1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Atienza, (2010) one of the most pressing problems in the world today is the

escalation of solid waste generated due to an increasing population, leading to the

deterioration of the environment. As the population continues to increase the production

of waste also increase. Waste like disposable plastics and polystyrenes increase the risk

of pollution which makes them “non-environmentally acceptable.” Waste production

does not only create environmental problem but also health problems or disease that

harms living organisms.

Environmental management programs support the Environmental policy and the

overall goal of reducing negative environmental impacts the programs where established

to assure compliance with federal, state, and local environmental regulations.

(Environmental Management Programs & Initiatives, 2015)

According to Atienza, 2011 Solid wastes management programs includes all

activities pertaining to the control, transfer or transport, processing, and disposal of solid

wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations.

 2

Moreover, according to Pereja, 2015 “The values and practice of ecological

stewardship, which should start at home, should be strengthened in the school, if we are

to produce citizens that truly care for the environment,”

That’s why School Zero Waste Program by Central Vermont Solid Waste

Management District or (CVSWMD) is establish to help schools investigate and

determine what materials currently make up their waste stream and methods of reducing

the amount of waste they generate. They also provide educational opportunities, tools,

resources, and highly skilled staff support. (CVSWMD, 2011)

Other than that some school including De La Salle University is also

implementing some school waste management programs. De La Salle University–

Dasmariñas was recently cited by an ecological group for banning the use of disposable

plastic bags since 2011 and polystyrene (styro) products since 2005 in the university

premises. (La Salle Dasma hailed for eco-waste practices, 2015)

Moreover, the researchers also identified that Bataan Peninsula State University-

Balanga Campus is also implementing school waste management program like “Room

for Rent”. But base on interview and ocular inspection that was utilized to assess the

college practices along its environmental policy, and resource management. The

researchers identified that the students of College of Education are no longer

implementing the “Room for Rent” program, that they were not able to maintain it.

Other than that, the researchers also identified that the students at College of

Education building generated more than 7 kilos of waste a day. The usual garbage or

waste products that they generated are made out of papers, plastic wrappers and plastic

cups and bottles.

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That’s why the researchers would like to create a new program using Kotter’s

Eight Step Change Model (1996) such as: create urgency, form a powerful coalition,

create a vision for change, communicate the vision, empower action, create quick wins,

build on change, and make it part of the culture. Each stage has corresponding activities

that aims to develop or enhance the waste management practices of the students

specifically in the College of Education at Bataan Peninsula State University.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is: How can Eco-room Waste Management

Program be prepared and validated using Kotter’s model for the students of BPSU-

Balanga Campus SY 2016-2017?

Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1. How may the Eco-room Waste Management Program be created using

Kotter’s model such as:

1.1 create urgency;

1.2 form a powerful coalition;

1.3 create a vision for change;

1.4 communicate the vision;

1.5 empower action;

1.6 create quick wins;

1.7 build on change; and

1.8 make it part of the culture?

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2. How may the Eco-room Waste Management Program be validated in terms

of:

2.1 congruency of the vision and strategies:

2.2 compatibility of strategies and objectives;

2.3 alignment of outcomes to the objectives;

2.4 realism of the program;

2.5 time duration; and

2.6 project cost?

3. What are the implications of the Eco-room Waste Management Program in

teaching Science education?

Significance of the study

This study may hopefully give better insights to the following groups for the
following reasons:

Students. They will able to identify how they can maintain an environmental

friendly building. This will also help them to develop their awareness and skills in

managing waste. Thus, realize the benefits they can get from cooperating on the program.

Faculty members. Since they have an important role in promoting the program,

through this study the teachers will get an idea on how they can encourage, provide and

create a healthy school environment for their students.

 5

School administration. Through this study they will be able to be aware in one

of the major problems in the learning environment or the environment itself that may

affect the students.

In addition to that, they can identify what are the good effects of implementing

environmental program especially in waste management. Aside from teachers, School

administration can also persuade the students to implement the said program.

Other schools. Through this study the other schools will be inform regarding

with the different activities that they can adopt about waste management in school.

Furthermore, they can also use this study as their basis in constructing their own

school program regarding environment and waste management.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The study will serves as

basis to their advocacies on how they can teach people about the effect of waste

management to the student health and performance. It can also give them some idea on

how to make a move and surpass the problems in order to give better environmental

learning and may provide the authority necessary a waste cleaning plan to implement.

Future researchers. This will provide hard facts and significant data that

researchers will be able to use as a base knowledge for their research and further

investigation on exploration related to the said research problem. This will also serve as

basis for advance research and supplementary literature.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

 6

This descriptive study focused on how the Eco-room Waste Management

Program can be prepared and validated using Kotter’s model to enhance the waste

management practices of the college of education students at Bataan Peninsula State

University SY 2016-2017.

The program created by the researchers was aligned in the Kotter’s eight stages of

change. The first stage which is creating urgency refers to seeking problem done by the

researcher. The second stage is to form a powerful coalition so the researchers named

themselves as Eco-team. Furthermore, the mission and activities of the program falls

under the third and fourth stages which are creating a vision and communicates the

vision. Meanwhile, the fifth to seventh stages which are empower action, create quick

wins and build on change covered the construction and planning of the program’s

activities. And lastly, the eighth stage which is making it a part of the culture would be

the result of the program made by the researcher.

Moreover, the Eco-room Waste Management Program would be validated in

terms of congruency of the vision and strategies, compatibility of strategies and

objectives, alignment of outcomes to the objectives, Realism of the Program, Time

duration and Project cost.

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NOTES IN CHAPTER I

Environmental Management Programs & Initiatives, 2015 [Retrieved

08/16/16] [https://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/stewardship/initiatives/]

Vella A. Atienza. Review of the Waste Management System in the

Philippines: Initiatives to Promote Waste Segregation and Recycling through Good
Governance. [Retrieved 08/16/16]
[http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Report/2010/pdf/2010_431_05.pdf]

Central Vermont Solid Waste Management District. School Zero Waste

Program [Retrieved 08/17/16] [http://www.cvswmd.org/school-programs.html]
La Salle Dasma hailed for eco-waste practices, 2015 [Retrieved 08/17/16]
[http://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/la-salle-dasma-hailed-for-eco-waste-practices/]
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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories that support the study, related

literatures and studies of previous findings connected to the current issue serves as

background of the study. The conceptual framework, the paradigm of the study as well as

the hypotheses of the study are also included in this chapter.

Relevant Theories

This study is anchored through the Kotter’s Theory of Change, the Theory of

Waste Management and the Program theory.

