f o hi ml
f se , v is , F .
,
v io l
en c e ,
f o rc e .

of l
zers ei
f f
o its e f
i , .

S I NG U LA R PLU R A L S I NG U LA R PL U R A L
No min a tiv e v iré s
G e nitiv e s ui s ui v iriu m
D a tiv e si b i si b i v irib u s

A c c u s ative sé , 5 65 6 $ 6, 8 68 6 viris ,
vi ré s
A bl a tiv e sé , sé s é 8 6, 8 68 6 vi v irib us

R EM A RK . No t e t ha t th e fo r m s of eui are th e s a mf e o r al
l
gende rs .

VOCA B U LA R Y
cbgnbs co, cogn os ce r e , cognov i, pu t o, putare, p utav i, p utatu s ,
c6gnitu s , fi n d o u t, l
ea rn t/zink

mp
. .

d106, dicer e, d11 1, dictu s , sa

y . te es tas , -
atis, F .
,
s to r m .

I ND I RE C T D S I COU R S E
Wh at a p e rs o n s ays thinks h e ar s o r th e li k e may b e
, , , ,

rep o rt e d dire c tly o r indirec tly Th u s if M a r c us y e st e rd ay .

,

"
u tt e r e d th e s e nt e nc e T h e do g is lying i n th e g ra ss
, to ,

day I c an r e p o rt wh a t h e s a id
( I ) D ire ctly : M a rc us sa id T/ze dog is {y ing in t/ze g ra s s ;
"
,

( )
2 I ndir e c tly : M a rc u s s a id th a t t/ze do
g w as
{ g
y in in

the g ra ss .
I 56 LA T I N PR I M E R

B y th e use o f e
ith e r se nt e nc e I t e l l e x a ctly w h a t M arc u s
s a id b ut i n o ne c ase I q uo t e th e v e ry w o rd s h e u s e d in
, ,

th e o t h e r I do n o t Q uo t a tio n by th e s e c o nd m e th o d is
.

kn o w n as I nd ir e ct D is c o urse Th e tw o E ng l ish s e nt e nc e s .

giv e n a bo v e w o u ld a p pe ar in La ti n in th e f o l l o wi n g f o rm :
”
( )
I D ir e ct : Can is in h erb a Iace t inq u it M arcus
mi
, .

( )
2 I ndir e ct : M Arcus dl
x it cane n h erb a iacé re .

I t w ill at o nc e be se e n t h a t th e Latin m e th o d o f i nd ir e ct
q uo ta tio n is q u it e d iffe re nt fr o m th e E n glis h ; fo r th e
L a ti n h e r e s o m e w h a t lit e r a l ly w o u ld be : M a rc u s sa i d M e
”
dog to be l i
y gn i n th e gr a ss .

RULE P OR I ND I R E CT D I S CO UR S E . T/ze infi n itiv e w it/z

s n o ec t a cc us a t v e i is t/zing s a id,
j us ed in q u o tin g ind ir ec tly a ny

th o ng /it, Irea rd, or th e l

ike .

No n : I ndirec t q uo tati o n o f c o urse is no t c o nfine d to thi ngs

I .

said th o ugh t h e ard e tc in th e past Wh ate v e r is w as o r s/za l

, , ,
!be .
, ,

is tre ate d in o ne an d th e sa m
.
,

sa id th o ught h e ard e tc
, , ,
.
,
e w ay eg . .
,

Vanitor puta t ursa mi n spa nnel ease, Th eh unte r drinks tha t

th e bear is in th e cave .

Vé ni tor p uti b it ursa in sp é l

unci m eas e, The hunte r w il
ldrink
th at th e be ar is in th e cav e
mi
.

W aitor putav it ursa n sp a nnel ease, Th e hunter tho ugnt tha t

th e h ear was in th e c a e. v
At first sight it m ay s e e m a littl e o dd th at in th e las t o f th ese

e x am
"
p l es th e p re se nt infi n i t i v e eas e bala n c e s was in th e E nglish

tran sl ati o n Th e j ustifi ca t io n o f th e pre se nt infini tiv e in suc h a

.

se nt e n c e at o n c e appears h o w ev e r if w e re v e rt again to a l
,
iteral ,

“
re nd e ring : Th e hun t e r th o ug ht th e bear to be in th e c ave
NOTE 2. In additi o n to bj ec t ac c usa ti v e th e in finiti v e o f
its su ,

indirect disc o urse my a ,

o f c o urse h ave al so an ac c usa ti v e o bj ec t
,
 LA T I N PR I M E R 1 57

eg
. .
,
M u cus dicit v é na wre m o ccidere ursa mM
,
a r c us sa s
y th a t the
l
h u n ter is kiling th e hea r .

NOT E 3 Th e .
( re
) flex i v e bj
36e c t o r di rec t
8 696 is u se d as su

o bj ec t o f th e i nfi ni t i v e o f i ndi rec t di sc o u rse w h e n th e v e rb o f say

ing t h ink i ng e tc is in th e thi rd p e rso n a nd th e ac c usa t i v e r e fe rs

, ,
.
, ,

to th e s ubj e c t o f t h at v e rb ; e g M ircus dix it 8 6 in h erba iacere. .

,

( M ar c us said hi m se l f to b e l y ing in t h e grass) M a r c us sa id th a t h e ,

w as h g
in in th e g r ass .

I
R EAD NG LESS O N

I . Tra nsla t e int o E nglis h :

A I in a gris e q uOs v idé re ? Nautae putan t

D ic is n e té
om Pu tav im
. .

nis e q uOs in v a ll e e ss e 2 u s n os a d in s u l as
.

tr an sire p o s se ; v is au te m flfim m
.

inis m agn a e r a t 3 I
v e rat s é ibi c u m
. .

p eri to r c 6 g n 6 h o
stib u s p u gn ar e n on p o ss e

m i t mp
.

4 . Cu v e e s tatis na v é s va l
idae fra ng ere n tur, n a u tae

mi s e ri in m ar e frum e nt u m o mn e ié c é ru n t .

B . Th e E ne y R ep u l
s ed m
A gric o l a q uid a m fina cu m u x 6 re l
ib eris q ue difi p ro p e
flfi m en p u c h l
ru mh ab itav e rat . O li m au e t m d vill
a a m s ubit o
c uc u rr é r un t m ilit es q ua ttuo r q ui dix é run t I n dé s c e l e rite r

m m
,

p er silv a m v e n ire T u a gric o la c o m

. O t u s u x or e m iu s s it
l ib e ros i n cymb a c o ll o c ar e ; i p s e a ute m i n a gr os p rOp e rav it
u t a gric o l as c é te rOs m
,

o né re t I nt e rim I nd i 62 S ilv a v en e .

r a nt ; q ui c u mv ill arn ign i c an s fi m p s iss e n t n e q ue a g co l

ri am

i nv e n ir e p o tuis se nt ad r ip a m c uc u rré runt , S e d m at e r

m m
.

p e rte rr ita ia in In s u l a m q u a n d a tr a n s ier a t ib i q u e t u t a

c um Cu ma u t e m I nd i q uo q ue ad
,

l
ibe ris in s pel unc a l a té b at

e a min s u l a m tr an s ir e p a rare n t s ubit o a b a g ri

.

col is fo rtib us ,

im pe t us ac e r f act u s e s t Ho s té s m ult i ab e is c a t i s u nt
.
p
e rite r in s ilv a mf fi g é ru nt
,

c é te riq ue c e l .
158 LAT I N PRI M E R

II . T ra n s l
a te i n to L a ti n :

A . W h o t hi nks th at th e r e are e igh t een s a il o rs i n th e

I .

bo at ? W h o m h av e y o u s e n t to m e e t th e m ? 2 I h ad .

l e a rn e d th a t th e bo ys w e r e t hr o win g th e fi sh in t o th e s e a .

3 . T h e f a rm h o u s e s h a d b e e n w r e ck e d ( l
it br o k e n ) by .

th e f o rc e o f th e st o rm ; a nd so th e g e n e ra l p l ac e d th e ti r e d
so ldi e rs i n th e t e nts w hich h e h ad fo und in th e c a m p o f th e
e n e my 4. I w a nt
. e d th e b o o ks t o b e giv e n to o n e b o
y
an d tw o g i rls To w h o m did y o u giv e th e m ?
.

B . 1 . sa id th a t h e w as fi lli n g a l
M a rc u s lth e b ask e ts
with gr ai n 2 Fo r m an y d ays w e tra v e l e d with th is
. .

br a v e sa i l o r th r o ugh th e hi lls and v a l le ys 3 M uch . .

fright e n e d by th e s e th ings th e ch ildr e n no w l e a rn e d th a t

,

th e s a m e I nd i an s w e r e kil l
i n g th e h o rs e s 4 T h e f arm e rs . .

se iz e d a bo at s o th a t ( th e ir ) w iv e s a nd ch ild r e n migh t b e
,

s e n t at o nc e to a sa f e a nd s u it a bl e p l a c e “ D
5 o y o u . .

“
see a ligh t i n th e sky m y so n a sk e d th e f a rm e r
, I .

”
thin k I se e a gr e a t sta r r e p l i e d th e bo y ; b ut c l o u ds are
,

”
fi l li ng th e w h o l e sky .

E X E RC I S E LXI I

I RRE G U LA R VE RB
ferb

PASS IVE VOI CE

IND I CA T IVE M oo n S UB J UNCTI VE M o o n

PR E S ENT TE NSE
I
S NG ULAR PLUR A L

I st rs o n fe ror
p e fe ri m ur ferar fe ra m ur

2 d p e rs o n f e rris fe r imi i n feraris fe r ami in

f e rr e fe rare
d
3 p e rs o n fe r tu r fe runtu r fe rAtur fe rantur
 LA TI N PR I M E R 1 59

I M PE R PE CT T E NS E

I
S NG U LA R PL U R A L S I NG ULA R PLU RA L

I st p e rs o n fe ré bar fe ré b a m ur f e r r er fe rré m ur

2d p e r s o n fe ré baris fe ré b a in im fe rré ris fe rr émi i n

'
fe ré b ai e fe rré re
3d p e rso n fe ré b atur fe ré bantu r fe rré tur fe rrentu r

FUT U R E T E NS E

S I NG UL A R P LU R A L

I st pr n
e s o f e rar fe ré m ur

2 d p e rs o n fe ré ris fe r émi i n

fe ré re
3d p e r s o n fe ré tur fe rentur

I M PE R A T I VE Mo o n : PR E S E NT T E NS E

S I NG U LA R PL U RA L

2d p e rs o n f e rr e m
fe ri ini

PRE S E NT I NP I NI TI VE

f e rri

T HE RE LA T V E I PR ONOU N

I n L a ti n an e ntire ly n e w s e nt e n c e m a
y b e b e gu n by a

re l ativ e p ro n o u n r e f e rring b ac k to s o m e thing m e n ti o n e d

in th e p re vi o u s se n t e nc e T h e r e l a tiv e s o u s e d is b e s t
.

tran s l at e d by a d e m o n s tr a tiv e p ro n o u n e g In di in silv am

Quad cumv idis se nt agricol
.
,
.

prope rav é ru nt . ae lae ti 6 l at e

,

b ris v é né run t Th e I n dia ns h u rried in to th e f o res t Wh en

th e f a r m ro mth e ir h idin
,

am
.

e rs s a w th is th e oyf u l l
y f
y c e
j
, g

R EM A R K . No t e
t hat in this u se , as g l l y e l sewh e re
re u ar , th e

re lati v e s tand s fi rst in its c la use .

1 60 LA T I N PR I M E R

av is , -
is ( ab l ~ e.
)
,
P .
,
shee p . n fil
lus, o
a, u
~
m , no ne , no , no t

fi x , v bc is , F v o ic e , c ry a ny

m
. .
, .

custodio cu stodir e cu s tod iv i

, , , fil
ius , -
a, U se d ax, a ny . .

cus tOditu s , w a tch , g ua rd m o stly in n e g ativ e cl a u s e s

m
. .

redeb, redi e, re r d ii , reditu , fortass e a dv e rb pe rh ap s

, , .

re tu rn ,
g o bac k .
paul O post adv e rb ia l p hr as e
, ,

a l e l
ittl a ter .

R E MA R K . Th e d ecl e nsi o n o f nouns and fil

ius is th e sam e as

that o f fir m; s se e E x e rc ise LI X .

READ NG LES S ON I
I . T ra ns la t e i nt o E n gl
is h :

A . I . M agn zi
'
vé ce
p u e rOs v o c é m us , u t c o rb ul
ae s ta ti m
ab e is ad c a stra fe rr i p o ss i
n t 2 Q uo d cu m OgnO i e v ss e nt,

m
. .

m ilit es cel i p e raté ris ux or e m l

e rite r re dié ru n t, u t ibe ré s q u e
c u s té dire nt
'

3 O v es v i flti in is pe rte rrita e ad ins u l a m

. m
mm
.

tr ansir e nOl é b a nt 4 Q ui b us r é b us c o .é ti, a gric o l ae

m
.

dix é ru n t sé v is n iil
l
oas h abé re ; pa u16 p os t au e t m iina cu

g all
inis o v is m ul tas h o stib us de dé run t .

B . A P rac tic a lj oke

A gric o l
ae q uid a m q ui o v é s h ab é b ant m u ltas p ueru mp i, ,

gr u m in a gr os ire iu b é b an t u t 6515 c u s tOdire t Cui L u p us .

T u mn 6 5 v o c a ; n a me x
,
” “
fo rta s se é S ilv a v e n ie t in q uiunt
h o rtis sta tim c u rr e m u s u t te rre am u p u mt eq u e a diu v é
.
,

us l

mus D ifi p ue r c ustodiv it o v is n e q ue ull u m lu p u mvidi t

,

" ‘

. .
,

S e d 6 li m ut a gric o l as te rré re t s ubit o m a gn a v 6c e L u p OS ,

m
, ,
”
Iu p Os ! inq u it Q ua v oc e c o mé t i a g ri c o l
ae c e le rite r i n
Cu mau t e m l um
,

u p u mv idis s e n t n fi l
.

a grOs c u c u rr é r u nt l ,

m
.

p u e ru q u e lfi d e re c 6 g n 6 v is s e n t v e h e m e n te r iga ti in h o r ,
.
 '
LA T I N P R I M E R 16:

té s re dié ru n t S e d p au l
é po st v enit é S ilv a l u p us m agn us
m l p m! i
. .

Tu mp ue r p e rte rritu s m agn a v é c e “L u

pu ,
u u
”
n

q u it ; “c e l
e rite r c u rrite , l !
a g ric o ae
”
Ei t mp tab t
au e u an

u
p e ru mliid e re , n e c in agros p ro p e rare v o l
u é ru n t. I s igit ur
mi s e r a l
up 6 o cc is u s e s t.

11 . Tr a nsl at e int o L a tin :

A . littl e l at e r p e rh ap s a few fish will b e c a rri e d

I . A , ,

to t o wn by th e s ail o rs ; b ut I do n o t think th a t th e r e are

an y s a il o rs in th e s hi p n o w 2 Wh e n th e ge n e r a l h a d
. .

see n thi s h e o rd e r e d s ixt e e n br av e s o ldi e r s to tr av e l tw o

,

d ays thr o ugh th e hills an d v a ll ey s to th e b a nk o f a gr e a t

riv e r 3 Wh o m w e r e y o u g ua rding ? Wh o s e v o ic e w a s
. .

h eard in th e fi e ld s ? 4 Why did y o u r et u rn h o m e fro m .

th e s h o r e ? D id y o u think th a t th e I ndi a n s w e re b urn ing

y o u r gr a in ?
B I “W h il e I w a s mys e lf w a tch ing th e sa m e s h e e p ,
"
. .

said th e “
m
f ar m e r , a s tr o ng w o lf c a m e fro ( its ) c a v e F o r .

th e night w as d a rk a n d th e r e w e r e m
”
a ny c l o u d s in th e s k
,
y .

2.
“ ” “
I n th e m o rni ng s aid J uli a w e s h a ll h e ar th e v o i c e s
, ,
” “ ”
o f bird s in th e tr ee s I do n o t s e e any n e sts sa id
.
,

M arc e ll a D o y o u think th a t th e re are birds th e r e Q uin

.
,

tus ? ” “Wh n th e b o a t w a s b e ing c a rri e d int o th e

3 e .

” “
sea , s aid th e t each e r th e gre at w av e s b e g a n to fill with
,

w a te r th e b ask e ts which th e s ail o rs h ad p l ac e d o n th e

”
sh o re .

LATI N PR IM E R I !
I 62 LA T I N PR I M E R
o

E XE RCI S E LX I I I

THE T HI RD OR E -
C ONJ U G A T I ON ( co nti nued)

rapio

PA SS I VE VOI CE
IND I CA TI VE M OO D S UB J UNCTI VE M OO D

PR E S E NT T E NSE

I
S NG U LA R PLU R A L I
S NG U LA R PLU R A L
I st pe rso n ra p ior ra p i m ur ra p iar ra p iam ur

2d p e rs o n ra p er i
s ra piml in ra p IAris ra
p iami i n

r ap er e ra p iAre

3d pe rs o n rap itur ra p iun tur rap ia m rap iantur

I M P E RPECT T ENS E
I
S NG ULA R PLU R A L I
S NG U LA R PLU R A L

I st pe rso n ra p ié bar ra p ié bfi m ur ra pe rer ra pe rém ur

2d p e rso n ra p ié b aris ra p ié b ami i n ra peré ris ra pe rémi i n

ra p ié b lre ra peré re

d
3 pe rs o n ra pié bdtur ra p ié ban tur ra peré tur rap erentur

FUTUR E T E NSE

I
S NG U LA R PLU R A L

I st pe rso n ra p iar ra p ié mur

2d p e rs o n ra p ié ris ra p ié mi in

r a p ié re

d
3 p e rs o n ra p ié tu r ra p ientur

IM PE R A T IVE M OO D : PR ES E NT T E NS E

S I NG U L A R P LU RA L

2d rs o n ra per e rap irnini

p e

PR E S E NT I NF I NI TIVE
ra p i
 LA T I N PR M E R I I 63

VOCA B U LA R Y
gen s gentis, , P .
,
na tio n , tribe . noctfi , a dv e rb , at ni h
g , t by
I é x r é g is M
, ,
.
,
h ing , c h ie f . ni
g h t .

s us tineo, s us tiné re, s ust in ui, undiq u e, a dv e rb ,

on a ls ides
l .

s us tentus , s u s ta in , e n du re .

NOTE . O ne -
s yllabl e thi rd de m li
asc u n e s and fe mi i n ne s o f th e

cl o n e ndi ng in s o r x p rec e d ed b y a c o nso n an t ( as gé ns abo v e )

e ns i - -

hav e in th e p l ural (L ste me ndi ngs Co m p ar e als o nox ( E x erc is e .

LVI ) and 111 1 ( E x e rc i s e LV I I I ) .

‘
R E A D NG I L E S S ON

I .Tr a nsl ate int o E ngli s h :

A I R ex h o s tium c u m c 6g n6v iss et ab im p er at or e
. .
,

n o s tra fr um e nt u m u n diq u e r a pi m ilit es f o rt is Inisit u t ,

m m
,

m
_

il
y a l s c u s té dir e n t 2 L u p i fo r ta s s e i p e tu c a n u s u s ti
u p Os o m
.

n é re n o n p o te ru n t ; v en at o r e ni md ixit l
.

n is v e h e

me nt e r c an es timere 3 Cu mI nd i ffi rtimp e r agros it e r . .

fa c e re n t n fi l iu s c a n i s v ox a b a g ric o l
l ,
is a u d it a e s t 4 Q ui s . .

u t a t n os h o s tiu mim e tu m d e c e m di e s s u s tin é re p o ss e ?

p p

B . A P o or H iding P l
a ce

“
O lim ,
”
in q u it a v us n o ste r ,
“a
g riiml ae p a u c i in silv a m
it e r c el
e rite r fé c é run t, ig n iq u e c 6n s fimp é s ru n t tab e rn ac ul
a

q uOru n da m m
gr is o v is e q u Os q u e
I n dOru , q u i u n diq u e e x a

ra p u e ran t ; tu ml a e t i do m u mre dié r u n t Pa u l o p o s t a u t e m .

I n d i mult i n o c tfi p ro p e rav é run t é S il v a e t s ubito in c u i u s

da ma g ric o l a e v ill a mim e tu mae r e mf é c é r u n t
,

p A gri c o l a

c u mfili i fo rtite r p u g n are nt u x ore ml

.
,

ib e rOS q ue in l a te b ris

t at is c o llo c abat T u m c u mv idé re t impetum I ndOr um

,

fi n a c umfil M atr e m
.
,

s us tin é ri n on p o s se iis é v ill a f ugit

S e d fin u m
.
,

lib e ré s q u e c é te ré s I nd i in v e n ir e n On p o tu é run t
c é pé ru n t p ue ru m
.

p a r v u m q u i in c fi n is la tu e r a t q u e m igi tu r ,

dfi x é ru n t in s ilv a mré g iq u e o m ni u m g e nti umde dé ru nt "

.
1 64 LA T I N PR I M E R

II . Tr an sl at e i nt o La tin

A . I
W h e n th e fish w e r e be in g th r o wn fr o m th e
.

b o a t u po n th e sa nd th e tir e d sail o r o rd e r e d th e fat bo ys

,

to c a rry to a s a f e p l a c e th e b ask e ts w hich w e r e be in g ,

br o k e n by th e f o rc e o f th e w av e s 2 M u c h e xcit e d by . .

'
th e s e th in gs th e ch i e fs o f th e se tn be s w a nte d to k il l al
, lth e
fa rm e rs w h o w e r e livin g i n th e v al l e y 3 O n a ll sid e s . .

th e s o ldi e rs t h r e w fire in t o th e t e nts b ut th e y w e r e n o t ,

a bl e to fi n d a n I n di an s
y .

B . I Wh e n th e st urd y sa il o r h ea rd th is h e s a id th at
.
,

th e r e w e r e e igh t ax e s i n th e bo at a nd th a t h e w a s wi llin g ,

“
to fig h t 2 . W e withst oo d th e atta ck br av e ly fo r a
.

” “
l o n g tim e sa id th e so ldi e r ; fo r w e th o u gh t th a t o ur
,
”
g e n e r a l w as h u rry ing fr o m th e s h o r e wit h a llth e sa i l o rs .

”
L t s l d h sh l s in t h y rd s id Q i n
’

3 e e a t e ee p a o o t e a a u

am
.
,

“I
tu s . a fr a id o f th e bea rs which th e h u n t e r s a w i n

th e w o o d s y e st e rd a y
" “ Wh n w h d tr a v e l e d f r
4 e . e a . a
“
by n igh t sa id th e br av e f a rm er
,
"
s udd e n ly w e saw a ,

g r ea t light a n d th o u g ht
, th a t th e s a il o r s w e r e b u rn in g t h e
"
f arm h o u s e s .

E XE RC I S E L X IV

I RR E G U LA R V E R B
aO, fleri, factu s su m b md
,
e a e, bec m e

I ND ICA TI VE M OOD

I
S NGU LAR

I st pe rs o n fi6 [fi m] us fiam fIA

‘

mus

2d p e rs o n fis [fitis ] fias fii tis

3d p e rs o n fit fiat f ian t

 I
LA T N PR M E R I 1 65

I M PE R FE CT T E NS E

S I NGULA R PL U R A L I
S NG ULA R PL U R A L

I st p e rs o n fié ba m fié ba m us fiere m fieré m us

2d p e r so n fié b as fié batis fi er es fieré tis

3d p e rs o n fié bat fié b ant fieret fierent

FUT U R E T E NS E
I
S NG ULA R PLU R A L

I st pe rs o n f ia m fié m us

2d p e rs o n f ié s fié tis
3d p e r so n fiet fient
I M PERA TI VE M OOD : PR ES E NT T ENSE
S I NG U LA R PL U RA L

2d pe rs o n fi f ite
m fimu d fi ti Th e fo r p t insq b k s an s are u s uare rac

t b
e s th y
e c ause ti mm e a re no n co o n us e .

