DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: This course introduces some Applied Social Sciences, namely Counselling, Social Work, and
Communication, which draw their foundation from the theories and principles of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and other
Social Sciences. The course highlights the seamless interconnectivity of the different applied social science disciplines while
focusing on the processes and applications of these applied disciplines in critical development areas.

At the end of the course, students shall demonstrate competencies in interacting and reacting with other individuals, groups, and
communities; apply social sciences principles, practices, and tools in addressing the development areas identified by the class; and
analyze how processes in these applied disciplines work in specific life situations.

MODULE 1
CHAPTER 1 Course Introduction (Applied Social Sciences)
1.1 Definition of social sciences
1.2 Definition of applied social sciences

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of social sciences and applied social sciences.
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to explain clearly public perceptions about the work of social sciences and applied social
science practitioners.

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WEEK 1

LESSON 1 Defining Social Sciences and the Applied Social Sciences

I. Objectives:
1. To explain the definition of social sciences and applied social sciences through data retrieval chart
2. To differentiate social sciences and applied social sciences through compare and contrast graphic organizer
3. To explain the different disciplines of social sciences and the applied social sciences.
4. To explain clearly public perception about the work of social sciences and applied social science practitioners through infomercial
campaign.

II. Chapter Pre Test

Act.1
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study column if you agree with the
statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you agree with the statement and a
cross mark (X) if you do not agree.
Before the Chapter Study Statements After the Chapter Study
Social science is the study of society and
the manner in which people behave and
affect the world.
Social sciences are only applicable in the
academe and not in the workplace.
Applied social scientist use and borrow
different concepts, theoretical models,
and theories from social science and
disciplines.
Guidance counselling is a profession that
helps address a person’s specific
projects, business successes , general
conditions and transitions in life ,
relationships , or profession
Applied social sciences provide good
theoretical and conceptual foundations
for social work practice.

2
 Psychology studies how human mind
work in consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to individual
actions.

III. Motivation
Act. 2 Data Retrieval Chart Completion
Direction: Complete the data retrieval chart. Classify the following disciplines and categorize them if they belong to the Pure Social
Sciences or to the Applied Social Sciences.

Compare and Contrast with Bubble Map

Disciplines to be categorized:

Economics
Counselling History
Geography Social Work
Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Political science
Demography Communication

Applied Social
Sciences

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 Pure Social
Sciences

Guide Questions:
1. What are the disciplines under applied social sciences?
2. What are the disciplines under pure social sciences?
3. How do they differ from one another?

IV. Discussion
Defining Social Sciences – is made of several disciplines and these include history, political science, sociology, psychology,
economics, geography, demography, anthropology and linguistics. As a body of scientific knowledge, the social sciences provide
diverse set of lens that help us understand and explain the different facets of human society. The varieties of lens that social
sciences study refer to the different fields of the social sciences that investigate human society.
Branches of the Social Sciences
 Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society.
Economics has different subfields:
 Environmental economics- studies the allocation of natural resources
 Labor economics-focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of employees and the relationships
between employers and their employees.

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  Business economics- examines the behavior of companies and firms by studying the factors that result in profit
maximization, price setting, production goals, and the role of incentives.
 Monetary economics- on the other hand, studies the nation’s production, inflation, income, interest rates, and monetary
policies.

 Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time.
Anthropologist are trained in the different areas:
 Cultural anthropology studies the development of human culture based on ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological
data analysis. It explains how people in other societies live and affects their environments to their respective lives.
 Physical anthropology studies human biological nature, particularly its beginning , evolution, and variation in prehistory
 Archeology studies human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people.

 History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause
and effects of events in the development of societies.
History has several subfields:
 Political history studies history of political institutions
 Economic history studies the development of economic institutions and other economic factors.
 Social history studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women, children, ethnic groups, and the different sectors
of society from historical point of view.
 Environmental history looks into the history of the interaction of humans with the environment
 History of medicine and public health examines the history of public health and human medicine
 Business history studies the history of the development of businesses, companies, and industries
 Biographies studies the history of great persons in history
 Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws, and international
relations.
Political has several fields of study:
 Domestic politics studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments.
 Comparative politics studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and differences between among
countries
 International Relations focuses on the study of political relationship and interaction between and among countries
 Public administration studies national and local governance and bureaucracy
 Public law examines legal systems, civil rights , and criminal justice
 Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual
actions.
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 Psychology subfields:
 Experimental psychology studies of humans and animals examines how and why learning takes place
 Developmental psychology studies the ways people change and behave as they go through their life
 Personality psychology studies human nature and differences among people
 Environmental psychology studies the effects of surroundings on a person’s attitude and behavior
 Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups
Sociology subfields:
 Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data,
solve problems and communicate research to the public.
 Urban sociology studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the application of sociological methods like
statistical analysis and ethnographies
 Cultural sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and practices.
 Rural sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas
 Medical sociology examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people
 Sociology of education analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics, economic systems, and culture affects
school and educational systems.
 Political sociology examines how social structure affects and influences politics.
 Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization, the different civilian and military relationships, war
experiences, and the use and control of force
 Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.
Geography subfields:
 Physical geography studies the natural features of the earth , including land, water , and atmosphere
 Human geography studies how people create cultures in their natural environments.
 Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016) demography is the scientific study of
human populations across time.
Major subfield:
 Population studies or social demography analyze demographic data to define, explain, and foresee social phenomena.
It also studies social – status composition and population distribution.