According to Kotter, a professor at Harvard Business School, through his book

“Leading of Change, published in 1988, organizations frequently make the same mistakes

when trying to bring about change – they allow too much complacency, they fail to

communicate and so on. According to him, these failures can be avoided by the use of

theory of change having the following eight specific steps, in the right order. The first

step is Creating Urgency. Second step is to form a powerful coalition. Third step is to

create a vision and strategy for change Fourth step is to communicate the vision. Fifth

step is to empower action. Sixth is to create quick wins. Seventh step is to build on

change and lastly, Eighth step is to make it part of the culture.

 9

In line with the study, the Kotter’s model which is the theory of change will serve

as the basis in creating the entire program entitled: Eco-room Waste Management

Program. This theory will greatly help to have a better way of organizing a waste

management program. The first up to the last step will be the guide of the researchers to

avoid failures and mistakes in preparing the program as well as in the validation of it

before the execution to come up with a helpful waste management program that will

definitely enhance the waste management practices at Bataan Peninsula State University-

Balanga campus.

The study is also anchored in the Theory of Waste Management. E. Pongrácz et

al,. (2004) stated that theory of waste management is a unified body of knowledge about

waste and waste management, and it is founded on the expectation that waste

management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the environment and

promote resource use optimization.

The theory of Waste Management is related to this study since they both focused

on managing the waste. This theory was created to serve as a guide for the people who

are interested to start managing the waste. This study tends to be under this theory

considering that it helped the researchers to create a waste management program with a

vision on their mind about what expectations people could get regarding to the Eco-room

Waste Management Program they are making.

The Program Theory by Bickman (1987) explained how an intervention (a

project, a programme, a policy, a strategy) is understood to contribute to a chain of results

 10

that produce the intended or actual impacts. It can also show the other factors which

contribute to producing impacts, such as context and other projects and programs.

In relevance to this study, Program theory is exceedingly workable in combining

together available information about a program, and clarifying the ideas about how the

program is understood to function, and where there are gaps in the evidence. Likewise,

the researchers combined information about waste and waste management in order to

come up with a waste management program,

The three theories which were proposed namely by kotters (1988), E. Pongrácz et

al,. (2004) and Bickman (1987) are relevant to this study in a way that they are very

useful in making a well-organized and effective program that will enhance the waste

management practices in the college of education.

Related Literatures

The following literatures are gathered to support the on-going study:

Kotter’s 8-step change model

Martin Webster explained how Kotter’s 8-step change model gets to the heart of

how successful organizational change actually happens and answers the question “how
 11

do you go beyond simply getting your message across to truly changing people’s

behavior?”.

Moreover, Martin also said that John Kotter’s 8-step change model comprises

eight overlapping steps. The first three are all about creating a climate for change. Then,

next is on engaging and enabling the organization and lastly, implementing and

sustaining change.

Pollack, J. & Pollack, R. Syst Pract Action Res (2015) said that Kotter’s eight

stage process for creating a major change is one of the most widely recognized models

for change management, and yet there are few case studies in the academic literature that

enquire into how this process has been used in practice. This paper describes a change

manager’s action research enquiring into the use of this Process to manage a major

organizational change. The change was initiated in response to the organization’s ageing

workforce, introducing a knowledge management program focusing on the interpersonal

aspects of knowledge retention. Although Kotter’s process emphasizes a top-led model

for change, the change team found it was necessary to engage at many levels of the

organization to implement the organizational change. The process is typically depicted as

a linear sequence of steps. However, this image of the change process was found to not

represent the complexity of the required action. Managing the change required the change

team to facilitate multiple concurrent instances of Kotter’s process throughout the

organization, to re-create change that was locally relevant to participants in the change

process.
 12

Bree Normandin (2012) said that this model, created by Harvard University

Professor John Kotter, causes change to become a campaign. Employees buy into the

change after leaders convince them of the urgent need for change to occur.

In addition, Bree Normadin (2012) cited that it doesn’t matter if the proposed

changed is a change in the process of project planning or general operations. Adjusting to

change is difficult for an organization and its employees. Using almost any model is

helpful, because it offers leaders a guideline to follow, along with the ability to determine

expected results. This is helpful because change is difficult to implement and manage.

Congruency of the vision and strategies:

Carlos Hernandez (2010) said that an environmental impact study of the

university's operations was carried out. This study acknowledged that EARTH University

would generate various types of solid and liquid wastes, both agro-industrial and

domestic (ordinary, special and hazardous), and that these wastes needed to be handled in

a way that this vision was congruent with the principles of sustainable development.

The strategic plan was review to ensure congruence with broader city goals. Its

vision is to protect lives, property and the environment through a coordinate and

responsive emergency management program. POEM(2013)

Bernard J. Turnock (2007) said that, those would serve to complement preventive

practice guidelines that may be developed for particular preventive interventions. Schools

of public health and other academic and training programs should examine the
 13

congruence of organizational practices with the knowledge and competencies imparted to

public health students and workers.

Compatibility of strategies and objectives:

Megan Greenwalt (2016) said that WTE’s role in a waste reduction strategy can

depend on whether an organization is targeting zero waste or zero waste to landfill—

an important distinction. The communities with energy-from-waste typically have higher

recycling rates than the national average and the recycling rates of the states in which

they operate demonstrating that recycling and energy-from-waste are compatible waste

management strategies.

John R. Clark (2005) cited that a major purpose of strategic planning is to devise a

program that will promote compatibility between economic development and the long

term environmental and socio-economic needs of the community. But compatible

multiple-use objectives should always be the main focus and the strategic plan should

establish a method to eschew short-term development tactics in favour of long-term

development and resource conservation strategies.

Avraam Karagiannidis (2012) said that the alternative plans, need to be evaluated

in relation to their compatibility with the applicable legal and other management

objectives, implementation cost, environmental friendliness and public acceptance

characteristics. Each alternative management plan should be reviewed, with its material
 14

and energy balances checked, to ensure that all legal and other management

requirements. Possible uncertainties, assumptions and deviations must be noted and

further elaborated and plans with unresolved compatibility problems should be rejected.