NO TEFifi ( b md
“ I .
“b m d pi t it l g l y
e a e,
”
ec o e es e s ar e

ac tiv f mt i i l gi lly th p i v f f iO
e or a o n, s o ca It e ass e o ac

th h pp
us ath t f ib til i th b v f m f fio i t d f
e ns a ac u ze s e a o e or s o ns ea o

m m
,

w ki g t it w
or n ou p di g s og l p i v f
n c o rre s g Con n re u a r ass e or s e. .
, u

pi fi x t Wh
ere p
, w b i g m
en d I t h
e a ce p f t t as e n a e . n e e r ec e nse s,

no in t tili th p i v f m f f iG ( f t
u rn u z es e ass m e or s o ac as , ac u s s u ,

NOTE t with h v rb s um (s e e E x erc i se X IV

J2 . as us t e e
) a ,

p redi c a t e no un o r adj e c t i v e i s o f t e n fo und w ith fio e g M ircus

mM
. .
,

fit ré x p uerOru ,
a r c us is md a e hing o f th e boy s .

T HE PE R FE CT PAS S VE I PA R T I CI PLE
Th is f o urth p rinci p a l p art o f th e v e rb is a lr e a dy f a mili a r
fro m its us e in th e f o r m a ti o n o f th e p e rf e c t l
p pu e rf e c t , ,

a nd f u t ur e p e rf e c t t e ns e s o f th e p a s sive I t c an o f c o urs e
m
.

b e us e d a l s o a p a rt fr o mth e s e f o rm ati o ns ; e g v oc a s a -

um( h a v ing bee n ) ca l u m( ha v in

. .
, , ,

-
l ed ; h abitu s a
g be en
) ,
-

,
-

h ad ; e tc .
1 66 LAT I N PR I M E R
Q

I
E Q U T ES

This ill us trati o n sho ws an o ther c arving on th e m o num ent re

fe rre d to in co nnec ti o n with E x ercise L I I I .

 I
L A T N PR M E R I 1 67

M O D E L S E NT E NC E

Ndv ibus ign i con sum p tis ex ercitu s n ost er sta ti m ad ,

s ilv am it er fecit Wh e n th e S hi p s h a d b e e n b u rn e d ( lit th e .

S hi p s h a ving b e e n b u rn e d ) o u r a r my ma r c h e d at o nce to
,
.

th e f o re s t .

RULE A no u n in th e l
a b a tiv e ca s e , w ith a p a rtic z ple in

mt
.

ag ree m en t, my b a e us e d to l th e
tel c irc u s a nc es u nde r

w h ich so mth i g he n a
pp ens . Th is c o n s truc tio n is h u aw u as

th e a tiv e A bs o l
A bl u te .

R E M AR K bl at i v e abso l ut e o f th e mo d el se nt enc e si m
Th e a ply
m m
.

p r o v id e s a n o th e r w a y o f sa y i ng Cu na v é s ig n i cd n s ii p ta e e s s ent ,

a nd in th e E ng l i s h t ran sl a t i o n i t is be s t re nd e re d ( as abo v e b y a
)
c l ause int ro d uc e d b y
“ wh e n ”
Al labl a t i v e abso l ut e s are b e tt e r .

transl at ed in so m e suc h w ay a s th i s b u t u n t i l th e ne w c o ns t rue

t i o n h as be c o me so m e w h a t fa m i l iar i t m ay b e fo und h e l ful to
p ,

use th e l i t eral rend ering al so .

VOCA B U LA R Y
q s i tis
e ue -
M h o rs e m an in mat imé i m dfi b
r n u c dfi
m
. .
, , , ,

equ o v ectu s ,
-
a, u -

,
on h o rs e r
ce e , dfi x i, ductus , m an y .

ba ch .
p acu e, dve rb a lm
a os t , .

m an u s -
tis , P h a nd p r im o a dv e rb a tfi rs t
m m
.
, , .
, , .

aes tu s , -
a, -
u ,
sa d . sin e p re p o s iti o n u s e d with
, ,

th e abl ativ e c as e w ith o u t , .

R E A D NG LES S ON I
I . Tr a n sl at e int o E ngli s h :

A . I U rs a oc cisa n a ut a p e r s ilva m p p
ro e rav it et in
mq m
.
,

mfi
,

iti n e re u e n da c o nv é n it Q uo d
‘

v é nzité re . 2 cu e

i ml i im
.

re t, p u e r i a s aec a nd a m ab sc ide re p arab a n t 3 Is

u m e x e rc ituu m u i a
. .

ri co la fo rta s s e fie t i m e rat o r o mni

a
g p q ,
1 68 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

si n e e6 h e ri i m pe t u s h o s tiums us tiné ri n6n po tuit 4 Cum

be ll u m a nné s se p te m g e s tu m e ss e t o m
. .

n é s e q u it es q u i
m
,

mO f m
,

p ri o rtite r p ug nav e ran t, s ub itO a d h o stiu e x ercitu

tran sié runt .

B . Th e L ucil
e “ S choolrnas t r e

Oli m m ag i st e r q u id a m v o l é bat i n m atrim é niumdfic e re

f ili a m agrico l a e o b é s i q ui m ul tOs a g rOs e q uos q ue h ab é
b a t Cu ma ut e m p ue l e m agist e r m
,

la dix isse t s é n é l l ae st us

n oc tfi e q u6 v ec tu s do m um
.
,

re dib at L fix l iinae e ra t p a rv a
e t s ub itO e x arbo m mu mbris é rfip it m agn u s e q ues i t e r
.
,

M agist e r p rim o putav it e q uite msin e c a p it e e sse ; tumv e h e

.

m en t e r c o m motus v idit e umc ap ut in m a n ti f e rr e I taq ue '

.

p e rt e rr itu s f u g e r e c o e p it S e d e q u e s q u o q ue c u c u rr it s u

hit ue c a p u t m a gn a v i i n m
.
,

a gis tri c a p ut ié c it ; q ui m is e r

p a e n e m o rt u u s i n te rra m c ec idi t n e q u e e u m m an e a g r i
c o la e

i nv e n ir e po tu é ru nt V6c e mm
,

agis tri i n v il lis a udiv e ra nt

m
.

u e ra n t e u m a di uv ar e q u ia o n es e q uite matru m
,

se d nOl ,

v e h e m e n t e r tim é b an t .

II T ra nsl at e in to La tin :
.

A I Th is s a il o r w a n ts to be m ad e k in g D o n o t h el
. .
p .

’
him . 2 With o u t h o rse m e n w e ca n n o t gu a rd o n e f a rm e r s
.

sh e e p 3 W h e n th e b o at h ad a l m o st be e n br o k e n by a
. .

grea t wa v e th e s ai l o rs at fi rst th o u ght th a t w e c o ul d n o t be

,

ca rri e d to th e S hi p 4 T h e I n di a n s.w o u ld st.e a l h o rse s

o n al lsid e s ; th e n w h e n th e f a rm e rs h ad be e n ca ll e d th e y
, ,

w o u ld fle e q u ickly int o th e f o re st .

“T h e ” “b e
B . I sa il o r s so n w as sa d sa i d M a rc u s
.
’

, ,

ca us e h e w an t e d to m a rry th e g e n e r a l s d au ghte r a nd h ad ’

,
” “ W e w e re
l e a rn e d th a t h e r f ath e r w a s u nwillin g .

”
s e ndin g b a ck th e s a m e b o y to c a tch th e li ttl e w o lf s a id ,

th e f a rm e r B u t s u dd e nly th e r e c a m e fr o m th e f o r es t 3
.
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 1 69

h u nt e r o n h o rse b ack w h o h ad c a u ght th e littl e w o lf with

”
his h nd s a n d k ill e d its m o th e r wi th a rr o w s Wh en
( ) a 3 . .

th e w a t e r h ad b e e n c arri e d int o th e shi p th e s a il o r s th e m ,

s e lve s b o u ght gr ai n an d at o nc e p re pa re d to c ro s s th e
,

riv e r ; fo r th e y f e are d th e vi o l e nc e o f th e I ndi a n s w h o ,

o ft e n c o m e to this p l ac e at night to c a p t u r e th e childr e n

o f th e f ar m e rs an d st ea l th e ir h o r s e s an d s h ee p .

E XE RC I S E LX V

T HE C OM PA R I S ON J
OF A D E C T I VE S

I n L a tin as in E nglish th e re are thre e d e gr e e s o f c o m p ar

, ,

i so n n am e ly Po sitive C o m p a ra tiv e a nd S up e rl a tive e g

, , , . .
,

alt us altior altissi m l ta l

u s ta l l
e r ta l les t ( v e ry ta ll
fortis f ort i or fortis s im
, , , , ,

,
u s bra v e bra v e r bra v es t ( v e ry bra v e )
, , , , .

A dj e ctiv e s in -
f o rm th e s u p e rl ativ e by adding r im us
er -

to th e p o s itive . A n d in th e f o rm ati o n o f th e c o m p ar a ti v e
th e y r e t ain o r dr o p th e e ac c o rding a s it is re ta in e d o r
dr o p p e d in th e d e cl e n si o n o f th e p o s itive ; e g . .
,

mi s er mi se rior, mi s errim us

im ;
.
,

p iger , p ig rior, p igerr us so ace r , at er , hd pulch er

a .

Th e c o m p ar ativ es a nd s up e rl ativ e s of so m e a dj ective s

are v e ry irr e gu l a r
bo n us ,
m el i or op tim us , . m ulti plfi ré s p l ur im
, i ,
‘
.

m agn us m aj or m ax im us par vu s min or m in im us

malus peior pessimus
.
, , , , .

, , .

S u p e rl a tiv e s are d e clin e d in th e s am e w ay as bo n us

The d ecl e n s i o n of th e c o m pa r a tiv e is as f o ll o ws :
1 7o LA T I N PR I M E R

al
tior , - -
l
ior, ius ta ler ,

I
S NGU LA R
Fen Nes t
m
. .

No . al
tio r al
tio r a lti u s
Ge n . al
tioris al
tioris al
tiOris
D at al
tié ri al
ti6 ri al
tié ri

m m
.

A ce . al
tiore al
tiore a lti u s
A bl . al
tiOre al
tié re al
tié re

PLU RA L
Fe m Neat
m
. .

No al
tiOré s al
tiOré s al
tiOra
m m m
.

Ge n al
tiOru al
ti6 ru al
tiOru
'
.

D at . al
tié ribu s a l
tiOribus a l
tié ribus
A cc . al
tiOré s al
tié ré s al
tiOra

A bl . a l
ti6 ribus a l
tiOrib us a l
tiOrih us

NOTE r ti v e o f multi) h as so me I ste m

Pl
iiré s ( th e co mp a a -

iumthro ugho ut th e geni t i v e and o c c as i o n al

.

endings na m e ly,
~
ly ,

~
13 ( fo r 63) in th e ac c usati v e o f th e m
.
asc ul
in e and fe min in e
inat ive and ac cusa ti v e is plum Se e S um
.

B ut th e n eut e r n o m .

mary o f Fo rm s page 1 96 , .

VOCAB U LA R Y
gladius -
i, M s w or d perv enio, perv en ire, perv é ni,
m
. .
,

m
,

perv entu , arriv e , co e .

I
RE A D NG LES S ON

ITra nsl at e in to E nglish :

.

A I I fil ia p u lch ra e st ; e g o au t e m p ut6 Cl a u dia m e ss e

m
. .

p u lc h ri o re m 2 C u m i n. h o stis i m p e t u
. s i c e rr i u s h e r e t ,

im
'

p e ri to r i p s e e q u c) v e c t us g la d iO n a u ta s d u b s o c c i d it .

3 N a m m a n ti i p sa lu p u m m a x
'
im u m p a e n e o c c id i
m
.

m m m
.

4 P u e lla s p u l c h e rr i a s fr atr es n o str i i n a tr i O n i u

m m
.

dfi c e n t 5 . S in e e O g l
.a di O o p t im a i n c a str a h o s ti u

e rv e n ir e n On o te rO
p p .
 (3
a m L
"

ow /w
LA T I N P R M E R I 17 1

B . Th e R a ide rs P u n is h ed
“Oli m ”
in q uit a vi a m ea,
“I nd i i n c
y mb i s p l
fi ri is flii m
m n o s tru mtrans ié ru nt m
,

en ul tis q u e ag ric o l
is o c c isis u n , ,

di q u e v ill as ign i c 6 n s fime re c o e p é run t S ubit6 a ut e m tr es .

v é natOré s u i f fi rtimé S ilv a v en e r a nt I n dOs o c c idé ru n t

q
mba
, ,

p a u c os, q ui c y s c u s tOdié b a n t, cy mb a q s ue ip s i s p ae n e
o mi n s sa xis fré g é ru n t . Q u ib u s r é b us f act is , cu m
v idé re n t
’

I n dé s cé te rOs ad r ip a m p ro p e rare , v é n i tOré s q u a n da m

mb m
cy a cé p é rm t l it d ins l m
un t p arv a e c e er er a u a mini
mmt i T m I d i q i i md m mr d ir
,

ié
‘

a rz n s t ru n u n u a o u e e nOn
t d flfi m
.
,

p o te ra n t, v h mnt r mm
e e Oti idé
e e co v r un a e n c urr e re

e q uit es n o s r s u t O q i p il,
v m it r l it f é er s a e ce er er
'
c e ra n t, ut

a gri c o l as a diu v ztre n t I ta q u e h o s té s p e rte rriti S t: in q ua m

‘ "

. a
'
ié c é ru n t . Pa u c i ad l
in s u as p e rv é n é run t, et a v é n até rib u s

su nt t mab
o c c is i ; p l
fi ré s au e e q u itib us c ap t i in c as tr a ad

imp e raté re mdu c ti s u nt ”

.

II Tr a n s l at e int o L atin :
.

A i L e t u s s e i z e th e l a rg e r s w o rds ; m e a nwhil e th e b o y s
. .

wil l thro w th e s ma ll e r int o th e s ea 2 Wh e n th e k ing s . .

o f th e b e tt e r trib e s h a d a rriv e d th e s a il o rs c o u ld n o t with ,

s t a nd th e a tt ac k o f th e e n e m y s h o rse m en 3 A l ittl e ’
. .

l at e r th e v o i c e o f th e p o o r h u nt e r w a s h e a rd in th e w o o d s .

Th e n w e a llc li m b e d at o n c e int o a v e ry t a ll tree ; fo r w e

th o u ght th a t h e w a s b e ing k ill e d by b ear s 4 I did n o t . .

h e a r th a t an y I ndi an s w e r e living in th e c av e s .

B I “ T h e tir e d s ail o r s w h o h ad l o ng with s t o o d th e

.
,

f o r c e o f a v e ry gr e a t s t o rm s a id th e t e ach e r
.

” “
no w , ,

w an te d t o ge th e r with th e f a rm e r s to cr o s s o v e r to th e
, ,
” “
i s l and 2 . Th e n s a id th e s ail o r to th e b o ys I think
.
,

th at th e I ndi a n s do th e s a m e thin g ; fo r th e y o ft e n j o ur

ne y m
”
a ny d a ys o n h o r s e b ac k wi h o u t gr a in a n d w a t e r
“Wh n thi s w a s l e arn e d
t “ "
.

3 . e s a id th e s o ldi e r o u r g e n e r a l , ,
172 I
LA T N PR M E R I

at o nc e o rd e r e d u s to m a rc h fr o m th e c a m p to th e sh o r e
a nd m a k e a v e ry fi e rc e a tt a ck by nigh t u o n th e s hi p s o f
p
”
th e e n e my .

EXERC ISE LX V I

THE FOU R T H OR i—C ONJ UG ATI ON

audio

PA SS IV E VOI CE
'
IND I CA n v E M OO D S UB J U NCT IVE M OO D
PR ES E NT T E NS E
I
S NGU LA R PLU RA L I
S NG ULA R PLU R A L

I st p e r a nd l
or a u dim ur au d int a udid m ur

m diam
.

2d p er . a udl
ris a udi i i n a udiaris au i i n

au d ir e a u dIAre

d
3 pe r . a uditur a u dian tur audidtur audiantur

I M PE R PECT T E NS E
I
S NGU LA R PLU RA L I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L
I st pe r au dié bar a u dié mba ur a udirer a u diré m ur

dié bam di é m
.

2d e au dié b aris au i i n a udir é ris au r i i n

p r .

audié b are a u diré re

3d audié b h tu r a u dié bantur au diré tur a udirentur

F U TU RE T E NSE
I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L

I st p e r au diar audié m ur

dié m
.

2d p e r . a udié ris au ii n

a u dié re

3d p e r . a u dié tur a u dientur

I M PE R A T IV E M OOD : PR E S E NT T E NSE
S I NG U LA R PL UR A L

2d e rs o n a u dire a u dim inl

p
PR ES E NT I NFINIT IV E
a u diri
 LA T I N PR I M E R 17 3

VOCA B ULA R Y
cast ellum ,
-
i, N .
, f o rt. facil e, a dv e rb ,
ea s i y , l w ith o u t

ap ud, r
p p e o siti o n u s e d , fl y
di icul
t .

with th e ac c u s ativ e c as e , h aud p roenl

, a dv e rbi al
a mg on , at th e h o u s e f
o .
p hra s e , no t f ar a w ay .

l
ibente r a dv e rb a dl
l y,
, , g

T HE C OM PA R I S ON OF A D VE RB S

A dv e rbs , l
ik e a dj e c tive s h av e thr ee d e gr e e s
, of c o m p ari
so n ; e
g
. .
,

l ongé l ongiss i é , f a r , f a r th er, f a rth es t ( v e ry

ongius , l m f ar
)
m m mt
.
,

fortiter, fortius f o rt is s i e, bra v el o r e bra v e l y, os

y , ,

bra v e l
y ( v ery bra v e l
y) .

L e arn a so l th e co mp a ris o n of th e fo ll o wing a dv e rbs :

acriter, acrius, acerr im e facil
e, facil l
ius , facili é m
mé
. .

ce l erius , cel
eriter , cel erri l
ibenter, l
ib entius , l
ibentis
m s im
.

did, diutius , diutis si é . e .

R EM AR K 1 . No t e t hat
d v e rbs acriter and celeriter are th e a

de riv ed fro madj ec t i v es in er ( na m e l y deer cel er) and th at th e y -

fo rmth e su p e rla t i v e ac c o rdi ngly ( se e E x e rc i se LXV)

, ,

R E M AR K 2 . Obse rv e that th e c o m parativ e o f an ad v erb is re gu

l
arl th e
y sa m e as th e n e ut e r si ngu l ar o f th e c o mp arati v e o f th e

c o rres po n din g adj ec t i v e e .g .

, acrl
us , f ortins , e tc .

I NG LES S ON R EA D

I Tra nsl at e into E ngli s h :

.

A . I
in s i l
vi s u rsae e t l u pi fac il
. I ta limé inv e niuntu r
E q ue s p r im é p e rte rr itu s p ae n e in ig ne mc e c idit ; tu m
.

2 .

a ut e m fo rtite r in v a lid u m v é naté re m im e tu m f e it

p c
l74 LA T I N PR I M E R

This min d fo rt is fo und

e in Pal estin e
.
 I
L A T N PR M E R I 175

3 L ib e ré ru m c o rb u l
ae n o s tris
l
m ib f iim tO m
an us r en co

mié i mp rat r l g i
.

p l
é ta e e ra n t .
4 . S in e e x e rc itfi a re e o on us

ite r f ac e re n an p o te rit N 5 . U n diq u e in v e n ie n tur a g ric o l

ae

m ae s ti, q uOru ml ib e ri e t e q ui a b I nd is r a p t i s u nt .

B . Th e E s cap e o f th e Cap tiv e

Q
“ m in v illa uadai q it n t h bit ”
h at p ue lla
n u a u a,
“
a
-

st

m O li m c u m
,

p rv
a i a
a Ln m cuatr t O
e eib trib
so r r us us .
,

i l
a r c o ae o
g mn e l g is im é
on inssgr o i a t s ss e n s ub itO 6 l a t e

fi im
,

bri é fi p é
s r t I nd i p l
ru n i q i im
r p tum a e u c e rrim u m in ,

v ill as fé c é ru n t M at e r e t filia e c é te ra e f acile é v ill a ffig é

.

r u nt ad c as t e ll u mp arv u m q u o d h a u d p ro c ulin flfi m in is
a p fi p a minv e n ir e
,

r ip i c o ll o c é tu m e r a t ; e a a u t e m p u e l l
n On p o tu it n ec c u mc é te ris f fig it Q ua e igit ur ab h o s tib u s
c a p t a in s i lv a m lo n g é d u et a e s t ib iq ue t ris ann é s c umI nd is
.
,

h a bitaiv it ; tu ma ut e m e q u u m o p ti m u m f fi rtim ra p u it e t
‘

m
,

p e r n oc te m c e l
e rite r v ec ta m i n e do m u p e rv é n i t M a
, t e r
a mm
.
,

q uae di ii p ue ll o rt u a m p u ta b a t l
ae t a v o c a v it f ili a s ,

c é te ras ( q u ae int e ri m in m atrim é niu m du c ta e e ra nt) u t

q u ae v ide rat s o r o r e t fé c erat c u ma p u d
,

a udire n t o mni a , ,
”
I n dOs h abitare t .

I I Tr ansl at e int o L atin Y

.

A I Whil e th i s w a s b e in g d o n e a m
. . o ng th e I ndi ans ,

th e f a rm e rs w e r e p l a c ing a c a m p n o t fa r a w a y in th e w o o d s .

2 .Thi s fo rt will b e m o r e e a s ily t a k e n ; fo r th e so ldi e r s a re

fe w an d th e y will n o t b e abl e l o ng to with s t a nd th e a tt a ck

,

o f th e I ndi a n s 3 T h e v o ic es o f th e w o rst chi e f s o f

. .

th e s e tr ib e s wil l b e h eard gl a dly by y o u all 4 Wh o m .

did th e f a r m
.

e r s wife s e nd at night to w a rn th e s o ldi e rs

’

w h o w e re g ua rding th e f o rt ?

lW h
p i dj tiv p
en a d th
o sses s v e a it md ifi
ec th w e d w
rece es e no un o es , e or o n

ofl en d t b dd d i th
ne e s o E gl h t n l ti ; g
e a e n my e n is ra s a on e. .
,
o ur

etc .
1 76 LA T I N PR I M E R

B . I . D id th e
g e n e ra l say t h a t h e w as a fraid o f th e
I nd ians ? a sk e d th e h un t e r He sa i d th a t h e w as no t .

” “
af r a id h i m se lf a n sw e r e d M arc u s
, b ut t h a t no a rm y ,

c o u ld w ithstan d the atta ck o f a l lth e tribe s

”
2
“Figh t .
-
.

” “
m o r e fi e rc e ly cri e d th e g e n e r a l ; I h av e l e a rn ed th a t
,

n u m e r o u s ( lit v e ry m a n y ) I n di a n s are h urryin g thro u gh

.

th e w o o d s o n h o rs e b a ck With o u t th e m th e e n e my c a n
.

” “
n o t w i thst a nd o ur atta ck 3 O u r s o ldi e rs a re v e ry
. .

