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Networking
Fundamentals of IT
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Class Discussions
• What is a computer network?
• People talk a lot about the internet. Where is this internet?
• Do we need anything to join the internet?
• Discuss how you can access the internet through

– Cellular data
– WiFi
5/30/2017 Networking | 2
Networking 101
• Networking in relation to computer is the linkage of different

devices to share resources
• They are formed by links and has rules for controlling the flow of
data in the network
• Several devices can connect to the network such as computers,
printers, tablets, phone, gaming consoles among others
• The resources share include printing services, storage space,

application such as database, documents and other file types
Networking 101 – Benefits
• There are fewer devices such as printers being shared by may users
• Faster communication through different collaboration tools

• Reduced file duplication and corruption of data
• Lower cost when purchasing license for applications
• Administrative duties are centralized and executed across all
devices especially down time
• With fewer devices there is a conservation of resources
Class Discussions
• Discuss the different types of networks
• Give detailed examples
• Appoint a representative to present to the class
Types of Networks - LAN
• This is an individual network that spans over a single geographical

area for an organization
• It provides the resources and applications to devices connected to
that network and are under one administration
• This enforces the security and access control policies to the
network in one location
• Therefore the local aspect refers to local consistent control
Types of Networks - LAN
Types of Networks - WLAN
• This network uses radio waves to transmit data between wireless

devices
• It has similar functionalities such as a LAN network
• Connection is made through an access point
– this is a device connected through copper cables to the network
• The range for typical WLAN systems varies from under 30 m indoors
to much greater distances outdoors, depending on the technology
used.
Types of Networks - WLAN
Types of Networks - PAN
• Personal Area Network
• This is a network with a short range for connecting keyboards,

mice, phones, tablets, speakers among others
• The technology used is usually Bluetooth that can support up to
about seven devices
• Bluetooth devices are capable of handling voice and data.
Types of Networks - MAN
• A metropolitan area network
• This is a network that spans across a large campus or a city.

• The network consists of various buildings interconnected through
wireless or fiber optic backbones.
• The communications links and equipment are generally owned by
either a consortium of users or by a network service provider who
sells the service to the users.
• A MAN can act as a high-speed network to allow sharing of regional

resources.
Types of Networks - MAN
Types of Networks - WAN
• A wide area network

• It connects multiple smaller networks such as LANs that are in
geographically separated locations.
• The most common example of a WAN is the Internet.
• The Internet is a large WAN that is composed of millions of
interconnected LANs.
• WAN technology is also used to connect corporate or research networks.
• Telecommunications service providers are used to interconnect these
LANs at different locations.
Networking Concepts – Data Flow
• When data is sent over a computer network, it is broken up into

small chunks called packets.
• Each packet contains source and destination address information.
• The packet, along with the address information, is called a frame.
• It also contains information that describes how to put all of the
packets back together again at the destination.
Class Discussions
In Your daily usage of the internet, what are some of the factors that
affect your Data flow?
– Remember when chatting or calling someone on VoIP and you cant

continue due to interruption.
• Bandwidth - determines the number of packets that can be transmitted

within a fixed period of time
• Bandwidth is measured in bits per second and is usually denoted by any
of the following units of measure:
– b/s - bits per second
– kb/s - kilobits per second
– Mb/s - megabits per second
– Gb/s - gigabits per second
• NOTE: 1 byte is equal to 8 bits, and is abbreviated with a capital letter

B. 1 MB/s is approximately 8 Mb/s.
• The amount of time it takes data to travel from source to

destination is called latency.
• Data is delayed by network devices and cable length.
• Network devices add latency when processing and forwarding data.
• When surfing the Web or downloading a file, latency does not
normally cause problems.
• However time critical applications, such as Internet telephone

calls, video, and gaming, can be significantly affected by latency.
• The data that is transmitted over the network flows using one of three modes:
• Simplex - is a single, one-way transmission, unidirectional
– E.g. TV transmission
• Half Duplex - data flows in one direction at a time
– The channel of communications allows alternating transmission in two directions,
but not in both directions simultaneously
– E.g. two way radios
• Full Duplex - data flows in both directions at the same time
– The bandwidth is measured in only one direction.
• A network cable with 100 Mb/s in full-duplex mode has a bandwidth of 100 Mb/s.
– E.g. a telephone conversation
Networking Equipment Addressing
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IP Addressing
• Internet Protocol address is the number used to identify a device on a

network
• Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to
communicate with other network devices.
• A host is a device that sends or receives information on the network.
• Network devices are devices that move data across the network.
• IP provides an addressing structure that is responsible for delivering
data from the source computer to the destination computer.
IP Addressing
• On a host, the Media Access Control (MAC) address is assigned to

the host NIC and is known as the physical address.
• The physical address remains the same regardless of where the
host is placed on the network
• MAC addresses consist of 6 groupings of 2 hexadecimal values
separated by either a dash (-) or a colon (:)
– E.g. 00-26-6C-FC-D5-AE.
• Hexadecimal values are defined as a range of the numbers from

