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SBF3033
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Practical: 3
HUMAN ECG, PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Date of practical:
15th March 2019

Lecturer’s Name:
DR. NORLIANA BINTI MOHD ROSLI

Prepared by:

No. Name of Students Student No. Group

1. NUR NADIA BINTI MOHAMAD NASIR D20171078138 A

2. FARAH MASTURAH BT AHMAD AZIAN D20171078145 A

3. LEENA A/P MUNIANDY D20171078150 A

4. BASILIKA MICHEAL D20171078155 A

Date of submitted: 29th April 2019

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TITLE
Variety of Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure Between Different Person.

INTRODUCTION
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that
helps to push blood through the body. Systolic blood pressure measures the amount of pressure
that blood exerts on vessels while the heart is beating. The optimal systolic blood pressure is 120
mmHg. Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the vessels between heartbeats. The
optimal diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg. Many factors can affect blood pressure, such as
hormones, stress, exercise, eating, sitting, and standing. Blood flow through the body is regulated
by the size of blood vessels, by the action of smooth muscle, by one-way valves, and by the fluid
pressure of the blood itself.

The pressure of the blood flow in the body is produced by the hydrostatic pressure of the
fluid (blood) against the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid will move from areas of high to low
hydrostatic pressures. In the arteries, the hydrostatic pressure near the heart is very high and
blood flows to the arterioles where the rate of flow is slowed by the narrow openings of the
arterioles. During systole, when new blood is entering the arteries, the artery walls stretch to
accommodate the increase of pressure of the extra blood; during diastole, the walls return to
normal because of their elastic properties. The blood pressure of the systole phase and the
diastole phase, graphed in Figure 1, gives the two pressure readings for blood pressure. For
example, 120/80 indicates a reading of 120 mm Hg during the systole and 80 mm Hg during
diastole. Throughout the cardiac cycle, the blood continues to empty into the arterioles at a
relatively even rate. This resistance to blood flow is called peripheral resistance.

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is calculated
by multiplying the number of heart contractions that occur per minute (heart rate) times the
stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction of the left ventricle).
Therefore, cardiac output can be increased by increasing heart rate, as when exercising.
However, cardiac output can also be increased by increasing stroke volume, such as if the heart

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contracts with greater strength. Stroke volume can also be increased by speeding blood
circulation through the body so that more blood enters the heart between contractions. During
heavy exertion, the blood vessels relax and increase in diameter, offsetting the increased heart
rate and ensuring adequate oxygenated blood gets to the muscles. Stress triggers a decrease in the
diameter of the blood vessels, consequently increasing blood pressure. These changes can also be
caused by nerve signals or hormones, and even standing up or lying down can have a great effect
on blood pressure.

OBJECTIVES
To determine what the factors that can affect the changes of pulse rates, arterial pressure, and
pulse pressure

HYPOTHESIS
Human’s heart rate and blood pressure are depends on their condition and stated.

VARIABLES
Control: The interval and time taken between each reading taken for each condition and state.
Manipulated: The condition (activity) that have been done by members during the reading taken.
Constant: The person who be the subject in taking the result reading for certain activity.

MATERIALS
· Sphygmomanometer, mercury: 6
· Stethoscope
· Ice: 1 bucket plate
· Automatic blood pressure machine

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METHODS
As the procedure to complete this experiment, we run the experiment in a group of 4 students.
Firstly, we need to use sphygmomanometer and stethoscope to measure the blood pressure of our
group member. The procedure that we used to measure our member’s pulse rate was by finding
the location of her brachial artery in inner bend of her elbow. By doing this, we can feel and
count the pulse with our finger. Then, we placed the inflatable cuff from sphygmomanometer on
the upper arm of our member and inflated the cuff to about 100 mmHg. (We must first screw the
knob near the bulb shut and see that the knob at the base of the mercury column is in a position
that allowed the mercury column to rise).

