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F’SATI, Cape Peninsula University of Technology,
Cape Town, South Africa,
Keywords: Mobile IP, Hand off, tunneling, End-to-end delay. Once the MN handoff (handover) and moves from its
home agent, it delivers packets via a tunnel. In our scenario
1. Introduction the MN follows specific trajectories, when visiting FA1,
In the event that a Mobile Node moves to a foreign network, FA2, and FA3, respectively, as depicted in Figure 2. The
it is required to register its care of address in relation to the MN registers the new CoA in HA and sends or receives
home agent. The CoA is the secondary address of the mobile packets via tunnels 1, 2, 3.
node, reflecting its current “away from home” location. This
address is temporary and whenever a MN changes its
foreign network a new CoA must be registered. Figure 1
depicts the registration process and the message flows
between these entities [5]. The MN sends a registration
request message to the HA via a Foreign Agent (FA). The
HA updates its binding table, changes the CoA entry related
to the MN and sends a registration reply which indicates the
mobile’s registration request has been received. Once this is
completed the MN is able to continue communicating within
the core network (CN) [1].
2. Handoff latency in Mobile IPv4 Figure 4 show the results of layer-2 connectivity between the
MN and any of the HA/FAs. The Base Station Subsystem
The main problem which arises with hand off is the time
(BSS) ID numbers reflected within the graph, identify the
span in which a MN is not able to receive packets. During
MN to which the agent is connected. The value of -1
this time the mobile node obtains a new CoA and updates its
indicates the MN losing connectivity with an agent [2].
last communications [8]. This period of time can be above
the threshold required for the support of real-time services
As the MN follows the trajectory, it establishes layer-2
[3].
connectivity with all the agents. When the MN moves out of
Authors in [4] proposed pre-registration and post-
the home network, it loses connectivity with the home agent
registration handoff methods to minimize handoff latency in
(BSS ID=0) at 10 min and connect to FA1 (BSS ID=1).
mobile IP networks. In pre-registration handoff method, the
Disconnection occurs again at approximately 25 min when
MN communicates with the new foreign agent (nFA) while
the MN leaves FA1 and enters FA2. Connection with FA2 is
still being connected to the old foreign agent (oFA). This
lost at approximately 41 min when it roams to FA3.
means the MN is able to do a registration prior to handoff to
Ultimately, the MN looses agent connectivity upon leaving
the new network.
FA3 at 55 min.
In post-registration handoff a tunnel is setup between the
nFA and the oFA. The MN is thus still connected to the
oFA while on new foreign agent’s subnet. With this
condition, the MN can perform a registration after
communication with the nFA is established. Both of these
methods minimize handoff latency.
3. Simulation Results
In order to study the effect of handoff latency on end-to-end
delay Mobile IPv4 we set a simulation scene as revealed in
Figure 3. It consists of one MN, one correspondent node,
one HA, three FAs, and one IP cloud that interconnects
them. At the start of the simulation, the MN is located on
the home network and from there move to foreign networks Figure 4. Agent connectivity
along a defined trajectory with an average speed of 10km/h.
Simulation results are conducted using OPNET 14.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate both tunneled and un-tunneled
traffic received during periods of 1 hour (packets per
second) and 3 hours (bits per second) respectively. When the
MN is within its home network it does not need to receive
packets from the CN via a tunnel due to the MN using the
IP protocol when residing in its home network. When the
MN traverses through foreign networks it sends and receives
traffic via a tunnel. Gaps appear between the tunneled traffic
received as the MN roams between various foreign agents.
For example, the MN is disabled to receive tunneled traffic
upon leaving FA1 and entering FA2 at 25 min.
End-to-end packet delay is depicted within Figure 7. Within Figure 8. Average end-to-end delay
the simulation results, packet loss begins at approximately 7
min, when the MN moves out of the home network, loses 4. Conclusion
connection with the HA and resumes again at approximately
10 min. Packet flow resumes when the MN successfully In his paper we presented end-to-end delay and average and-
registers its current location in the FA1. Figure 7 indicates a to-end delay based on handoff in mobile IPv4. From this
gap between 23 and 25 min when the MN roams between study we distinguish important metrics that should be
FA1, FA2. Packet loss occurs again at approximately 40 considered in order to increase performance within mobile
min when the MN leaves FA2 and enters FA3. Packet flow networks. Performance evaluation for handoff includes
resumes again at approximately 43 min. handoff latency as well as the number of performed
handoffs. When several networks are candidates to serve as
target for a handoff, the network that provides most
bandwidth and the most stable connection should be the first
choice.
132 (IJCNS) International Journal of Computer and Network Security,
Vol. 2, No. 10, 2010
Acknowledgments
Adjunct Professor Dr. Elmarie Biermann is a
This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Grant research professor at the French South African
Institute of Technology (F’SATI) at the Cape
Scheme (FRGS). The authors would like to acknowledge the
Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT),
FRGS for their support of our research project. Cape Town. She completed the BSc, BSc
(Honns) and MSc at the Potchefstroom University and her PhD at
References the University of South Africa. She is specializing within computer
security and software agents and is also the manager/founder of a
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[2] OPNETWORK 2005, 1348 Planning and Analyzing
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[3] R. Malekian, “ The study of Handoff in Mobile IP
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181-185, Pretoria, South Africa, 2008
[4] Svetoslav Yankov, Sven Wiethoelter, “Handover
blackout duration of layer3 mobility management
scheems”, Telecommunication networks group,
Technical University Berlin, May 2006.
[5] E. Fogelstroem, A. Jonsson, C.E. Perkins, “Mobile
Ipv4 regional registration”, RFC 4857, June 2007.
[6] Y. Chen, W. Zhuang, “DiffServ resource allocation for
fast handoff in wireless mobile Internet”, IEEE
Communication Magazine, 2002.
[7] Michal Skorepa, “Mobile Ipv4 simulation and
implementation”, In proceeding of student EECIT
2008, Czech Republic, 2008.
[8] Jeng-Yueng Chen, Chen-Chuan Ynag, Li-Sheng Yu,
“HH-MIP: An enhancement of mobile IP by home
agent handover”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless
Communication and Networking, Vol 10, 2010.
Author’s Profile
Reza Malekian is conducting research in the
area of mobile IP in the Department of
Computer Science and Information Systems
at the Universiti Technologi, Malaysia. His
research interest is in wireless
communication. He is a member of IEEE
Vancouver section and also editor-in-chief of
The International Journal of Wireless Communication and
Simulation. During summer 2010, he was a visiting researcher at
the Communications Network Laboratory (CNL), Simon Fraser
University of Canada to do a new proposal on Mobile IP version 6.