K AVINASH

18MCT0028

VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VELLORE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
PREFABRICATED TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT
DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-I

QUESTION:

A precast company hasAinvolved in theAconstruction of high rise building at outskirt of Vellore.

As there is no nearby precast plant at Vellore, they areAplanned to use the existing available space
for precast plant near the construction site. The engineer has usedCsimplified frame analysis
method.

a. Explain the analysis principles of simplified frame analysis in the construction of high rise
building using relevant sketches.

ANSWER:

SIMPLIFIED FRAME ANALYSIS:

Firstly, A Precast concrete structure is not a cast in situ structure cut into little pieces making it
possible to transport and erect.

 There will be some passageAof forces through the prefabricatedBand assembled

components in the precastSstructure is quite different to a continuous structure.

 This is certainly true near the connections. It is therefore possible to begin a global analysis
by first considering the behaviour of a continuous frame and Identifying the positions
where suitable connections in a precast frame may be made.

 A 2D in the plane simplification is appropriate in the first instance. This is defined in below
figure where there are no structural frame components, only simply supported floor units,
connecting the 2D Plane frames together.
 2D Simplification of 3D Skeletal structure

 The below figure shows the approximately bending moments and deflected shape in a 3-
storey continuous beam and column frame subject to vertical (gravity) patch loads and
horizontal (wind) pressure. Call this frame as F1.

Deformations and bending moment distributions in a continuous structure due

to gravity loads
Deformations and Bending moment distribution in a continuous structure due to sway loads.

 The beam – column connections have equal strength and stiffness as then members. The
stability of F is achieved through the combined action of the beams, columns and beam-
column connection in bending, shear and axial. This is called an “Unbraced” frame.

 There are points of zero moment in F1 which depends on the relative intensity of the two
load cases. If the gravity load is dominant beam contraflexure is near to the beam –
column connection, typically 0.1 times the span of the beam, if horizontal load is dominant
contraflexure is at mid-span. In the column, contraflexure is always at mid-storey height,
and this is a good place to make a pinned connection between two precast columns.

 If the strength and stiffness of the connection at the end of the beam is reduced to zero,
whilst the column and the foundation are untouched, the resulting moments and
deflection in this frame, called F2, which will be shown below figure

Deformations and bending moment distribution in a pinned jointed structure due to gravity
loads
Deformations and bending moment distributions in a pinned jointed structure due to sway
loads

 The columns alone achieve the stability of F2 – the beams transfer no moments, only axial
forces and shear. This principle of a pin jointed unbraced skeletal frame.

 In taller structures >3 storeys or about 10m, the large sizes of the columns become
impractical and uneconomic leading to bracing. The bracing may be used in the full height,
called a “fully braced” frame, or up to or from a certain level, called a “partially braced”
frame.

 The differences are explained in below figure

Partially braced structures

 The bracing is located in the upper storeys providing the columns in the un braced part
below the first floor are sufficiently stable to carry horizontal forces and any second order
moments resulting from slenderness.

 If the strength and stiffness of the lower end of the column is reduced to zero, whilst the
beam and bean- column connections are untouched, the resulting moments and
deflections in this frame, called F3 are as shown in below figure.

Structural Systems for a Portal U- frames

 The Stability of F3 is achieved by the portal frame action of inverted U Frames- clearly not
a practical solution for a factory cast large spans so that this method is used for repetitious
site casting. Therefore, a practical solution is to prefabricated a series of L frames as shown
in below figure

Structural Systems for a Portal L- frames

 If pinned connections are made at the points of the column contraflexure structural
behaviour is similar to a continuous frame as explained in below figure.

Structural system in an H- Frame

Deformations and bending moment distributions in a H Frame

  Although in theory the connections are classed as pinned, in reality there will be some
need for moment transfer, however small. Therefore, H frames connections are designed
with finite moment capacity, this also gives safety and stability to H frames which by their
nature tend to be massive.
 The connection at upper end of the column may be pinned if it is located at appoint of
contraflexure. If not, the connection must possess flexural strength as shown be in below
figure.

H Frame

QUESTION:

Explain the different types of cranes used to handle the precast elements in this construction
activity

ANSWER:

There are different types of cranes used in construction projects. Crane is a machine capable of
lifting, lowering and moving of heavy materials with the use of pulleys and cables.

 Cranes are valuable assets for the construction industry because they made things easy
for any type of construction. These are helpful for construction of high-rise buildings as
well as in areas inaccessible.

TYPES OF CRANES

 Vehicle Mounted Crane

 Tower Crane
  Rough Terrain Crane
 Crawler Crane
 All Terrain Crane
 Rail road Crane
 Telescopic Handler Crane
 Harbour Crane
 Floating Crane

VEHICLE MOUNTED CRANE:

 Cranes are required only during the construction as temporary structures. So, these are
mounted to vehicles for easy movement. Mostly cranes are truck mounted except some
heavy cranes. The wheels of vehicle mounted cranes are made with rubber.

 These wheeled vehicles can move faster than trucked but are not accessible to uneven
areas. Outriggers are provided to the base of vehicle to provide stability to the crane
while working.

TOWER CRANE:
  Tower cranes are widely used for construction of tall buildings as they can work up to 265
feet as well as lower to 230 feet. These have lifting capacity approximately equal to 20
tons and are fixed to the ground during construction period.

 These cranes are fixed using strong concrete base and anchored by large bolts
which can be removed easily after construction.

ROUGH TERRAIN CRANE:

 Rough terrain crane is special type of vehicle mounted crane. This crane is used for off-
road construction work or rough terrain places where a normal vehicle mounted crane is
not suitable.

 Specially designed rubber tires are used for this crane and outriggers are provided at the
base of the vehicle to provide stability while working.
CRAWLER CRANE:

 This is a movable crane but the movement of vehicle is done by tracks due to which they
do not require outriggers for stability. Their lifting capacity is very high (40 tons to 3500
tons).

 Because of tracked system it can move to any site even in soft soils. It is capable of
traveling with load and is used for heavy load transport in the construction site.
ALL TERRAIN CRANE:

 It is also mobile crane which can move at same speed in the paved road as well as in rough
terrains. It has more number of wheels than normal vehicle and they balance the vehicle
without overturning in rough terrains. So we can use this crane instead of both truck
mounted crane and rough terrain crane for dual purpose.

RAIL ROAD CRANE:

 Railroad cranes are used for construction of railway line, repairing and maintaining of
railroad. These have flanged wheels at its bottom which can be moved in rail track only.
TELESCOPIC HANDLER CRANE:

 Telescopic cranes are used to handle pallet of bricks, to install steel trusses at the top etc.
and has forklift type part at the end of boom. They also have outriggers at its base. The
crane part is rotatable to 360o.

HARBOUR CRANE:

 Harbour cranes are provided in port areas for loading and unloading of ships.
FLOATING CRANE:

 Floating cranes are required for bridge construction, port construction. They
are also used to load and unload the ships. They have capacity up to 9000
tons. So these are also useful to lift sunk ships from water.