Defining the Applied Social Sciences-branch of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the
social science disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. The applied social sciences is utilized to
provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society.
Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:

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 Counseling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social sciences, counseling provides
guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives.
 Counseling can be done by the following:
Guidance counselor and life coaching are applications of the social sciences and these professions, expert help are
given to individuals who needed guidance or advice pertaining to their business successes, general conditions and
personal life transitions, relationships and career.
Life coach analyzes the present condition of the client, discovers different obstacles or challenges that a client faces, and
provides a certain course of action to make the client’s life better.
Career counseling is needed by people who are in the process of entering the job market, searching for possible career
change, or those wanting career advancements.
Personal growth counseling concentrates on the evaluation of different aspects of a client’s life.
 Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their individual and collective well-
being.
 Communication Studies- Applied social science provide adequate training for careers in the field of journalism and mass
communication because of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills that graduates learn from social sciences.

Act. 3 Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer

Social Science Applied Social

Science

How are they alike?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ 7
_____________
 How are they different?

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__ __

Guide Questions:
1. What is the connection between social sciences and the applied social sciences?
2. How do they differ from one another?
3. What is the difference between counseling and social work?
4. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social sciences?

V. Application
Produce a group infomercial that will promote awareness to the public about the important work and functions of a social scientist an
applied social science practitioner. The infomercial must also explain the main differences of social scientist and an applied social
science practitioner.
An infomercial is a communication strategy that aims to inform the public about an issue / topic. It serves as an information
strategy and a promotional commercial. It is often referred to as paid programming and are usually shown on televisions and the
Internet.

Mechanics:
1. The class will divided into 5 groups.
2. Each group must brain storm and discuss the contents of their infomercial.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between counseling and social work?
2. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social sciences?

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 Rubric for an Infomercial Campaign
Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor Grade
Content Infomercial Infomercial Infomercial Infomercial did not
demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated demonstrated
exceptional excellent some knowledge knowledge of the
knowledge of the knowledge of the of the important of important of work
important of work important of work work and functions and functions of a
and functions of a and functions of a of a social scientist social scientist
social scientist and social scientist and and an applied and an applied
an applied social an applied social social science social science
science practitioner. science practitioner. practitioner.
practitioner.
Supporting Multimedia or Multimedia or Multimedia or Multimedia or
Presentation poster greatly poster somewhat poster enhanced poster does not
enhanced enhanced understanding of enhance
understanding of understanding of important work presentation.
important work and important work and functions of a
functions of a social and functions of a social scientist and
scientist and an social scientist and an applied social
applied social an applied social science
science practitioner. science practitioner
practitioner.
Reasoning Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation did
explained clearly provided few provided one not provide any
the important work explanations on explanation about information. No
and functions of a the important work the important work inferences were
social scientist and and functions of a and functions of a made.
an applied social social scientist and social scientist and
science practitioner. an applied social an applied social
Numerous science science
inferences were practitioner. A few practitioner.
made. inferences were Inaccurate
made. inferences were
given.

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 Organization Entire presentation Most of the Some of the Presentation did
was well organized. presentation was presentation was not flow and
Information flowed well organized and well organized or information was
in a logical manner. flowed in logical information was presented in an
manner. presented in an illogical manner.
illogical manner.
Oral Presentation Student presenting Student presenting Student presenting Student
the infomercial the infomercial the infomercial did presenting the
could be easily could be easily not speak clearly infomercial could
understood understood throughout the not be understood.
throughout entire throughout most of presentation. Student displayed
presentation. the presentation. Student displayed poor posture and
Excellent posture Good posture and poor posture and eye contact was
and eye contact. eye contact. eye contact was not established.
not established.

VI. Valuing
 What are the importance of knowing the difference of pure social science from applied social science?
 How can you say that the applied social science is differ from pure social science?
VII. Generalization

Statements After the Chapter Study

Social science is the study of society and the
manner in which people behave and affect
the world.
Social sciences are only applicable in the
academe and not in the workplace.
Applied social scientist use and borrow
different concepts, theoretical models, and
theories from social science and disciplines.
Guidance counselling is a profession that
helps address a person’s specific projects,
business successes , general conditions and
transitions in life , relationships , or
profession

10
 Applied social sciences provide good
theoretical and conceptual foundations for
social work practice.
Psychology studies hoe human mind work in
consonance with the body to produce
thoughts that lead to individual actions.