Alignment of outcomes to the objectives:

The Solid Waste Management Plan for the Capital Region must be aligned with

the vision, principles and outcomes. At the same time, the Plan must consider the

capabilities, infrastructure and different community objectives that exist in the region

while still achieving overall objectives. Town of Devon Alberta (2012)

To guide the development of Waste Management Plan 2015 – 2020, a number of

overarching objectives have been identified that encompass the entire Plan. The Plan

includes a number of specific projects outcomes, which align with one or more of the key

focus areas and contribute to the objectives. City of Joondalup (2015)

The Solid Waste Strategy 2024 outcomes align well with the objectives of the

state waste strategy. Achieving the outcomes and targets outlined in the Solid Waste

Strategy 2024 will contribute towards the Queensland Government reaching its state

goals and targets for landfill diversion and recycling. Our strategy will also focus on a

number of the same priority wastes, such as organic waste, plastics and building materials

including concrete, as targeted by the state waste strategy. City of Gold Coast (2014)
 15

Realism of the program:

Jessica McAllister (2015) said that when systems are breaking down and

problems are escalating, people look to societal factors to fix the issue. How is waste

defined in the developing world? Why has littering become such a prevalent behavior in

these communities? What role do social norms and attitudes play in shaping these

behaviors? And what measures must be taken to ensure that these behaviors change?

These are questions that must be answered in order to come to realistic solutions to the

problem of solid-waste management in developing countries.

Good planning sets the ground for a high-quality realization and operation of

waste management infrastructure and systems, which can be affordable for the societies,

and with technologies that local resources can be involved. For this reason, especially in

developing countries, there is a need to include good planning practices of Solid Waste

Management (SWM), to create realistic and feasible management plans and according to

these, to solve the waste problem. International Solid waste Association or ISWA (2005)

The Project Team has incorporated many of the plan components into this

planning document. In the opinion of the team, the only flaw in these plans was that they

were overly ambitious with respect to timing for plan development, adoption and

implementation. Consequently this plan aims to create a realistic schedule that reflects

the political, administrative, budget and resource realities of the SMA. Sunyani

Municipal District Assembly (2006)

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Time duration:

Drafted by members of ETAGIW Consortium, A time frame indicating the

expected duration of the different stages and the expected date of finalization of the waste

management plan should be created. The time frame should also make provision for the

consultation period with the public, which may be time- consuming. Expert team for

assessment and guidance for the Implementation of Waste legislation (2012)

Students, who cannot complete the program within the maximum time, can be

classified by the Program Assessment Board as at risk, in accordance with the

Assessment: academic progress (coursework programs) procedure. This instruction also

sets out rules for calculating students’ maximum time to complete a program, and tables

of normal durations and maximum times. RMIT University (2011)

Jonas Van Ackere (2006) states that The time waste was just some kind of

leftover that had to be disposed of is long gone. With the realization that our resources

are not inexhaustible came the awareness that our waste offers economic opportunities

that have to be taken advantage of. While emphasizing the durability of waste, we have to

think about running the waste cycle efficiently too.

Project cost:

Gary Davidson (2011) said that before a comprehensive plan can be developed, a

general knowledge of the waste composition and volume is required. This information is

typically obtained by conducting waste characterization studies, or waste audits. In the

 17

beginning, waste audit information is essential to logistical planning. After

implementation, waste audits are useful for measuring the success and progress of the

plan and to identify areas which require review.

Dawn BeMent (2014) said that the program costs – current and potential changes

– were based on an assessment of the current situation, and if they were already

recycling, the savings were estimated by comparing to hauler statements of the likely

invoices if all materials were treated as trash, and if they were not, then hauler costs for a

new scenario incorporating recycling deemed feasible by JL Taitt & Associates were

compared. The hauler cost estimates were gathered by calls conducted by Skumatz

Economic Research Associates (SERA) staff from the haulers.

An article named “How to Estimate Project Costs” mentioned that a project

budget is a detailed, time-phased estimate of all resource costs for your project. You

typically develop a budget in stages — from an initial rough estimate to a detailed

estimate to a completed, approved project budget. On occasion, you may even revise your

approved budget while your project is in progress. Dummies, (2016)

Related Studies

In the study made by Ramos (2005) entitled “Environmental indicator

frameworks to design and assess environmental monitoring programs. “. Monitoring is

fundamental to environmental impact assessment (EIA) both to assess adherence to

standards and to support management options. The use of indicators assures that a

monitoring program addresses only the key variables associated with significant
 18

environmental impacts and also improves monitoring communication and reporting

processes. This paper develops a conceptual framework to design and assess an

environmental post-decision monitoring program under EIA procedures.

Similarly, the study of Srivastava (2007) entitled "Green supply-chain

management: A state-of-the-art literature review”, states that, there is a growing need for

integrating environmentally sound choices into supply-chain management research and

practice. Perusal of the literature shows that a broad frame of reference for green supply-

chain management (GrSCM) is not adequately developed. Regulatory bodies that

formulate regulations to meet societal and ecological concerns to facilitate growth of

business and economy also suffer from its absence.

While, the study of Haggar (2007) entitled “Waste Management Practices of

Educational Institutions” emphasized that common misconception, is that environmental

protection and sustainable initiatives must come at the expense of economic

development. This is particularly true for managing wastes, a process that depletes

natural resources and pollutes the environment if not done correctly. Proper waste

management can be costly in terms of time and resources and so it is important to

understand what options exist for managing waste in an effective, safe and sustainable

manner. This is particularly true for organizations, which fall into the institutional,

commercial and industrial (ICI) sector.

 19

The findings of the three studies only focus on how to monitor a certain programs,

and give additional literature about programs. Their studies are considerably relevant for

the researchers because they also make a program about waste management practices.

As a continuation, the study of Ballesteros (2007) entitled “Environmental

Management Plan”, focused on environmental management system of selected higher

institution in Camarines Sur in a way of audit. The following variables were been

considered: a) organizational set-up, b) policies, c) resource management, d) curriculum,

e) budget. Based on the result, it developed a green school model that can be adopted by

the higher education institution in Camarines Sur.

While, the study of Kee-hung (2008) entitled “Confirmation of a measurement

model for green supply chain management practices implementation”, aims to

empirically investigate the construct of and the scale for evaluating green supply chain

management (GSCM) practices implementation among manufacturers. With data

collected from 341 Chinese manufacturers, two measurement models of GSCM practices

implementation were tested and compared by confirmatory factor analysis. Our empirical

findings suggest that both the first-order and the second-order models for GSCM

implementation are reliable and valid. Our study contributes to the literature on empirical

examination of the construct of GSCM practices implementation and to the practices of

managers with a validated measurement scale to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses

in different facets of implementing GSCM practices in their organizations.

 20

Likewise, the study made by Benitez (2008) entitled “Measuring Progress of

Waste Management Programs”, focus on the proponents of initiatives for solid waste

management require tools to assess the efficiency of their programs both environmentally

and from the economic and social perspectives, and thus take the appropriate decisions to

improve the performance. The objective of this study was to develop an assessment tool

through a set of indicators integrated into a model that measures the effectiveness in

which programs operate with solid waste management.