Next, the bell of the stethoscope was placed over the brachial artery and we tried to listen
for a sound (Karotikow’s sound). As the sound was made, it shows that the cuff pressure was
high enough to interrupt the flow of arterial blood and low enough to allow a spurt of blood
through the artery as the arterial blood pressure rises with the beat of the heart. Its confirmed the
fact that the the sound disappears when the pressure of the cuff was so great (150mmHg) that no
blood can get through the artery and when the pressure of the duff was low enough (60mmHg)
that blood flow was continuous through the artery. The high pressure must not leave for too long
as the arm will goes numb or uncomfortable.

For the next procedure of measuring blood pressure was where we raised the cuff
pressure above the arterial pressure (approximately 160 mmHg), then we allowed the cuff
pressure to fall slowly by letting air escape through the knob of the bulb. While the air escape
slowly, we tried to listen for the first sound and let the pressure drop slowly until the sound
became muffled and disappears. We noted that the pressure when the first sound heard was
systolic and when the sound becomes muffled was diastolic. Sometimes, the sound will
disappear at what it called the second diastolic pressure, 3-8 mmHg lower than the first diastolic
pressure (muffled).

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Then we compared our result by using automatic blood pressure machine. We took and
recorded all of our members pulse rate when we in normal state (resting). We also measured our
blood pressure when we were in different condition and stated. We took the reading of our blood
pressure when we in resting state (sitting), laying on our back state, after doing some exercise
and while putting one hand in a large container of ice water for 3 minutes. All the results were
recorded in table.

RESULTS
1. To become proficient at taking radial pulse (we placed our fingertips just proximal to the
bend wrist on the little finger side). We took three readings for every one minute for each of
our group’s member.
Table 1: Heart rate of all group members during normal condition (siting) in 1 minute

Group Pulse rate per minute

Member
Min 1 Min 2 Min 3

Nadia 76 per minute 74 per minute 77 per minute

Leena 84 per minute 83 per minute 79 per minute

Farah 78 per minute 80 per minute 76 per minute

Basilika 84 per minute 78 per minute 81 per minute

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2. For the reading of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, we checked on
one of our group member, Nadia during resting (siting).

Table 2: Blood pressure reading by using sphygmomanometer

Member Blood pressure reading

Min 1 Min 2 Min 3

Nadia 110/70 mmHg 110/76 mmHg 108/72 mmHg

3. For the condition during lay on back, we checked on Farah’s supine pulse rate and blood
pressure for three times in five minutes.

Table 3: Blood pressure reading during resting (lay on back)

Member Blood pressure reading

Min 1 Min 2 Min 3

Farah 102/64 mmHg 93/57 mmHg 91/55 mmHg

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4. For the condition after doing exercise (running 3 round in laboratory) , we checked on
Basilika’s supine pulse rate and blood pressure immediately she stop running with the
interval of 1 minute until her blood pressure was back to control values. Its shows that she
took about 10 – 12 minutes as the recovery time.

Pulse rate taken immediately after exercise: 116 per minute

Table 4: Blood pressure reading after doing some exercise

Member Blood pressure reading

Min 1 Min 2 Min 3 Min 4 Min 5 Min 6

Basilika 127/78 118/64 113/70 109/68 106/96 98/71

mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg

5. For the condition when putting one hand over the wrist in a large container of ice water,
we took Leena’s blood pressure and heart rate every 45 seconds for 3 minutes.

Table 5: Blood pressure and heart rate every 45 seconds for 3 minute while putting hand in ice
water