VIII. Assignment
Research for the following topics:
- Counseling
- Roles ,functions and areas of counseling
- Clientele and audiences in counseling
Act. Take It from the Expert
To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups. Each group is required to
interview a counselor from any of the counselor’s work settings: school, mental hospital, private agencies, community, and
government. You interview must focus on:
1. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the different cases/ problems it
handles , the program implements, and the different approaches and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution
face and the victories and successes of the institution.
2. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working as a counselor in the institution?
What programs do you handle? What are responsibilities? What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see
yourself as a counselor? What do you enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a
counselor? What helps you in your work? What education and training do you need to enhance your work? What other
message do you want to convey?

Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your own title – a title which will
embrace the data collected. The ethics forms (letter of permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be
submitted together with the report.
References:
Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdiciplinary Research: Process and Theory.
London, Los Angeles , New Delhi , Singapore: Sage.

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 Gouldner, Alvin W. ( 1989 ) “ Explorations in Applied Social Science”,
Sociological Practice: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 5.Available at : http//digitalcommons.wayne.edu/socprac/vol7/iss1/5.
CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
1.1 Counseling
1.1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 Goals
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.4 Core Values
1.1.5 Principles
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of disciplines of counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to demonstrate a high level of the basic concepts of counseling through a group
presentation of a situation in which practitioners of counseling work together to assist individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult
situations ( e.g., post disaster, court hearing about separation of celebrity couple, cyber bullying )

WEEK 2

LESSON 1 The Discipline of Counseling

I. Objectives:
1. To know the definition of Counseling through KWL Chart.
2. To identify the goals and scope of counseling and discuss the core values and principles of counseling through I need Help,
Where will I go? In what Way will Counseling Empower Me and Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?
3. To demonstrate comprehension of counseling principles through case analysis Take it from the Expert!

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II. Chapter Pre Test
Act.1
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding about counseling. You are
required to agree or disagree with each of the following statements. Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the
Before the Chapter Study column if you agree with the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you agree with the statement and a
cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Before the Study Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the subjective
dimension of counseling. It acclaims a
flexible and creative process whereby
the counselor modifies the approach to
meet the developing needs of clients.
Remedial goals refer to assisting a client
to overcome and treat an undesirable
development.
Counseling happens when a person who
is distressed asks and permits another
person to enter into a particular kind of
connection with him or her.
A licensed professional scholar may
render to individuals , groups,
organizations , or the general public
counseling services involving the
application of clinical counseling
principles, methods, or procedures to
assist individuals in achieving more
effective personal, social, educational, or
career development and adjustment.

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 The way we perceive or view things,
people, events and our environment, is
influenced by our values.
Counselors treat with confidence
personal information about clients,
whether obtained directly or indirectly by
inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits
for each participant.
Marriage and family counseling refers to
the efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family
system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervised
experience, state and national
professional credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.

III. Motivation
Act.2 KWL Chart
Topic: The Discipline of Counseling
What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned
About Counseling About Counseling About Counseling

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 Guide Questions:
1. What are your ideas about counseling?
2. Did you experience counseling? Why?

IV. Discussion
Counseling – For Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh the objective and
subjective facets of the counseling process.
- As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative process whereby the counselor modifies
the approach to meet the developing needs of the clients.
- As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks for help and permit another person to enter
into a kind of connection with him/her. It is indicative with formal of someone in search of counseling requests for time and
attention from person who will listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize him/her.
- Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good listening skills, empathy, and caring
capacity.
- Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the profession that implicates the application
of “ an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual “ through the provision of support that aids an
individual to use his/her potential to the fullest in accord with his/her interest , needs and abilities. (University of Queensland,
2015).
- At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010, the representatives come to an
agreement on a mutual definition of counseling. They agreed that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers
diverse individuals, families and group to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas,
and Gladding, 2014).

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 Act.3
I Need Help, Where Will I Go?
Instruction:
1. If something is bothering about life matters: academics, relationships, family, identity, and financial concerns, with whom
do you share your problem? Will you pursue formal help or a non-formal help? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer on the box.

Open Notes

Name: ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003), which are as follows:

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1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including social, personal, emotional,
cognitive, and physical wellness.
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing positive self – concept.
The presented list of counseling goals, some of which are enhancement of the above goals.

