CH15 Inertia Forces in Reciprocating Parts 2016

Chapter 15
Inertia Forces in
Reciprocating
Parts
2 10/8/2016
Approximate Analytical Method for

Velocity & Acceleration of the Piston
n = Ratio of length of ConRod to radius of
crank = l/r
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

3 10/8/2016

Velocity of piston

4 10/8/2016

Velocity of piston Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
5 10/8/2016

Velocity and Acceleration of the Piston
Velocity of the piston

6 10/8/2016

Acceleration of piston

7 10/8/2016
Angular Velocity & Acceleration of

ConRod

8 10/8/2016

ConRod

9 10/8/2016
Angular Velocity and Acceleration of

the Connecting Rod

10 10/8/2016

ConRod

11 10/8/2016

ConRod
Since sin2q is small as compared to n2, and

1.0 is small compared to n2 therefore:

12 10/8/2016
Example 15.3
If the crank and ConRod are 300 mm &
1000 mm long respectively and the crank
rotates at a constant speed of 200 rpm,
determine:
1. Crank angle at which max velocity
occurs
2. Max velocity of piston

13 10/8/2016
Example 15.4
The crank & ConRod of a steam engine are
0.3 m and 1.5 m in length. The crank rotates
at 180 rpm cw. Determine
1. velocity & acceleration of piston when
the crank is at 40° from IDC
2. position of the crank for zero
acceleration of the piston

14 10/8/2016
Example 15.5
In a slider crank mechanism, the length of
the crank & ConRod are 150 mm & 600 mm
respectively. The crank position is 60° from
IDC. The crank shaft speed is 450 rpm cw.
Using analytical method, determine:
1. Velocity & acceleration of slider
2. Angular velocity & angular acceleration
of ConRod

15 10/8/2016
Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Neglecting Weight of ConRod

16 10/8/2016

 Piston effort, FP: net force acting on
piston or crosshead pin, along line of
stroke
 mR = Mass of reciprocating parts, piston,

crosshead pin
WR = mR.g
17 10/8/2016


18 10/8/2016

 In a horizontal engine, reciprocating parts

are accelerated from rest when piston
moves from IDC to ODC
 It is, then, retarded during the latter half of

stroke when piston moves from ODC to
IDC

19 10/8/2016

 Inertia force due to acceleration of

reciprocating parts, opposes force on
piston due to difference of pressures in the
cylinder on the two sides of the piston
 Inertia force due to retardation of

reciprocating parts, helps force on piston.

20 10/8/2016

 –ve sign is used when piston is accelerated

 +ve sign is used when piston is retarded
21 10/8/2016

 In a double acting reciprocating steam
engine, net load on piston,
FL = p1 A1 – p2 A2 = p1 A1 – p2 (A1 – a)
 p1, A1 = Pressure & cross-sectional area on

back end side of piston
 p2, A2 = Pressure & cross-sectional area on
crank end side of piston
 a = Cross-sectional area of piston rod
22 10/8/2016

 In case of a vertical engine, weight of
reciprocating parts assists piston effort
during downward stroke (piston moves
from IDC to ODC) and opposes during
upward stroke of piston (piston moves from
ODC to IDC).
 Piston effort,

23 10/8/2016

 Force acting along ConRod

24 10/8/2016

 Crank-pin effort, FT: component of FQ
perpendicular to crank

25 10/8/2016

Thrust on crank shaft bearings, FB: component
of FQ along crank produces a thrust on crank
shaft bearings

26 10/8/2016

Crank effort or turning moment on crank shaft

27 10/8/2016


28 10/8/2016


29 10/8/2016


30 10/8/2016
Example 15.6
Find the inertia force for the following
data of an IC engine:
 Bore = 175 mm
 Stroke = 200 mm
 Engine speed = 500 rpm
 Length of ConRod = 400 mm
 Crank angle = 60° from IDC
 Mass of reciprocating parts = 180 kg

31 10/8/2016
Example 15.7
Crank-pin circle radius of a horizontal engine is 300
mm. The mass of reciprocating parts is 250 kg. When
the crank has travelled 60° from IDC, the difference
between driving & back pressures is 0.35 N/mm2. The
ConRod length between centers is 1.2 m & the
cylinder bore is 0.5 m. If engine runs at 250 rpm & if
the effect of piston rod diameter is neglected,
calculate :
1. Piston effort
2. Thrust in ConRod
3. Tangential force on crank-pin
4. Turning moment on crank shaft
32 10/8/2016
Example 15.8
A vertical double acting steam engine has a
cylinder 300 mm diameter & 450 mm stroke
and runs at 200 rpm. The reciprocating parts
has a mass of 225 kg & piston rod is 50 mm
diameter. The ConRod is 1.2 m long. When
the crank has turned through 125° from IDC,
steam pressure above piston is 30 kN/m2 &
below piston is 1.5 kN/m2. Calculate
effective turning moment on the crank shaft.