The study of Solheim (2009) entitled “Developing Integrated Solid Waste

Management Plan Training Manual” states that, if most of the waste could be diverted for

material and resource recovery, then a substantial reduction in final volumes of waste

could be achieved and the recovered material and resources could be utilized to generate

revenue to fund waste management. This, forms the premise for Integrated Solid Waste

Management (ISWM) system based on 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) principle. ISWM

system has been pilot tested in a few locations (Wuxi, PR China; Pune, India; Maseru,

Lesotho) and has been well received by local authorities. It has been shown that with

appropriate segregation and recycling system significant quantity of waste can be

diverted from landfills and converted into resource.

The four studies presented here were selected on the basis of their significance in

promoting direction for this present study in terms of how to develop a program, and

managing a program.

In the study made by Baula (2010) entiled “Waste Management Strategy-City

University of London” wherein when student are involve in the waste management

program an effective and sustainable implementation of the waste management practices

 21

are achieved. Moreover, the faculty members are the promoters and must be the leaders

of the school’s waste management program in order for the students to follow.

Likewise, the study of Guzman (2010) entitled “Waste Minimization Plan-

Queensland University Australia” emphasized about a management that can help

planners to study objectively and make rational decisions as to the best alternative

strategic options of managing, recovering and utilizing the vast quantity of solid waste is

a very important investment.

Another, the study made by Townend (2010) “Resource Smart School, How to

Reuse, Reduce and Recycle in Schools” stated that the participation is the key, when the

students are involved in the waste management program of the school, an effective and

sustainable implementation of the waste management practices is achieved. The support

of the school’s administration to the waste management is also critical.

The people involved and the materials that are present in the three studies are

relevant. Since, the researchers also used these variables.

According to the study of Young (2010) entitled “Waste Management Plan 2013-

2015 University of Technology-Sydney”, the zero waste encompasses more than

eliminating waste through recycling and reuse; it focuses on restructuring production and

distribution systems to reduce waste. An important consideration of the zero waste

philosophy is that it is more of a goal, or ideal rather than a hard target. Even if it is not

possible to completely eliminate waste due to physical constraints or prohibitive costs,

zero waste provides guiding principles for continually working towards eliminating
 22

wastes and there are many successful cases around the world which resulted from the

implementation of the zero waste philosophy.

Similarly, one of the issues discovered by Griffin (2010) entitled “Cornell

University-Sustainable Campus ” states that, the study was lack of documentation on the

part of the school regarding the implementation of the waste management practices such

as recycling. For this reason, researchers in the past had difficulty obtaining full and

accurate data. Barrows and Griffin asserted that the first step to improving waste

management in schools is to improve their accountability, and similarly, the regulations

placed on them.

According to the study of Perez (2011) entitled “Review of the Waste

Management System in the Philippines” segregating the waste is also doing part in waste

management. Avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the garbage problem in

the country. Using materials that are environmental friendly, to minimize and solve the

garbage problems of the Philippines. On the other side, the focus on economic growth has

led as to take environmental management for granted. Solid waste became the most

visible environmental problem in the country, and has remained so for years.

The study of Tracy (2011) entitled “University of Illinois-Waste Management and

Recycling” conducted in University of Illinois in U.S.A. the study is about Waste

Management and Recycling, which supports the campus goal to reduce the amount of

material entering the waste stream. There are more than 1,000 recycling bins on campus

in which to place paper, plastic and aluminum cans, as well as a newspaper and

cardboard drop-off location at the southeast corner of Oak Street and Kirby Avenue.
 23

The findings of the previous studies presented several variables specifically

managing a waste proposal plan. These were considerably relevant since the present

investigation also want to know on how to manage a waste management program.

In the study made by Suttibak (2011) entitled “Environmental Management Plan”

emphasized that, avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the garbage problem

in the country. Using materials that are environmental friendly, community can help in

minimizing and even solving the garbage problems of the Philippines.

While, the study of Serban (2011) entitled “Waste Management in Public

Educational Institutions of Bucharest City, Romania”, stated that the educational

institutions represent the main components of sustainability promotion in our society.

Waste management is one of the challenges that educational institutions have to face in

accomplishing sustainability goals. In Bucharest, 457 educational institutions (pre-

schools, primary and secondary schools, high schools, special schools) were analyzed

using questionnaires. Questionnaires included items related with waste management

inside the educational institutions: quantities, collection system characteristics (schedule,

selective collection presence, temporary depositing place), responsible for management

and influencing factors (total built surface, number of students and educational staff).

Furthermore, the study made by Huisman (2012) entitled “Developing Integrated

Solid Waste Management Plan Training Manual” serves to assist waste management

planning and promote the development of more coherent and appropriate planning

practices across the EU Member States, in compliance with the requirements of the

relevant EU legislation.
 24

The different integration of solid waste management plan in school or even in a

certain place as reflected in the aforementioned related studies revealed the following

insights as they are related to the present investigation.

According to the study of Furto (2013) entitled “Greening of the Solid Waste

Management”, states that the management of solid wastes in the Philippines has long

been a responsibility of the Local Government Units in the country since the enactment

of Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2002. In support to the local government of Batangas City, this study was conducted to

propose a plan of action that will enhance the level of implementation of solid waste

management in the city, lessen the harmful effects to the environment and health of the

people and find solutions to problems encountered in its implementation.

Moreover, the study of Aquino (2013) entitled “The Green Business letter”

mentioned that waste mismanagement has serious environmental effects making the

passage of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000 a landmark environmental legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in

response to the looming garbage problems in the country. RA 9003 declares the policy of

the state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program that ensures the protection of public health and the environment and the proper

segregation,

Furthermore, in the study made by Lagbas (2015) entitled “La Salle Dasma hailed

for eco-waste practices” research paper theoretically underpins the solid waste

management practices in the Pacific Area of Southern Leyte as basis for a proposed

blueprint towards government action that will serve as an addendum of the existing
 25

programs in accordance with the mandate under R.A. 9003 for an enhanced and

intensified initiative of the local government unit(s) to address waste problems in

cooperation with other concerned stakeholders (private sectors and non-government

organizations) of the society.

Lastly, the study of Ibarrientos (2015) entitled “Camarines Sur Polytechnic

Colleges, Philippines: An Eco-Friendly School Model”, stated that academic institutions

can become more environmentally responsible through the implementation of various

conservation initiatives. Along this, the study attempt to transform the Camarines Sur

Polytechnic Colleges into living models of ecologically sustainable learning institutions.

The studies are relevant in the present investigation since, they also make a

program in school about waste management practices, and some variables present in their

studies were also used by the present study.

Conceptual Paradigm

The conceptual framework below shows various factors that will represent the

input, process and output of the study.