Goal Description
Insight Understanding of the origins and development of emotional
difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to take rational control
over feelings and actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying
relationships with other people : for example , within the family or
workplace
Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been
blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how
self is perceived by others.
Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an
ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject
of self- criticism and rejection
Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an
integration of previously conflicting parts of self.
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening
Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been
able to resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem –
solving

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 Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to
understand and control behavior
Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as
maintenance of eye contact , turn taking in conversations, assertive,
or anger control
Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive
thought patterns associated with self- destructive behavior
Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive
patterns of behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate
Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to
client to take control of his or her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and
pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through
political engagement

Act. 4
In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?
Instruction:
1. In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “counseling aims to empower the client by helping him/her make
critical decisions in life, develop ability to cope, enhance effectiveness, and improve quality of life”.
2. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it empower you? Explain your answer.
3. Write your answer in the box.
Open Notes

Name:__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ 18
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Scope of Counseling
The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling. Broadly, the scope of counseling includes
individual counseling, marital and premarital counseling, family counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject matter
related to scope of counseling is the 4757-15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed Professional Counselors. It contains the rights and
responsibilities of licensed counselors including the following:

Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public
compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures
to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods , and procedures “, means an approach
to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in systematically assisting clients
through all of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions , exploring
possible solutions, and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and
emotional adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal,
consulting, supervision, administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under
the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists,
independent marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when
services are within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the
diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.

Source: http:codes.ohio.gov/oac/4757-15

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Core Values- is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational components, more
specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other
people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and Rogers ,highlighted the importance of
values.
Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:

Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both personal and
professional codes.
1. Autonomy of individuals
 Is based on the right to freedom of action and
freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of
others ; counseling cannot happen unless the
client has made a free choice to participate

2. Principle of Non maleficence

 This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers
that they must ,above all, do no harm;
 Beneficence refers to the order to promote human
welfare

3. Principle of Justice
 Concerned with the fair distribution of resources
and services , unless there is some acceptable
reason for treating them differently
 For counseling , the principle has particular
relevance to the question access

General Moral Theories  The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice ,
drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of
personal qualities that all practitioners should possess:
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 empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect, humility,
competence, fairness, wisdom and courage

Act.5 Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?

Instruction:
1. Among those four ethical principle that we discuss in class, namely , principle of autonomy of individuals, principles of non-
maleficence, principle of justice, and principle of fidelity, which will you choose to present? Why this principle? What aspect of
the principle influences you? Please explain.
2. Write your answers on the box.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

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V. Application
Act. 6 Take It from the Expert! (Presentation)
To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups. Each group is required to
interview a counselor from any of the counselor’s work settings: school, mental hospital, private agencies, community, and
government. You interview must focus on:
3. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the different cases/ problems it
handles , the program implements, and the different approaches and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution
face and the victories and successes of the institution.
4. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working as a counselor in the institution?
What programs do you handle? What are responsibilities? What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see
yourself as a counselor? What do you enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a
counselor? What helps you in your work? What education and training do you need to enhance your work? What other
message do you want to convey?

Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your own title – a title which will
embrace the data collected. The ethics forms (letter of permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be
submitted together with the report.

Guide Questions:
1. Based on your activity did you see the roles, values and principles of counseling? What are those? Explain.
2. For you is it counseling is a big responsibility? Why?

VI. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor what are the characteristics do you think that a counselor should have and
why?

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VII. Generalization
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding about counseling. You are
required to agree or disagree with each of the following statements. After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After
the Chapter Study column if you agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Statements After the Chapter Study

Counseling as an art is the subjective
dimension of counseling. It acclaims a
flexible and creative process whereby the
counselor modifies the approach to meet the
developing needs of clients.
Remedial goals refer to assisting a client to
overcome and treat an undesirable
development.
Counseling happens when a person who is
distressed asks and permits another person
to enter into a particular kind of connection
with him or her.
A licensed professional scholar may render
to individuals , groups, organizations , or the
general public counseling services involving
the application of clinical counseling
principles, methods, or procedures to assist
individuals in achieving more effective
personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view things, people,
events and our environment, is influenced by
our values.
Counselors treat with confidence personal
information about clients, whether obtained
directly or indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits for
each participant.
23
 Marriage and family counseling refers to the
efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family
system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervised experience,
state and national professional credentials,
and appropriate professional experience.

VIII. Assignment
Search for the following:
- Roles , Functions and Competencies of counseling
- Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

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CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work
2.3 Career opportunities of counselors
2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of professionals and practitioners in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to undertake participant observation (e.g., a day in a life of counselor) to adequately
document and critique their roles, functions, and competencies

WEEK 3

Lesson 2 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To show an understanding of the roles and functions of counseling and value rights ,responsibilities , and accountabilities
2. To identify specific areas of specialization of counselors and career opportunities for counselors
3. To distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors
4. To demonstrate understanding of values and rights and responsibilities through a debate.