” “
l azy s a id m y f at h e r ; fo r th e y o ft e n hid e in th e f o r e st
, ,
”
an d are n o t w il l
i n g to c a rry w a te r to th e c am p .

E X E RC I S E LX V I I

T HE PR E S E NT PA RT I C I PLE

T h e p r e se nt p a rtici p l e o f La tin v e rbs is a ctive i n m ean

i n g I t is d e c l
. i n ed as f o ll o ws :

VOCEII S , ca l
ling

I
S NG ULA R PLU RAL

Nes t
m
.

No v o c ans v o c ans v oc anté s v o c antia

m m
.

Ge n . v o c an tis v o c an tis v oc antiu v o c antiu

D at v o c anti v o c an ti v oc antib us v oc an tib us

m
.

A ce . v o c ante v oc an s v oc anté s v o c antia

v o c antis

A bl . v o ca n te v o c an t e v oc antib us v o c antib us

I n fle c t in th e sa m e w ay

h abens , -
entis , h a v ing . ié ns , c untis , g o in
g .

mittens cu tis s endin feré ns, entis , ca rry ing

g
~ -
. .
, ,

rap ié ns , -
ientis , s eiz in
g . nbl
é ns , ~
en tis , be ing un w l
iling
au dié ns , -
ientis , h ea r ing . v ol
é ns, -
entis , l
be ing w iling .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 1 77

VOCA B U LA R Y
m
a ittd, Amitter e, amis i, p os tré md a dv e rb at l
as t

am
, , .

i s s us , l
os e urbs u rbis , , P .
,
c it
y .

m
.

m uli er l e ris ,
-

, wo m an . vir v ir i
, ,
M .
,
a n, h us
co l
é nus , -
i, M co l
o n ist .

R EM A R K . Fo r th e d ec l e nsi o n o f urb e, s ee th e no te on gé ns in
E x e rc i s e LXI I I .

I NG R EA D LES S ON

I . Tra n s l at e int o E nglish :

A . I T u rn
. ego p e rte rr i
t u s I n dOs p e ss i b s p e r m ag ré s

c el
e rri mé v e n ie nté s vid i . 2 Q uit v b ce au d it a Eg rrc o lae
mfé
.
,

r t
i a ié crin s in vir um o bé su mimp e tu c é run t 3 Na m
m
. .

h o s té s c u me q u it es
,
n o s tré s p e r s ilv a m fo rtis s i é p r o p e
ra n té s a u div is s e n t, s u b itO ffi g é ru n t .
4 . M il itib u s e x u rb e
e u n tib u s d ati s u nt gl adi i m eli6re s 5 I m p e r at o r c um
c u me is
. .
,

c 6gn c l
3v iss e t I n dé s h a ud p ro c u l c astr a c o l o c i re ,

p ac e m f a c e r e n 6 n difi tiu s v o l
é b at .

'
B . A Wif e R eg a ined

O lim I nd i q ui r
p p o e c a s t e ll u m p a rvu m h ab itfib an t,
m
,

col
é né s p a rab an t o c c id e r e I ta q u e
. a g ric o l
ae m u lti , cu

id c 6g n6v is s e n t, c u m u x 6 rib us l
ib e ris q u e a d u rb e mq ua n
da m t ti m p rOp e riiv é ru n t Cé te ri a ut e m q ui fo rtiOré s
s a ,

é b a n t ; s e d p o s tr é m O c u mia m
.

e ra n t é v il liS f u g e re did n é l

as q u e ign i c 6 n s fi m
, ,

un diq u e I ndi o c c ide re nt c o l é n é s v il l e re n t

mae sti ad c and e m urb e m it e r f ac e re c o ep é run t o mné s

,

m m
.

Q u a in itin e r e m u li e r q u a e d a m c u i u s vir g la d iu a is e ra t
Q ua m c umad r eg e m d iss e nt h o s té s
, ,

a b I nd is c a p t a e s t ,

e rr im
.

cel é in a gré s re dié run t u t o vis q u o q u e e t e q u Os r a p e ,

r e nt I nt e ri ma gri c o l a ux 6re c a p t a c o l é né s e x urb e n o c ttI

‘

v o c ziv it ; q u i c u m I nd is dc e rrim
.
, ,

é p ugn av é ru nt ré g e m
'

q u e
L ATIN PR I M E — R I 2
1 78 LA T I N PR I M E R

o c c idé ru n t i p sum I ta m ulie r p o stre mb l

ae ta in u rbe m
mvi r6
.

cu pe rv é nit .

II . Tr an sl at e i nt o La ti n r

A .I W h e n th e c o l o n ists o n h o rse b ack a rrived at

.

( lit . to
) th e riv e r th e y v e ry gl
, a dly r e c e iv e d th e sw o rds .

2 . T h e c ri e s o f th e h u nt e rs g o in g t hro ug h th e w oo ds
c o u ld v e ry e a si ly be h e ard 3 W e sh a ll fi n d a m o n g th e
. .

I n di ans al m o st al lth e childre n w h o h av e b e e n l o st fr o m

t h e se t o wn s 4 Wh . e n t h is h a d b e e n d o n e th e tir e d ,

w o m e n f o u n d S ittin g u nd e r a tr ee th e bo y w h o m th e ir
h u sb a nd s h a d br o ug h t fr o m th e city 5 A t first th e . .

kin g w a s wi l l i n g to s e n d b a ck th e w h dl é a rmy to th e
c a m p ; b ut fi n ally h e o rd e r e d th e h o rs e m e n to m a k e a
fie rc e r a tt ack u p o n th e e n e my .

“
B . I I s h a llno t r e t u rn with o u t th e ch ild r e n s aid
.
,
’

th e h u nt e r to th e sad m o th e r T h e I n d ian s h a v e tr a v
.

c l e d m a ny m il e s th r o u gh th e v a ll e y b ut w e sh a l l so o n ,

” “
c a p t ur e t h e m 2 Wh e n w e saw th e dr u n k e n s ai l o r
. .

”
hidi n g u n d e r th e b e nc h e s s ai d M arc us “ w e at o nc e
, ,

”
c all e d s o ld i e rs fr o m th e f o rt 3 On a l lsid e s th e e n e my
. .

”
are se n d i n g I ndi a n s i nt o th e fi e lds s aid th e h u nt e r so
th a t o u r h o rs e s m
, ,

”
a
y a l
l b e ki ll e d 4 Wh e n o u r g e n e r a.l .

h ad se n t th e w iv e s a nd c h ildr e n o f th e br a v e c o l o nists to
" “
s a id th e w o m e n h e m arch e d thr e e d ays
a l a rg e r f o rt , ,

t h r o u g h th e h ill s a n d s u dd e n ly m ad e a fi erc e atta ck o n

,

’ ”
th e e n e my s la rg e st city .
 LA T I N P R I M E R 1 79
l

EXE R C I S E L XV I I I

I R R E G U LA R NOU NS

deu s , M .
, g od do mu s , F .
, h o us e, h o m e

I
S NG U LA R PL U R A L S I NG U LA R PLU RA L
No m d e us de i, dii, di do mus do mus
m mum
.

Gen de i dedru do mus do u

6 m
.

deum d m o ru

D at de b d e is diis dis d m
o ui d md d mib o o us

d e umd e bs d mm
.
, , ,

A ce . o u d md d m us o s, o

A bl . deO d e is diis , , dis d m

o 6 d mfi
, d mib o o us

V OCA B U LA R Y
O R D I NA L NU M E R A IS

p rim u s a umfirs t ndnu s , a, u m i th n n

- - - -

s ecu n dus a u ms eco n d mt th

.
, , , , .

- -
dec im us , -
a, -
u en

tertius a umth ird

.
, , , , .

- -

q uartus a umf o u rth

, , , .

- -
l
egid 6nis -
F co m
p a ny re
g i
q uintu s a u mfif th
, , , .
, , .
, ,

- s
‘

m en t

sex tus a ums ix th

.
, , , .

- -
in tugam do d are dedi datu s
sep timus a u ms ev e nth
.
, , , , , , ,

- -

p u t to
flg
i h t
m ig h th n ostr i 6ru mM ai
, , , .

er m
.

Ou av us , ~
a, -
u ,
e .
,
~
en , .
, .

M O D E L S E NT E NC E

Ven ator in spelunca latu it né ab In dis caperé tur T h e , ,

h u nte r hid in the c av e s o as n o t to b e c a p t u r e d by th e

I ndi an s .

R UL E . I n p u rp o s e cl
a us es th e neg a tiv e o f at is n6 .

REA D NG L ES S ON I
I .Tr an s l ate int o E ngli s h :
A I D i né s a diuv ant ; h o sté s e nim p e rterriti flfim
. . en

tr an se unt n e q ue difitius ab e is do m tI s n o s tra e ign i c 6 n s fi

‘

me ntur 2 L e gi6 terti a Iin a c u me q uitib u s m u lt is fo rti s

. .
'
.
i 80 LA T I N PR I M E R
.

simé é cas tris é rfi p it, h o s tib usq ue c e l

e riter i
n fu ga md tisa

m m
,

o pp id u m f acil e c é p it 3 Q uo d c u a u ditu e ss e t,
. m ul
i er
v e h e m e n te r c o mmOta fili a p atris g ladiu md e di t 4 Co lé nl
.

c m
.

b is v ec ti ad in s u l
a m noc tfi tran s ié ru nt ib i ue c é é ru n t
y q p
I ndOs tré s gué s in h e rb a l
, a t e nt es in v é né run t .

B . A rr A mb us ca de

Cu mb e llum did ge stu m ss e e t cu mI nd is i q it ”

n u a vi a
m m t mq m
,

“
ea , frfi mn
en u ue o e ex a gris p t ss
ra t u e e sa e p e

mmi é m q i q
,

co l
é né ru se r ru e u uo q ue a b h o s tib us c a p ié b a n tu r
mmilitib
.

S ed co l l
é n i néé b an t p ac e m fie ri , et l
ibe nte r cu us

pe r v al l l
is c o lis q ue it e r fac ié b ant, ut ta be rni c u l
a c a s tra ue
q
I ndOru mi gn i O fi m t C nS e re n Olim cu
p l
fi mgi
ri a i r co l
ae m
m q itib p c is p
.
,

finé cu e u us au e r si lv a m p rOpe rare nt ad fli i en m ,

c ui us i n ri pi I nd i ca stra p a rv a c o l
lo c av e ran t s u bit 6 6 la t e ,

bris h o sté s é rfi p é runt sa gittis q ue se x c o l , Oné s dué sq ue e q u i

té s oc c idé ru nt Q u a ré c o.m m 6 ti e q u it es f o rt issim e f é c é ru n t

im tu m h o s té s q ue c e le rite r i n fu ga mde dé run t I nd i a u

p e

te mf a c il e ad c a str a p e rv é né runt nee e os cape re po tu é run t

.
,

”
n o s tri
II . T ra ns l
at e in t o La tin :

A . Whil e th e se th in gs w e r e be in g d o n e th e gene ra l
I .
,

m arch ed q u ick ly th r o u gh th e v a ll e y so th a t th e s ixt h r e gi ,

m e nt m igh t n o t be c ap t u re d by th e e n e my y 2 F in a lly . .

th e I n di an s w e r e p u t to fl ight an d th e ir w o m e n a n d child r e n ,

h u rri e d to a s m all e r city 3 T h e w o m e n v e ry r e a d ily

ga v e a rr o ws to c e rta in m
. .

e n w h o h ad l o st ( th e ir ) sw o r ds .

y
4 . Wh e n th e y l e a r n e d th a t e igh t ch ildr e n o f th e c o l o n ists
w e re l ivin g a m o n g th e I n di a ns b ra ve h u n t e rs trav e l e d o n
m
,
’
h o rse b ack e ig h t ee n m il e s thro u gh th e f o re st to th e e n e y s
c a m p F o u r c hi ldr e n w e r e th u s c a p t u r e d by o ur m
. e n a nd

se nt b ac k to t o w n b u t th e o th e rs c o u ld n o t b e f o u n d
,
.
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 18 1

B . I W h e n w e h a d c u t o ff th e b e ar s h e ad with a n ax
.
’

,
”

“ I e as ily c a rri e d it in ( lit by )

s a id Q u int u s to th e girl s , .

my h an d to th e rive r Th ere w e s aw a s ai lo r c at c hing fis h

. .

He w a nt e d to cr o s s o ve r to c e rt a i n l a rg e ro c k s ; a n d s o w e
t o o k h imint o o u r b o a t a nd c arri e d h imwith us to th e
,

i s l a nd Th e n w e h u rri e d h o m
. e
”
2 Wh e re is y o u r do g
. .
,

” “
bo y s ? as k e d th e h u nte r I thin k th e re is a w o lf in th e
”
fi e ld s an d I h av e n o t s e e n y o u r do g to day
, 3 With -
. .

o u t h o r se m
” “
en s a id th e g e n e r a l
,
th e e n e my will n o t b e ,

abl e to p u t o u r m e n to flight I h av e th e r e f o r e s e nt.

, ,

th e e ighth r e gi m e n t int o th e fi e lds s o th a t th e f a rm e r s

’

,
”
h o r se s might no t b e s t o l e n by th e I ndi a n s 4 Th e .

s o ldi e r w h o y e s t e rd a y m a rri e d th e chi e f s d a u ght e r th o u ght

’

th at p e ac e c o u ld th u s b e mad e v e ry e as ily with th e I ndi an s .

EXE RC I S E LX I X

D E PONE NT VE R B S

I n allc o nj u ga ti o n s th e re are v e rbs o th e r w is e re gul ar , ,

which ( as id e fr o m p a rtici p l e s e tc ) are c o nj ug at e d o n ly in, .

th e p ass iv e a n d y e t h av e ac tiv e m
, e a ning thr o u gh o u t .

S uch v e rb s are k n o wn as D e p o n e nt s ; s ee S u mm a ry o f
Fo rm s p a g e 2 1 2
, Th e fo ll o wing V o c ab u l a ry i ncl u d e s
.

d e po n e nts r e p re s e nt a tive o f a llc o nj u gati o ns .

VOCA DU LA KY

m oro r , mra i m at
o r , or us s u m , pa tior, pa ti, pass us su m ,
a l
del
ay , ta rry , l
ing e r . I l
ow ,
su fie r
’

. O ft e n con

po ll
iceo r, po l
l icé ri, pol
licitus s true d with th e a cc u sa tive
su m
, p ro is e
9‘ m and p r e s e nt infi nitiv e

m
. .

p roficiscor, p roficisci, p r oteo a o d ri or adoriri, adortu s s u

m
, ,

tu s su , s e t o u t, s ta rt .
I 82 LA T I N PR I M E R

R EM AR KTh e p ri nc i pa l p arts o f a d epo n ent verb are thre e

.

inst ead o f fo ur beca use th e pe rfec t indi ca ti v e o f suc h a v e rb in

m
v o lve s in its o wn fo r a ti o n th e pe rfec t passive partici ple, which
th ere fo re n eed no t be gi ve n se parate ly .

RE A D NG L I mN SO

I . Tr a n sl ate i nt o
A . I . Q uib us ré b tIs , m
i pe ri to r sta ti m c u e q u i m
tib u s p l m
iiri is p ro fe c tu s e s t m m 2 M arc us c u r
p p o e i
m m m
. .

m
,

p a
er t é i d i é
r s t o u m or r u r, l
e g ié n e n 6 n a m é c y bis pe r
fl tfiuc d h é mp p t m idiL 3 V en at r q i
s a ar na ro e ra n e v o u

mp mp lli it r t h ri in ilva q d m
.
,

l ib i e r s u rsa arv a o c us e a e S ue n a

t m
,

'
n au a é it q i i n s pel nc a tr is
co nv rsas p
n i id t u u u a rv z s v e ra

m é g it m ss t m atres O difiti
, .

4 Q . d uo cu c n u e e , n n us ue ro s

i n g r is la fid p tié b t 5 Q i
t 6
e re im i t6 ia an u r u v ce r r s

d it a n st i m n es f rti ss i m e i mt a ié
. .

au o r o t t c str o r vu r ns run u a a

h ti m d i
, ,

os u t a o r re n u r .

B . A D ecis iv e B a ttl
e

Cu mmltO
d i es l ibe n te r it e r fé c is s é m
u s u s n e q ue p o tuis

sé m m
”
u s h o stis in v e n ir e inq uit m il e s f o rtis n st r
‘

, p o s tr é t) o e ,

i m pe rat o r i p s e I ndOS q uOs damc 6 nv é nit q ui dix é ru nt h o s té s ,

'

p e r te r ritO s i n S ilv a l a t e r e Q u zi r é a u d i t a c a st ra h a u d p r o

oc av im
.
,

c ulc o l l u s v é nfité ré s q u e s ta tim in silv a m m iss i s u n t

, ,

u t h o s tiu ml a te b ri s in v e nire n t Q u o d c u mf a ct u m e ss e t
h o s té s q ui p u tzib a n t o m e x e rc itu m n o str u m ia min S i lv a
.

ne m
,
'

im
,

e ss e c e l e rrim é é n ipé ru n t é l a te b ris v é nzité ré s q u e fa c il l

‘ ‘

é
i n fuga mde dé ru n t ; c u ma u t e m u n diq ue é S ilv a c urre rent
, ,

i n a grOs ut ibi v é n i té ré s fu gien tis o c cide re nt s ub itO im

m m
,

m r rim
,
'

p e rzi to r n o st e r e q u it e s iu s s it in e 6 5 i p e tu a c e u

f ac e r e I ta h o st es p l firim i a n o s tris o c c isi s u nt c é te riq ue ,

T u mim
.

ab I n d is s u n t c a p ti i t u rb ib u s m u lt is i g n i
p e r o r

mm
,

mp ti
.

COn s iI
‘

s, l
ae tu s cu m e x e rc itfi do u re di
it .
”
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 183

II . Tra ns l
a

A \I . Th e h e l p e d by th e g o ds ;
e rh a p s

fo r w e a tt a c k e d th e ir c a m m
.

p o s t br a v e ly b u t c o u ld n ot ,

u t th e m t o flight 2 I n th e h o us e s o f th e b e s t m e n
p . .

th e re w as p e ac e T h e e n e my w e r e a l a r m
. e d by th e

light o f th e m o o n a n d did n o t s e t o ut fr o mth e city

,
.

\4 T h e g e n e r a l w a s u n wil l ing to a ll o w th e s e v e nth r e gi

m e nt to d e l ay in th e f o r e st L e t s p r o mis e birds to
.
’

th e girl s 6 D o n t giv e a x e s to th e b o ys
’
. . .

B .
k Wh e n th e s e thing s w e r e h e a rd th e w o m e n ,

gl a dly h u rri e d int o th e f a r m ”

h o u s e s a id th e h u nt e r ; fo r “
,

3‘ W e
”
th e y w e r e fright e n e d by th e f o r c e o f th e st o rm .

”
fi n a lly a rriv e d a t ( lit to ) a s u it abl e p la c e s a id th e h o r se
.
,

ma n .
“Th n
e th e c o l o ni s t s s aid th a t th e y w e r e w il l ing to
g o th e m s e lv e s int o th e c a m p o f t h e I ndi a n s ; f o r th e r e w a s

no m
” “
o o n a n d bl a c k c l o u d s w e r e in th e S k 3 T h
, y e . .

trib e s o f th e s e c hi e f s will n o t with s t a nd th e a tt ac k o f o ur

me n s aid th e sail o r ; fo r th e h unte rs will h u rry thro u gh
”
,

”
th e w o o ds by night to h e l p u s .

E X E R CIS E DI X

B E HOI I Y R A T " ! PRO NOU N.

h ie, h aec , h oc, th is

I
S NG ULA R PLU RA L

M asc M asc Fern Neat

m
. . . .

No h ie h aec h oc hi h ae haec
Ge n . h u iu s h u iu s h u ius h 6ru m h aru m h 6ru m
D at . h u ic h ui c h u ic h is h is h is
A cc . h u nc h an c h oc M S h as haec
A bl . h oe M e Me h is h is h is
1 84 LA T I N PR I M E R
O

il
l la, il
e, il lud, th a t

I
S NG U LA R

M a rc . Fern . Neat
m
.

No ill e i ll a il
lud il li ill ac il l a
m illa m illb m
.

Ge n . ill ins il
lius il
lius i116ru Tu ru

D at il l i i ll i l
ilI il lis i ll is ill is
m m
.

A cc . il
lu l
ila il
lud il
lOS i ll as il l a

A bl . i116 ill s i116 ill is il l is i ll is

R EM A R K Th ese two pro n o uns are o ft e n use d to ge th er in th e

.

sa m e se n t e n c e to m ark a c o n t rast ; e g Ha ec u rb s magn a il lud

opp i dum pa rv um
. .
, ,

es t This d o is h u ge that to w n is s m
, al l t
, .

VOCA B U LA RY

c6gb, cb gere, coé gi, coactus , cbnor, con atu s sum

cOndri,

a ttem
,

f o rc e , C o n st ru
coe dmp l e .
p t try O ft
, e n c o n .

with th e a cc us ativ e a nd s tr ue d with th e p r e se n t

p r e s e nt i n fi nitiv e i n fin i tiv e
m
.

m
.

do i ,
at ho e .
posted a dv e rb af terw a rd
, , .

I
RE A D NG IJ SS S ON

1 . Tra n sl at e i nt o E ng l
ish :

A . I . Nautae h as b acas e d e re n 61u n t . I ll a 6v a e is

d em u s , né g a ll in as ip s as rape r e v e l int 2 . . Po s te éigit u r

v é n i té ré s c o é
g é r un t n 6 5 in s p el u n c a l at er e 3 Na mp u e r
mé lib
. .

o b é s us p rim 6 f u g e r e c 6n atu s e st ; s ed p o s tré e n te r

h u m i ia c u it 4 D o m i s u n t.m a t e r e t p. a t e r m e u s ; in il la
u rb e s u n t f ratr é s e t so r6ré s 5 C e l
e r ite r a d lit u s p e rv e

n ir e c é né b é mu r ; s e d sae p e m
. .

o ré ri c o ac ti s u m u s n é l ib e r i ,

i n S il v éi fim itte re ntu r M an e a u t e m ad m a r e d ef e ssi.

p e rv é ni m us .
 I
LA T N PR I M E R 185

B . A n I ndia n Victo ry
i
Ol m ”
in q u it a v u s mb ll m mi immdifi
n o st e r , cu e u s e rr u

m
,

g e s tu m e s set l ib iq g ierli d i
ue a
q b I nd i
r co c p ru un ue a s a e

m m
,

re n tu r, su b itO m in r
p p pp id
e q dd o dei toi s nt u uo a an u

h o s t es qu i st ti m da m O 16 6 m oa it d
S t ic0 s nt n ru cr er a or u

m
, ,

ig nisq ue i ac e re c o e
p é t V 6 ib I d éru n d iti m li c us n ru au s, u

mlib i ffi gé t i n d mmm imm

.

e r es p e r e rr ae c u
t it er s ru n o u ax a ,

q ua m p utziba nt h o s t is c a p e re nOn p o s s e ; int e rim i n viis

‘

e ar umvir i v a lid i c umI nd is fo rtiss im é p u g n iib a n t S ed .

mo x u ndiq u e do mfi s c o lOnOrumigni c é n s fi mé b antur nee ,

difi tiu s i m p e t u s h o s tiu m s u s tin é ri p o te ra t I ta q ue c u m

n es h u m i m
,
.

ia mc o l ani p a e n e o m o rtui ia c é re n t h o s té s o mni a ,

ra p u é ru n t q u a e inv e n ir e f a cil e p o te ra n t l ae tiq u e in S il vé s

mmat é
,

re dié run t { m
a mlib cu e ris , q u Oru r s o c c ide ran t .
”

II . Tr a n s l at e into L atin :
L e t s try n o w to c a tch this w o lf A ft e rw ard th e
’
A . 1 . .

h u nte r will e as ily kill th e b e a r s 2 Wh a t c o m p e ls y o u . .

to d e l ay l o ng e r m y s o n Why, are y o u hidin g a t h o m e an d ,

n o t p r e p a ring to s e t o u t fo r ( l it to ) th e s hi p ? 3 M y f ath e r . .

did n o t a ll o w th e b o ys to g o 4 T h e f o u rth r e gim e nt . .

march e d thre e mile s an d s udd e n ly att ac k e d th e I ndi a n s .