The box, in the upper left side, contains how the program be created using the

eight steps of the kotter’s leading of change model as its sub-variables.

Meanwhile, the box, in the upper right side, contains how may the program be

validated in terms of congruency of the mission and activities, durability of the program,
 26

efficiency of the program when implemented and suitable to be maintained by the

persons involved.

The box downward shows the output of the study which is the Eco-room Waste

Management Program.

Preparation of the program Validation of the program

The Eco-room Waste Management Program be The Eco-room waste Management
created using Kotter’s model such as: Program is validated in terms of:
 create urgency;  congruency of vision and strategies
 form a powerful coalition;  Compatibility of strategies and
 create a vision for change; objectives
 communicate the vision;  Alignment of outcomes to the
 empower action; objectives
 create quick wins;  Realism of the Program
 build on change; and  Time duration
 make it part of the culture  Project cost

Eco-Room Waste Management

Program

Figure 1 The Paradigm of the Study

Definition of Terms
 27

For better understanding and interpretation of the different aspects of the study,
the following terms are defined conceptually and/or operationally:

Activities. are prepared by the researchers to enhance the waste management

practices of the students at College of Education building.

Alignment. the outcome and objective’s relationship to one another

Build on change. Consolidate change and producing even more change

Communicate the vision. Making banners, pamphlets or any possible vehicle to

communicate the vision.

Compatibility: strategies and objectives are in good terms or going together well

Congruency. The agreement or when vision and strategy coincides

Create a vision and strategy for change. vision created by the researchers in

line with Eco- room waste management program help to direct change and develop

strategies for achieving that vision.

Create quick wins. Create short-term targets – not just one long-term goal. Make

smaller target to be achievable, with little room for failure.

Create urgency. to identify potential threats and develop scenarios showing what

could happen in the future to serve as evidence that change is necessary.

 28

Eco-room. conducive classrooms that promotes good waste management

Empower action. Remove obstacles to the change. Change systems and / or

structures that work against the vision

Form a powerful coalition. Action done by the researchers to convince people

that change is necessary. This often takes strong leadership and visible support from key

people within your organization.

Kotter’s theory of change. used as a basis for creating Eco-room waste

management program.

Make it part of the culture. to make any change stick, it should become part of

the core of the organization

Objectives. the purpose of each activities in the program

Outcome. the result of the activities given in the program

Program. A planned series of future events, items, or performances of the

researchers regarding waste management practices of the students at College of

Education building.

Project cost: the total amount of money that must be spend for the program to

operate

Realism of the program: the quality of the program seeming to be evidently real

Science Education. the field concerned with sharing science content, science

process and social science with the learners.

 29

Time duration: the length of time the activities will be implemented

Validation. the process of determining the validity of the Eco-room waste

management program

Validators. The experts who validated the constructed manuscript of the Eco-

room waste management program

Vision. the researchers’ intended outcome to achieve through the waste

management program.

Waste Management Practices. the collection, transportation, disposal of

garbage, sewage and other waste products of the students at College of Education.
 30

Notes in Chapter II

http://www.educational-business-articles.com/8-step-process/ (Retrieved: 30 Sept

2016)
Evolving_the_Theory_of_Waste_ManagementImplications_to_waste_minimi
zation https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229015605_ (Retrieved: 01 Oct. 2016)
http://betterevaluation.org/en/plan/define/develop_logic_model (Retrieved: 07
Oct. 2016)
Martin Webster, Successful Change Management
http://www.leadershipthoughts.com/kotters-8-step-change-model/ (Retrieved 28 Sept.
2016)
Pollack, J. & Pollack, R. Syst Pract Action Res, Using Kotter’s Eight Stage
Process to Manage an Organisational Change Program
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11213-014-9317-0 (Retrieved 28 Sept. 2016)
Bree Normandin, Three Types of Change Management Models
http://quickbase.intuit.com/blog/three-types-of-change-management-models (Retrieved
28 Sept. 2016)
Carlos Hernandez, Program for the Integrated Management of Solid Wastes
at EARTH University: A Small Community’s Self-management Experience in the
Humid Tropical Region
http://www.infrc.or.jp/english/KNF_Data_Base_Web/PDF%20KNF%20Conf%20Data/C
7-3-333.pdf (Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
POEM, Office of Emergency Management
https://www.portlandoregon.gov>article (Retrieved 29 Sept. 2016)
BJ Turnock, Implementing and Assessing Organizational Practices in Local
Health Departments,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403523/.../pubhealthrep00059-0016.p
(Retrieved 29 Sept. 2016)
Megan Greenwalt, WTE’s Future in Solid Waste Management Plans,
http://www.waste360.com/waste-energy/wte-s-future-solid-waste-management-plans
(Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
John R. Clark, Integrated management of coastal zones
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0708E/T0708E06.htm (Retrieved 29 Sept. 2016)
Avraam Karagiannidis, Waste to Energy Opportunities and Challenges for
Developing and Transition Economics
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=hlB__DNyFDkC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=co
 31

mpatibility+of+strategies+and+objectives+of+the+solid+waste+program&source=bl&ots
=FYSjVpCa7S&sig=3jC5xcYAsvp6zorSp0JIvJRp7U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiira
qM5u_QAhWPq5QKHXqSAeo4ChDoAQgfMAE#v=onepage&q=compatibility%20of%
20strategies%20and%20objectives%20of%20the%20solid%20waste%20program&f=fals
e (Retrieved 29 Sept. 2016)
Town of Devon Alberta, Re: Alberta Capital Region Integrated Waste
Management Plan
http://www.devon.ca/Portals/0/Docs/P%20and%20I/Recycle%20and%20Solid%20Waste
/2012-04-10%20RFP%20Regional%20Collaboration-1.pdf (Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
City of Joondalup, Waste Management Plan 2015 – 2020
http://www.joondalup.wa.gov.au/files/councilmeetings/2015/Attach20brf091115.pdf
(Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
City of Gold Coast, Solid Waste Strategy 2024
http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/solid_waste_strategy2014-2024.pdf
(Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
Jessica McAllister, Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the
Developing World
http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1537&context=gradreports
(Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
International Solid waste Association or ISWA www.abrelpe.org.br (retrived
December 15, 2016)

Sunyani Municipal District Assembly (SMA), Sunyani Municipal Assembly

Solid Waste Management Plan
http://www.rdn.bc.ca/cms/wpattachments/wpID971atID1605.pdf (Retrieved 12 Dec.
2016)
Expert team for assessment and guidance for the implementation of Waste
legislation, Preparing a Waste Management Plan — a methodological guidance note.
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.ph%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26rct
%3Dj%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fec.europa.eu%252Fenvironment%252Fwaste
%252Fplans%252Fpdf%252F2012_guidance_note.pdf%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjBrrXO-
fXQAhUHk5QKHUBUCcsQFggjMAA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHdgH0wHbUAt7sc7eOzX
BAG7ynusg%26sig2%3DRhAltzzgE07shR6icYqFnA&h=OAQEoyzNw (Retrieved 12
Dec.2016)