0-9 and the letters a-f.
IP Addressing
• The IP address is a logical address because it is logically assigned

based on the host location.
• The IP address, or network address, is based on the local network
and is assigned to each host by a network administrator.
Class Discussions
• Discuss IPv4 and IPv6

– What’s the advantages
– Disadvantages?
– What does the future has for these two?
IP Addressing – IPv4
• An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits with a potential address space

of 2^32.
• In decimal notation that is approximately a 4 followed by 9 zeroes
(4,000,000,000)
• The 32 bits are grouped into four segments of 8 bits called octets.
• Each octet is presented as its decimal value, separated by a
decimal point or period.
• This format is referred to as dotted-decimal notation.
• The logical 32-bit IPv4 address is hierarchical and is composed of two

parts.
• The first part identifies the network, and the second part identifies a
host on that network.
• For example, if a host has the IPv4 address 192.168.18.57, the first
three octets, 192.168.18, identify the network portion of the address,
and the last octet, 57 identifies the host.
• This is known as hierarchical addressing, because routers only need to
communicate with networks and not individual hosts.
– A router is a networking device that forwards data packets across networks
toward their destinations.
• IPv4 addresses are divided into the following classes:

1. Class A - Large networks implemented by large companies
2. Class B - Medium-sized networks implemented by universities and

other similar sized organizations
3. Class C - Small networks implemented by small organizations or
Internet service providers (ISPs) for customer subscriptions
4. Class D - Special use for multicasting
5. Class E - Used for experimental testing
• An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits with a potential address space of

2^128.
• In decimal notation, that is approximately a 3 followed by 38 zeroes.
• With IPv6, the number of addresses available per person is
approximately 10^30.
• The IPv6 address notation represents the 128 bits as 32 hexadecimal
values.
• The 32 hexadecimal values are further subdivided into eight fields of
four hexadecimal values, using colons as delimiters.
• Each field of four hexadecimal values is called a block.
Static IP Addressing
• This is the IP address that is assigned and unique for each host
within the same network or subnet
• In a network with a small number of hosts, it is easy to manually
configure each device with the proper IP address.
• A network administrator who understands IP addressing should
assign the addresses and should know how to choose a valid
address for a particular network.
Static IP Addressing
• You can assign the following IP address configuration information

to a host:
1. IP address - identifies the computer on the network
2. Subnet mask - is used to identify the network on which the computer
is connected
3. Default gateway - identifies the device that the computer uses to
access the Internet or another network
4. Optional values - such as the preferred Domain Name System (DNS)
server address and the alternate DNS server address
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• This is a server that automatically assigns IP addresses, which simplifies the addressing
process
• The DHCP server maintains a list of IP addresses to assign and manages the process so
that every device on the network receives a unique IP address.
• The steps are as follows:
1. The DHCP server receives a request from a host
2. It selects IP address information from a set of predefined addresses that are stored in a
database
3. The DHCP server offers these values to the requesting host on the network
4. It assigns the IP address for a specific period of time. This is called leasing.
• When the lease expires, the DHCP server can use this address for another computer that joins
the network.
• A device, however, can renew its lease to retain the IP address.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Before a computer on the network can take advantage of the DHCP services,
the computer must be able to identify the server on the local network.
• A computer can be configured to accept an IP address from a DHCP server by
selecting the Obtain an IP address automatically option in the NIC
configuration window
• A DHCP server automatically assigns the following IP address configuration
information to a host:
a) IP address
b) Subnet mask
c) Default gateway
d) Optional values
Network Devices
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Network Connection - Media
- Media is the actual physical environment through which data

travels as it moves from one component to another, and it
connects network devices.
- The most common types of net-work media are twisted-pair
cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless.
- Each media type has specific capabilities and serves specific
purposes.
Twisted Pair Cable
• Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and
many business computers to the telephone company.
• To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of
wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other.
• Each connection on twisted pair requires both wires
• Twisted-pair cabling is the most common networking cabling in use
today; however, some networks still use older technologies like
coaxial cable
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that

surrounds a single inner wire conducting element.
• Coaxial cables have been replaced by twisted pair cables.
Fiber Optic Cable
• Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of conducting

