SQL BASICS

SELECT * FROM database ; Selects whole database

SELECT COUNT/AVG/SUM Counts/averages/sums up

(column_name) total from table
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT DISTINCT column1, Used to return only SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
column2, distinct (different)
FROM table_name; values

SELECT column1, column2, ... WHERE clause is used to SELECT * FROM Customers
FROM table_name extract only those WHERE Country='Mexico';
WHERE condition; records that fulfill a
specified condition

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND/NOT/OR
condition2 AND/NOT/OR condition3
...;
WHERE clause can be SELECT * FROM Customers
combined with AND, OR, WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';
and NOT operators.
SELECT * FROM Customers
The AND and OR operators WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin'
are used to filter OR City='München');
records based on more
than one condition

DELETE FROM table_name ORDER BY keyword sorts DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE condition;
SELECT MIN/MAX (column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,
...);
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL / NOT
NULL;
the records in ascending WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
order by default. To
sort the records in
descending order, use
the DESC keyword.
Min = returns smallest SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice
value FROM Products;
Max = returns largest
value
It is also possible to INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City,
only insert data in Country)
specific columns. VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger',
'Norway');
Will insert a new
record, but only insert
data in the
"CustomerName", "City",
and "Country" columns
(CustomerID will be
updated automatically):
It is not possible to SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM
test for NULL values Persons
with comparison WHERE Address IS NULL;
operators, such as =, <,
or <>.

NULL or NOT NULL

UPDATE table_name Updates the first UPDATE Customers
SET column1 = value1, column2 = customer (CustomerID = SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City=
value2, ... 1) with a new contact 'Frankfurt'
WHERE condition; person and a new city. WHERE CustomerID = 1;

DELETE FROM table_name Used to delete existing DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE condition;
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number;
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
records in table WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
Used to specify number SELECT * FROM Customers
of records to return. WHERE ROWNUM <= 3;
Useful on large tables
incase impacts on
performance
The LIKE operator is SELECT * FROM Customers
used in a WHERE clause WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%';
to search for a
specified pattern in a
column.
WHERE
Finds any values that
CustomerName
There are two wildcards starts with "a"
LIKE 'a%'
used in conjunction with
the LIKE operator:

 % - The percent WHERE

Finds any values that
sign represents CustomerName
ends with "a"
zero, one, or LIKE '%a'
multiple
characters
 _ - The
underscore WHERE
Finds any values that
represents a CustomerName
have "or" in any position
single character LIKE '%or%'

WHERE Finds any values that

CustomerName have "r" in the second
LIKE '_r%' position

Finds any values that

WHERE
starts with "a" and are
CustomerName
at least 3 characters in
LIKE 'a_%_%'
length

WHERE Finds any values that

ContactName LIKE starts with "a" and ends
'a%o' with "o"

SELECT column_name(s) SELECT * FROM Customers

FROM table_name WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France',
'UK');
WHERE column_name IN (value1,
value2, ...); Or

Or WHERE Country IN (SELECT Country FROM

WHERE column_name IN (SELECT
STATEMENT);
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1
AND value2;
Suppliers);
The BETWEEN operator SELECT * FROM Products
selects values within a WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
given range. The values
can be numbers, text, or
dates.
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;
SELECT column_name(s) FROM
table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM
table2;
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM
table_name WHERE condition);
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator
ANY/ALL
(SELECT column_name FROM
table_name WHERE condition);
SELECT *
Or
SELECT column1, column2,
column3, ...
INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
FROM oldtable
WHERE condition;
INSERT INTO table2
SELECT * FROM table1
WHERE condition;
SQL aliases are used to SELECT CustomerID as ID, CustomerName AS
give a table, or a Customer
column in a table, a FROM Customers;
temporary name.
Aliases are often used
to make column names
more readable.
JOINS values from two or SELECT City FROM Customers
more tables UNION ALL
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
The GROUP BY statement SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
is often used with FROM Customers
aggregate functions GROUP BY Country;
(COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM,
AVG) to group the
result-set by one or
more columns.
The EXISTS operator is SELECT SupplierName
used to test for the FROM Suppliers
existence of any record WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM
in a subquery. Products WHERE SupplierId =
Suppliers.supplierId AND Price < 20);
The EXISTS operator
returns true if the
subquery returns one or
more records.
The ANY and ALL SELECT ProductName
operators are used with FROM Products
a WHERE or HAVING WHERE ProductID = ANY (SELECT ProductID
clause. FROM OrderDetails WHERE Quantity = 10);
The ANY operator returns
true if any of the
subquery values meet the
condition.
The ALL operator returns
true if all of the
subquery values meet the
condition.
The SELECT INTO SELECT CustomerName, ContactName INTO
statement copies data CustomersBackup2017
from one table into a FROM Customers;
new table.
The INSERT INTO SELECT INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City,
statement copies data Country)
from one table and SELECT SupplierName, City, Country FROM
inserts it into another Suppliers;
table.
  INSERT INTO
SELECT requires
that data types
in source and
target tables
match
 The existing
records in the
target table are
unaffected

Left Join:

Returns only unmatched

rows from left table
Right Join:

Returns only unmatched

rows from the right
table.
SELECT column_name(s) Full Outer Join:
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON Returns all record when
there is a match in
table1.column_name = either table 1 or table
table2.column_name; 2 records.