RMIT University Program Duration and Maximum Time

http://www1.rmit.edu.au/browse/Staff%2FWorkplace%20essentials%2FPolicies%20and
%20procedures%2FAcademic,%20Research%20and%20Student%20Administration%2F
Program%20and%20course%20design%2FProgram%20duration%20and%20maximum
%20time%20(coursework%20programs)%20instruction/ (Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016)
 32

Jonas Van Ackere Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Management

Problems: A Literature Review
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/407421/1/Municipal+Solid+WasteCollect
ionProblems+-+final+paper_revised_3.pdf (Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016)
Gary Davidson Waste Management Practices: Literature Review
https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20
Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf (Retrieved 15
Dec. 2016)
Dawn BeMent The Costs and Benefits of Minnesota K-12 School Waste
Management Programs FINAL REPORT
https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p-p2s6-15.pdf(Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016)
Dummies, How to Estimate Project Costs
http://www.dummies.com/careers/project-management/how-to-estimate-project-costs/
(Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016)
Ramos, Environmental indicator frameworks to design and assess
environmental monitoring
programs(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3152/147154604781766111(
Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Srivastav, Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature
reviewhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00202.x/full
(Retrieved: 08 Dec. 2016)
Haggar, Waste Management Practices of Educational Institutions
http://apjeas.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/APJEAS-2014-1-056.pdf
(Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Ballesteros, Environmental Management Plan
https://clsu.edu.ph/downloads/Environmental%20Management%20Plan/Environmental%
20Management%20Plan%20Leaflet.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Kee-hung, Confirmation of a measurement model for green supply chain
management practices
implementation, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527307001855
%20%5B2014(Retrieved: 08 Dec. 2016)
Benitez, Measuring Progress of Waste Management
Programshttp://www.ijesd.org/papers/153-L0009.pdf(Retrieved: 08 Dec. 2016)
Solheim, Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan Training
Manualhttp://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/spc/ISWMPlan_Vol4.pdf(Retrieved: 08
Dec. 2016)
 33

Baula, Waste Management Strategy-City University of London

https://www.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/121168/City-Waste-Strategy-
2012.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Guzman, Waste Minimization Plan-Queensland University Australia
http://uq.edu.au/sustainability/docs/greenprocurement/WasteMinimisationPlan.pdf
(Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Townend, Resource Smart School, How to Reuse, Reduce and Recycle in
Schools
http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/~/media/resources/documents/services%20and%20a
dvice/schools/5star%20sustainability%20certification/waste%20module/waste%20modul
e%20resources/sv%20rs%20reducereuserecycle1.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Young,Waste Management Plan 2013-2015 University of Technology-Sydney
https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/WASTE_MANAGEMENT_PLAN.140301.pdf
Waste Management Plan 2013-2015 (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Griffin, Cornell University-Sustainable Campus
http://www.sustainablecampus.cornell.edu/waste (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Perez, Review of the Waste Management System in the
Philippineshttp://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Download/Report/2010/pdf/2010_431
_05.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Tracy, University of Illinois-Waste Management and Recycling
http://fs.illinois.edu/services/waste-management-and-recycling (Retrieved: 30 Sept.
2016)
Suttibak, Environmental Management Plan
https://clsu.edu.ph/downloads/Environmental%20Management%20Plan/Environmental%
20Management%20Plan%20Leaflet.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
Serban, Waste Management in Public Educational Institutions of Bucharest
City, Romania
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257728721_Waste_Management_in_Public_Ed
ucational_Institutions_of_Bucharest_City_Romania (Retrieved: Oct. 01, 2016)
Huisman , Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan Training
Manual http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/plans/pdf/2012_guidance_note.pdf
(Retrieved: 09 Dec. 2016)
Furto, Greening of the Solid Waste
Managementhttp://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/JETP-
Greening-of-the-Solid-Waste-Management.pdf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)

Aquino, The Green Business letter http//www.greenbiz/glb/subscrib.cfm.

(Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
 34

Lagbas, La Salle Dasma hailed for eco-waste practices

http://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/la-salle-dasma-hailed-for-eco waste
practices/#sthash.azgAkapU.dpuf (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)

Ibarrientos, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Philippines: An Eco-

Friendly School Model www.ijstr.org (Retrieved: 30 Sept. 2016)
 35

CHAPTER III

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the methods and techniques of research, population and

sampling, research instruments, construction and validation of the instrument, data

gathering procedure, data processing and statistical treatment.

Methods and Techniques of Research

The researchers used the qualitative research in this study. The Qualitative

research is designed to reveal a target audience’s range of behavior and the perceptions

that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues. The results of qualitative research

are descriptive rather than predictive. Qualitative Research Consultants Association

(2016)

Waste management is one of the main topics that need to be discussed nowadays.

It is also under the descriptive study because according to Adanza (2000), descriptive

method is designed for the investigator to gather information about a present condition.

The main objective of the descriptive study is to describe the nature of a situation as it

exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause of particular phenomena.

Population and Sampling

 36

The researchers conducted an accidental or convenience sampling in selecting

respondents. Accidental or convenience sampling allows the researchers to use any

available group of research activities. Three (3) available validators of the program

namely Eco- Room Waste Management Program at different places was selected and will

serve as the respondents of the study.

Research Instrument

The research instrument of this study is the printed Eco-room waste management

program created by the researchers themselves. The said program aims to improve the

waste management of the students in the College of Education that will eventually lead

them to change their practices.

Construction and Validation of the Instrument

The research instrument specifically, the Eco-room Waste Management Program

was constructed by the researchers using the Kotter’s eight step change model. It consist

different strategies/activities that are aligned to the Kotter’s model, as well as the

objectives, time frame, persons involved, logistics and the expected outcome.

For the validation of the research instrument, the researchers sought the help of

professionals to validate the Eco-Room Waste Management Program using the four-point

Likert Scale questionnaire consist of six validation indicators.

 37

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps are conducted by the researchers to obtain relevant data to

this study.

The researchers secured a permission letter to conduct the validation of the

program from the Dean of College of Education and the Instructor of Research in

Biology at Bataan Peninsula State University- Balanga Campus and. This letter of

permission to conduct the validation was then being presented to the target validators in

order to validate the program.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed, and presented using the following

statistical tools:

The researchers used the Cronbach's alpha to measure the results of the

validators’ validation form of the program. The cronbach’s apha value is >60. The

Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of

items are as a group. It is also considered to be a measure of scale reliability.