Thi s s am e h u nt e r will to m
B I “
. o rr o w k ill th e chi e f o
.

”
o f th a t trib e a l s o s aid th e sa il o r
,
He h as him s e lf p ro m .

i se d 2
“ Th o s e b ad b o ys a re trying to f o rc e th e
sm
.

” “
a ll e r do g to ru n int o th e w a t e r s a id J u li a A littl e , .

l a t e r th e y will b e p u ni s h e d ” “ I s e e a t a ll e r tre e ”
3 . .
,

s a id Q ui n t u s L e t s c limb u p int o it a n d thr o w br a nch e s

’
.

u p o n th e h e a ds o f th o s e l az y s o ldi e rs wh o m u s ee lying
y o

in th e s h ad e n o t far a w ay ” “ Wh n w e h e a rd th e
4 e . .

h u nt e r s o n h o r seb ack r u nning thro ugh th e fi e ld y e s t e r

s a id th e f a r m
day
”
er
“ w e th o u ght th a t th e h o r s e m e n o f
, ,

th e e n e m
”
y w e r e p r e p a ring to att a c k o ur t o wn .
[ 86 LA T N PR M E R I I

EXE RC ISE LX X I

I ND E FI NI T E PR ONO U N

al
igul iq ua , al
, al iq uod, s o m e, a n
y
I
S NG ULA R

Fern

No m
.

. al i
g l
u al
iq ua al
iq uod
Ge n . al
icuius al
ieuius al
icuius
D at al
ieui a li en i a li eni
m m
.

A ce . al
iq ue al
iq u a a l
iq uod
A bl . al
iq ub ah q ua a h q uO

PLU R A L

F m Na t

m
. .

No a l
iq ui al
iq uae a h q ua

m m m
.

Ge n . al
iq uOru al
iq u aru al
iq uOru
D at . al
iq uib us al
iq uib us al
iq uibu s
A ce . al
iq ubs al
iq uas a h q ua

A bl . al
iq uibus al
iq uibus al
iq uib us

NOTE . bo ve pro no un is h ere treate d as an adj ective It

Th e a

may also be used as a no un meaning so me o ne so mething

.

“ ”
, , ,

any o ne anyt hing

,
”
e tc W he n so u se d aliq ui e re p la c e s aliq ui
, .
,

( n o mina ti v e s ingu la r ) a nd aliq uid re p l

,
a c e s aliq u od ( n o min a ti v e

and ac c usa ti v e s ingul ar ) and th e fe m inin e is lac ki ng thro ugho ut

, .

R E M ARK D i s tingui sh
be twee n th e use o f th e adj ec tives aliqui
B o th wo rd s m
.

and dl lus ( E x e rc is e L XI I ) ay m ean

“ any
”
b ut
.
,

filius is used m o stly in n egati v e c lause s .

Rut, c o nj u n ctio n , or . seq uor, seq ui, secfi tu s su m ,

i ste is ta , istud, th is , tha t f l

olow .

mq m
.
,

nu ua ,
a dv e rb , nev er .
 I
LA T N PR M E R I 187

NOTE . T he d ec le nsi o n of l
ate is th e sa m e as th a t of le
il
x e rc i s e
( E

R E M AR K Th e
'
co nj unc ti o n aut is so mti me e s re p ea e t d in th e
m i g th
.

fo r m ut a aut . Th e ean n en
“
is e i t her o r.
"

I R EA D NG L ES S ON

1 Tr a n s l at e int o E ngli s h :
.

A I V idé tis n e a u li q id in S ilv a ? N63 a u t u rs ama ut

I s tOS I n dOS n On tim é b am E i
. .

lu p u min a g rO v idé m us 2 .

m
. .

e nim c o l On Os n u m u a mo c c id e re e é né ti e ra n t 3 I p e
q . .

c u m e6 g n 6v is s e t a l iq u as m
'

ré to r ulie ré s ab I nd is e 6gi
ib e rOs in ign is ia c e re s t a ti m a d o p p id u mh o s tiu mc um
,

l
mq m m
,

e q u itib u s p ro f e c tus e s t, e x e r c itu ue o ne s e q ui iu ss it .

4 . Hie ré x fie t m
i p e ri to r e x e rc it m mni m
uu o u . I ll e au e t m
rex e q uit es dfi ee t .

B . Th e S e ttl
e rs S u rp rised

“A gric o l a q uid am
l o ng é in a gré s ’
in q u it n au t a “Olim

é n is c é te ris ie ra t e q uOs q u e ia min l o c u mtiitum

, ,

fi n a c u mc o l ,

dfic é b a t n é ab I nd is ra p e re n tur Cu ma u t e m in itin e re

mo rzire ntu r eo lOni s ubit6 in e 6r umvill as h o s té s impetum
.
,
'

T u m ill e vir c u mv é e é s I n dOru m

,

i c e rrim u m f é c é ru n t ,

m
.

a udiv is se t, CO IOHOS cé te ré s se q ui ius sit, ip s e q u e e e l e rri é

do mmp u ro p e ré v it S ed int e rim h o s té s , q u i ign is ié c e ran t

in d m
.

O o mli é lib O q
s al
iq u as , u n diq u eidé b t u er s er s ue o c e an

mp t é m d mmp é i t 6 m
.

It q gric l
‘

a ue a o a, c u os r t) o u e rv n sse ux re

i m m
,

fil qa h m i i t é inv
ue e it m t u ; x r
ac e n g itt i s n o r u zi s
‘

na u o sa
‘

cc is r t
o p t
a e at m fili 6 r
, t
ca f a t um Q ib s
au e a e s ax e a r c u . u u

ré b 6g iti
us c é i m
l nib nb ib t tim i n d m
s, co n o us ex ur us s a h u

l c m
o u é é t ml ti q
eo nv m q itib n ru n l it in , u s ue cu e u us c e er er

ilv m p f ti s nt I t
s a mdié mlté it r fé i t
ro e c u a cu s u s e e s sen

nt I d6 m p p id m; m q
.
,

sub itO tfi d ti no c a or i ti su n ru o u ox ue s

h té os t i mn e t c pti t i i s nt
S a no s r s o s au a au occ s u .
”
188 LA T I N PR I M E R

II . Tr a ns l
a t e in t o L atin :

A . I
C o m e in t o th e t e nts b o ys
. We h av e b o u ght , .

be tt e r ap p l e s L e t s f o ll o w th e d o gs ; fo r I thin k t h a t
’
2 . .

th e r e are litt l e w o lv e s i n th e c av e 3 T h e c o o k s a id th a t . .

h e n e v e r a ll o w e d th e m o nk e y to S it o n ( h is ) sh o u ld e r .

4 . T h e se so ldi e rs wil l g u a rd th e s h e e p a n d w ill n o t ling e r ,

o n th e riv e r b a n k 5 M a rc u s w e nt with us to th e str e a m

. .
,

a nd I a l m o st ca ug ht a v e ry l a rg e fi sh .

B . I .
“Le t
s b uy s o m e do g o r r av e n ’
sai d M arc us ”
.
,

“I r e f e r d o v e s ” re li e d C l a u di a “fo r th e y n e v e r frigh t e n
p p ; ,
”
th e childr e n 2 A ft e rw a rd w e sh all S e e th e fi ft h r e gi
. .

”
m e nt sa i d th e h unt e r
, Fo r th e g e n e r a l wil l no t a ll o w .

” “
i t to cr o ss th e s tr ea m w ith o ut bo ats 3 Di d y o u S e e . .

”
an y o ne g o i ng th r o ug h th e v a ll e y ? a sk e d th e g e n e r a l .

“I aw n I n di an s ” r “
b u t th e r e
s o e p li e d th e ti r e d c o l o n ist ; ,
” “
w e r e m a n y h o rs e s u n d e r th e tr ee s 4 O ft e n h a v e I . .

”
f o ugh t fi e rc e ly wit h th e e n e my sa id th e brav e s o ldi e r to ,

th e bo y s ;
“ b ut n o w I sit g la d ly at h o m e
”
.

E XE RC I S E LXXI I

T HE G E R U ND IV E

Th e g e ru n div e is a p a ssiv e p a rti ci p l e c o nv e yin g th e id ea

of n e c e ssity o r n ee d e g , . .
,

v ocandus , 4 1, -
u m , to be rap iendu s, -
a, -
u mt , o be
s e iz ed

mt b h m
.

h abendus , a, u o e ad audiendus , -
a, -
u to be
mitt
- -

mt b
, .
,

endus , -
a, -
u , o e s en t . h ea rd .

Ordi n a rily g e ru n div e is u s e d i n c o n n e cti o n with

th e a

fo r m of s uma n d th e tr a n s l
, a ti o n v a ri e s s o m e w h a t ; e g . .
,
 I
LA T N PR I M E R 189

M u l i er v oc anda est, Th e w o m m
an us t be ca l
led

mli m m
.

PutO u ere v ocanda s

es e, I th inh th a t th e w o m an

sh o u l
d be ca l
led .

VOCA B U LA R Y
O RD I NA L NU M E R A LS

undeci m us , -
a, -
u m l
e e v en th . fi ndé v ieé si us, ~a, ~u m m n ine

im mtw
, ,

duodec u s, -

l
a, -
u e fth tee n th

um m mtw
. .
,

te rtiu s cim s v icé s i e n tieth

-
a, -

) de u a -
us , -
a, ~
u ,
.

mth i t
, ,

-
u r e e n th

m) d
.
,

qu artu s ( ~
a, -
u e cim us -
a, dé , r
p pe o s iti o n us e d with
mf
, ,

-
u o u r teen th th e a bl a tiv e c as e , a bo u t,

quin tu s a um
.
,

cim c o nc e rn ing
) de us - - -
a, .

um
, ,

~
fif tee n th p et o, p et er e, petiv i, petitu s ,
sex tu s ( a um
.
,

) dec i m u s ~ - -
a, [o oh f o r, s eeh .

mit
, ,

-
u s x ee n th pu gn a ae , ba ttl
-
e , .

m) d
.
,

sep timus -
a, -
u e cim u s r elinquo r elin qu er e rel
iq ui,
m
, , ,

-
a, -
u s ev en tee n th rel
ictu s , l
ea v e des e r t

m m m
. .
, ,

duodé v icé s i us , -
a, u
~ si m u l a dve rb , at th e s a e

m
, ,

ti e .

R EA D NG L ES S ON I
I . Tr ansl at e int o E ngli s h
A . I S im
. u l r é x is ti ru mg e nti u m o mni um p ro fec tu s e s t,

at p mp t t
i c e Pi p t d t; h té nim dé h i
e e re . 2 . x e en a es os s e e

p gun i i m di é t 3 M ilit
aé di é t é p t i r
au p i m v ru n s x ru n s u e ce

m m m
. .

p t d
e en m 4 N mq t
a é q é i e sse
p i t p u ua se u u r, er or es

i m 5 A t h ti d iim m
. .

s e . t d l it s p
.
p é u os s a or ur a u a u ro er us .

B . A B ol d A bduc tio n
“D
o m usn o str a m m ’
in q u it c o l i n u s, “ '
in r ipi flII inis a
xi m m
,

i co l
lo c i ta e r a t iini q ue c u fri tr e e t so r6rib u s p ro p e
fi dé b a m O li min c y m
,

a q uam si e p e l b i p a rv i v idi m us I n .

di s tr es s e d e nt es q u i p i s c is m u lt i s é fliim in e c a p ié b a nt , .
190 LA T I N PR I M E R

PU G NA

A mo d e rn artist s co nc eptio n
’
o f th e of a Ro mn
a my
ar

upo n a wal led to wn .

 LA T I N PR M E R I 1 91

m min h é i l ti lfid é m I nd i
Pau l i p o st a ut e m , c u ia ar n ae er us ,

mffi timp é é t f i t mq
,

p isc ib u s re l
ie tis , a d r ip a r e rv n ru n , r re ue

S b itO p é
u t n tr m Q i é p t iti m gn i 6
ra u r un os u u r e r e rr a v ce

m m
.

p t
a renu i i C m t m i v
v oc h m
v nt r usm 6 t u au e s, e e e e co us ,

t I nd i i m d q d mi
.

gr i d fli m
'
ex a i
s a I en c uc u rr s s e a a u an a n

m mf i t p é militib
,

s l m p
u a a rv a t It q cu r re e rv n e ra n . a ue , us

q q
uo i ti i
ue v o c
g l m e m lt i y mb i
s, a ti l ri
r c o ae o n s u s c s v ec ce e

ter a d in l mc nd mt i ié t su a I nt ri m t m I nd i
a e r ns ru n . e au e

i mi6 mi l mffig
.

n a t i q i r t ilv
re n su a i tr t pé e ra n n u e a S a i e s

mlt ; it q mq mp t i f i t mv idi ms
,

”
lun cae u ae a ue n u ua os e r re u .

11 .Tr a n s l at e int o L atin :

A . I T h e e ight e e nth r e gim e nt sh o u ld b e h e l p e d ; fo r
.

a v e ry fi e rc e a tt a c k is b e ing m a d e u p o n it by th e e n e my .

2 . I n th e ba ttl e whi c h w e s aw th e r e th e br av e s t so ldi e r s ,

w e re kill e d by o u r m e n a n d th e o th e r s w e r e e a s ily p u t to
,

flight 3 T h e k i n g s a id th a t h u nt e r s m u s t at o nc e h e
. .

s e nt int o th e w o o d s s o th a t th e e n e m ym ight n o t b e able

it fle e ) st e a lthily f ro m( th e i r ) c a m
,

to e sc a p e ( l .
p 4 D o . .

u th in k th a t th e s e s t o n e s m t b c a rri e d to th e sh o r e
y o u s e

a n d thr o wn int o th e se a ? Wh e r e did th e w o m e n fi nd

th e m ?
s a id th e f a r m
B I.
“ A ft e rw a rd
.
”
er w e w e r e sitting at

ho m
, ,

e in th e s h a d e B u t th e childre n w h o w e r e l o o k ing
.
,

fo r e gg s so o n c a ll e d u s to s e e th e b as k e t s which th e y h a d
,

A t th e s a m e ti m
” ”
fi ll e d . 2 . e s a id th e s o ldi e r to th e

b o y s th e e n e m
,

“
, y w e r e h ur rying to th e riv e r B u t ab o u t .

"
this b a ttl e y o u will s o o n h e a r at sc h o o l 3 I s a w so m e .

o n e s t e a ling a h o r s e fr o m th e fi e ld s aid th e fa r m
.

”
er

l try to c a t c h h im
.
,

“
R un b o y s ; l e t s a l
,
’ ”
4 We . .

th o ught th a t th e se I ndi a n s mus t at o nc e h e c ap tu re d ”

,

“
s aid th e g e n e ra l ; fo r th e o th e r trib e s w e re n o w s e tting
”
o u t fr o m th e l a rg e r citi e s to h e l th e m
p .
 S U M M A R Y O F FO R M S

(T o ro und o ut th e Su mm y l ded wh i h hav no t b en

ar c e rta in fo r m s are inc u c e e

treated i th E k f th i b o k A lls h d diti al f m

,

n e u re a o s o p int d in uc a on or s a re r e

th t the y n ad ly be distingu ish e d f o mth whi h th tu d nt has

.

it li
a cs , so a ca re I r o se c e s e

th us far been eq ired to lea rn )

r u .

NOU NS

m FIRS T OR A—D E CLE NS ION

m ensa , F .

I
S NG UL A R PLU RA L

No m mé ns a mé nsae

mE me i um
.

G en ns u ns r

mé n
.

D at sae mé i ns s

m mé i
.

A ce e ns u n ns s

m
.

A bl . e ! us mé n i s s

T E E S ECOND OR O D E CLE NS IO N
-

h ortas, pu e r , M . a e g r , M . v ir, M . mi l m u , N .

I
S NG UL AR

No m . h o rtus pue r a ger v ir mi l m u

Ge n h o rt i pa e ri
mild
.

D at h o rtO pue rb
h o rtum
.

A ce pueran
mi l d
.

A bl . ho rtb puerb

PLU RAL

No m h o rti pu e ri mil a

mm m m milb m
.

G en h o rtb u erbrn v irbru rn

p
mi l i
.

D at h o rtis pueris a

mi l
.

A ce . h o rtbs v irds a

Ab l . h o rtis p eris
u

1 92
 I
LA T N PR M E R I I 93

R EMAR K M as c ul i ne s in i g l
-
us h av e
i l vo c a in th e s n u ar a s p ec a

ti v e fo rmas M irce eaq ue e tc B y ex c e ptio n filius and pro per

.

, , , .
,

no uns in ius ab b re via t e th e v o c a t iv e ( and ge ni ti v e ) s i ngul ar

-
eg

SO als o th e ge ni t i v e o f a fe w ne ut ers in ium

. .
,

~
.

T HE T HIR D D E CL E NS ON I
Conso nan t St m e s

M s, M . arbo r F , . l
itu s, N .

S I NG U LA R

No m . flo s arbo r itus
l
G en . fl6 ris arbo ria l
ito ris
D at flori arb o ri lito ti
m m
.

A ce . flore arbo re litus

A bl . flo re arb o re lito re
PL U RA L

No m flOré s arb o ré s l
ito ra
m m m
.

G en . fl6ru ar b o ru l
ito ru
D at . flOrib us a rb o rib us l
ito ribua
A ce . flé ré s a rbo ré s t
1i o ra
A bl . flé rib us arb o rib u s l
ito ribus

I$ t ms
e

ignis , M . v al
lé s, F . m ar e , ani ml Na , .
, l
iv
ing cr e a tu re
S I NG U LA R

No m ig . n is va l
lés m are

Ge n ign is vall is a ni mdli s

mi
.

D at ign i vall i l
a n irnci
’

ar t
m
.

A ce . igno n va l
le m are m
a ni a l

A bl . ig ni a ni mdlt
ig ne
PLU RA L

No m ig nis vall is miar a a ni mali a

m m
.

G en . ig niu va l
liu a nirnd l
iu rn
D at . ign ibus val
lib us
A ce . ignis vall is a nirna l
ia
ign é s l
v alés
Ab l . ig n ib us va l
lib us
LAT I N PR N E R 13
1 94 LA T I N P R I M E R

R EMA R K fro m th e fac t th at its d ec l e n si o n is c o m pl e t e

A sid e
anim
.

al di ffe rs fro m
,

mare o nly in t hat it has dro ppe d th e e ndi ng

e o f th e n o mi na ti v e singu la r Thro ugh th e l oss o f thi s endi ng
.

th e re h as arise n q uit e a l arge c lass o f n euters wi t h th e n o m in a

t ive t er minati ng in alo r ar - -
.

T HE FO U R T H 0R U D E CLE NS I ON
-

ex er ci ta s , M . co rn u N , .
,

I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L S I NG ULA R PLU R A L
No m exe rci ta s e x erc itii
a cor n ua

m
.

Gen . ex erc itfis exe rc ituu cor n fi s cor n u u rn

D at x
e e rc i ta i e x e rcitib us cor n n cor n ibus

e x e rc ita m
.

Ace . ex e rc iti
ia can ") co r n ua

A bl . ex e rcitd e x e rc itib nn cor n n

TE E FI RT H OR E -
D ECLE NS I ON

dibs , M .
( a nd P .
) Tbs , F .

I
S NG ULA R PLU RA L I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L
No m dl
éo dié s rbs

m m
.

Ge n . di bi (l
ibru rei rbru

D at dibi dibbns re l ré b us

m m
.

A oc . dia die. re

A bl . dib dibb us rb

I R RE G ULA R No UNs
dens , M . d o m us P , . 111 3,

S I NGULA R
No m . dens dom us v ia

Gen dei d mfi o s

d mi d m
.

D at deb ob u o

m d mm
,
.

A ce deu o u

d mb d m
.

A bl . deb b
o , o vi

PL U RA L
No m dei, dii, di domb a viré s
md m d m md m b m
.

Ge n debru eu o uu , o ru

d m
.
,

D at deis, dl is, dis ib o us

b d m
.

A ce . debs d m fi
o s, o s viris viré s
,

A bl . de is, difs , dis d mib o us

 LA T I N P R I M E R 1 95

J
A D E CT VE S I
FIR ST A ND S E COND D E CL E NS IONS
b on u s ,
-
a, -
u m
I
S NGU LA R PLU RA L
Fern Fe rn Nerd
m m
. . .

No bo nus bo na bo nu bo ni b o n ae b o na
m m m
.

G en . bo n i bo nae bo ni bo nbru b o naru b o nbru

D at bo nb b o nae b o nb bo nis b o nis b o n is
m m
.

A ce . bo nu bo na bo nu m b o nbs bo nis b o na
A bl . bo nb bo ni bo nb bo nis b o n is b o n is

miser ,
-
era, -
e u r m
No m mi mi s er s era mi m mi
s e ra se ri mi s e ri e mi s e ra

mmi mmi m
.

Gen mi i mi s er s e rae mi i mi
s er se rbru s e riru s e rbru

mi b mi mi b
.

D t
a se r s e rae mi
s er s e ris mi s eria mi s e ria

mi m mi m mi
.

Ace s e ru s eru s e rb n mi s e ri a mi s e ra

A bl m mi mi
.

i b
. s er s e ri mi b mi
ser s e ria mi s e ria se ris

piger)
'
gra gru m r
'

No m pig er p g
i ra i
Pg mm Pi rig i
pg rae
p igra
mm m
.

G en .
pigri pigra e Pisri Pigrfi pgi rb ru

D at i
pg rb i
p gra e i
Pt i
P gfis i
p gris p ig ris
m m
.

A ce .
p igra p igra
p ig ru m p ig rbs p igris p igra
A bl . i
pg b
r i
Pe 5
r? i
P gris i
p gris

T H IR D D E CL E NS I ON

I—
S tm
e s

fo rtis , is , - -
e
I
S NGUL A R PLU RA L
M ast Fern Neat Fern Nerf
m
. . . . .

No . fo rtis fo rté s fo rté s t

fo r is
Ge n . fo rtis fo rt iu m fo rtiu m fo rtiu m
D at t
fo r i t fo r i fo rti fo rtib us fo rtib us fo rtibus
fo rtem fo rt em
.

fo r et fo r is t t
fo r ia
fo rtbs fo rtbs
A bl . fo rt i fo r it fo rti fo rtib us fo rtibus fo rtib us
, 90 I
L A T N PR M E R I

b eer , i cris , acre

I
S NG U LA R PLU RA L
Fern N ex t M ast Fern Neat
m
. . . . .

No i cer i cria i crbs i crbs i eria

m m m
.

Gen . i c ris i c ris i c ris acriu i eriu i e riu

D at i eri r
ie i i cri i c rib us i crib us i c rib us
m m
.

A ce . i cre i cre acre Eerie acria

i cré a i erbs
A bl . i cri i cri i crib us r
b e ihan

Co nsonan t S ton e

Th e Pr es ent I pl
’
a r tici e

vo ci na
No m v oc i na v oci no
voci na v oca n tba v o ca ntbo voca ntia

m m m
.