33 10/8/2016
Example 15.9
Crank & ConRod of a petrol engine, running at 1800
rpm are 50 mm & 200 mm respectively. The diameter
of piston is 80 mm & mass of reciprocating parts is 1
kg. At a point during the power stroke, pressure on
piston is 0.7 N/mm2, when it has moved 10 mm from
IDC. Determine :
1. Net load on gudgeon pin
2. Thrust in ConRod
3. Reaction between piston & cylinder
4. Engine speed at which the above values
become zero
34 10/8/2016
Example 15.10 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
During a trial on steam engine, it is found that the

acceleration of piston is 36 m/s2 when the crank has
moved 30° from IDC. The net effective steam
pressure on piston is 0.5 N/mm2 and frictional
resistance is equivalent to a force of 600 N. The
diameter of piston is 300 mm & mass of
reciprocating parts is 180 kg. If the length of crank is
300 mm & ratio of ConRod length to crank length is
4.5, find:
1. Reaction on guide bars
2. Thrust on crank shaft bearings
35 10/8/2016
Example 15.11
A vertical petrol engine 100 mm diameter & 120 mm
stroke has a ConRod 250 mm long. The mass of
piston is 1.1 kg. The speed is 2000 rpm. On the
expansion stroke with a crank 20° from IDC, the gas
pressure is 700 kN/m2. Determine:
1. Net force on piston
2. Resultant load on gudgeon pin
3. Thrust on cylinder walls
4. Speed above which, other things remaining
same, the gudgeon pin load would be reversed
in direction
36 10/8/2016
Example 15.12
A horizontal steam engine running at 120 rpm has a
bore of 250 mm & a stroke of 400 mm. The ConRod
is 0.6 m & mass of reciprocating parts is 60 kg. When
the crank has turned through an angle of 45° from
IDC, the steam pressure on cover end side is 550
kN/m2 & that on crank end side is 70 kN/m2.
Considering the diameter of piston rod equal to 50
mm, determine:
2. Thrust on bearings
3. Acceleration of flywheel, if the power of engine
is 20 kW, mass of flywheel 60 kg & radius of
gyration 0.6 m
37 10/8/2016
Compound Pendulum
 compound pendulum:
a vertically suspended
RB oscillating with a
small amplitude under
action of gravity
 m = Mass of pendulum
W=mg
 kG = Radius of gyration
about G

38 10/8/2016
Compound Pendulum
If pendulum is given a
small angular
displacement q, then
couple tending to restore
pendulum to equilibrium
position OA,

39 10/8/2016
Compound Pendulum
Angular acceleration of pendulum

40 10/8/2016
Compound Pendulum
 Compare this equation with equation of

simple pendulum
 Equivalent length of a simple pendulum,
which gives same frequency as compound
pendulum, is

41 10/8/2016
Equivalent Dynamical System

To determine motion of a rigid body (RB), it
is convenient to replace RB by two masses
placed at a fixed distance apart such that:
1. Sum of their masses = total mass of RB

2. Center of gravity (CG) of two masses
coincides with that of RB
3. Sum of mass moment of inertia of masses
about their CG = mass moment of inertia
of body Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
42 10/8/2016
kG = Radius of gyration
about G

43 10/8/2016

44 10/8/2016

 When kG is not known, then position of 2nd
mass may be obtained by considering
body as a compound pendulum
 Length of simple pendulum which gives
same frequency as RB (compound
pendulum) is

45 10/8/2016
1st mass is situated at center of oscillation of

body
46 10/8/2016
Graphical Determination of Equivalent

Dynamical System of Two Masses

47 10/8/2016
Example 15.15
ConRod of a gasoline
engine is 300 mm long
between its centers. It has
a mass of 15 kg & mass
moment of inertia of 7000
kg.mm2. Its CG is at 200
mm from its small end
center. Determine
dynamical equivalent two
mass system of ConRod if
one of masses is located
at small end center. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
48 10/8/2016
Example 15.16
A ConRod is suspended from
a point 25 mm above the
center of small end, and 650
mm above its CG, its mass
being 37.5 kg. When
permitted to oscillate, time
period is found to be 1.87
seconds. Find dynamical
equivalent system constituted
of two masses, one of which is
located at small end center.
49 10/8/2016
Example 15.17
The following data relate to a
ConRod of a reciprocating engine:
Mass = 55 kg; Distance between
bearing centers = 850 mm;
Diameter of small end bearing = 75
mm; Diameter of big end bearing =
100 mm; Time of oscillation when
ConRod is suspended from small
end = 1.83 s; Time of oscillation
when ConRod is suspended from
big end = 1.68 s.