 38

NOTES IN CHAPTER III

Qualitative Research Consultants Association (2016)

http://www.qrca.org/?page=whatisqualresearch (Retrieved 13 Dec. 2016)
Estela G. Adanza. (2000) Research Methods: Principles and Applications
 39

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The general problem of this study is: How can Eco-room Waste Management

Program be prepared and validated using Kotter’s model for the students of BPSU-

Balanga Campus SY 2016-2017?

For clarity of presentation, the data are presented according to the statement of the

problem.

Problem 1. How may the Eco-room Waste Management Program be created using

Kotter’s model such as create urgency, form a powerful coalition, create a vision for

change, communicate the vision, empower action, create quick wins, build on

change and make it part of the culture?

The Eco-room Waste Management Program was created using the Kotter’s eight

step change model. The program contains the Kotter’s theory component, objectives,

strategies/activities, time frame, persons involved, logistics and the expected outcome.

Below are the important details regarding to the Eco-room Waste Management Program.
 40

ECO- ROOM WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Bataan Peninsula State University
Balanga City, Bataan

A. PROGRAM PROPOSAL

Project Title: Eco- Room Waste Management Program

Proponents: Le Chantal F. Caparas
Marichu M. Cayabyab
Jamira A. Sadia
Zara A. Cabar
Venus A. Bigoy

Project Site: Bataan Peninsula State University- Balanga Campus

Project Duration: SY 2017- 2018
Project Cost: ₱ 84, 300. 00

INTRODUCTION

Atienza, (2010) one of the most pressing problems in the world today is the

escalation of solid waste generated due to an increasing population, leading to the

deterioration of the environment. As the population continues to increase the production

of waste also increase. Waste like disposable plastics and polystyrenes increase the risk

of pollution which makes them “non-environmentally acceptable.” Waste production

 41

does not only create environmental problem but also health problems or disease that

harms living organisms.

Environmental management programs support the Environmental policy and the

overall goal of reducing negative environmental impacts the programs where established

to assure compliance with local environmental regulations. (Environmental Management

Programs & Initiatives, 2015)

According to Atienza, 2010 Solid wastes management programs includes all

activities pertaining to the control, transfer or transport, processing, and disposal of solid

wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations.

Moreover, according to Pereja, 2015 “The values and practice of ecological

stewardship, which should start at home, should be strengthened in the school, if we are

to produce citizens that truly care for the environment”.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

Eco- Room Waste Management Program is an environmental program that highly

aims to improve or change the waste management practices of the students specifically

the students at the College of Education Building at Bataan Peninsula State University-

Balanga Campus.
 42

The purpose of the Eco- Room Waste Management Program is to ensure solid

waste is managed in such a way that it protects both public health and environment.

Through cooperative effort of people; school administration, faculty members, and

students, school can continue to minimize the amount of waste generated.

The said program is created or constructed using Kotter’s Model, the 8- Step Change

Model; create urgency, form a powerful coalition, create a vision for change,

communicate the vision, empower action, crate quick wins, build on change, and make it

part of the culture.

Each step has corresponding activities that will change the waste management

practices of the students.

RATIONALE

From this alarming problem regarding waste and waste management practices of

the students, the researchers had an idea of making a new program that will eventually

change and improve the waste management of the students.

VISION

To improve the waste management of the students in the College of Education

that will eventually lead them to change their practices.

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
 54

As supported by Martin Webster (2016) through his article “Successful Change

Management — Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model”, he explained how Kotter’s 8-step

change model gets to the heart of how successful organizational change actually happens

and answers the question “how do you go beyond simply getting your message across to

truly changing people’s behavior?”.

Moreover, Martin also said that John Kotter’s 8-step change model comprises

eight overlapping steps. The first three are all about creating a climate for change. Then,

next is on engaging and enabling the organization and lastly, implementing and

sustaining change.

Problem 2. How may the Eco-room Waste Management Program be validated in

terms of congruency of the vision and strategies, compatibility of strategies and

objectives, alignment of outcomes to the objectives, realism of the program, time

duration, and project cost?

The researchers sought the help of the three professionals to validate the

constructed Eco-room Waste Management Program. The four-point Likert Scale

questionnaire consists of six validation indicators rated as exceeding, meeting,

approaching and not meeting in descending order. Below are the tables presenting the

summary of how the indicators were rated by the three validators.

 55

Table 1

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 1

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
1. Congruency of vision and strategy 4 4 3
Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

For the congruency of vision and strategy, the first and second validator rated it

four (4) or exceeding while the third validator rated it 3 as meeting.

Carlos Hernandez (2010) said that an environmental impact study of the

university's operations was carried out. This study acknowledged that EARTH University

would generate various types of solid and liquid wastes, both agro-industrial and

domestic (ordinary, special and hazardous), and that these wastes needed to be handled in

a way that this vision was congruent with the principles of sustainable development.

Table 2

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 2

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
2. Compatibility of strategies and objectives 4 4 3
Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

For the compatibility of strategies and objectives, the first and second validator

rated it four (4) or exceeding while the third validator rated it 3 as meeting.
 56

As cited by John R. Clark (2005), a major purpose of strategic planning is to

devise a program that will promote compatibility between economic development and the

long term environmental and socio-economic needs of the community. But compatible

multiple-use objectives should always be the main focus and the strategic plan should

establish a method to eschew short-term development tactics in favour of long-term

development and resource conservation strategies.

Table 3

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 3

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
3. Alignment of outcomes to the objectives 4 4 3

Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

For the alignment of outcomes to the objectives, the first and second validator

rated it four (4) or exceeding while the third validator rated it 3 as meeting.

The Solid Waste Strategy 2024 outcomes align well with the objectives of the

state waste strategy. Achieving the outcomes and targets outlined in the Solid Waste

Strategy 2024 will contribute towards the Queensland Government reaching its state

goals and targets for landfill diversion and recycling. Our strategy will also focus on a

number of the same priority wastes, such as organic waste, plastics and building materials

including concrete, as targeted by the state waste strategy. City of Gold Coast (2014)

Table 4
 57

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 4

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
4. Realism of the program 4 4 3

Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

For the realism of the program, the first and second validator rated it four (4) or

exceeding while the third validator rated it 3 as meeting.