Gen . v ocan tia v oc an tis vo ca nt i: v oca ntiu v oca ntiu v o ca n tl

u

D at v oca nt i v ocan ti voc a nt i v oca ntibus v oca ntib us v oca ntib us

v oca ntemv oca n temv o ci na

.

A ce . v o ca n té s v oca ntbs v ocan tia

v oca n ti: v o ca ntis

A bl . v oca nt e voca nt e voca n te v ocan tib us v ocan tibua v ocantibua

al
tior, ~
ior, ius -

No m lt i a er al
tio r ti
al us al
tib rbs al
tib rbs al
tib ra
m m m
.

G en . al
tib ris al
tib ris al
tib ris al
tib ru al
tib ru al
tib ru

Dat al
tib ri al
tib ri al
tib ri al
tib rib us al
tib ribua al
tib rib us

m m
.

A ce . al
tib re al
tib re a lt ius al
tib ré s al
tib ré s al
tib ra

A bl . al
tib re al
tib re al
tib re al
tib ribus al
tib rib ua al
tib ribus

plus
No m plb ré s
m m
.

Ge n .
p l
iiriu
p l
iiriu

D at .
p l
fi rib us p l
fi rib us

A ce .

plfiris
Abl .
plfirib us p l
b rib us
 LA T I N PRI M E R 1 97

T HE COM PAR I SON OP A D J ECT IV ES

R EG ULA R I R RE GULA R
S up . Cm op . S up .

a ltus al
tio r al m
tis s i bo nus mli e or m
Op ti

fo rtis fo rtior f ti im
or s s us mg a nus mi a or m im ax us

mi ser mi s erior mi im
s e rr us ml a us po iot p im
e ss us

p ig er p igrior p ig ime rr us mlt i

u plb ré s plb imi r

par vus mi nor mi im n us

TE E COM PA RI SON OP A D VE R B S

REGULA R I R R EGU LA R
Pos it . S up . S up .

l ongé l
ongius l m
o ng iss i b diittius m
difitis si
fortite r fortius forti im i ss facil
e facil
ius f il
ac im
l é
ce l
e rite r cel
e rius l im
ce e rr b l
ib enter l
ibe ntius lib ti im
en é ss

b eriter i crius im
i cerr b

NU M E RA LS

an us , -
a’ -
u m
I
S NG ULA R

Fern . Fern .

No m ’

II nus fi na 5 iini fi na e (inn

mm mm
.

'
fi nius fi nius fi nb
l

E
:

5 E g fi nb
D at b ni a fi nis
l
‘

. g II nis

Ace . b nu m '
tI na m '
3
‘ 5 iinbs g fi ns
A bl
'
fi nb finia
l

. fi ni c II nis

NOTE . E ight o th er adj ec t i v es in th e

i ti v e and d at i ve , ge n
sing u l ar hav e th e , sa m na m e ly : al
e e nd ing s as t ia s al
in us ter , ,

( g n alt eriu s ) ; tillus niillus uter (ge n utrina) neut er (ge n

e .

v
, .
, .

)
neutri no ; eb l us tbtu s O f th es e, alius h as addi t i
. o na l pe c u l i a ri
ti es : its ne ut e r s i ngul a r no minat i v e a nd ac c usa t ive is aliud ; and
in th e e nit iv e s in ul a r it bo rro w s al te rius fro m
, ,

al t
g g e r .
1 98 LA T I N PR I M E R

duo, duae, duo trbo , tres , tria

PLU RA L Pw IIA I.

M ose . Ned . Nex t .

No m duo d une duo

d o bram m m m m m
.

Gen . do lru dubn triu triu triu

D at . dubb uo dui b un dubbuo r

t ibus t ribus
duo duh duo
dub.
Abl . dubbno d ulh al duoh uo r
t ibus tribus tribus

LI ST or NU M ER A LS
CA RD I NAL O RD NALI

4 .
q uattnor

t
q uit a s dec i m us

17 .
se p timus m
dec i ua

IS . duodé v iginti duodé v i b im

c s us

19 . fin dé v igin ti

20 . v igin ti v icbs i mus

 I
LA T N P R M E R I 1 99

PR ONOU NS

PE R SONA L

Firs t Perso n S eco nd Person

e go tb

I
S NG U LA R PL U R A L S I NG U LA R P LU RA L

No m ego n63 tfi
mi trum m
.

Ge n . e nos tui ve s tru

nos tr i v es tri

D at mih i n é bis tib i v bb ia

mb
.

A ce . 1168 t5
A bl . n é né b is t5 v bb is

Th ird Perso n
T h ird Perso n R eflex i ve
is , ea, id c ui ( g e m)
S I NG UL A R

Fe rn . Al
l Genders
No m is ea

mi
.

Gen . e ius eius

D at oi oi s ib i

m
.

A ce . eu ob, s bob

A bl . ob oi

No m . ei, ii, i ea e on

Gen .
cbru m cui
D at . eis , iis, is eis , iis , is e is , iia, Ia s ib i

A cc . o bs ei s ea 35 , abab

A bl . eis, fis , is eis , iis , is eis , ifs , is ab, abab

NOTE I . Th e o bl iq u e c as e s o f ego a nd ti v
se r e as th e re flex i ve
of th e fi rs t and s ec o nd p e rso ns .

NOTE 2 T h e p e rs o nal p ro no u n is , ea , id my b a e use d al so as

m
.

an a d e c t ve e an ing
“ ” “
th i s, o r t ha t ”
j i .
200 L AT I N PRIM ER .

'
D E M O NS T R A HV E
‘

h ie, h a ec , h oc i l le , il
la, l
llud
S I NG U LA R
M ax Fe m F m Neat
m
. . . .

No . h ie h oc ill e ill
s il
lud

Gen . h uius h uius h uius il

lius il
lius l
ilius
D at h uic h uic h uic ill i ill i ll
i i
m m
.

A cc . h unc h oc il
lu il
ls il
lud

A bl . h bc 1116 illi i116

PLU R AL
No m b! h as h s ec ill i il
lse ill s
mm m m
.

G en . h bnun hi rum hb il
lb xn ill i an

D at . h is his h is ill is i ll is l is
il
Acc . haec il
lbs illi s i lls
A bl . h is his h is i ll is i llis
No w Th e demo nst ra t iv e p ro no u n is te, iota, is ta d is d ec lined
mw
.

in th e sa e ay as il
le .

I NT E NS IVE OF 11) e

ipse, ipsa ips u m Ide m ea e d mid m e

m
, , ,

S c uu u

M m F m NM F m NM
m ip ip m m m m
. . . . .

No se ip sa su ide eade ide

i d m i d m i d m
.

ips ius ips ius ips ius e us e e us e e us e

D at ips i ips i ips i eid m e eid m e eid m e

m m m d m c dm id m
.

A cc ips u ips u ips u eun e an e e

bd m id m
.

A bl . ipsa ipsi ips a e e e e

P LU RA L
e idem d m d m eae e ea e

No m ip i s ipane if» : iid m e

id m
.

Ge n ips b mmip i mip b m s ru s ru e é md m im n d m O nd m

n e e e c ru e

id m id m
.

e s e e s e

ips is ips is ips is ii d m ii d m s e s e

id m
s id m
e id m s e s e

Ace ips bs ipsis ipsa b d m

e s i d m
e d m e s e ea e

id m id m
.

m
e s e e s e

A bl i is ii d m ii d m s e s e

id m id m
.

s e s e
 LA T I N PRIME R 20 1

m
l e nno o s r we :
q ui ( quis) , quae q uod ( q uid )
,

S I N U LA RG PLUR AL
Neat
m
.

No q ui, quis q uae q u od, quid q u i quae q ua e

q uorum q ui m m quorum
.

Gen . cuius cu iu s cuius

D at cui c ui c ui quibus q uibus quibus
q ue m q u am
.

A cc .
q uod ,
quid q uos quis qua e
A bl .
q o
u q u i q uo quibus quib us quibus
NOTE . p ro no un may be u ed
T is h s e ith e r as an a dj e c t iv e o r as a

no u n . I n th e no un u e q u is r e pl a c q ui
s , es ( s ingu a l r) quid rep la ces
,

quod , a nd th e fe minine is l c king th ro ug h o ut a .

q uae quod
R E LA T I V E : u
q ,i ,

T h e fo rm s p r o n o u n a e ide nt ica l w ith th e fo rm

s o f th i s o f th e in t e r
r

ro ga tiv e p ro no un as g iv e n a b o v e e xc ep ting th at quis and quid are la cking

,
.

I ND E FI NIT E
q uid am quaed am q uoddam aliq ui ( aliq uis ) aliq ua ali
( q uiddam
, , , ,

) q u od ( a l iq uid )
S I NG U LA R
M F m
as t . N t M e Fm N d ea ar c. er

N q uida m quaedam q uoddam

. . . .

liq ui aliq ua liq uod a a

q uidda m
.

liq uis liquid a a

al
icuins a l
icuius al
icuius
D c uidam cuidam cuida m al
icui a l ieni a l ieni
m m m m m
.

A .
q u enda q uanda q uodda a l
iq ue al
iq ua al
iq uod
a l iquid
A q uddam
. quidam q uoda m al
iq uo al
i uiq a l
iq uo

PL URAL
N q uidam quaedam qua edam al
iq ui a l ignas al
iq us
mq mq imdam m liq m
.

G q uorunda ui rnnda ub r al
iq uoru a ufiru al
iq uoru m
mq mq m
.

D q uib usda uib usda uib usda al

iq uib us a l
iq uib us a l
iq u ib u s
m q ad m q m
.

A q udsds u e a uae da al
iq ubs a l iq ua e a l
iq ua
mq ib d mq m liq
.

A .
q uibus da u us a uib us da a uib us a l
iq uib us al
iq uib us

NOT E . Bo th of th es e p ro n o u ns my b a e us e d e i th r e j c t iv e
as a d e s or

as no u ns . I n th e no u n us e . q u idda mr pl c
e q uodda
a es maliq uis r c
. e es

sl
iq ui ( ingul a r )
s , a l iquid rep l ces a al
iq uod, a nd th e fe inine m o f al
iq uis is
l c king th ro g h o ut
a u .
 LA T I N P R I M E }:

R E G U LA R VE RB S

T HE FIRST on O
A C NJ U G TI N
-
A O
v ocb , v ocare v ocavi
. , v ocatu s

A CT I VE PASS I VE
iND tCA
'
rtv s SU BJ U NCT IVE A V
I ND IC T I E S U BJ U NC H VE

v oco v oc e m v o ce r

vod s

P rese nt v oca t v o c et

v o ci m ns v o ei mas v o cé m ur

v od tis v o citis v oc émii n

v o cant v o os nt v o ca ntur

v oci ba m v o ci re m v o cirs r

v o ci bis v o ci ré s v o ci bi ri
s v o c iré ris

v o ci ré re

m
p e rfec t
v o ci bs t v o ci rs t v oc lbi tnr v o ci ré tur

v o cabl m us v oci ré m us v oci bi m ur m

v o ci ré ur

v o ci bi tis v oc i bimini voc ra émini

v od b mt v o ci rent v o ci bantnr v o ci rentnr

v oci bd v oci bor

v o c i b is v oci beris

v o ci be re

v od b itur
F u tu r e
v ocab i m us v o ci b i m nr
v oci b itis v oc i b imi l
n

v o ci b unt

v ocav i v o c av eri m v oc atus ai m

v o cé visti v o c av eris v o c atus es v o c atu s s is

v oc av it v ocav erit v o c atus est v o catus s it

v oc av i m us v o cav eri m us v ocati sum as v o cati s im us

v o c av istis v o c av e ritis v o cat i es tis v o cati s it ia

v o cav erint v o cati s unt v o cat i s int
 LAT I N PR 1M E R 20 3

ACT I VE P A SS I VE
I ND I CA TI V E SUBJ U NCT I V E '
I ND I CA n v n SUBJ U NCT I VE
v o cav era m v oc av i
s se m v o catus e a rm v o c atus es se m
v o cav eri s v o cav is s é s t v oc atus e ras v o catu s c as é s

v o ca v e rat v oc atus e a rt v oc atu s esse t

Pl “
pe rfe ct m v o cati erimus v o c at i ess é m
v oc av erd m us v oc av iss é us . us

v o cav e ri tis v o c i v is s é tis v o cat i o i tis

t vo cati ess é tis
v oc av eran t v o cav is se nt v o cat i erant v o cat i asse nt
v oc av erd v oc atus ero

v o ci v etis v ocatus aria

v o ca v erit v o catus erit

Fu ture
Pe rk“ v ocav m v o cati erim
eri us us

v ocav eritis v o cat i otitis

v ocav erint v o cati c runt
I M PE RAT I VE
S I NG U LA R P LU R AL S I NGU LA R P LURAL
Pr es en t v o ci v o care v o ci m
i i
n

w a ité te
Futu re
W ald v oca n td v ocdtor v oca rd or

PAR T ICXPL E
P rese n t v o ci na
P erfec t v oc i tus, -
a,

F ut ure malar ia ,
-
a, mm
I N FI N I TI VE
P res ent v o ci re v oci ri

Pe rfe c t w altw a re

F uture v ocd tz
zr us es se

GE RU ND GE RU ND I VE
w a n d!

v oca n da

v oca n da »:

So mme

W d tu m0 c
,
‘
0
2 04 LATI N I
PR M E R

T HE S E CO ND on E C
-
ONJ U G A TI ON
h abeo, h abé re, h abui, h ab itus
A CTI V E PAS S I V E
I ND XCA TXVE S UBJ U NCT IV E I ND ICA T I V E S UBJ U Nc riv x

b a bo o h aboa m h abeor babea r

ba bes ha bé ris h a bearis
h abé re h abeare
h a be t h abes t h abetur h a bei tur
P res e nt
h a bé m us habel m us h abé mn r h abei m ur

h a bEtis h abe i tis ha bé mini ha b im

e i i n
h abe nt h abeant ha be ntur h abe antur

h abé b s m h abé re m h abé b s r ha bé rer

h abé bis h aberes h abé bi ris h abé ré ris
h abé bire h abé rero
1m babé bat h abitat h abé bitur ha bé ré tur
rfect
m m m mm
e
p '
h abé b i us h abé ré us h a bé bi ur h abé ré
h abé bitis h abé ré til ha bé bimi i n h abé r émini
habé bant h abé rent h abé re ntur

h abé bd h abé bor

h abé beris
h abé b ero

Fu m h abé b it habé b itur

h ab m
i us

h abé b itis m
h abé b i ini
h abé bunt

babui h abueri m h abitus su m h ab itua aim

h abuiati h abueris habitus ea h ab itu a sis
habuit hab itus eat habitua ait
P e rfect
h abui m ua bab iti aum ua babiti aim ua

h abuis tis h abueritia b abit i eatia b abit i ait ia

h ab ué runt h abuerint habiti stint h abiti B int
 LATI N P R I M E R 205

A CTI VE VE A
P SS I
IN D ICA TI VE I ND I CA T I V E SUBJ U NCT IVE
h ab uera m h abuiaae m h ab itus eram h ab itua esae m
h abue ri s h abuiasé s h ab itus eras h ab itua eaaé a
h ab uerat h abuisaet h ab itua erat h ab itua esse t
pe rfed
h ab ueri m us h abuisaé m us h abiti a a r mus h a b iti e saé mus

h ab ueratis h a b uissé tis b ab iti eratis b ab it i os sé tis

h abuerant ha buisae nt b ab iti erant ha biti case nt

h ab uero h ab itus o rb
h a bueris h ab itu s aria
Fu tu re h abuerit ha b it us erit
P e rk “ h ab ueri m ns ha b iti e ri m us

h ab ueritia b b iti eritia

a

h ab uerint ba b iti erunt

I M PE R A T I VE
S I NG U LA R P LU RAL S I NG U LA R P L URAL
P res ent h a bé b a bé te h a bé re
'
h abé mi i n

F ume
{mm
l
zabi/ ote
‘

1 Iza b mt or

PA R T I CI PLE
Prese n t h abé ns
P e rfec t h ab itua ,
c
a, 4 11 1:

F ture
u -
a,

In mm u va

P re e n t
s h abé re h abé ri
P rfe ct
mm
e

F ut ure Iza br
'
r esse l
labztu
'
m{ rt

GE RU ND GE RU ND I VE
G en . habe ndua, a , -
m
u

D at . 124 6d
A cc . l
ia b md m u

A bl .

U NS PI E

l bil m h abiti}
ia u ,
2 06 LATI N P R I M E R

T HE T HI R D on E CO NJ UG A I I ON
-
‘ '

mittO m
itt
, ere, mi t mi
s , s s us

ACT I V E PASS I VE
I ND I C A T I V E SUBJ U NCT I V E I ND IC A T IV E S uaw ncr rv s

mittb mitt m
a mit tor mitt a r
mitti s mitti s mitt e ris mitti it s

mitt ere mitti re

P r e s e nt
mittit mitt t
a mittit ur mitti t ur

mitt im us mit ti m us mittim ur

mittiti s mitti ti s mi timini t mitti mini

mitt t un mitt t
an mitt tu un r mitt tan ur

mitté h m mittdb mitt

mitt m
a ar ere t

mitté bi s a mitté bi i r s mitt e ré ris

mitté bi re mitt s ré re

Imp rf t
e
mitté h t
ec
a mitteret mitté bit ur mitt e ré tur

mitté b lm us mitt é m
er us mitté bi m ur mitt é m
er ur

mitté bi ti s mitt é ti
er s mtté bim i i
I n mitt é m
eri i n

mitté b nt a mitt nt
ere mitté b nt a ur mitt erentur

mitt m a

mitté s

F ut u re mitté t ur

mitté m ur

mittiti s mitté mi i n

mit t nt
e mitt t e n ur

mi i
s mi im ser mi ss us s u m
mi ri se a mi ss us es miss us s is

mi it
s mi it ser mi ss us es t

P erfec t
mi im
s ua mi im se r us mi s si su m ua

mi i ti
s s s mi itiser s mi s s i eatis mis s i sitis

mi é t
s run mi ss r au nt miss i ain t
 LATI N P RI M E R 2 07

TI V E
AC PAS S I VE
IND I CATI V E S U B J U NC I IV E
’ ‘
ND IC AT I V E
I S U B J U NC I I V E
’ ‘

miseram mi i m
s ss e mis sus eram miss us eaaem
mi se ris mi i é
s ss a mi a
s s us e r s mi ss us eases

pu
mi t b
se ra mi i t
s aae mi r t
s s us e a mi ss us e sse t
p rk “ mi am
e
s er ua mi i é m
s sa ua mi i ram
ss a us mi ss i e aaé m us

mi ati s er a mi i é ti
s sa s mi i é ti
ss er s mi s s i esaé tis
mi t s eran mi i nt
s sse mi i r nt
ss a a mi s si casen t
mi rose mi ss us erd

mi i ser a
'
mi ria
s s us e

F utu re mi itser mi ss us arit

Pe rfec t mi im mi i
s er us ss eri mus

mi iti
s er s mi i ss eritia

mi int
ser mi i ss a nur t
I M PE R ATI VE
SI NGULA R PLUR AL SINGULA R P LU RAL
P rese n t mitte mittita mittere mittimi i n

F ut ure mums mtt mté

z z

P A R TI C I PLE
P r e en t
s mitten s

P e r fe ct miss us , 4 , 4 113

F ut ure ml Zzrs z r u s , 4 , mm
I N FI N I TI VE
P re s e n t mitt r e e mitti
P rf c t
e e mi
mi m
s s us esse

F ut ur e s r u: es se

GE RU ND GE RU ND I V E
Gen .
m
itt endus, -
a,
D at . mitt dé en

A cc mill d m
mitt m
. en u

A bl . a

S U PI N E
mi mmmi s , s si?
2 08 LATI N P R I M E R

T HE T HI R D 0R E—CO NJ U G A TI O N ( do V ER B S )

rap io, rapere , raps i, rap tus

AC TI V E PAS S I VE
I ND IC A T I V I S UBj U NCT I V B N D I C A TI VI: '
I S U B J U NC n v n

rap id raptam rapto r ra p iar

ra pis rapii s raperis rapii ris

ra pe re rap i
a m
P res ent rapit ra pis t rap itur rap i
i tur

rap im us rapii m us rap i m ur rapii m ur

rap itis rapii tis ra pimi i n ra p i

i mi i n

rapiuut rapis nt ra piantur

rap i
é ha m rape re m rap ié bar ra perer

rapié bi s rape ré a rapié bi ris rape ré ris

rapié birs ra pe ré rs

Impe rf e c t rap ié bs t rape ret rapié bi tnr ra pe ré tur

ra piéh i m us ra pe ré m us rap ié bi m ur raperé mu r

rapié bi tis ra peré tis ra p ié bi m

i i n ra pe ré mi i
n

rapidba nt ra pi
é ba ntur

rap ia m tap ia r
ra pié s rap ié ris

rapié re

F ut ure ra piet

rapié mu s rapié m ur

rap ié tis ra p ié mi in

rap ientur

rapui rapu eri m rap tus sum ra p tus aim

rap uisti rapueris rap tus es
ra puit ra pue rit ra p tus es t ra p tus s it

rap u i m us rap ti sum us rap t i aim us

ra puis tis ra pueritis rap t i es tis rap ti s itis

rap ti aunt
 LATI N P R I M E R 2 09

A CT I VE PAS S I VE
I ND I CATI VE S UB J U NC I I VE
’ ‘
ND I CA TI VE
I S UB J U NCT I VI:

rapu isse m rap t us c ram rapt us esae m

ra puerss rapuiss é s rap tus eras rap tus eas es
Pl
u o ra puera t rap uisset rap tus erat ra p t us esset
ra pueri m us ra puiss é m us rap t i s ti mus rap ti ossé m us

ra pue ri tis rapu issé tis rap ti eri tis rap ti essé tis
rap uerant rap ti essent

ra pueris rap tus eris

ra p tus c rit
Futu re
Pe rfe ct rapueri m us rap ti erim us

rap ti eritis

I M P E R A TI V E
SI NGULA R PLU R AL SI NGULA R P LU RAL
Pres en t rape rap ite rap i mi i
n

Futu re

P R A TI C I PLE
P rese nt rap ié ns

P rfec t
e ra p tus 4 c
m
u
m
, ,

F uture ra pta ,
-
a, «o n

I mmm
P rese nt rape re rapi
Pe rfec t ra ptus ess e

F uture ra ptam esse ra pta mI r !

G E RU ND GER UND I V!
Ge n . rapie ndus, 4 , m
41
D at .

A cc .

A bl .