Member Reading 45 seconds 90 seconds 135 seconds 180 seconds

Leena Blood 138/95 mmHg 142/102 mmHg 139/92 mmHg 129/85 mmHg
pressure
reading

Heart rate 90 per minute 82 per minute 67 per minute 62 per minute
reading

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DISCUSSION
Generally, it was known that each person have different pulse rate and blood pressure. As
a hypothesis, we stated that human’s heart rate and blood pressure are depends on their condition
and stated. Therefore, we have conducted an experiment to determine what the factors that can
affect the changes of pulse rates, arterial pressure, and pulse pressure.
We have identified that types of activity and temperature are the factors that involved in
changes of pulse rates, arterial pressure and pulse pressure. It was the sub-hypothesis that we
have determined and we go further through the experiment to check the credibility of the
selected sub-hypothesis.
In the first verification, we have measured the pulse rate per minute of each of our group
member to determine the variation of pulse rate and blood pressure between them. As mentioned
in the result, it shows a different average of pulse rate per minutes between each members after
three readings was taken with 1 minute duration. Therefore, the statement was supported.
The second verification was made to prove that types of activity was one of the factor
that give effect to blood pressure. We have measured the blood pressure of one of our group
member using the manual method (sphygmomanometer and stethoscope) during resting (sitting).
It shows that Nadia’s blood pressure reading (average reading) was 109/73 mmHg. 109/73
mmHg was between the normal interval of adult blood pressure. Arefa Cassoobhoy (2016) said
that a normal systolic pressure is below 120 mmHg, a reading of 120-129 mmHg is elevated,
130-139 mmHg is stage 1 high blood pressure (also called hypertension), 140 mmHg or more is
stage 2 hypertension and 180 mmHg or more is a hypertensive crisis.
The third and fourth verification have a same purpose as in second verification. However,
we use other type of activities which are during lay on back and exercise. Based on the result of
laying on back, we checked on Farah’s supine pulse rate and blood pressure for three times in
five minutes and got an average reading of 95/59 mmHg. The average reading was slightly low
compared to resting (sitting) activity. However, it was hard to identify the exact differences
between the effect of sitting and laying on back condition because we have conducted this test on
different person and Farah and Nadia have a different body fitness which also affects the blood

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pressure. This two condition actually involve in resting state and normally the blood pressure
will shows the normal reading (doing nothing).
When referring to the fourth verification, non-resting condition or exercise activity will
increase the blood pressure as vigorous activity can increase the pulse rate. Deborah
Weatherspoon (2018) have mentioned that exercise can increase blood pressure, but the effects
are typically temporary in which the blood pressure should gradually return to normal after finish
exercising. As in the result, a reading was taken immediately after the exercise and 6 readings
was taken for every one minute. The readings was slightly decreasing from the first reading to
the sixth reading as our body was being regulated through homeostasis to bring back our body
state to normal. It shows that the first reading was exceed the normal systolic pressure which is
127/78 mmHg.
Last verification was made on temperature as one of the sub-hypothesis. We suggest that
blood pressure will increase when the temperature was low. Sheldon G. Sheps (2019) mentioned
that blood pressure generally is higher in the winter and lower in the summer because low
temperatures cause your blood vessels to narrow which increases blood pressure because more
pressure is needed to force blood through your narrowed veins and arteries. When referring to
the result obtained, Leena’s blood pressure was increased when she put her hand in ice water.
The ice water have caused a sudden change in temperature around the hand and narrow the blood
vessels in that area which then cause the increase of blood pressure. Therefore, we can conclude
that the suggestion was supported through this experiment.

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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we have conducted an experiment related to variety of pulse rate and blood
pressure between different person. The purpose of this experiment is to determine what the
factors that can affect the changes of pulse rates, arterial pressure and pulse pressure. Therefore,
we determined the hypothesis that types of activity and temperature are the factors that affect the
blood pressure. Two types of activity which are non-vigorous activity (sitting and lay on back)
and vigorous activity (exercise) was conducted and the obtained result support the hypothesis.
Non-vigorous activity will result in normal blood pressure while vigorous activity will result in
hypertension but with temporary effect. Some of the researcher stated that during winter (low
temperature) , the blood pressure increase as the blood vessels become narrow. The result
obtained support this idea as Leena’s blood pressure face hypertension after putting her hand in
ice water. Through this experiment, we manage to provide a suggestion to conduct another
experiment on the relation between pulse rate and blood pressure.

REFERENCES
Arefa Cassoobhoy (2016). Know Your Blood Pressure Numbers. Retrieved on 29 April 2019
from
https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-p
ressure-know-your-numbers#3

Deborah Weatherspoon (2018). How Does Exercise Affect Blood Pressure?. Retrieved on 29
April 2019 from https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-pressure-after-exercise

Sheldon G. Sheps (2019). Blood Pressure: It is affected by cold weather?. Retrieved on 29 April
2019 from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-press
ure/faq-20058250

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