25
II. Motivation

Recall
Instruction:
1. You recall as many roles and functions of counselors that you are aware off.
2. Write your answers on the notes box below.
3. Choose one role/function and identify the competencies required of role / function.

Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

26
II. Discussion
Roles and Functions of Counselors
According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members “who are especially trained and licensed to perform
a unique and service for fellow human beings”.

Roles / Functions Description

Individual Assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client ;
promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to
understand the client better
Individual Counseling Considers as the core activity through which other activities become
meaningful. It is a client –centered process that demand
confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and
client.
Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to
individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance
through group counseling and group guidance.
Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment
assistance to clients.
Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with emphasis on
educational placements in course and programs.
Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance
that the referring counselor cannot provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping
system improve its service to its clientele.
Research It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can
provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of
implementing effective counseling.
Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor’s
activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-
supported institutions be held accountable for their actions.
Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention
using a social – psychological perspective.

27
Competencies of Counselors
Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we will focus on the input of McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ; empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal
communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral
choices and sensitive to values held by client and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of
immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember information about the client.
4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to
tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social
prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess
effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of awareness of family and work relationships of client the
impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity ,
sexual orientation, or age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to
new knowledge
Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors
1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the
complications in the family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping
children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual
intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a practice can be located in most counseling
programs and became the essential part of counselor’s system. Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from
observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ;

28
members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the
client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning
concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 )
adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on structural analysis of personality to the realm of vocational psychology. The model consist of
vocational career services, occupational placement , vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy, and position
coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job
requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation,
counseling’s exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents,
dropping out of school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious
depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The
job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)
Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the counseling profession. The rights,
responsibilities and accountabilities of the counselors are based on the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling relationship, (b) confidentiality (c) professional
responsibility (d) relationships with other professionals , (e) evaluation, assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and supervision (g)
research and publication.( Gladding , 2000 ). We shall only presenting in details three of the seven areas, namely, counseling relationships,
confidentiality, and professional responsibility. The following three tables below provide a sample code of ethics of the American Counseling
Association.

Areas Description
The Counseling Relationships
1. Client welfare Counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and
promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage
client’s growth. Counselors and clients are expected to work together
in crafting individual counseling plans consistent with the client’s
circumstances.

29
2. Respecting Diversity
3. Client Rights
4. Clients Served by others
5. Personal Needs and values
6. Dual Relationships
7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients
8. Multiple Clients
9. Group Work
10. Fees
Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color,
culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual
orientation, marital status and socio economic status. Counselors
shall respect differences and understand the diverse cultural
backgrounds of their clients.
Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques,
procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be
performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the
counseling process. Counselors offer clients the freedom to choose
whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine which
professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable
to give consent.
In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental
health professional, with clients consent, inform the professional
person already involved to develop an agreement.
Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their
personal needs at the expense of the clients. Counselors shall be
aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and how these
apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients.
Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients
avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients.
Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates clients’.
Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients
and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual
relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual
intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years.
In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to
two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at
the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of
relationship they will have with each other involved person.
Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy
participants to determine those with compatible needs. In group
setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients
from physical or psychological trauma.
Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly
explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional
fees.
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Areas
Confidentiality
1.Right to Privacy
2. Group and Families
3. Minor Incompetent client
4. Records
Source: Gladding, 2000
 Counselors respect a client’s right to privacy and avoid illegal
and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information.
 The right to privacy may be waived by the clients or their
legally recognized representative.
 The general requirement that the counselors keep the
information confidential does not apply when disclosure is
required to prevent clear and imminent danger to the client or
others or when legal requirements demand that confidential
information is be revealed.
 Counselors who received information confirming that a client
has a disease known to be communicable and fatal is justified
in disclosing information to an identifiable third party, who by
his/her relationship with the client is at high risk of contracting
the disease.
 When court orders the counselors to release confidential
information without client’s permit, counselors request to the
court that the disclosure should not be required due to
potential harm to client or counseling relationship.
 In group work, counselors clearly define confidentiality and
parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its
importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality
involved in group work.
 In family counseling, information about one family cannot be
disclosed to another member without permission.
 When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who
are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or
guardians may be included in the counseling process as
appropriate.
 Counselors maintain necessary records for rendering
professional services to their clients and as required by laws,
regulations, or agency or institution procedures.
 Counselors are responsible for securing safety and
confidentiality of any counseling record they create, maintain,
31