50 10/8/2016
Example 15.17
Determine:
1. Radius of gyration of rod
about an axis passing
through CG & perpendicular
to plane of oscillation
2. Moment of inertia of rod
about same axis
3. Dynamically equivalent
system for ConRod,
constituted of two masses,
one of which is situated at
small end center.
51 10/8/2016
Correction Couple to be Applied to Make

Two Mass System Dynamically Equivalent
 When two masses are placed arbitrarily,

then the following conditions will only
be satisfied:
 Moment of inertia condition is not

possible to satisfy

52 10/8/2016

Consider two masses, one at A & the other

at D be placed arbitrarily

53 10/8/2016

 I1= New mass moment of inertia of two

masses
 k1 = New radius of gyration
 kG = Radius of gyration of a dynamically
equivalent system

54 10/8/2016

 Torque required to accelerate the body,
 Torque required to accelerate the two-

mass system placed arbitrarily,

55 10/8/2016

 Correction couple: difference of torques T‘
 This couple must be applied, when the

masses are placed arbitrarily to make the
system dynamical equivalent.

56 10/8/2016


57 10/8/2016
Example 15.18
A ConRod has a mass of 2 kg and the
distance between center of gudgeon pin &
center of crank pin is 250 mm. The CG falls at
a point 100 mm from the gudgeon pin along
the line of centers. The radius of gyration
about an axis through CG perpendicular to
plane of rotation is 110 mm.

58 10/8/2016
Example 15.18
1. Find the equivalent dynamical system if
only one of masses is located at gudgeon
pin.
2. If ConRod is replaced by two masses, one
at gudgeon pin and the other at crank
pin and the angular acceleration of rod is
23000 rad/s2 cw, determine the
correction couple applied to the system
to reduce it to a dynamically equivalent
system.

59 10/8/2016
Analytical Method for Inertia Torque

Mass of ConRod (mC) is divided into two masses:
 One at crosshead pin P & the other at crankpin C
 CG of the two masses coincides with CG of rod G

60 10/8/2016

 Inertiaforce due to mass at C acts radially
outwards along crank OC
 mass at C has no effect on crankshaft torque

61 10/8/2016

 Mass of ConRod at P
 Mass of reciprocating parts (mR) is acting

at P
 Total equivalent mass of reciprocating
parts acting at P

62 10/8/2016

 Total inertia force of equivalent mass
acting at P,

63 10/8/2016

 Corresponding torque exerted on crank
shaft,

64 10/8/2016

 In deriving the above equation of the
torque exerted on the crankshaft, it is
assumed that one of the two masses is
placed at C and the other at P.
 This assumption does not satisfy the
condition for kinetically equivalent system
of a rigid bar.

65 10/8/2016

 To compensate for it, a correcting torque
is necessary whose value is given by

66 10/8/2016

 Correcting torque T' may be applied to
the system by two equal & opposite forces
FY acting through P & C

67 10/8/2016

68 10/8/2016

 Equivalent mass of rod acting at C,
 Torque exerted on crank shaft due to mass

m2 ,

69 10/8/2016

Total torque exerted on crankshaft due to
the inertia of the moving parts = TI + TC + TW

70 10/8/2016
Example 15.20
The following data refer to a steam engine:
 Diameter of piston = 240 mm
 Stroke = 600 mm
 length of ConRod = 1.5 m
 mass of reciprocating parts = 300 kg
 mass of ConRod = 250 kg
 speed = 125 rpm
 CG of ConRod from crank pin = 500 mm
 radius of gyration of ConRod about an axis through CG =
650 mm
Determine magnitude & direction of torque exerted on
crankshaft when crank has turned through 30° from IDC.
71 10/8/2016
Example 15.21
A vertical engine running at
1200 rpm with a stroke of 110
mm, has a ConRod 250 mm
between centers and mass
1.25 kg. The mass center of the
ConRod is 75 mm from the big
end center and when
suspended as a pendulum
from the gudgeon pin axis
makes 21 complete oscillations
in 20 seconds. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
72 10/8/2016
Example 15.21
For the position shown When the
crank is at 40° from TDC & the piston is
moving downwards,
1. Calculate radius of gyration of
ConRod about an axis through its
mass center.
2. find acceleration of piston and
angular acceleration of ConRod
3. Find the inertia torque exerted on
the crankshaft.

CH15 Inertia Forces in Reciprocating Parts 2016

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CH15 Inertia Forces in Reciprocating Parts 2016

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 15

Approximate Analytical Method for

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Approximate Analytical Method for

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Approximate Analytical Method for

Approximate Analytical Method for

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Approximate Analytical Method for

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Angular Velocity & Acceleration of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Angular Velocity & Acceleration of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Angular Velocity and Acceleration of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Angular Velocity & Acceleration of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Angular Velocity & Acceleration of

Since sin2q is small as compared to n2, and

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

 mR = Mass of reciprocating parts, piston,

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

 In a horizontal engine, reciprocating parts

 It is, then, retarded during the latter half of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

 Inertia force due to acceleration of

 Inertia force due to retardation of

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

 –ve sign is used when piston is accelerated

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

 p1, A1 = Pressure & cross-sectional area on

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Forces on Reciprocating Parts of an Engine,

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Example 15.10 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

During a trial on steam engine, it is found that the

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE