Evernote Shared Notebook - Miscellaneuos - For Prelims PDF

5/22/2019 Evernote shared notebook: Miscellaneuos - for Prelims
Quiz Trivia
Saturday, March 10 2018, 11:19 PM
Science and Technology

1.
Sporozoites - formed in Anopheles Mosquito Salivary Gland before it bites
2.
Metastasis: Malignant Tumour rapid proliferation and growth beyond the nearby lymph nodes
3.
Parthenocarpy: Ovary develops into Fruit without fertilisation
4.
Bacteria [Prokaryote]: Do not have nucleus and cell organelles
5.
Neutrinos are emitted by Sun due to Nuclear Fusion: Read about Neutrinos more here
6.
Conducting Tissue: Helps in adaptation of Plants in Terrestrial Environment
7.
Phytotoxicity: harmful effect on plant growth
8.
Leachate: Liquid that seeps through solid wastes or other medium and has extracts of dissolved or
suspended material from it.
9.
Halons: Brominated Fluorocarbons
10.
Kuiper Belt: Lying beyond neptune similar to the asteroid belt between mars and jupiter
11.
Project Maven: Improving drone strikes in battlefield. US Department of Defence and Google partnership.
Employees retaliated against it.
12.
Dumb Kids Put Cat On Fiery Gas Stove = Domain, Kingdon, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species
13.
MRI: Uses magnetic fields produced inside the body. Doesn’t use Xray or Ionising radiations.
14.
Time crystal:
Structure that repeats in time, as well as in space.
Time crystals repeat themselves in time leading the crystal to change from moment to moment.
A time crystal never reaches thermal equilibrium, as it is a type of non-equilibrium matter — a form of
matter proposed in 2012, and first observed in 2017.
This state of matter cannot be isolated from its environment – it is an open system in non-equilibrium.
15.
Cultures:
Viticulture: Grapes / Wines!
Sericulture: Silk
Apiculture: Bees
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16.
Groundnut used to make textile fibres. (soaps, hydrogenated oil, plastic, fuel, cellulose…)
17.
Alloys:
Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite +…..== Stainless Steel.
Copper + Nickel == Morel Metal.
Copper + Aluminium == Duralumin.
Copper + Zinc == Brass.
Copper + Tin == Bronze.
18.
Fortification: Oil is fortified with Vitamins A and D (as they are Fat Soluble). Also added to Milk since they
are lost upon removal of milk fat.
19.
Cold Fusion Energy:
also called Low Energy Nuclear Reaction
Fusion of H2 with metals like Nickel and Palladium at room temperature
Heat generated is used to rotate a turbine
No radioactive materials are used and no waste generated
20.
Nuclear Reactor:
Moderators: to slow down the neutrons which makes them more effective in splitting the atoms
further. Slower neutrons are called Thermal Neutrons
Fast Reactors: coolant is used which is not an efficient moderator. Neutrons have high energy but
they are captured by U238 which converts to Pu239 which can be used as a fuel further. Such
reactors which end up generating fuel than consuming are called Breeder Reactors.
21.
Prebiotics: food ingredients(found in fibre) that encourage the growth of beneficial gut bacteria(called
probiotics).
22.
Diseases:
Kala Azar: Sandfly (Protozoa) (deadline missed)
Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Dengue: Aedes, virus
Elephantiasis: Parasitic worm, mosquito bite(deadline missed)
JE: Culex
Yellow Revolution Oil seed Production (Especially Mustard and Sunflower).

Black Revolution Petroleum products.
Blue Revolution Fish Production

Brown Revolution Leather / Cocoa / Non-Conventional Products.
Golden Fiber Revolution. Jute Production.
Golden Revolution Fruits / Honey Production / Horticulture Development
Grey Revolution Fertilizers.
Pink Revolution Onion Production / Pharmaceuticals / Prawn Production.
Evergreen Revolution Overall Production of Agriculture.
Silver Revolution Egg Production / Poultry Production
Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton.
Red Revolution Meat Production / Tomato Production.
Round Revolution Potato.
Green Revolution Food Grains.
White Revolution Milk Production.
International Relations:
Hague Convention on Child Abduction: India is not a signatory
SkyRev360:
Fully automated and comprehensive data gathering, invoicing and collection service system.
Help in eliminating errors and delays for better revenue management.
Developed by Airports Authority of India in collaboration with the International Air Transport
Association (IATA) under the Government of India’s “Make In India” initiative.
India and Laos have signed civil aviation cooperation agreement for providing SkyRev360.
MILES-18:
first-ever multi-nation naval exercise at the Andaman Sea.
Conducted as part of 10th edition of MILAN 2018.
Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indian ships
To enhance inter-operability between participating countries.
Shanti Prayas III: To promote peace-keeping skill through mutual cooperation and collaboration among armies
of different countries.
Indus Water Treaty: Allows India to build dams on 2 rivers - Chenab and Jhelum:
Ratle is a run of the river Hydroelectric Power plant on the Chenab river.
Kishanganga is on the river Kishanganga, a tributary of Jhelum.
Global Foreign Exchange Committee: committee of central bankers and experts working towards making the
forex market more robust and transparent under BIS, India joined recently
Operations conducted:
Vijay: Goa from Portugese; Kargil

Cactus: Maldives
Meghdoot: Siachen
Pawan: Sri Lanka
Maitri: Nepal
Schemes / Governance:
Kanyashree Prakalpa: WB Targeted Cash transfer scheme to retain girls; UN Award
Various adulteration marks in India:
FPO: Fruit Products Order — mandatory for processed fruit products
AGMARK: Agricultural products
BIS: purity of Gold
Teacher Associateship for Research Excellence(TARE): Connect the educators to leading public funded
institutions like IIT, IISc or national institutions like CSIR to pursue research.
ASICS Survey: Evaluating city systems to measure the preparedness of cities to deliver high quality
infrastructure and services in the long term.
Goa: 1st state to have special child rights legislation and children's courts
Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
7 schemes:
PM Ujjwala
PM Jeevan Jyoti
PM Suraksha Bima
PM Ujala
Saubhagya
Mission Indradhanush
PM Jan Dhan
Covers ALL states and UTs (even JnK)
NITI Aayog:
Team India Hub — for engagement with Central Government
Knowledge and Innovation Hub — for building think tank capabilities
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: Cant regulate surgical procedures. Caps prices of Drugs and
medical devices
DIGITAL POLICE PORTAL (by MHA under CCTNS) : citizens can file complaints, acts as National DB for
crime records
Blue Aadhaar Card/Baal Aadhar
Children below five years.
Not include biometric information.
The first biometric update: at the age of 5 ; second biometric update: at the age of 15
Will be linked to the parents’ UID.
Although it is not mandatory for children below 5 years to get an Aadhaar however it will be useful for
attending educational programmes and availing government scholarships.
National Scholarship Portal:
Mission mode under National e-Governance Plan
Both Central and State scholarships
processing, receipt, sanction, disbursal etc — DBT, avoid duplication
Protected Area Permit: MHA for access to border areas (between Inner Line of State & International Border)
Aarambh App: MoRD and ILO — Performance Based Maintenance Contracting and Community contracting
for maintenance of rural roads.
Champions of Change: by NITI Aayog for youth entrepreneurship
India Innovation Index: NITI Aayog, DIPP and CII (support from WEF, Cornell, WIPO, UNIDO etc) ; ranking
states on basis on innovation.
Committees:
S. Vijay Kumar: Regulation of NGO
Timothy Gonsalves: Reservation for girls in IITs
Rajiv Kumar (NITI Aayog): Application and development of AI
Brundtland Commission: By UN for Sustainable Development
Military Exercises done by India:
Vajra Prahar US
Hand in Hand China
Ajeya Warrior UK
Maitree Thailand
Conventions — COPs
Name Last Next
UNCCD COP13 - 2017 — Ordos, China COP 14 - 2019 — Bonn, Germany
UNFCCC COP 23 - 2017 — Bonn, Germany COP 24 - 2018 — Katowice,

Poland
CMS COP 12 - 2017 — Manila COP 13 - 2020 — India
Organic World Congress — IFOAM India 2017
Space and Defence:

Kepler(NASA) : discover Earth-size planets orbiting other stars.
Venus (Vegetation and Environment Monitoring New Micro-Satellite)(Israel) : First envmntal research satellite
Dawn(NASA) : Studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres.
Juno(NASA) : Orbiting the planet Jupiter
K2-229b:
Hot, metallic, Earth-sized planet orbiting a dwarf star located 260 million light years away.
Used Kepler 2 telescope and employed Doppler spectroscopy technique also known as ‘wobble method'
Breakthrough Listen Project (BLP) :
Global astronomical initiative launched Internet investor Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking.
To find signs of intelligent life in universe.
Survey 1,000,000 closest stars to Earth by scanning entire galactic plane of Milky Way.
Phobos: Mars satellite — only natural satellite in the solar system that circles its planet in a time shorter than
the parent planet’s day.
Chandrayaan II:
Land a rover on the moon's south pole.
It’s a totally indigenous mission, which will comprise of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover.
The instruments on the rover will observe the lunar surface and send back data, which will be useful for
analysis of the lunar soil.
The Chandrayaan-2 weighing around 3,290 kg will orbit around the moon and perform the objectives of
remote sensing the moon.
The payloads will collect scientific information on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance,
lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water-ice.
The total cost of the mission is said to be Rs 800 crore.
Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO): Ladakh
Operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore.
Third highest optical telescope in the world
Two active telescopes.
2.01 meter optical-infrared Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT)
Remotely operated from Bangalore from the Centre for Research and Education in Science and
Technology (CREST) using a dedicated satellite link.
High-Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope (HAGAR)
CR Gharial
Vultures: White Backed, Slender Billed, Indian
Vulture, Red Headed (not in WPA I)
Pygmy Hog - Manas, Orang, Sonai Rupai in Assam

Hangul - State Animal of Jammu and Kashmir
Sangai Deer — State Animal of Manipur
Northern River Terrapin* (Batagur Baska) (most

endangered, Captive Breeding, TSA)
Himalayan Quail (WPA I) — only in UK
Great Indian Bustard (WPA I, CITES I) — State Bird

of RJ
EN Tiger (Bali, Caspian and Java are extinct)

Dhole (Indian Wild Dogs) (WPA II)
Asiatic Lion
Asian Elephant
Irrawady Dolphins* (upgrade from VU; CITES II,

WPA I)
Red Panda (WPA I) — State Animal of Sikkim
Nilgiri Tahr — State Animal of TN

Lion Tailed Macaque
Golden Langur
VU Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard (Talle WS - Ar. P)

Indian Star Tortoise (WPA IV, CITES II)
Olive Ridley, Loggerhead, Leatherback Turtles
Black Necked Crane [Sc. I; ONLY high altitude
Crane; Tsomoriri Lake]
Indian Rhinoceros* (downgrade from EN)
Smooth Coated Otter (Wetlands, Harike)
Nilgiri Wood Pigeon
Mugger
NT Chiru (refused Captive Breeding)

Indian Wild Ass
LC Mouse Deer,
Blackbuck,
Salt Water Crocodile
Environment:
1.
IREDA second LOC by European Investment Bank for Renewable energy and Energy Efficiency projects
2.
Renewable Energy Policy Network: REN21 — international non-profit association based at the UNEP.
Promotes Renewable Energy to met the needs of both industrialised and developing countries.
3.
Agriculture:
Conservation Tillage:
Leave previous year crop residue on fields before and after planting crop → prevents erosion
3 types: No-till, ridge-till, mulch-till
Convention Tillage: leaves the soil surface bare and loosens soil particles
Four Waters
An innovative participatory indigenous technology in Watershed Development.
Developed by irrigation expert late T. Hanumantha Rao.
Evolved by integrating the “Four Waters”
Rain water
Soil moisture
Ground water
Surface water
Advantages:
At same cost, increase the benefits 3x and increase the recharge to ground water 10x.
Can be executed by the farmers without the medium of contractors.
Very simple and mostly consist of earthwork excavation. There is no cement–based work
anywhere in the watershed.
Vegetative methods are given equal importance.
Raising cover crops (green manure) during Rabi and post Kharif seasons
Tree plantations in all uncultivated lands and on all boundaries of fields, vegetable cover for
gully slopes etc.
4.
Ecosystem:
Blue light having highest energy is able to penetrate deep into the ocean. Red Algae are found in
deep ocean which can utilise this wavelength of light.
Standing State: amount of inorganic nutrients present in soil at any given time.
Biofloc Technology: enhancing water quality in aquaculture through balancing Carbon and Nitrogen
in the systems
Terrestrial ecosystem: Larger fraction of energy flows through the Detritus Food Chain than through
the Grazing Food Chain
Aquatic ecosystem: Mainly Grazing food chain
Biotic Potential: Inherent maximum capacity of an organism to reproduce or increase in number. It is

tackled by the environment through Environment Resistance.
5.
Biodiversity:
Project Predator: INTERPOL + WB , Asian Big Cats like tiger
Tropical Areas are more diverse than temperature because
Relatively stable over GTS
More sunlight
Less seasonal variations
Colonisation is a positive Species Interaction
Antibiosis: secretions by an organism are harmful to the other. None of the species is benefited. Like
Blue green algae produces toxins which are harmful for fishes and cattle who drink water.
Captive Breeding of White Tiger in Nandankanan Zoological Park in Odisha.
1st ever successful CB of Gharial was also done here in 1980s.
Captive Breeding: means to conserve species which might not survive in the wild. It is done in
restricted or captive areas.
Snowflake coral
Shallow fast-growing soft coral.
Attaches itself to metal, concrete and even plastic.
Invasive species because of its capacity to dominate space and crowd out other marine
organisms.
Native to the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean.
Megadiverse Countries:
> 5000 species as endemic and presence of Marine ecosystem within the borders
United States of America, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,Venezuela, Brazil, Democratic