modulated light trans-mission.
• Fiber-optic cable does not carry electrical impulses as copper wire does.
Instead, signals that represent bits are converted into pulses of light.
• Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
• Cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
• Fibers can be broken or have transmission loses when wrapped around
curves of only a few centimeters radius
Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless Communication
- Wireless communication uses radio frequencies (RFs) or infrared

waves to transmit data between devices on a LAN
- For wireless LANs (WLAN), a key component is the wireless hub,
or access point, used for signal distribution.
- To receive the signals from the access point, a PC or laptop needs
to install a wireless adapter card, or wireless network interface
card (NIC)
Wireless Communication
Network Communication - Devices
• Network devices are components used to connect computers or

other electronic devices together so that they can share files or
resources like printers or fax machines.
• Devices used to setup a Local Area Network (LAN) are the most
common type of network devices used by the public.
Network Interface Card
• NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling
Switch
• A network switch is a computer networking device that connects

network segments
Routers
• Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple

network types and determine the best path for sending data.
• Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
Gateway
• The gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a

workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages
Wireless Access Point
• A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless

communication devices to connect to a wireless network using
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards.
• The WAP usually connects to a wired network, and can relay data
between the wireless devices (such as computers or printers) and
wired devices on the network
Wireless Access Point
Exercise
• Difference between routers and switches
Network Protocols
|
Network Protocols
• Define the rules that govern the communications between two

computers connected to the network
• Roles: addressing and routing of messages, error detection and
recovery, sequence and flow controls etc.
• Protocols are designed based on a layered architecture such as the
OSI reference model.
• An Example: HTTP protocol for communication between web

browsers and servers.
Exercise
• Research on the following network protocols:

– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Secure HTTP
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

– Secure Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Internet Service Providers
Connection Types
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Connection Technologies
• Analog Telephone: Transmits over standard voice telephone lines using an

analog modem to transmit and receive data. This method of connection is
known as dialup
• Integrated Service Digital Network - Uses multiple channels and can carry
different types of services such as sending voice, video, and data over normal
telephone wires.
• Broadband:
– Used to transmit and receive multiple signals using different frequencies over one
cable.
– Because the two transmission types use different frequencies, they do not
interfere with each other.
– Sending two or more signals simultaneously increases the rate of transmission
Connection Technologies
• Digital Subscriber Line

– It’s an always-on service, which means that there is no need to dial up each time you want
to connect to the Internet.
– DSL uses the existing copper telephone lines to provide high-speed digital data
communication between end users and telephone companies..
– With DSL, the voice and data signals are carried on different frequencies on the copper
telephone wires.
– A filter prevents DSL signals from interfering with phone signals
• Line of sight wireless Internet
– It’s an always-on service that uses radio signals for transmitting Internet access on
different frequencies.
– A clear path between the transmission tower and customer is required.
– The tower may connect to other towers or directly to an Internet backbone connection.
Connection Technologies - Broadband
• With a cellular WAN adapter installed, a user can access the Internet over the cellular network.
• There are different cellular WAN characteristics:

1. 1G - Analog voice only
2. 2G - Digital voice, conference calls, and caller ID; data speeds less than 9.6 Kb/s
3. 2.5G - Data speeds between 30 Kb/s and 90 Kb/s; supports web browsing, short audio and video
clips, games, and application and ring tone downloads
4. 3G - Data speeds between 144 Kb/s and 2 Mb/s; supports full-motion video, streaming music, 3D
gaming, and faster web browsing
5. 3.5G - Data speeds between 384 Kb/s and 14.4 Mb/s; supports high-quality streaming video,
high-quality video conferencing, and VoIP
6. 4G - Data speeds between 5.8 Mb/s and 672 Mb/s when mobile, and up to 1 Gb/s when stationary;
supports IP-based voice, gaming services, high-quality streamed multimedia, and IPv6
• Cellular networks use one or more of the following technologies:

– Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) - Standard used by the worldwide
cellular network
– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) - Data service for users of GSM
– Quad-band - Allows a cellular phone to operate on all four GSM frequencies: 850 MHz, 900
MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz
– Short Message Service (SMS) - Data service used to send and receive text messages
– Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) - Data service used to send and receive text
messages and can include multimedia content
– Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) - Increased data rates and improved data
reliability
– Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) - Improved upload speeds and QoS
– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - Enhanced 3G access speed
• Cable
– A cable modem connects your computer to the cable company.
– You can plug your computer directly into the cable modem, or you can connect a router,
switch, hub, or multipurpose network device for shared connection
– IT offers high speeds and an always-on service, which means that even when the
connection is not in use, the connection to the Internet is still available.
• Satellite
– It uses a satellite dish for two-way communication that transmits and receives signals to
and from a satellite which relays these signals back to a service provider
– Download speed can reach up to 10Mb/s or more, while upload speed ranges about 1/10th
of download speeds.
– Due to latency, it is difficult to use time-sensitive applications, such as video gaming, VoIP,
and video conferencing.
• Fiber Broadband
• Fiber broadband provides faster connection speeds and bandwidth