S U PI N E
pta mr a pti)
ra ,

LATI N PR I M P R I4
2 10 LATI N P R I M E R
0

Ta n FO UR T H 0R I CO NJ U G A T I ON
-

audio, audire, audiv i, au i u s d t

AC TI V E A
P SS I VE
I ND I CA TI V E S U BJ UN CT I V E I ND I CAT I V E '
S UB) U NC I I VII
‘

a ud io audio r audia r

aud is audiris audiiris

dits
m
au

p resent au d it nu d is t audia

audi m us audii mu s auM ur

auditis audii tis audii mi i n

audiunt audiant audiuntur audian tur

audié ba m andiran audito r

audiEbi s aud i
tee audié bi ris audiré ris

mr
i pe fec t
a udié bs t audiret audié bitur a udiré tu r

audié bi m us audiré mus audié bi m ur audiré mu r

audié hitis
audié b s nt

audis r

audié ris

F uture “diet
au dié mu s audié m ur

au dié tis

audiv i au diveri m au ditus sum

audivisti audiv e ris auditus es ditus sis
au

audiv it auditus es t auditus s it

Pe rfect
audiv i m us audiv eri m us andi t i s umus au diti ai m us

audiv is tis au div eritis au diti es t is au diti s itis

audiv é runt audiv erint au diti aun t au diti sin t

 LATI N P R I M E R 21 1

'
A C I I VE PAS S I VE
'‘
S UBJ U NC I I VE ND I CAT VE
I I S U BJ U NC I I VE
‘ ‘

audiv isse m a dit us era m

u t
audi us es ae m
audiv eris audiv is s é s au dit us e ras a uditus essé s

m u,
audivers t a udiv isse t au dit us er at au dit us esse t

park a audiv erl m us a udiv iasé m us au diti a ramus s udi t i es aé mus

audiv eritis a udiv iss é tis s udi t i eritis s u diti ossé tis

audiv ers nt audiv isae nt s u dit i eran t s udit i esse nt

audiv erb t
audi us erd

audiv eris audit us e ris

E ndiv erit a udit us erit

F uture
Perk “ audiv eri m us auditi eri mu s

auditi e ritis

audiv erint s uditi erunt

In e rt/tr i m
SI NGULA R P LU RA L NGULA R
SI P LU RAL
Prese nt audi audite audir e audi mi in

a u dttd a u dité te
F ut ure a nd! ”
'
a udzu ntd

PA RTI C I PLE
Present audié ns

P erfec t
Fu ture

P rese nt audirs audiri

Pe rfec t a ud it! “can

F uture a ud ufl mm c

Gu m Ga mmn o ?!

Gen .
audiendus, a s, M

Dat
A cc . a udzmd
’

uw

A bl .

aud itu m , m
a ud l
Z IZ LATI N P R I M E R

D E P ON E N T S

As al g t
lco n u a
j io ns are g iv e n in full a bo v e , th e corres po n in d g d epo .

ne u ts are h e r e pre se n t e d la rge l y in s y no ps i

s .

I II

m md i oror. or r poll
iceo r, pol
licé ri
m st m or us su poll
icitu s su m
I N D I C A TI V E S U BJ UN CTI V E I ND I CA TI V E S UB J U NC I I VE
‘ ‘

P res entm o ro r m o rer po liceo l

r po l
lices r
Im p e rfm ib . or ar mi o r rer
po l
licib s r p l
o licé rs r
F utu re m ib or or po l
lit or

Pe rfec tm atu or s su m mri t o as s im p ol

lic itus su mp ol
lic itus ai m
Plp f
u er m at . or us ers mm at or us case mp l
olic itus e a r mp ol
licitus ease m
F t P rf mrarn
u . e . o a e rb po l
licitus orb

I M PE RA T I V E
NGU LA R
SI PLU R A L SI NGULA R PLU R A L
P re se nt mo rire m imini
or po ll ie po l
lioé mi i n

w o r d/ or
F utu re

PA R TI C I PLE
P rese n t m in or s po l
licens

Pe rfec t m at or us , -
a, ~u m po l
licitus , 4 , 4 m
m
F utu re W fi r us , a , - c
an

''
I NFI NI I I V!
P rese nt mri i o t po l
licé ri

P e rfec t
F uture m itfi m on r
'
an :

G ER UND GE R UND I VE GE R UND GER UND I VE

G en . m or a u dt m o rand us, ( mm p ol
/tren d! po l
lioendus ,
o
s, o
m
u

D at W W
m m m
.

A cc a ndu p l
lztendu
o

m
.

Abl . ar a udé

m u mm atfl
or t a , or p oflza
'
mm15 11 2 32
, 0 1 1 1
 LAT I N P R I M E R 2 13

III 1114

profi cis cor, profi cisci p atior, p ati

profectus s u m p ass u s su m
I ND ICAT I VE S U BJ UN CTIV E I ND I CATI V E S U BJ UN CTI VE
P res e nt p ro fic is co r p ro fic is car
pa tio r p at iar
Impe rf .
pro ficis c é b ar p ro fic is c erer patié ba r pa terer

F ut ure p ro ficis car pa t iar

P erfe c t p o fe c tus u m p ro fe crtus ai m p a s s
s u s sum pas s us aim

Pl upe f p orfe ct u. c ram p ro fe crtu s e s se m p s

as s us e r am p ass us esse m
F ut P e rf pro fec tus ert)
. .
'
pass us ero
I M PE R ATI VE
SI NGULA R P LU R AL SINGULA R P LU R AL
P res e nt p ro ficis c ere p ro fic is c i mi in pa t era
F uture
p /
ro {d rea m er

P A R T I C I P LE
P r nt
ese pro ficis cé ns pa tiens
P erf c t e p ro fec tus, -
a, -
um pas u s s, -
s, -
u m
F uture p f ro ectzzr us , ~
a, mm p as m r us , -
a,

I NPI NITIVE

P re se nt p ro ficisc i pa t i
P e rfe ct p f r o ectus esse
p as s u s esse

F ut ure pa st rir u: esse

‘

GER UND GER UND IVE ‘

GE R UND GER UND IVE
Ge n .
p ro /irrita nt” p ro fic is ce nd us , ( -
s ), p a tz mdt
’

pa tie ndus , s , u - -
m
D at .
fi fic lsc dd
ro m pa tien dé
A cc .
pr qfic tscen dum p a tien du m
Ab l.
p y id m
r mdd
S UP I NE
1 m
flf t mp a
‘

u , ro / m a p a ss ” mp , as
-
m
2 r4 LATI N P R I M E R .

IV

a orior , adoriri, adortus s u

d m l

I ND IC A T I VE
P res ent ado ris r

Im pe rfect s do riebs r

Futu re ado ris r

P erfect ado rtus su m d

n orrna ai m
Pl upe rfec t ado rtus c a rm ado rtus esse m
F ut ure P e rfec t ado rtus o rb

"t r au m a
SI NGU LA R P LUR A L
P resent ado rirs ado ri mini
F uture
I ,
0,

PA IITI CI PLI
P resent ado riens

P erfect
F uture

[ mm u
P resent ado riri
P erfect
Future

GE R UND
Ge n . ado riendus, a s,

D at .

A cc . a do r ia rdu m
A bl .

S W I NE

ador lu m , a dortfl

I On th e a na o yl g o f au dio it might b xp ct d th t th
e e e e a e perfec t p p rticiple
a ssive a

of de p t
o n e n s o f th e r h c nj ug t i n w ld nd in
fo u t o a o ou e -
itu s ; b t th c m
u mn t d
e o o es e

p o ne nts o f th e fo u rth c j ug t n f rmth p rf ct p

o n a io o e e e a ss iv p rtic ip l in th r w y
e a e o e a s
 LAT I N P R I M E R 215

I RR E G U LA R V E R B S
su m , es se, fu i po ss u mp , os s e, po tni
I ND I CA T V E
I S UB J UN CTI VE IND I CATI V E '‘
S UBJ U NC I I VE

su m sim po s s um po ss i m
s is po tes po s ais

es t s it po t es t po s ait
P r es e n t
sim us po s sumus m
po s s i us
es tis po testis po ss itis
si
n t po s aunt po s s int

e rs m es se m po t aram po s sam
e ras es s é s po te rie po ss es
e rat t po sset
m po terat
esse
I
M ee t eri m us ess é m us po teri m us po ss é mus
eri tis es s é tis po te ratis
e rant es se nt o s se nt
p
po tat o
po teris
erit o terit
p
Fu t ure
e ri mu s po t
e ri mu s

eritis po teritis
p o terunt

P e rfe c t t e nses regular . P erfec t te ns es regular

I M PE RA TI VE
SI NGULA R P LU R AL
r
P es e n t es es e t
( s td

mm
Futu re ‘

esto 3 }

PA R r rc r m
I NPI NI T I VE
P res e nt e sse

P e rf c t
e
fla ir“
F ut ure f utzir u: a re,
f or :
2I6 LATI N P R I M E R

e6, Ire, ii itu

, m v ol o v elle v ol ui
, ,

I ND IcA TI VE S usyus c r rv s I ND I CA T I V E S UBJ UN CTI VE

vol
b v elim
via v elis
es t v uIt ve l
it
P rese nt
m
el us ve l
i us m
eltis vu l
tis v el
itis
ca n t v ol
unt ve l
int

ire m vo l
eba m
vo l
é bh v ell es
v el let
I m ibs t iret vo l
é bs t

iren sa vo l
ebl m us ve l
le m us
vo l
é b ltis ve l
letis
{bu t trus t v ol
eb s nt ve l
lent

vo l et
F uture
m
Ib l ns vo l
é us m
ib itis v ol
étis
ibunt vo l ent
vo l ui , e tc.

iit
P erfect

l
v o uis se mt , e c

l
v o uero, etc.
 LAT I N P R I M E R 217

P AR TI C I PLE

P rese nt iena, ge n c untis vo l em

m
.

P rfec t
e it( us , s ) , u
- ~

Fu ture da m s, -
a, -
u m
I N I N TIV E
F I

P res e nt ire v ell e

P erfe c t
Future
GER UND GE R UND IV E

G en . eund z
’

cu nd ( u s , -
a ), -
u m
D at .

A cc .

A bl .

mal e ma n mal i ,
e, u n616, nOl
le, u ol
ui

I ND I CA TI V E S UBJ U NC I I V E
‘ ‘
I ND CAT V
I I E S U BJU N CT V E
I

maid mal im n ol o n ol
i m
mavi s n on v ia l
n o is

ma lt vu malit non vul t nol

it
P resen t
malm u us maIM us nol
u m us no l
I us m
ma ltivu s maliti a n on v ul
tis n ol
itis
mi l iut n el
unt nol
int

maIEb m a mall m e nol

é ba m nol
le m
malé bi s mallé s nol
é bis né l
lés
malé b t a mall t e nol
é bat no e ll t
Imp f ct
er e
malé bi m us mIIEm
'
zI us n ol
é bi m us no l
lé m us

malé bi ti s mi lleti a nol

éb é tis nol
lé tis
malé b t an mallnt s nol
é bant nol
lent

[malam] [né l
s m]
nol
és
mal t e no el t
Future
malem us nol
é m us

maleti e no l
é tis
mal t ca né l
ent

P erfect t e ns es re gu lar . Perfec t t en s es re gular .

2 18 LATI N P R I M E R
e

I m
m
u r tv a
s c uu ut

P resent no li né l
ite
s al
ad
F uture
PA arI cI rL II
tro l
l” a dl
u m
Pres e nt o st
en
INPI NIT I VE
P rese nt m
all s none

Pe rfec t M 13133:

do, dare dedi

, , datus
T h is b de v ia tes fro mthe firs t co nj ugatio n p rincipally in that its a
v er

is o fte n s h o rt in s it ua tio ns w h er e th e firs t co n uga tio n w o ul d cal

j lfo r l .

A CT I V E PAS S I V E
I ND I CA T I V I I ND ICA TI V E S UIII UNCT I VII
de m
deris

det datur
P t

da tis d imini
dent dentur
darem da bar darer
da reris

I m a I
de but dabitur

da bi mus dare m us ds ba mur daré mur

da bi tis daretis dabi mi i

n daré mi i
n

dabuntur

ds bere

F uture
dabi mus
dab itis
dab unt dab untur
P erfect te ns es regula r ( e x cept ing t h at th e a o f datus is s h o rt) .
 LAT I N P R I M E R 2 19

I M PE RA TIVE
PL U R AL SI NGULA R PLU RA L
P rese nt d1 .
‘
t e damini
do lor
F utu re data da ntd da tor da ntor

PA RTI C PLE
I

P rese nt
P erfe c t "y m
F uture da m“ n , «I ,
I NPI NI TI VE
Pres en t da i r
P e rfec t
Fu ture da tfl m a s: da tu mI f !

GE R UND GE R UND VE I

G en . da ndl dandua , 1 , m
D at da ndé
m
.

da ndu
A bl. da ndd

edo, Ease ( ed ere) edi 65 113

, ,

Th e pe culiarit ies o f edo are due to th e fa c t th t its regul ar fo rms are a

o fte n co n t ra c t e d as in th e infin itiv e bo v Oth e rw is e th e v e rb c o n

a e

fo r m s to th e th ird co nj u ga tio n a nd o nl y so m
.
,

u c h o f it i
s h e r e giv e n as

is needful to dis p l ay th e c o n trac t ed fo rm

,

s .

A CT I V E PAS S I V E
I ND I CA T I VE S UEJ U NCT IV E I ND CA TI VE S U B J UNC I I VE
I
‘

edo edo r e da r

ede ris ediris

e ere d edi o r
es u t r edi tur

edi t editur

edi m us edl us m edi m ur

t
es is e dimi i n e di mi in
edi ie t
eda nt
2 20 LA TI N P R I M E R .

A CTI VE PAS S I VE
I ND I CA TI V E S U BJ U N CTI VE I ND I CA T I VE S U BJ UNCT I VI
edGb a m edGbar ederer

edGbI s e dGblr is
ede ré re

edebat ed eb dtur essé tur

Im o dorat
e r
p ec t
f
e dEelmut ede ri m ur

ede re m u

e deh ltis ederetis e debi mi in edaré mi i n

es se nt ederentur

I M PE RA T I VE
PLU R AL s I NoU LA n

P rese nt 63 ( )
ede es te ( edits ) dere
m)
e

F utu re ( riot: ( d i e

tdu n w d u s ter

, i l
fero ferre, tul atu s ,

ACTIV E PAS S I VE
I ND ICA TI VE I ND I C A T I VE S us nm crm
'‘
S U BI U NC I I V!

fera m fe rer
ferris
fe rre feri re

P rese nt
fe ri m ur feri m ur

{eritis
fernut feruntur ferantur

fe rrer
fere ferfi fi ris fe rr eria

I m
{cre m e

ferrE m us ferEbé m ur

fc ré bi tia ferritis m
ferre ini
fer6b s nt feré bentur ferr entur
 LATI N P R I M E R 22 1

A CT I VE PA S S IVE
I ND I CATI V E I ND IC AT IVE

fersr
ferEs fe ré ris
fe ré re

F utu re fe r “ feré tur

fe ré m us fe ré m ur

fe ré mi i
n

fe re nt fe rentur

P e rfe ct t e ns es re gula r .

I M PE R ATI VE
SI NGULA R PLU R AL SI NGULA R P LU RAL
Pr es e n t fe r fe rt e fe rr e m
fe ri ini

F ut ure w
f d

P A RT C I LE
I P

P res en t fe ré ns
P rfe ct
e Iatus , ~a -
m
u

m
,

F uture l
ata .
-
a, '10 ”

I N FI N ITIVE
Pres ent fe rre fe rri
P e rfe ct
F utu re l
d tIZr us esse

G ER U NI) GER UND V EI

Ge n . ferendus , -
a, ~
m
u

D at .

A oc .
f er e ndu m
A bl .
f m
er do

S UPI NE

Imm1 a , 111 12
222 LAT IN P R I M ER

m ueTL faa us su m

P rese nt
[fil m]

m
fi

fit

I m
pe rfect
fidbltis

m
fiet
F uture
m ”

fient

P erfect tenses ide ntica l t th o se o f th e

wi h pass ive of M 6
.

I M PE RA TI VE
81 mm : PLU R AL
P rese nt ti fits

PA R TI C I PLE
P e rfec t factns, -
a, ~
um
I NPI NITI VE
P rese nt fieri

F uture [f ad a mt r! )f ut fi r u : a re,
f or :
 WORD L IS T

Th e nu mb e rs Indica t e th e E x rci
e se s in wh ich w rd ia o s de fined o r use d in so m e

s pe c I a lw a y .

3 . sh, pr p it i e os o n, us e d with th e a via ,

-
is , E , 43 .

a bl t iv c 5 6 R l
a e as e , , u e. avus ,
o
i, M .
, 2 2.

ab acidd, a b s cide re , a b sc idi, a b aci

su a, 53 bi ca s e F 4 -

be ll um i N 5 4
.
. , , .
,

acc ip io, accipe re , accé pi, accept us, -

bo nus a um1 4
, , .
, .

54 . ,
-

,
-
, , 65 .

i cer , cre 5 65
i cris , a , 2, .

icriter dv rb 5 66 a e 2, ca do cadere ce c idi eis un I 7, 4 3

cael um i N 24
, , . , , , , .

ad pr p , iti ed with th cc os o n, us e e a usa ,

-
, .
, .

t iv c 1 e as e , 2 . canis is M d P 46
,
-

, . an .
, .

a diu 7 6 adiu v ar e adiuv i a diII tus cap io ca pe r cep i ca p tus

’

, , , , , e, , , 49 .

38 ca psa ae F I 3 ~

r r adoriri adortus sum69

.
, , .
, .

ado io ca put cap itis N 49

cas te ll um i N 66
, , , . , , .
, .

age r a gr i M 0 1 -

castra 6rumN 5 6
, , .
, .
, , .
, .

a grico la se M 6 - -

um 4
, , .
, .
, , .
, .

a l b us a ,
-
,
-
, 1 . cauda s e F 9 ,
-
, .
, .

al
iq ui ( al
iq uis ) , al
iq ua, al
iq uod ca ve a ae P 8 ,
-
, .
, .

( a liquid) 1
7 . ce l
eriter dv rb 2 5 66 a e

m39
, , , , .

a l tus -
a, u 65 oens , ~
s e, F 28 .

mittb imitt
-

mi i imi
, , , . .
,

i , ere , i s , ss us , cé teri, ~
s e, -
a, 38 .

67 . l
C a udia, a s, F , 6 . .

an i c lla ,
-
s e, E , 1 9. coe p i.
3!
annus, -
i, M .
, 48 . cbg nOsc é , cogn Os cere, cbgnOVi, cd
apud pr p it i u d with th
, e os o n, se e ac gnitus , 6 1 .

ti c 66
c usa ve ase , . cgo o, cog ere , ooé gi, ooi c tus , 70 .

a q ua se I 4 ,
-
, . 001118 , -
is , M .
, 42 .

arbo r o ris P 3 coll oc o coll ocare collocavi co llo

7
-
, , .
, .
, , ,

ar ea s e F 3 -
catus 38
it er i tra stru m5 7 65
, , .
, .
, .

, col
dnus , -
i, M 67
c ol umba
, , , . . .
,

audio audire audiv i auditus o ae , F 1 8.

s ,
m6
-

mmbt
, , , , , .
,

5 1, 66, 67, 7 2 co us , ~
a, ~
u 0

mplo mp lé coml m
.
, .

I nt. c j ct o n un io n, 7 1 co e co re , co
au te mp
.
,

tp t v co nj nct i n
, os os i i e u o , 39 .
plé tua, 1 9 .

avia , -
s e, P .
, 2 2. oonch a, ae, P , 7 -
. .

2 23
2 24 LATI N P R I M E R

cbuor, cM ri. cl
inatus s u m7 0 duodev ich i us , m a, u m7 2.

m6 m
- o

mp i
, .
,
‘

c6ns f1 cunsfi ere, c 6ns 11 s duodé v iginti, 5 9

mpt
, , .

cansu us , 4 5 .

oonv enid, co n eni e, co nv eni, co n v r E, ex . pr po sit i n e o , use d with th e abl

e !

v e ntus , 50 t iv case I O
e

m9
.
, .

coq uus , «
i, N .
, 28 . Eb rius , .
a, -
u , 2 .

co rb ula as It I «
edo, es se ( ede re) Edi, Gaus , 28 , 43
mi
, , , .
, .

co rv us i M 30 ego , R l 2 0, 2 1 , u e.

mb mr emf mp t 7
.
.
, , .
, ,

c ri s, adv rb 1 5 e e e e e, e us , 2 43
imp tp itiv c j c t i
, . , , , .

cu lina a s P 28 en os os e o n un o n, 40
c umc o nj unc t io n 2 2 m
, , .
, . , .

ed, ire , ii, itu I I, 2 2, R ent 39,

cump re pos itio n use d with th e ah
, , .
, ,

, , 5 6
1,7 .

la t iv case 5 20 R m 49 R m
e , , ,
e , , e , eq ues . d tb . 64 .

5 9 N te o e q uus 4. u» 9. 64
cunae i ram mpb mp m
, . . .

, 8 -

, . Gra , é ru ere, erupt, eruptu ,

cur dv e rb 7
a 35 . 43
m
, , . .

c urrb, curre re, cucurri, cursu , to , Gs eendd. Es co ndare , esos ndi, iacé n
0
3 . 4 3~ M 37. 4 3
todiv i m
¢

cus t odio , c us tbdire, c us , ct, c o nj un ct io n , 2.

toditus , 62 exercitus , iis , M 53

mb
-
. .
, .

cy a, -
ae , r .
, 6 .

fa cil
e, ad e v rb , 66 .

d6, pr p s it i n
e o o , use d w ith th e a bl a facib , fa cere , fé ci, factus , 49, 5 1 ,
tiv case 7 2
e Re m S ee al
so fi b

m47
. . .
,

dece fero, fe rre tuli li tus 44 , 5 1 , 62, 67

im m68
, , .
. ,

dec us , 4 ,
c
u , . fil
ia, 4 e, 1
5 .

dé fess us . 4 w n. 14 filina, fil i, 15

m64
o
. .

deus, i, -
M .
, 68 . fili, fie ri factus su , , .

61 ; M s. fibrin. 37
Re m m
fluct , dis . 53
h um
. .

dié s , dié i, at a n dF 59 i ian, n s, N , 55

mi
~
. . . .
, .

diu, ad ve rb , 25 , 66 . {011 .
r 34 °

fortasse , adv erb, 62 .

fo rtis. 48 . c . 5 2. 65 -
.

docs 6, docere, docui, doctus , 5

-
fortiter, ad v erb 2
5 , 66
m mm 3 ;
.
, .

do us, P , 68 ; ( do u o frango, frange r e, fré gi, frictus, 1 5,

dom
.
,

i . 43 c

ducti, dficere, du i, ductus, x 1 2, 43, r

f ate r tris M 41
mt m
-

m
.
, .
,

64 ; ( :
7 5 , Re
I . frfi en u ,
-
i, N , 60 . .

duo, duae, duo, 38 fuga, -

a e, r 68
m
. .
, .

ingib. fug e re fi g 38 . 48
duodec i , 5 9
?
im m7 m
. . .

duodec us , -
a, -
u , 2. flirti , adv er b 33 . .
 LAT I N P R I M E R 22 5

into , is ta, is tud, 7 t .

ita , adv e , 4 8 rb .

garb gerere geas i

, , , geatua, 54 , itaq ua , c j ct i n
o n un o , 8 .

g ladius i M 65 iter itine ris N , 49

grem ium i N 20
-
, , .
, . , , . .

-
.
, , .
,

ia cobiacé re , ia cui, 5
, .

l
u bed h a bé re, hs h ui habitus 2, 6, is cio, ia ce re , ié ci, iactus , 1 5, 48
m dv rb
.
, , ,

I 5, 1 8, 1 9, 2 2, 25, 29 an d an d ia , 35
a e , .

Ru th 34 64 . 67 . 7 2 .
iub eo, iubé re , iuss i, iuas us , 5 8
'
.

h a b itd, h ab iti re , h a b iti v i, h a b iti I til

ia , ae, F , 4 -

m37
. .

tu
m3
.

h a ré na, 7 s e, P l
ae tus , a, u - -
2

m
-
.
,
.
, .