5. Research and Training
6. Consultation
Areas
Professional Responsibility
1. Standards Knowledge
2. Professional Competence
transfer, or destroy whether the records are written, taped,
computerized, or stored in any other medium.
 Counselors recognized that counseling records are kept for
the benefits of the clients therefore provide access to record
and copies of record when requested by competent clients
unless it contains information that may be misleading or
detrimental to the clients.
 Counselors obtain written permission from clients to disclose
or transfer records to legitimate third parties unless exception
to confidentiality exists.
 Use of data derived from counseling relationships for
purposes of training ,research , or publication is confined to
content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of the
individuals involved. Identification of the client involved is
permissible only when the client has reviewed the material
and has agreed to its presentation or publication.
 Information obtained in consulting relationship is discussed
for professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned
with the case. Before sharing information, counselors make
efforts to ensure that there defined policies that effectively
protect the confidentiality of information with other agencies
serving the counselors clients.
Source: Gladding, 2000
Description
 Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and
follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
 Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their
competence based on their education, training, supervised
experience, state and national professional credentials and
appropriate professional experience. Counselors will
demonstrate a commitment to gain knowledge, personal
awareness, sensitivity, and skills pertinent to working with
diverse client population.
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  Counselors practice specialty areas new with to them only
after appropriate education, training, and supervised
experience. While developing skills in new specialty area,
counselors take step to ensure the competence of their work
and to protect other from possible harm.
 Counselors accept employment only for positions which they
are qualified by education, training, supervise experience,
state and national professional credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.
 Counselors continually monitor their effectiveness as
professionals and take steps to improve their skills and
knowledge.
 Counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional
services when their physical, mental, or emotional problems
are like to harm clients or others.

IV. Application
Act. 2 Count Me In, Count me Out: Will I Give up My Job or Not?
Instruction:
1. In the area of counseling relationships of the Code of Conduct, it states that “Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies
with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with
their former clients within a minimum of two years.”
2. What if you are counselor and you have fallen in love with your client and the client has also fallen in love with you. Since, it is unethical
to pursue the relationship; you will quit your job. Your job is also important to you. Now, what will be your decision?
3. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose,” quit the job.” The second group will choose, stay on the job”. Why? Which
is more ethical? Why is it more ethical? Support your answer .Explain your answer in form of debate.

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Act. 3 Will I report My Client or Not
Instruction:
1. In the area of confidentiality of the Code of Ethics, there is a portion on client’s right to privacy. What if the counselor, in his/her conversation
with the client, found out that the client accidentally killed a person, will you report the client to police or not? Explain your answer.
2. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose the position of disclosing the information to the right authorities. The other group
will take the position of not disclosing the information to the authorities. What is your position? Why?
3. Share your answer through the debate.
4. Will I report? Or will not report?

Superior - 4 Proficient - 3 Poor - 2 Unsatisfactory - 1 Score

Used many facts Used some facts Used few facts Did not present facts to
to support all arguments. to support all to support arguments. support arguments.
arguments.

All arguments were logical and Most arguments were Some arguments Few arguments were
convincing logical and convincing were logical and logical and convincing
convincing

Communicated clearly and Communicated clearly; Seldom Failed to communicate

confidently; maintained eye frequent eye contact; communicated clearly; clearly; no eye contact;
contact; excellent voice good voice and delivery poor eye contact; poor monotone delivery.
inflection and delivery rate. rate. voice and delivery
rate.

Addressed all opponent Addressed most of Addressed some of Did not address opponent’s
arguments with counter- opponent’s arguments opponent’s arguments arguments.
evidence. with counter-evidence. with counter-evidence.

Total Score:

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V. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor are you going to grab it? Why or Why not?
VI. Generalization
1. What are roles of counseling?
2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?
3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?

35
Chapter 2 Discipline of Counseling
3. Clientele and Audiences in Counseling
3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences
3.1.1 Individuals
3.1.2 Groups and Organizations
3.1.3 Communities

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of clientele and audiences in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use acceptable research protocols, conduct a survey among young adults (i.e., ages 18-
21) on their counseling needs and present results and recommendation for class discussion.

WEEK 4

Lesson 3 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To identify and describe the different types of clientele and audience of counseling.
2. To describe the characteristics and needs of the different types of clientele
3. To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities
4. To demonstrate appreciation of counseling clientele through a clientele analysis.

36
II. Motivation
Modified KUD Chart

Topic: Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

Know Understand Do

KNOW includes the key counselling and audiences

UNDERSTAND the significance of counselling
DO include what counsellors do in their real-world wok environments
III. Discussion
Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience
The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings. Counselors deal with a mixture of people with
different concerns and issues.
- People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our mental health as well. It cannot
be denied that the drug addiction create more social problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more
youth victims cry for help and seek for counselors’ attention.
- People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health. However, many
people still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who
desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
- People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This
requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at
alcoholism as a weakness of self – control and self –discipline .therefore this requires intervention other than treatment.