than cable modems, DSL, and ISDN.
• Fiber broadband can deliver a multitude of digital services, such as
telephone, video, data, and video conferencing simultaneously.
Selecting an ISP
• There are four main considerations for an Internet connection:
– Cost
– Speed
– Reliability
– Availability
• Each connection type has its own advantages and disadvantages
Selecting an ISP - DSL
• DSL allows the use of high-bandwidth applications or multiple users to share

the same connection to the Internet
• There are limitations to DSL technology:
• DSL service is not available everywhere, and it works better and faster the
closer the installation is to the telephone provider's central office (CO).
• In some cases, installed telephone lines will not qualify to carry all DSL signals.
• The voice information and data carried by DSL must be separated at the
customer site. A device called a filter prevents data signals from interfering
with voice signals.
Selecting an ISP - Satellite
• Suitable for rural areas because they need a faster connection than
dialup, and no other broadband connection is available.
• The cost of installation and the monthly service fees are generally
much higher than those of DSL and cable.
• Heavy storm conditions can degrade the quality of the connection

slowing down or even disconnecting the connection.
Selecting an ISP - Cellular
• Many types of wireless Internet services are available.
• The same companies that offer cellular service may offer Internet
service.
• PC Card/ExpressBus, USB, or PCI and PCIe cards are used to

connect a computer to the Internet.
• Service providers may offer wireless Internet service using

microwave technology in limited areas.
Ole Sangale Road, Madaraka Estate. PO Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: (+254) (0)703 034000/200/300 Fax : +254 (0)20 607498
Email: info@strathmore.edu Website: www.strathmore.edu
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Networking

• What is a computer network?

• People talk a lot about the internet. Where is this internet?

• Do we need anything to join the internet?

• Discuss how you can access the internet through

• Networking in relation to computer is the linkage of different

• The resources share include printing services, storage space,

• Faster communication through different collaboration tools

• With fewer devices there is a conservation of resources

• Discuss the different types of networks

• Give detailed examples

• Appoint a representative to present to the class

• This is an individual network that spans over a single geographical

• Therefore the local aspect refers to local consistent control

• This network uses radio waves to transmit data between wireless

• Personal Area Network

• This is a network with a short range for connecting keyboards,

• Bluetooth devices are capable of handling voice and data.

• A metropolitan area network

• This is a network that spans across a large campus or a city.

• A MAN can act as a high-speed network to allow sharing of regional

• A wide area network

• When data is sent over a computer network, it is broken up into

– Remember when chatting or calling someone on VoIP and you cant

• Bandwidth - determines the number of packets that can be transmitted

• NOTE: 1 byte is equal to 8 bits, and is abbreviated with a capital letter

• The amount of time it takes data to travel from source to

• However time critical applications, such as Internet telephone

– E.g. a telephone conversation

• Internet Protocol address is the number used to identify a device on a

• On a host, the Media Access Control (MAC) address is assigned to

• Hexadecimal values are defined as a range of the numbers from

• The IP address is a logical address because it is logically assigned

• Discuss IPv4 and IPv6

– What does the future has for these two?

• An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits with a potential address space

• This format is referred to as dotted-decimal notation.

• The logical 32-bit IPv4 address is hierarchical and is composed of two

• IPv4 addresses are divided into the following classes:

2. Class B - Medium-sized networks implemented by universities and

5. Class E - Used for experimental testing

• An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits with a potential address space of

• You can assign the following IP address configuration information

- Media is the actual physical environment through which data

• Coaxial cable consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that

• Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of conducting

- Wireless communication uses radio frequencies (RFs) or infrared

• Network devices are components used to connect computers or

• NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling

• A network switch is a computer networking device that connects

• Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple

• The gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a

• A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless

• Difference between routers and switches

• Define the rules that govern the communications between two

• An Example: HTTP protocol for communication between web

• Research on the following network protocols:

– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Analog Telephone: Transmits over standard voice telephone lines using an

• Digital Subscriber Line

• There are different cellular WAN characteristics:

• Cellular networks use one or more of the following technologies:

• Fiber broadband provides faster connection speeds and bandwidth