Good planning sets the ground for a high-quality realization and operation of

waste management infrastructure and systems, which can be affordable for the societies,

and with technologies that local resources can be involved. For this reason, especially in

developing countries, there is a need to include good planning practices of Solid Waste

Management (SWM), to create realistic and feasible management plans and according to

these, to solve the waste problem. International Solid waste Association or ISWA (2005)

Table 5

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 5

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
5. Time duration 3 4 3

Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

 58

For the time duration, the first validator rated it three (3) as meeting and the

second validator rated it four (4) as exceeding while the third validator rated it three (3)

as meeting.

Drafted by members of ETAGIW Consortium, A time frame indicating the

expected duration of the different stages and the expected date of finalization of the waste

management plan should be created. The time frame should also make provision for the

consultation period with the public, which may be time- consuming. Expert team for

assessment and guidance for the Implementation of Waste legislation (2012)

Table 6

Summary of validator’s rating to Indicator 6

Indicators Validators
V1 V2 V3
6. Project cost 3 4 3
Legend: 4- Exceeding 3- Meeting 2-Approaching 1- Not meeting

For the project cost, the first validator rated it three (3) as meeting and the second

validator rated it four (4) as exceeding while the third validator rated it three (3) as

meeting.

An article named “How to Estimate Project Costs” mentioned that a project

budget is a detailed, time-phased estimate of all resource costs for your project. You

typically develop a budget in stages — from an initial rough estimate to a detailed

 59

estimate to a completed, approved project budget. On occasion, you may even revise your

approved budget while your project is in progress. Dummies, (2016)

Table 7

Shows the validation result of the Eco-room Waste management Program using the

Cronbach’s alpha through Microsoft excel

Validators
Items 1 2 3 Number of Agreement I-CVI
1 4 4 3 3 1
2 4 4 3 3 1
3 4 4 3 3 1
4 4 4 3 3 1
5 3 4 3 3 1
6 3 4 3 3 1
SCVI 1
Total Agreement 6
Universal agreement 1

Cronbach’s alpha was the method used in calculating the results in the summary

of the validator’s answer to the validation sheet. The needed cronbach’s alpha critical

value is >60. The results concluded that the scale content validity index is 1 while the

total agreement reached 6.0 and the universal agreement is 1.

Problem 3. What are the implications of the Eco-room Waste Management Program

in teaching Science education?

 60

The researchers conducted unstructured interview to some science teachers of

different schools. The first teacher concludes that Waste Management Program is a part

of science subject. Wherein, it discusses the changes in environment like global warming.

She also stated that if we will not start teaching waste management to ourselves and to

the students, how we can take good care of living organism such as humans, animals and

plants in our nature.

Moreover, based on the second science teacher, Waste Management Program is of

great help in teaching science as it increases student’s awareness on how to conserve and

protect the environment. Through waste management program we can educate the

students on how we can lessen pollution that contributes in global warming.

 61

Notes in Chapter IV

Martin Webster, Successful Change Management

http://www.leadershipthoughts.com/kotters-8-step-change-model/ (Retrieved 28 Sept.
2016)
Carlos Hernandez, Program for the Integrated Management of Solid Wastes
at EARTH University: A Small Community’s Self-management Experience in the
Humid Tropical Region
http://www.infrc.or.jp/english/KNF_Data_Base_Web/PDF%20KNF%20Conf%20Data/C
7-3-333.pdf (Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
John R. Clark, Integrated management of coastal zones
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0708E/T0708E06.htm (Retrieved 29 Sept. 2016)
City of Gold Coast, Solid Waste Strategy 2024
http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/solid_waste_strategy2014-2024.pdf
(Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016)
International Solid waste Association or ISWA www.abrelpe.org.br (retrived December
15, 2016)
Expert team for assessment and guidance for the implementation of Waste
legislation, Preparing a Waste Management Plan — a methodological guidance note.
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.ph%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26rct
%3Dj%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fec.europa.eu%252Fenvironment%252Fwaste
%252Fplans%252Fpdf%252F2012_guidance_note.pdf%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjBrrXO-
fXQAhUHk5QKHUBUCcsQFggjMAA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHdgH0wHbUAt7sc7eOzX
BAG7ynusg%26sig2%3DRhAltzzgE07shR6icYqFnA&h=OAQEoyzNw (Retrieved 12
Dec.2016)
Dummies, How to Estimate Project Costs
http://www.dummies.com/careers/project-management/how-to-estimate-project-costs/
(Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016)
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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions and

recommendations made in this study.

Summary of the Findings

The study focuses on the construction and validation of Eco-room Waste

Management Program using the Kotter’s eight step change model. Its objective is to

change or enhance the waste management practices of the students in the College of

Education building at Bataan Peninsula State University-Balanga Campus.

The Eco-room Waste Management Program be created using Kotter’s model such

as create urgency, form a powerful coalition, create a vision for change,

communicate the vision, empower action, create quick wins, build on change and

make it part of the culture.

The Eco-room Waste Management Program was created using the Kotter’s eight

step change model. The program contains the Kotter’s theory component, objectives,

strategies/activities, time frame, persons involved, logistics and the expected outcome.
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The supporting details of this program are the introduction, description of the program,

rationale and the vision of the program.

The Eco-room Waste Management Program be validated in terms of congruency of

the vision and strategies, compatibility of strategies and objectives, alignment of

outcomes to the objectives, realism of the program, time duration, and project cost.

The researchers sought the help of the three professionals to validate the

constructed Eco-room Waste Management Program. The four-point Likert Scale

questionnaire consists of six validation indicators rated as exceeding, meeting,

approaching and not meeting in descending order.

The following are the implications of the Eco-room Waste Management Program in

teaching Science education.

Waste Management Program is of great help in teaching science as it increases

student’s awareness on how to conserve and protect the environment. Through waste

management program we can educate the students on how we can lessen pollution that

contributes in global warming.

Conclusion/s

1. The Eco-room Waste Management Program was constructed successfully using

Kotter’s eight step change model such as create urgency, form a powerful
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coalition, create a vision for change, communicate the vision, empower action,

create quick wins, build on change and make it part of the culture.

2. The Eco-room Waste Management Program was validated in terms of congruency

of the vision and strategies, compatibility of strategies and objectives, alignment

of outcomes to the objectives, realism of the program, time duration, and project

cost using the Cronbach’s Alpha having the total agreement of 6. The program

validation passed the needed reliability critical value therefore, the constructed

program is applicable to be implemented.

3. Waste Management Program is of great help in teaching science as it increases

student’s awareness on how to conserve and protect the environment. Through

waste management program we can educate the students on how we can lessen

pollution that contributes in global warming.

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following:

1. Implementation of the Eco-room Waste Management Program in the College of

Education at Bataan Peninsula State University

2. Addition of more effective activities aligned to the vision of the Eco-room Waste

Management Program.

3. Utilization of the Eco-room Waste Management Program in other courses or

schools.