37
 - Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care. In this case, women’s
advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the society’s
expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and
to utilize these to develop their full potential. ( Gibson and Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling
profession. other issues that require attention of counseling include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and mobility,
increased loneliness ,decline in financial security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its
incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and
low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors
may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses.
Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become
rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and
lesbians, like other sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment.
Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.
IV. Application
Act. Analyzing the Context of counseling Clients
Instruction:
1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular problem that this type of clients ( i.e., youth suffering from
depression ) face.
2. Read related cases about this type of clients.
3. Write paper: profile of this type of clients, discuss and analyze their situation, and the difficulties and challenges they face.

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V. Valuing
Watch a video clip about RESPECTING OTHERS

Guide Questions;
1. What is the message of the video clip?
2. How do we relate our topic to this video clip?
3. As a counselor how is it important to respect others?

VI. Generalization
1. Who are the clientele and audiences of counselor?
2. What are their needs and demands?
3. Why they are become the clientele for counseling?
VII. Assignment
Research for the following:
- Counseling and its processes, methods, and tools

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Lesson 4
COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of settings, processes, methods, and tools in counseling.
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically evaluate whether the needs of the
respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions.

I. Objectives

1. To identify the setting where the counselors can be found.

2. To demonstrate appreciation of counselors work setting through locating the counselors work settings in Metro Manila.

II. Motivation
Act. 1 Locating the Counselors

Instruction:

1. Imagine that you are an agent.

2. Your role is to locate the work settings of the counselors.
3. Map out and draw their work setting.

40
Use the notes box below for your drawing.

Notes Box

Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?
2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?
3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?

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III. Discussion
Counseling and Its Work settings
- Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially
in the preventive interventions and developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school
counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors
in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs program.
It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and other non-school professional
situations. Counselors can be found in community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies,
correctional settings, and marriage and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as private practitioners or engage
in part – time private practice while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and
specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies of government or institutions supported by
the government that are into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools,
public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the aging.

IV. Application
Act. 2 Where are the counselors?
Instruction:
1. Your task is to locate the counselors in Manila through internet.
2. Which work setting can you find many of the counselors? What could be the reason why many of the counselors in that particular setting ?
Please explain.
3. Write your answer in the box below.

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 Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

V. Valuing
1. What is the importance to know where the counselors work?
2. If you are going to become a counselor what particular work setting are you going to and why?
VI. Generalization
1. Give the different work settings of counseling.
2. What are the reasons why they are in deploy in different work settings?

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WEEK 5
LESSON 5 COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

CONTENT STANDARD – the learners demonstrate an understanding settings, processes, methods, and tools in counseling
Performance standard – the learners should be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically evaluate whether the needs of the
respondents are addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions and propose suggestions on how needs can be effectively addressed
Counseling and Its Process
I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different processes in counseling.
2. Illustrate the different processes in counseling.
3. Demonstrate understanding of the processes of counseling.

II. Motivation
Pretest
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client – counselor
relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.

Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in counseling stage.

44
 Termination and Follow –up The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the counselor has to
provide a mapping of the different approaches offered , (b) describe
the role of the counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
Intervention and Problem solving possible risks and benefits that may come and (d) estimate the time
and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it provides the

force and foundation for the counseling to succeed.

III. Discussion
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals,
intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

45
2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
 Guidelines:
 A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
 B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
 C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
 D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

46
  Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
 1. Discussion of the end of counselling
 2. Review of the course of counselling
 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

47
IV. Application
Role playing: What if I am the Counselor?
3 2
Creativity The role play is
And presentation Creative and effectively
written and is presented
well.
Diction The role play having the
appropriate connections
between identified problems
and the concepts studied in
class
Visual aids The role play makes
(props) good use of visual aids
or props.
Within time The role play is
frame (7minutes ) presented within the time
frame.
Group Work The group functioned
exceptionally well. All
members listened to,
shared with and
supported the efforts of
others. The group (all
members) was almost
always on task!
1
The role play is somewhat The role play shows
creative and effective little creativity or
and/or the presentation is effectiveness and/or is
adequate. not well presented.
The role play having the The role having the
appropriate identified inappropriate
problems and the concepts connection between
studied in class but problems identified and
somewhat unclear the concepts studied in
class
The role play The role play
includes visual aids does not include any
or props, but they do visual aids or props
not significantly
contribute to the
commercial and/or
they are not well done.
The role play l is The role play is
presented slightly outside Presented significantly
the time frame. outside the time frame.
The group functioned The group
pretty well. Most functioned fairly well
members listened to, but was dominated
shared with and by one or two
supported the efforts of members. The group
others. The group (all (all members) was
members) was almost almost always on
always on task! task!
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Instruction:
1. We already discussed the six stages of the counseling processes, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis, formulation of
counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up and research and evaluation. To determine your appreciation of
the counseling processes, you are required to perform a role play depicting the different stages of the counseling processes.
2. Class will be divided into 5 groups. Each group will identify a typical youth counseling case, i.e., victim of bullying, difficulty)
3. Divide the tasks (counselor, client, friends of the client, family of the client, etc.) among your group members. Present at least 5-8 minutes.
4. Develop the plot and story line and present it in class.