, adv e
h and p roenl rbi l phr a ase , 66 . l
ateb ras , i ru -
, E , 25 .

he rba ae 2 ,
-
, . l at ed , l
a té re , l
atu i, 3 .

he ri dv rb I 7
, a e , . l
ectus , i, -
M .
, 20 .

h ie h a ec h oe 70
. , .
l
e gib, 6nis , F , 68 -
. .

h odié dv rb I 6
, a e , . ibe nter, adv e , 66
l rb .

h ora 5 0 F 45 l ibe r b ri M 1 2
m
~ -
, ,

ibe ri 6rumM 2 2
, , .
, . , . .

ho i M” 9 r
‘
s ' l ,
~
, .
, .

h os tis is It nd a 54 litu s o ris N 37

h um
- -

l ocus i M ( pl l oca 45mm

, , . .
, , .
, .

i 48 , .
,
-
, . u .
, , 35 .

l ongé dv rb 5 8 66 a e

l ongus a um1 4
, .
, ,

Ib i, ad e v rb 1 6.

m mid m5 5 m5 3;
- -

, , , , .

'
ide ea de iide re , III s i, l
III dd, l
‘

e us u c
f 4
m35
, , , .
, . .

idbneus , -
a, ~
u , . Iitdus , i, -
M .
, 1 2.

g r p tp itiv c j nc ti n 5 7
i itu , os os e on u o , . 16112 , a s, E , 24 .

ig nis is M 42 -
l up us i M -
1 6.

l utum i N
, , .
, .
, , .
,

iII e illa tl l
ud 70 1 8.

im
-
, , , .
, , .
,

pe rator 6ris M 5 3 l ux l ucis F 58

im
-
, , .
, .
, , .
, .

pet us iis M 5 3 -

m t m64
, , .
, .

In pr po iti e d with th bl tiv s o n , use e a a e a es us , -

a, -
u

mgi t r t i
, , .

c 2;
ase , d w ith th cc tiv use e a usa e a s e -
r M 1 2.

mg m 4 65
, , .
,

c t 1 7 ; f 64 68
ase , o, c a n us , a, u 1

mi r mi r mi ; mgn
- -

m
, .
, , .

I ndi, 6ru M 59 a o a o a us se e a us

mild m mil i 3 4 7
-
.
, , .
, , .

inq uit, inq uiunt, 4, 7 i ll s, u 1,

mil m i
.
, , .

l
insu a a s , 45 u N 11

ml
-

Interim dv rb 26 m 5 65
.
, .
, , .
,

a e a us , a, u 1

mi
- -
, , .
, , .

inve nio invenire inv 6ni inventus n e, ad e v rb 57

m
, , , , , .

23 50 anna, II s , P 64
ps um5 5
-
, . .
, .

i98 1 i M ircel
la, «
a s , It , 8
m34
. , ° .

iritus , -
a, -
u Ma rcus ~
i, M 4, 9, 13

m
.
, , .
, .

is , es . id, 28 , 59 . ars , -
is , N , 4 2
M ER — I t
. .

L A TI N PR I
2 26 LAT I N P R I M E R
0

mat r tri 4 e s, P , 1 occidb, occ ide e, cecidi, occis os , I 6, r

mi t imb i m i N 64
-

, . .

mm 43
r n u

mxim m mg m 68'
-
, , ,
. . .

a us , ~
a, -
u ; se e a nus 4 “

mli r i i ; b
. : 9 s

e o -
o r, o
us se e o nus oc tb. 4 7

mé
. .
,

nsa , a s , r I. 611111 , ad e v rb 1 9.

m m mi
.
, ,

eus , ~
a, ~
u 21 o n a, ~
is , -
e, 60
mil iti pp idumi
. .
,

es, 55
.
s, M O N 1 7.

mili i mN ) p m46 t im m;
.
, .
, , .
,

a u as s uu op us -
a, -
u se e bonus
mi im
-

m; p v
, .
, . , .

vis
mm
n us , a, o
u se e a r us. o i s, P 62
mi mi r m
-
, .
, .

nor, i p wn no nus ; se e a s. is N»
m m 7 65
’

mi
, :

ser, e ra, 1

mittb mitt mi i mi
-
, , .

, 43 ere , s , s sus, 1 I , , paene, ad e v rb 64 , .

5 1 , 60, 67, 7 2 para, pa rira pa ravi paritus , 5 3

m d mé m m it m4
. , , .

o ne o n re, o nui, on ua, parvus «

11 , u 1 65
mili
-

m
, , , , .

20 passus , dis , M ; se e a passuu

m r mri i m it m69
. . .

oro o t or us s u t r t ris
pa e
~
M 41
mrt m5
, , , . , , .
, .

o uus , a, u 1 pat er a ae -
F 28

m m
-

m dv rb
, . , , .
, .

oz , a e 22 patior. Patti. P ua su . 69

ml i r i i
.
, .

u e -
er s , 67 pa uc i 4 0 a , 46
-

ml ti
, . , , .

20, 6 a I O o t d v rb ial p h rase , 62

u ,
-
ae , .
a, 5 .
p u p s , a e .

pit . pi cia. a
mc j cti
. 5+
11a , o n un o n, 1
5 .

pecun i
a -
ae , F 20.

ml
, .
,

t
nau a, a s , M .
, 1.
po io t, pe io r , peius ; see a us .

ni vis , -
is, P .
, 45 .
er
p , pre po s it i n used with o , th e a ccu
n6, c nj unc t i n 68 R ul e
o o , , . na t iv c e23 as e ,

m37
.

~
ne int rr gativ pa rtic l e o e e,
35 R ule t itu
, , .
p er err s ,
-
a, ~
u , .

neq ue ( ne e) co nj un c t i n 48 pervenire
, o , .
perv e nio, p e rv é n i per
m65
, ,

nidus , -
i, M 33 r eu u t
ml
,

im m;
. .
.
,

noctu, a d e v rb , 63 .

pess us , -
a, -
u see a us .

b, nbl
nbl le, u bl
ui, 31 , 4 7, 5 1 , 67 patd, pet e r e petiv i, petitus , 72
m
.
, .

11611, ad e v rb 16
Pfize r . e ra. s u 1 7. 65
m68
, .
.

nbnus , a, u il
p a 4 6 F 1 4
. -

t m
, .
. , , . .

noste r ~
tra, o
ru 21
p isc is, is, M 42
m 68 ml ti
-
, , . .
, .

t bru
nos ri, o
M p l
fi ré s p l
u ré s p l
fi ra ; se e u
no v em4 7
, .
, .
, , ,

a nd 65 , No t e

m mlti
, . .

nox noctis 56 p l uri i -

s e, -
a ; se e u

mi N
, , .
, .

ni
ibé s, ~ is , F., 57 pbculu 29

m6
-
.
, , .

il
ni l
us , 4 1, u 2. poen as dé da e dedi datus 12 r
mq m dv rb m
-

, , , , , .

nu ua , a e , 71 .
po l
lice or, pol
licé ri, pol
licitus su ,

nun c, a d e v rb , 6, 35 , R e al . 69 .

ports , ae , P 17
-

m8 mp
.
, .

a’ u 2 pos s u osse , potui, 31 , 4o

’ -

, ‘ , .
 I
LAT N P R M E R I 2 27

poet ; s e e pa ul
b po s t . quoq u e , a d er v b , 46 .

pos tei v rb 70 ad e

rimus i M
.
, ,

p os tré rn b dv rb 67 a e .
c

34
m
, , , , .
, .

fi dv erb 64 rap io rape re p ui rap t us

p b a ta 32, 4 8,
p rimus m68
, , .
, , , ,

4 -
u 5 1 , 63, 67 , 72
reditum62
, , , . .

p rocul; see b a ud p ro enl . r o deo, edi e , edii, r r r , .

p roficiscor, p roficisc i, p ro fec tus re l

inq ué , re linq uer e reliq ui te

m69
, ,

su l
ictus , 7 2
mitto m
, . .

p rope pr p it i e os o n, used with th e ac re re itt ere, re

mi
, ,

ti c 50
c usa ve as e , . s s us, 54 .

p ro pe ro, prOpe ri re, p roperi v i, p ro r65 rei, 59

m
, .

peritu , 36 . ré x , ré g i s, M .
, 63 .

p ue l
la, 4 0, n , 2 . ripa 4 c a , , , 30 .

p uer eri M 1 0 rivu s i M 30

mm
. -
.
, , .
, , , .
, .

p ug na 4 0 F 72 , , .
, .
, 4 e, x.

p ugno p ugni re , , p ugni v i, p ug ni

turn 52 sa ep e, a d e v rb 44
p ul c h er c h ra 4 11mm2 7 65
, .
, .

-
, , , . sa g itta 4 e, F 2 6.

miN 7
, , .
,

p upa 4 e a 2 sa x u 1

il 4 m
-
, , , .

m
, , .
, .

p uto puti re p utiv i p utitus 6r sc a e, 3

m
, , , , .
, .

c
se undus , 4 u , 68

m68
-
, .

—
q ui rtus, 4 u se curis , is , F 51
m) d cim mm
-
, , . .
, .

q ui rtus ( 4 -
u e us, 4 s ed, c j nct on u io n , 8
m5 9
, , , .

72 sé dec i

m5
.
, .

ua ttuor s ede o, sed é re, s é di, sess u

q , 47

m5 9
.
, .

q uattuordeci se lls 4 0 F 4
se p t em4 7
, . , , .
, .

-
q ue, o n c j cti n 24 un o

m5 9
, . , .

q ui, in e t rr g t iv pr n quia
o a e o no u : s ee se p tendeci

p tim m68
.
, .

q ui, q uae quod r l tiv pr n e a e o o un , se us , -

a, -
u

p tim ( cm
, , , .

4 9. 62 se ) us 4 u rn de ius 4
-

m7
.
, , ,

q c j c ti n 7
uia , o n un o u 2

quidamquaedamq uoddam( q uid

-

q ui secfitus s um
, . , .

se q uo r, so

m) 5 7
, , , ,

da s ex , 47
q i d cim5 9 m68
, . .

u n e se x tus 4 -
u

m) d cim
, . , , ,

m
.

quinq u e, 47 . s extu s ( 4 ,
-
u e us , 4 ,
-
u ,

Quin t us J M 9, r3 72
mm68
, , .
, . .

quint us 4 si l va 4 e, F 1 6.

m) d cim m mi
, , , . , .
,

q u int us ( 4 ,
~
u e us , 4 -
u si a , 4 e, 3
iml
, , .

72 . s u , ad e v rb , 72 .

(q uis ) q ui. quae ( quid) q uad . . ia s ine, p p it i re os o n, use d with th e ab

te rro gntiv e pr n 60 ; l o no u , a so 6 l t iv c 64
a e ase , .

( q uid) sol
es. 4 e. 4 .
2 28 LA T I N PR IM E R

so ro r , 6 ris ,
~
4 r. nuns, 4 ,
-
u m6 , 2 .

s pé l
unce , 4 o, :9.

“ti s nt, ad e v rb , 55 .

ste l
la, 4 c , in, 24 .

s tuns , J , M ., r3.

s ub , pre pos itio n , used with th e ab

h tiv e cu e , 3 .

sub itb, ndv erb, 37

mi N
.

subsel
lin ,
-
, . , 12 .

m
cul
, si bi
mmw
,

o a n2
' m
. .

40v 5 u , 4 0, r .
, :9 .

M IN G, “s tink s , i ns tinct , ous at, co nj unctio n , :9.

tentus, 63 . an , 4 e, r .
, 23.

ts berns , 4 o, u
mJ mé
.

mm
ta bernicnl n, , N, . n fldus, 4 ,
-
n r .

“
,

ta b nl
s, 4 e , In, :3 4.» PW
mp th 4 th
.

te u , , v ehe enter, ndv erb, 4z

.

b h t t
unc t d a n ra, en 2. M o re. v ix i. v ectus . i s. 43
t t mJ
, , »

er u 3 r 64
tm
.
, , .

e & , 4 0. In, 1

torreb , to rré ro, ten n1, -

territus , 8
.

tertius 4 d un. 68
m) d im m
.
. .

tertius ( 4 , 4 ec us , 4 , 4 ,

7 2

timed timers tim

.

ui
, , , 3.

44
m5 9
mmm
tredeci , .

md
m
tu n v e rb , 1 2.

mn
,

o t ’

st. 5 5
4 . 6. 64 . 67 . 7 %

volo vall e vo l ui
, , , 3,
x 46, 67 .

v 61 , v bcis, 62 .

ub i, ndv erb , 4 . v ul
p é cuu . d o. I n. 23
 A PPE N D I X I

THE P R ONUNCI A TI ON OF LATI N

Al ph abet l p h ab e t is like th e E n g l is h
Th e L atin a ,

e xc e p t in g th a t it l a c ks th e l e tt e rs j a n d w ; m
.

o re o v e r k , ,

a n d z a re l ittl e u s e d in L a tin
y ,
.

S ound s L at in s pee c h s o un d s are o f tw o g e n eral c la sse s ;

nam
.

e l y Co n s o na n t a n d V o w e l
,
.

NOTE . Th e l e tt e r i h as tw o uses : so mtime es it is to b e r ead

as a c o ns o na n t ,
so mt im e e s as a v o wel . It
r e a d as a c o n
is to b e
so na n t (a ) w h e n it stand s be t w e e n vo w e l s w it h in a w o rd a s in ,

eius and (b
) w h en it b egin s a w o rd and is fo ll o w e d b y a vo wel
m
,

as in ia .

Consonan ts Th e c o n so na n t s o un ds of L a tin a re ex

m
.

p re s s e d by b ,
c, d ,
f, g h , , i, k , l , ,
n, q r s t v x a nd
p, , , , , , ,

2 . Ne arl y al
lo f
th e s e l e tt e rs a re s o u n d e d a s in E n g l is h ,

b u t th e p ro n u nc i
a tio n o f th e fo ll o w in g re q u ir e s s p e c ia l
no t ic e :
b ,
w h en fo l l o w e d b y s, o r t, s as in sat
( ne ve r as in bu sy
is so u n ded as p ; as in o r s u re
) .

21 e a n d o btineo
‘

. t as in tin ( ne ve r as in ra

c as in (
cu t ne v e r a s in cen t
) . tzo
'
ml)
z .

g as in g et ( n e v e r as in g em ) . v as w in w ind .

i as y in y et .

R EM A RK Th e l e tte r q is fo u nd o nl y in th e c o mb inatio n q u
. .

He r e ( and so m e times in th e c o m b ina t io ns gu and en) th e l e tte r u

re pr es e nt s v and m us t be so p r o no unc e d
, .
23o LAT I N P R I M E R

Vow el
s . The vo w el s o un ds of La tin are re pre se nted by
a, 0, u, and y .

No ra r. th e r lo ng o r sh o rt A lo ng vo wel
Vo w e ls my ba e ei .

is in dicat ed by writing a straig ht l ine a bo ve th e l ett e r as E A

s us uall y unm is so me tim
, .

s ho rt vo we l i arked but th e s ign es used ,

as a .

No n: 2 . By g two d iffere nt vo we ls t o ge th er into a

runnin

s ingl e so und a , d iphtho ng is pro d uce d Th e princ ipa l diphth o ngs .

o f Latin are ac , e u, and en .

T h e La t in vo w e l a nd dip h th o ng so unds are a s fo l l o w s :

a as a in f a rt/( t r 6 as o in f orty
m
.

md
.

i as a in a /r l . fl as u in t .

G as e in tq fi as u in p u t
m
. .

'
é as e in l
et y as Ge r l
an a

m / im
. .

I as i in ar r . as as y in b y .

i as i in au as o n in o ut.

o as o in ( o ne . eu as mi f md n l

Syl
lab l es . A La tin w o rd h as as my an s
y ll a b l es as it
h as v o w e l s o r dip h t h o ngs .

I n d iv id in g a w o rd int o s y l l ab l e s ( a ) a s in g l e c o ns o nan t ,

g o e s w ith th e fo ll o w in g v o w e l as e— go ; ( b) a gro up o f ,

c o n so nan t s is us ual l h a re d be tw ee n tw o sy l l a b l es as
y s

my
,

due tus -
an d soll
a -
B ut to t his las t t h e re are an e x c ep

t io ns w h o l e c o ns o n an t gro up s so e tim m
.

, e s b ein g p ro no unc e d

wit h th e fo l l o w in g v o w e l2

Len gth of Sy l la b l es S y l lab l es ma

y be ei th e r l o ng o r .

s h o rt .

1 The di phtho ng a is the r infrequ n t combinatio ns a e

no t o fte n fo und . Two o e r

« an d as see n i w ) ? nd h i n T h s l tt r diphth n g h v th
e a u nd f
uc . e e a e o s a e e so o

La int a nd L tin i + l p o n un
a d ra pid ly nd with tr s n th se co n d
, r o ce a s es o e

v o we L

3 As a rul f p rinted t xts it is c s to mry in dividing w rds t p ut with th

e or e . u a o o e

fo ll wi g v w l llth c n n nts that n b p r no unce d with th t vo wel s

o n o e a e o so a ca e o a a

m
,

cw b a nd
a
f gu
ar -
 LA T I N PR I M E R 2 3r

Lo n g are ( ) th
a o se w h ic h c o n t a in a l o ng vo w e l or a

d ip h th o ng ; as té , a nd th e firs t s y ll a bl e o f s ae -

pe o r au -
te m :

( b) th o s e in w h ic h a s h o rt vo w e l is fo ll o w e d in th e sa m e

wor d by tw o or m o re c o n so nan t s , or by ei th e r 1 or z ;
1
as

th e firs t s y ll a b le of ten d6, -

a
a n d nox . B u t, b y e xc e p t io n , a

sy ll ab l e in w h ic h a s h o rt v o w e l is fo l l o w e d in th e s ame

wor d by a mt u e ( c, g t d f p o r b ) a nd a l iq u id ( 1 o r r )
, , , , ,

3
is l ly s h o rt
us u a .

S h o rt are th e s y ll a b l e s w h ic h c o n t ain a s h o rt v o w e l n o t
fo ll o w e d in th e s a m e w o rd b t w o or m o re c o n so n an t s ; as
y
th e tw o s y ll a b l e s o f t o sa -
.

R EM A R K . D ist ingu ish

r lly b etwee n lo ng v ow eland l o ng c a e fu

sy l
la bl
e, no t ing ( a s s h o w n a bo v e ) th at th e vo we l o f a l o ng sy ll abl e

my b a e it se l f s ho rt .

A ccent L at in w o rd s o f tw o s y ll ab l e s are a c c e n te d u p o n
th e firs t sy ll a b l e ; a s m
.

é nsa W o rd s o f g re a t e r l e n g th are , .

a c c e n t e d u p o n th e l a s t s y l l a b l e b u t o n e if th a t b e l o n g
nus m
, ,

o th e rw is e u p o n th e p re c e d in g s ll a b l e ; as col
y é a gi s t er , , ,

an d p até ra .

RE M AR K T h e add itio n o f cumme o r q ue c auses th e ac c e nt

.
-

, ,
-

o f th e w o rd s to w h ic h t h ey are j o ine d to sh ift to th e las t sy ll abl e

as , né b s cu i m ,
é
v id s ne, and puel
liq ue .

th
1 Bo d t d f d bl c
2
'
an t nd b i g q i l t t i
2 s an or ou e o nso na n so u s, 2
'
e n e u va en o b d,

an d pr b bly r pr
2 ti g th
o a d fd e ese n n e so u n o

N t th t th fi t yll bl
9 o e f( adé c t i ly e f th c
rs s t wh a e o en -
o n a ns o n o ne o e o ns o na n s o se

pr c mk it l g A d g t c rr t mtric l th ry y yll bl th t
es e n e a es on cco r In o u en e a eo an s a e a

t i th r by cl d d md l g O th i b i ( Z i i
.
,

en d i s c n a o ns o n a n s e e o se an a e on . n s as s , n s n

an d f it lf l g yll bl Th i fl c f th f ll wi g d li imply i th
or se a on s a e. e n ue n e o e o o n es s n e

f ct th t it pr
a c mk it
a s ry t pr
ese n e c th wi h th pr c di g a es nec e ss a o o no un e e n t e e e n

v w l ( f t da w ld b pr
o e or r n -
c bl ) th cl i g th pr c di g yll bl
ou e un o no u n e a e us os n e e e n s a e

d mki g it l g
,

an a C t n t th it ti i onwh . h fir t yll bl i o n ras e s ua on n e re t e s s a e s

op d h rt th r b i g
e n an s f ll wi g c
o . t t f rc th b ck i t th t
e e e n no o o n o ns o n an o o e e a a n o a

fir t yll bl
s s a e

mt d h q id
.

B c th e a u se t pl t )
e b th r dily b p
u e an u r e c. c an o so ea e ro

lw m
, ,

no u nced wi h th f l g v w l th
t l vi g th pr c di g yll bl p
e o o d o e , us ea n e e e n s a e o e n an

sh rto .
 A PPE ND I X 11

COLLOQUI AL p an as as

( T ea c her: who mk a e use o f thi mterial will in m c ses fin d it necessary t

s a so e a o

e xplain to their cl ass es th e fo r m nd yn t x of the ph r mpl yed )

a s a as e e o

A ss a m
sci icet, ol f co u rs e .

m iméax v é ro, y e: indeed .

E XCL A M AT I ON
'
mm
Mn til? w /I a t : ( l
ia r ! Eh eu, a as l
'
ecce rcu s e e, (l
ee re : ca ge g o od I bra v o !
m“
, ,

Ma . nfigas , no ns e ns e I

GR E E T I NG , E TC .

v ( sa v ers ) g o od m
sal e
!
o r n ing g o od day e tc

va mt5 adv enisse gaudeo I mg la d y o u v e

.
, ,
'
sal a rr iv e d
’

q uid a g is ?
( g
a i tis [ro w d o y o u do !
q uid a g it u r ? h o w g o es it

v alé ( v al é te ) g o od by
,
-
.

c fira ut v al eds ta ke ca re of y o u rs e l
, f .

cfirlte ut v al entis ta ke ca re of y o u rs el
, v es .

R E Q U E ST , E TC .

pr ope ra ( p
p m er dte ) , obsecro, do h u rry .

bl ck f ced ty p th u b cket
W o rds in a -
a e s ra e d are th e co rrespo nding pl ra l u s, to b e
used wh n mr th n n p r
e o e n i
a dd
o e e so s a resse d .

233
 LAT I N P R I M E R 2 33

q ul
n :

quin curd s ( ? curritis ru n , ly o u

w il
ml
.

a b in hinc ? ( s in g u lar ) beg o n e f ro ze r e . Fo r p l u ra l , us e

m
,

dis cé dite s i p ly .

M I S CE L L ANE OU S

add e ( addite ) gr ad um[za n y up , .

bene est, g o od I
’
mg ld t a e c

m t mihi i
.

md
,

certu es re , I
’
ve a e u m
p y mi dt n o
g a.

icb, i
il mmdi t l ins ta nter
m)
ye a e

ml
.
,

a e nar ras ( n ar tis , tha t :

’
ba d, I
’
m s o rry to [tea r it, e tc .

'
nila gis ( agitis ) it s no us e
, .

facio ( w ith a c c u sa tive ) I do n t

’
nOn ca re a s tra w
f o r.

m m
,

quid 86 fac tu est ? w /za t h a s bec o e o f l

zi m7.

o, w it/z ri
sedul / o o d w il
l
g g
1t

m
.

ut ita dica ,
so to sp eak .
 I ND E X

( Al
lrefere nces are to pagu )

L ab : with A blat iv e of Age nt 1 4 1 , , Adje ct iv es , decl ensio n of :

R ul e First a nd Se c nd De c le nsio ns 1 95 o

f th e two fo rms 1 4 1 R em2

.
, .

use o , Thir d D ec l e nsio n Co nso n nt : a

Ste m
. .
,

A bl at iv e Case : s ( co m pa rat iv es and pres .

A b lat ive Abso l ut e 1 67 R ul e and , e nt par ticip l es ) 1 96 ; lS tems ,

o
,

m
,

Re 1 95 .

panim e nt 7 2 Re m
.

of A cco m Pre dicat e A dj e ctiv es 45 , R ul e

o n e nc y 1 4 1 R ule and Rem 1
, , .
, ,

1 65 , N 2

o f M ea ns 7 2 R ul e and R em
.
, , . . .

, , . $ 401 101 : c onj ugat ed , 2 14 .

Se e a sol in A dve rbs :

co m
.

A cc e nt : 231 . pariso n o f 1 97
mm co m
, .

affe ct ed b y th e addi io n o f t fo rm o f th para tive e , 1 73,

m
,

4 0, o r -
q ue , 231 , Re m . Re 2 .

A cco mpanim
.

en t : e x pr essed b y the A g e nc y : e x p ressed by th e a b l ativ e

ab la tiv e with cum7 2 R em , , . w ith L ab, 14 1 , R ul e and R em1 . .

a ger : cl ined 1 92
de
bj ec t o f in finit iv e 14 7 Rem1
.
,

as s u , , .
, A greem en t :

( in ind ire c t d is co urse ) 1 5 6 , of adj ect iv es 44 R ul e and R ent

, , .

R ul e o f s ubj c t and ve rb 20 R ul e I I
e

D ire c t Obj ect 20 ; 5 3 R em

.
.
, ,

, , . o f th e re la t ive p ro no u n 1 2 2 R ul e , ,

(10111 11111 with verbs o f go ing and

: a nd Re m
se nding 80 Re m
.

al
iq ui, a liquie decl in d : e 201 .

o f Ex t e nt o f Tim
, , .
,

e o r S pace 1 12 , , meaning f 1 86 Rem o , , .

R ul e 1 1 6 N, , . use o f, 1 86, N .

o f n ut er no u ns a nd adj ec t iv es ;
e al
ius : cl ens i n o f 1 97
de o N
fo rmo f 36 R em
.
, ,

, , . Al p habe t f La t in 2 29
o : .

S ee also in
i 601 de cl in d 1 96
: e
. al t er decl e n i n o f 1 97
: s o , , 11.
, . ll tiOT de cl in d 1 96
: e , .

icriter c m : pa red 1 97
o , . al to s c m : pare d 1 97
o , .

ad : with th e accusa tive case 39 , , 8 1111118 1 de cl

: ine d 1 93 , .

Re m1 . . arbor dec lin ed 1 93

: , .

A dj ect ives : audio c nj ug t ed 2 1 0

: o a .

gr ee mn t o f 44 R ul e and Rem
,

a e ant : use o f, 1 8 7. Re m
mp
, ,

co mpa ris n f 1 97 ;
. .

o 1 69 o , . au e t : os tp o siti e v w o rd , 99, N .

234
 I ND E X 2 35

bo nus : co mp are d, 1 97 ; dec ine d, [ 95 l . D ec l e nsio n : o f p ro n o u ns , 1 99.

of
pro pe r n a es , 24, N m .

canis : de c l e nsio n o f, U s Re, m1 . . t

D e fin i e a nd nde fin i e A r ic I t t l e s : ac kl
Cas e : de fine d, 15 ing in La in , t 1 9, Re m 2.

m t tiv
. .

ce l
eriter : c o mp are d, :97. De o ns ra e Pro no uns : Se e
Ci umt
rc s a nc e : e x presse d by cu m a nd h ie, i lle , is te .

th e i pe rfec m t or
pl u pe rfe c t s ub D e p o n e n Ve rb s : t 1 8 1 , 2 1 2.

j
tiv 63 R l
unc e, , u e .
p rinc ip a lp t a r s o f, 1 8 2 , Re m .

coep i with infi itiv

: 8 8 N n e, 1, 2, . dens : dec l in d e , 1 94.

06gb w ith i finit iv

: l84 n e, . dicb : fo r mdic , 1 2 6, Re m .

0011066 with in n d th bl t iv
: a e a a e dié s : de c ine d, l 1 94 .

97 R m
cas e , , e . hth g
D ip o n s : 230 and N 2
. .

Co ll q i l Ph
o 2 32
u a ras e s, . D i t Obj t
rec ec : 20, Ru l e I; 5 3,
C mp i
o ar s o n : Re m .

f dj t iv
o a 1 97 ; ec 1 69 es, . difi : co mp are d, 1 9
7 .

f dv b
o :97 ;
a
f: :73 a d R
e r s, c n e d6 : co n u j gt a e d, 2 1 8 .

mk ar s domm f thn : use o e c ase , 8 0, R e m

d m mm
. .

C j ug ti d fi d 1 6
on a on : e ne d li d
o us : ec ne 1 94 C] :do u .

m
.
, , .

i g l
rre b 15
u ar v e r s, 2 . dficb : fo r mdiic , 1 2 6, Re .

re gular v e rb s, 20 2. duo : de cl
ine d, 1 98.

conor : with infi itiv 84 n e, I

m
.

C n n t St m
o so an A dj tive e s : se e ec s, 6, ex : us e of th e tw o fo r s, 35 ,
n d Th i d D
a l nin r ec e s o . m2 Re . .

C n nt 22 9
o n so a s : . odd j g t d 219
: co n u a e , .

oornfi d l in d :94
: ec e e go d l i d 99
: ec ne :

cum
, .
, .

( nj ti ) i l u telli g
co un c on n c a ses n t f b l t iv pl l 5 8 R m
ac c e n o a a e ura e

i mt
, .
,

c rc u 63 R l s a nc e , u e. f th
use o mi t iv 60 R l
e no na e c as e , u e.

nim p tp it iv w d
, ,

p s t
i ion in t 63 R m
o s e n e nc e , , e . e : os N os e or , :0 2, .

t n f th bj n t iv
e se s o d w ith e su u c e use , 06 j gtd 6
: co n u a e , 21

f m f th p f t i di t iv
.

63, N or s o
38 e e r ec n ca e,

m( p
.
,

cu re pos itio n ) R m e .

e ffe c t
po n ac c e n o f
u t w o rd to wh i h c eat
“th i 0 R m; f 4 8
: e re s,
”
2 e c

m
, .
,

j oi
n e d,
5 8, R e ru ;
f . c 1 2 2, R m e . Re .

with uni 5 0 N , r ex ercitu s : de c ined, l :94.

Cust m y P t A t i n
, .

o ar as c o : E xte n t of Ti m e or S pace : :1 2, Ru l e,

:1 6, N .

t v Case
Da i e :

I di t Obj t 5 3 R ul
n re c ec , , e. faci e : l co mp are d, :9 .
7
D l n i d fi d 15
ec e s o n : e ne , . facio :
f dj t iv
o a 1 95 ec es , . fo r mfine , :2 6, Re m .

o f no u ns, 1 92 . s l
pe c ia p ass i e o f, I 65 N v l
m l
, . .

o f nu e ra s , 1 9 , :98 .
7 taro : c o n u a e d, 2 20 j gt .
236 I N D EX
Fif ht or E D ec
-
l ension : 1 94. ide md :v tion o f 1 38 R em1
eri a , , . .

ge nde r o f no uns o f, 1 49. tran lat i n f ne ut er f 1 38 N

s o o o

m Ide nt ity p no un f; see ide m

, , .

fil
ius : dec le nsio n o f , 46. R e . : ro o .

fil
l: co nj uga ted 2 22 , . igitur pos t p sit ive wo rd 1 45
: o

m
, .

e anin g of , 1 65 , N . 1 . ignis dec lined 1 93

: , .

t
Wi h Predica te No u n or A djec i tv e, il
le : dec l
ine d, 200.

1 65 , N 2 . . m f e o R m e .

Im
,

p tiv M d
era 6 7 e oo : 12 12

f mt i
.
,

Firs t or A Dec -
l e ns io n : 1 92. or f p at p iv on o rese n ass e , 14 1,

ge nder o f no umo f , 17 . R m e 2.

f m f th p
.

£60 : dec lined, 1 93 or t tiv l

s o e rese n ac e ac kin g
6 R m
.

( unis : co mp ared , 1 97 ; decl

ined, fi l na -
e, 1 2 , e .

1 95 .

fortiter : co mp ared , 1 97 .

Fo ur th or lCo nj ugat io n :
- 2 10 ; q : 1 31 .

1 24, Re m ” 2 1 4, fo o t no t e . general m ea nin g o f, 77 N . and

m
,

Fo urt h o r U D ec l ensio n
-
: 1 94 . Re
t ans lat io n f 78 Rem
.

ge nder o f n o u ns o f, 1 31 of h abeo; r o

m
.
,

o n o f 79 R em
, .

'
Fu ture Pe rfec t Tense : ea nin g o f, o i so n ; t ans lat i r , , .

8 5, R e m3 S ee S ub j un t ive M o o d c

in with th e ab lative case 35 Rem3

. . .

: , , .
,

Gender : define d, 15 .
97, Re m .

firs t dec lens io n 17 ; se co nd de w th th

i e

m
,

cl
ensio n, 36 ; hird dec t l e nsi
o n,
3 9 Re 1 5 0. R e m
l m l
.
, , .

95 ; fo ur th dec l
ensi o n, 1 31 ; fif th lndec linab le cardina nu er a s : 1 1 8,

l
dec ensio n, 1 49 . N , 1 49, 1 5 0
. .

Inde fin it e and D efini e A r ic t t l es lac k :

ex press in g o wne rs h ip ,32, Rul e . ing in La in, t 1 9, Re m . 2.

of fil
ius and pro p er no uns in 4 118 I nde finit e Pro no uns : 201 S ee q ui
m m
.

and ne u t e rs in J u n , 1 93, Re .
da , and al
iq ni.
Gerundi ve : 1 88 . I ndirec t D is co urse : 1 5 5.

v
mm
use o f th e re fle xi e in, 1 5 7, N. 3 .

j g t d 204
: co n u a e , . I ndi ec t Ob j ec t 5 3 R ul e
r : , .

impe f c t t ns e tra nsl

r e ati
on e , o f, 78, I nfinit ive :

Re m . th ird co nj ugat io n ac tiv ; e for mf o ,

1 08, Re m
m
.

use o f, 1 84, Re . use in in direc t disco urs e, 1 5 6,

Ho rt ato ry Su bj unc tiv e : 99, R ule . Ru le .

bu t “ : dec l
ined, 1 92 . w ith coep i, with ooze 1 84 ; ,

with coner 1 84 ; with iubeb 1 4 7 1

r

with m
. .

ib i: use o f, 48, R e m d 8 2 N ; with 11615

il , , . ,

m d li
.

ide : ec ne d, 200. 8 2 N 1 2 7 R ule ; with paro

,
.
, , ,
 I ND E X 2 37

I nfinitiv e : mi s er : c o mp are d, 1 97 ; l
de c ine d, 1 95
mitt e
.

with patior 8 ; with pos

1 31 ; 1 1 : c o nj u gt a e d, 206.

s um8 2 N ; w ith v o id 8
,

N 2, M o o d : de fine d, 16

mo
. . .
, , ,

with s bj t u t i 47 R m
ec ac c usa ve, 1 e 1, o r r : c o n u a e d, 2 1 2 j gt
ml ti
, . .

( in in di t di ) 5 6 R l
re c s c o urs e 1 , u e . u : co m
p d are , 1 97 .

I n flectio n : de fin e d, 15 .

I t n e ns i e v Pro no u n : see ips e . né : in ro duc in t g pu p o r s e c a us e s, 1 l 79 ,

I t n e rro g t iv
a e Pro no un : se e
q uis . Ru l e.

ip se : l
dec ine d, 200 .
-
no : 90, R u l e an d m2
Re . .

use o f, 1 38, Re m . 2 . e ffe c t u po n a c c e n t f w d t whi h

o or o c

I glrre u ar ad e c j ti v es an d v
a d e rb s : j o in e d, 90, R e m1 . .

co mp a re d, 1 97 . Ne ute r :
gul ar n un
Irre o s : 1 94 . I S -
tm e s, 10
5 N . a nd Re mk ar s .

I gul v b
rre ar er s : 2 1
5 . n o u ns an d j tiv
ad e c es ; fo r m of

i egu l rrp ar rese n t imp t iv e ra e ac ti ve, ac c us a ti v e c ase ,

36, R e m
m
.

1 2 6, Re . of se c o nd dec l e n s io n ; ge n iti e v

Is : l
de c ine d, 1 99 . s in g ul ar, 1 93, Re m .

use d as a n a d e c j t iv e, 1
5 0, 1 99, N 2 . .
p ro no uns : rans a io n o f n o in a t lt m
use o f no mi t iv na e c as e , 74 , N . tv
i e a nd a c c usa iv e o f, 1 38 , N t .

is te d l i n f 8 7
: ec e ns o o , 1 ,
N . neuter : de c l e ns io n o f, 1 97, N

St m
.

I -
e A dj t iv
s : se e ec es, an d Th ird no li , nol
ite : us e in h t
Pro ib i io ns ,
D l n i n ec e s o . 1 2 7, Ru l e.

j gt
m
11 616 : c o n u a e d, 2 1 7
m
.

ia : us e o f, 90, R e .

v ti f
de ri a on o 1 17
th t v 47 , .

iube o : w i in fini i e, 1 .

with infi itiv n e, 8 1 , 8 2, N .

l
ibenter : co mp a re d, 1 9
7
S ee 1161i .

mi t iv C
.

l itus : l
de c in e d, 1 93 .
No na e a se :

l ongé : co mp a re d, 1 9
7
bj t f v b
as s u 0 ec o er , 2 .

f I S t m 05 N
.

Iiix : de c l e ns io n o f, 1 4 8 , Re m . 2 .
o -
e s, 1 , .

of p lp e rs o n a ro no uns use o f, 60,

mg
;
a nus : c o mp d are 1 97 R l 74 N u e,

m
.
, , .

ild : co n u j gtd a e , 2 1 7. P di t
re N mi t iv ca e o na e, 45 , Ru l e,

v ti n f 1 1 7
de ri a o o , . 1 65 , N . 2.

with i fi itiv 8 1 8 2 n n e, N No uns : 1 92 .

mi l um d l i d 1 92
, , .

: ec ne irre gula r, 1 94

m
, .

mp d 1 97
.

al us : co are Pre dic a t e No uns , 4 5 , R ul e , 1 65 ,

mare d l i d 1 93
, .

: ec ne , . N . 2.

M ea ns : ex
p ress e d b y th e ab a l tiv e nfil
lus : de c l e ns io n o f, 1 97, N .

case, 72 m
Nu b e r : de fine d 16

mé
.
, .

nsa : l
dec in e d, 1 9 2. indica t ed by v e rb e ndin gs, 1 9, Re m
m m;
.

eus : vocat iv e case o f, 61 , Re o

'
t v e rb of u
p pr o se l
c a us e s,
5 6,
m
.

c
f 4 6, R e . Re m . 1 .
238 I ND E X
0

Nu m lse ra : 1 97, 1 98 .
p l us : dec ined, l 1 96 ; (
f 1 70, N .

cardina l; in dec inab l le . 1 1 8, N, .

pol liceor : co nj ugat ed, 2 1 2 .

1 49, 1 0.
5 Po ssessive A djec tiv es : 61
m
.

nunc : use o f, 90, Re . use o f, 61 , N , . 1 75 , fo o tno te .

Possessive Ge nitive : 32 , R ul
e

m m
.

Ob j ec t : D irec t, 20, 5 3, Re ; In possu : co nj ugat ed, 2 1 5

m
.

direc t
, 5 3, R ul e . v
deri atio n o f 101 , , Re .

Order of worth : in se n e nc e co nt with infinit ive 8 1 82 , N

taining a cumc lause
.

m m 99
, , .

-
63, Re Post positiv e wo rds : aute N;
m
, .
, , .

eni . 1 02, N ; . tgitur, 1 45 .

pu b : with In finitive 1 31 , . Predica te j t

A d ec iv es and No uns
Part icip l es : 4 5 , Ru le , 1 65 , N. 2.

pe f
rec t pan i
v e ; use o f 1 65 , . Princ ipa Par s l t of v erbs : 89 90
m
, .

p rese nt ac t i e ; dec lensio n o f v 1 96. of de po ne nts , 1 8 2, Re

m
, .

paw ns : co
p a red, 1 9
7 .
proficisoor : co nj ugat ed, 2 13.

Pro h ib itio n : 1 2 7 , R ul e
“f I de nt ity see Idem
.

Pe rfec t W P o . 1 65 : I f 31 4. Pro no u n of : .

foo tno t e . Pro n unc iatio n f La tin :29 o : .

perfec t tenses o f 1 34
m
, .

e rso na l e ndings o f 1 4 1 Re dec le nsio n o f, 24, N

p 1.

m
, , . .

pa tior c o nj ugat ed 2 1 3
: vo cat iv e and ge nit iv e o f na es in
m
.
,

with infinit ive 1 8 1 , . due, 1 93, Re .

p ue r : de c l
ined, 1 92.

m ean i
n g of , 2 7, N and Rent.
. Purpose Cla uses
p v
ass i e of, 1 34; 7
. :1 65 . in trod uced by 115 , 1 79, Ru le ; by
passive par ticip le 1 65 . at.
55 R u e . l .

Perso n : de fined, 1 6. pers o n and nu b er in,

5 6, R e m m . 1.

indic a t ed by verb endin s, g 1 9, t

subj ec o f erb in, 5 6, R ev 2 m
m
. .

Re . te nse o f subj unc tive in , 5 6, N .

of v erb in purpose cl
aus es, 6
5 ,
Re m 1 4 1110 : e fiect upo n acce n t of word to
wh ich j ine d 67 Rem
. .

Pe rso na l e ndin s : g o

m
.
, ,

fo r m fp o assi e , 1 4 1 ,v Re 1 q ui int err ga tiv e pro no un ; see q uis

: o .

m
. .

use o f, 1 9, Re re lat iv e pr n un 201 o o

1 22 R em
.
, .

Perso na l Pro no u ns : see ego, is, a nd ac ce nt o f ab la ti e o f v , , .

to . agree m e nt o f, 1 22 , R ul
e and R e m .

m
p ig er : co pare d, 1 97 ; dec lin ed, 1 95 be ginning n ew sen e nc e , 1 5 9. t
m m
.

Pl ace : in to W hic h, t l
35 , R e po s i io n in c a use , 1 5 9, Re
md
.

m m
.

Re . 1 ; to Wh ic h 39 , , Re . 1; q uida : ec lined , 201 .

use o f, 1 44, N .

q uis : l
dec ine d, 20 1 .

use o f, 1 5 3.
 I ND E X 2 39

ra p id : c o n u a e d, 208 . jgt au n : t “th ere are,

”
20, Re m; c
f :4 8 ,

R e fle x i v e Pro no uns : 1 99 an d N . 1; Re m .

se e a so uni. l S yll bl a es :

Re l tiv
a e Pro no un : see q ui . divi i n f w d i t
s o :30 o or s n o, .

ré s : de c ine d,l 1 94. l gth f 2 30

en o , .

S yn p i f th V b 8 7
o s s o e er : .

S e c o nd or E Co nj ugatio n : 204
-
.

Se c o nd or O D ec l e n s io n : 1 92 T e ns e de fine d, 1 6.

ml
-
.

ge nde r o f no u ns o f, 36 .
of th e s ub un c i e j tv in cu -
c aus es,

g tv
e n i i e c ase o f, 1 93 , Re m . 63, N ; in purpo s e c a us es, 5 6, N
. l .

v o ca tiv e c as e o f, 4 1 , 1 93, Re m . h
T ird D e c e ns io n : e nder o f no unsl g
s ed e o z t ra ns a l ti on of th e p e rfec t o f, 95 .

tn
e se o f, 2 7, Re m . C o nso na n t St m e s : l
de c ine d, :93 .

us : de c e n s io n o f, 1 97,
s bl l N . I ~ S te rns : d lin d ec e , :93 .

S pac e or Ti m e : ac c usa tiv e of Ex t t en l

c ass es o f, 1 0 5, N .

o f, 1 1 2, Ru l e ; 1 1 6, N . e ndin s o f, 1 05 , g Re mt ; . 1 63,

S ub j t ec : N .

ac c usa tiv e c ase, 1 5 6, Ru l e, 1 4 7, n eu e rs t ; fo r mt i n a o o f, 1 05 a nd

R m1 e . . Re mk ar s, 1 94, Re m .

no min t iv a e c as e, 20 ; :
f , 60, R u l e,
p l ura l c as e s of c e r aint w o rds ,

1 63, N
74 N
ml
.
1

o f cu -
c aus es ; po s i ion t o f, 63, Se e j tv a sol Ad ec i es .

Re m . Th i d r E C nj g ti n 206
or -
o u a o : .

of ur
p p o se c a us es, l 5 6, R e m2 . . n ding
e f th p nt infi it iv o e rese n e ac

S ub j
ti Munc ve ood : t iv 1 08 R m e, , e .

h tt y
or a or us e , 99, R u e l . v e rb s in i6, -
208 ; 1 1 9.

imp f t e r ec a nd p up e rfec l t t e ns es Ti m e a nd S pac e : E x t nt

e o f,

3 in cu ml c a us e s, 63, R u l e a nd N Ru l e

mb t
o
. .

m
i pe rfe c t t e ns e ; fo r m o f, 99, ti e : rans a l ti n o of th e p e rfe c t
Re 2 m . . t e nse o f, 2 7, Re m .

p res e n t and m
i pe rfe c t t e nse s in t é ta s : de c l e ns i
o n o f, 1 97, N .

p urpo se l
c auses,
5 5, R u l e,
5 6, tri ns e o : de ri v tia o n o f, u I , Re m .

N . tré s : de c ine d, l :98

sui : de c ine d, l 1 99 ; c f? 1 5 5 R e , m . til: de c in e d, l :99 .

use o f; in indirec t dis c o urs e , 1 5 7, ac c e n t f o th e ab a l t iv e

p l ura l , 8
5 ,
N 3 Re m
m
. . .

su : co n u jgt a e d, 2 1
5 . us e of th e no mi t iv na e c ase , 60,
m
i pe rfe c tt e nse ; t ra ns a l ti n o o f, 79, Ru l e.

Re m .

with Pre dica t e Ad j tiv

ec es an d 8 11118 : de c l e nsio n o f, 1 9
7, N .

No uns 4 5 , Ru l e. use o f, 1 86, Re m

m
,

m
.

Su mm y ar of Fo r s : 1 92 . find ( cu ) : 1 5 0, N.
 I ND EX

inns : decl
ine d, :97. v ir : l
dec ine d, :92.

urb e : dec l
e ns io n o f, 1 7 7, Re m
. fis: dec line d . :94.

at : introduc ing pnrp o se l

c ausea,
5 5, 7 0d ” : decl
ine d, l96 .

R ul
e

m
.

uter : decl
ens i
on o f. 1 97, x. d a, 6r, R ern .

'
o f no uns o l th e see o nd e nsi
dec l ér
“115 s : declined m
4 x, :93, R e
m mm
, :93.

fltem
.

Yaho z nse ofi a od io n o fi in
.
p e u en u
Verbs : aoz.

q re en ent with n bie cg aq k ai e ll

m
.

de po ne n t
, :8 1 , a n ; (j ::8 2, R e .

o
ib verbsn os ; c f n g . Vo ice : definitio n o f, r6.

irr e gal
sr v erbs , 2 1
5 . j
7 016 : co n uga ed , 2 1 6 t .

0! go ing a nd se ndin g ; with do .

fi th in finitiv e, 8 r, 8 2, N
mm8
.

u . 0, Rern . Vow e l
s: 230.

y
s no p sis o f, 87 .

M
KL

m !
.

W m
M

W W

, 0