V. Valuing
1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?
2. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?
3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling and how can you apply it?

VI. Assessment
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.

A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.

Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client – counselor
relationship.

Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.

Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in counseling stage.

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 Termination and Follow –up The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the counselor has to
provide a mapping of the different approaches offered , (b) describe
the role of the counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
Intervention and Problem solving possible risks and benefits that may come and (d) estimate the time
and cost of each procedure.

This is the heart of the counseling process because it provides the

force and foundation for the counseling to succeed.

Lesson 5 Counseling and Its Methods

I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different methods in counseling.
2. Understand the different methods in counseling though a comparative summary of counseling theories and methods.
3. Demonstrate some method in counseling theory specially Gestalt’s Technique though answering open notes.

II. Discussion
Methods in Counseling
 1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the
classic schools for the reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
 a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis
which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the
internal forces such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to
help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal
forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

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 Psychoanalysis has three goals:
1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
 The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed
emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to
him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.

 b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.
 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
 Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if

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 -Task setting and commitment
 c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality
and to enhance mental health and wellness.
 2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
 b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now.
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
 Gestalt’s technique include the following:
ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.
THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.
 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-
talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management,
self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
 b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.

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 DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult
situations, and exposing them to feared, preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared situations”.
 c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.”
 TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games interfere with interpersonal functioning.”

III. APPLICATION
Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique
Instruction:
1. Let us do an exercise applying Gestalt’s techniques: assuming responsibility, and “now I am aware “.
2. For every technique, before completing every sentence, try to close your eyes, listen to your thoughts, and be silent.
3. Use the box below for the exercise.
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________

Assuming Responsibility
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
3._________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.

I am aware
1. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Reflection Question
What did you feel?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

What were your realizations?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Valuing
1. What are the importance of studying the methods of counselling?
2. As a student it can be helpful to you? Why or Why not?

V. Assessment

A Comparative Summary of Counseling Theories and Methods (Knowledge)

Assessment Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1
Coverage of the Captures all important Captures important Captures information Captures information
topic information about the information about the about the issue which about the issue which
issue which will provide issue which will provide will provide the audience will provide the audience
the audience full the audience basic little understanding on poor understanding on
understanding on the understanding on the the issue the issue
issue issue
Accuracy of the All supportive facts are Almost all supportive Most supportive facts Most supportive facts
fact accurate facts are accurate. are accurate. are inaccurate.
Sequencing of Information is organized Most information is Some information is Poor organization of
Information in a clear and logical organized in a clear and organized in a logical information.
way. logical way. way.

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 Analysis and Provides a discerning Provides a thorough Provides a thorough Poor analysis
evaluation and thorough problem analysis of some of the analysis of some of the
analysis of all the problems identified problems identified
problems analysis of all
the problems presented
Relevance With appropriate With appropriate With inappropriate No connection at all
/Connection to connections between identified problems and connection between
lesson identified problems and concepts studied in class problems identified and
the concepts studied in but somewhat unclear the concepts studied in
class class
Writing Shows clarity , Shows clarity of ideas ; Unclear writing ; poor Very poor writing
mechanics conciseness and Some grammar or grammar , and
correctness ; writing is spelling errors, lacks organization
free of grammar and organization
spelling errors

Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.

Theories Founder / Theorist Methods Contribution to the Strengths Weaknesses

field
Freud’s
Psychoanalytic
Theory

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 Adlerian Counseling

Rogers Person –
Centered
Counseling
Perls Gestalt Theory
Beck’s Cognitive
Theory

Ellis Rational
Emotive Therapy

Berne Transaction
Analysis

References:
Gibson , Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counseling and guidance. (Sixth edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.
Gladding, Samuel T. Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ and Ohio : Merill Prentice Hall,2000.
Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the Future of the Counseling: The New Consensus
Definition of Counseling.” Journal of Counseling and Development. Volume 92, 2014.
Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counseling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press ,2003.
Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second Edition ). USA: Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003

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Chapter 3 Social Work
3.1 The Discipline of Social Work
3.2 Professionals and Practitioners in Social Work
3.3 Clientele and Audiences in Social Work
3.4 Social Work Settings, Processes and Services
3.5 Methods and Tools Of Social Work

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