Republic of Congo, South Africa, Madagascar, India, Malaysia, Indonesia,Philippines, Papua New
Guinea, China and Australia.
6.
Processes:
1.
Composting:
Aerobic
Natural process of Rotting or decomposition under controlled conditions

Moisture content is required
Produces CO2, NH3, Water, Humus and Heat
Little risk of phytotoxicity (harmful effect on plant growth)
Shorter processing time due to quickening by the heat generated.
Preferred for agriculture
Anaerobic
In absence of Oxygen
Intermediate compounds are formed like CH4, Organic Acids, H2S etc
Strong odour and risk of phytotoxicity
Longer duration and low temperature
1.
Smog:
Photochemical Smog:
Warm, dry and sunny weather

UV Rays are needed which act on Unsaturated HCs and NOx produced by automobiles and
factories
Also called Oxidising Smog
Creates ground level O3
2.
Acid Shock:
Sudden increase in level of acidity of surface waters in mid-latitude areas.
Caused due to melting of snow(has sulphuric acid) in spring.
Causes damage to freshwater species and habitats.
3.
Nitrogen Cycle
Gaseous N2 can fixed by only certain species like Bacteria and Blue-Green algae. Rest use it after
fixation.
4.
Bioremediation techqniues: Read from Shankar Page 71
1. Terms:
Taungya: artifical method of forest regeneration
Nutrients:
Macro(5): N, P, K, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur
Micro(7): Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc
Silviculture: Practice of growing and cultivation of trees
2. Environmental Degradation:
Ozone Depletion
Can cause Brittling of plastic
UV rays are harmful for photosynthesis → increase in CO2 in atmosphere and lesser productivity
UV-A, B, C → all rays are harmful (with increasing danger)
UV-C are shortest wavelength and highest energy
3. Gases:
1.
Biogas:
Breakdown of organic matter in absence of Oxygen
Products during fermentation: CH4 (domestic fuel) and Humus
Clean fuel: Smokeless, Odourless and Ashless
High Calorific Value (energy contained inside)
Bio CNG: purified Biogas
Similar to natural CNG and derived from biomass
Renewable
> 95% CH4
1st Zero Discharge Liquid Bio CNG production facility at Pune
2.
CNG — Compressed Natural Gas:
Mainly composed of CH4
Safer in case of spills as it is lighter than air and disperses quickly
Produces lesser undesirable gases like N2O and CO
3.
Natural Gas
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, CO2, Oxygen, Nitrogen
4. Renewable Energy:
Tidal Energy potential in India: Cambay, Kuchchh, Sunderbans, LKD and A&NI
India’s largest floating solar power plant: Banasura Sagar Dam in Wayanad
1st EV Charging station at Nagpur
Hywind: World’s first floating wind farm in Scotland.
Synlight: World’s largest artificial Sun made up of a honeycomb of several spotlights.
5. Pollution forecast system for 2 days in advance: US and Finland partnership with India
6. Protected Area Permit Regime: Parts of RJ + 4(JnK, HP, UK, SK), Whole Arunanchal
7. Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Sites (by FAO):
Pampore (JnK) - Saffron
Koraput (Odisha) - Traditional agriculture
Kuttanad (Kerala) - Below sea level farming
8. Hope Spot:
By IUCN and Mission Blue
A&NI and Lakshadweep are Hope Spots in India apart from Chagos and Maldives Atolls in Indian Ocean
Existing Marine Protected Areas can also be named as Hope Spots
9. State of Forest Report 2017:
In terms of area, Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra.
In terms of percentage, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Andaman & Nicobar Island, Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur
10. Brazzaville declaration: To promote better management and conservation world’s largest tropical peatlands-
Cuvette Centrale region in Congo Basin from unregulated land use and prevent its drainage and degradation.
11. Energy Efficient Buildings Programme:
By EESL — joint venture of NTPC, Power Finance Corporation Limited, REC and POWERGRID
Targets both government and private buildings
Retrofitting + new energy efficient services
12. Give Up To Give Back: behavioural changes to conserve environment
WWF-India launched it starting Earth Hour 2018.
Inspire organisations, institutions and individuals to make the choice to curb some habits, practices and
lifestyles, burdening both our lives and the environment and inspire them to choose alternatives to
Connect to Earth.
13. Debt-for-nature swaps (DFNs):
Link between reducing a country’s debt and protecting its environment.
Voluntary transactions
Amount of hard-currency debt owed by a developing country government (debtor) is cancelled or

reduced (i.e., discounted) by a creditor, in exchange for financial commitments to conservation
Creditors: can be developed country governments, commercial banks and even commercial
supplier companies
Proceeds generated from DFNs are often administered by local conservation or environmental trust
funds, that disburse grants to specific projects and ensure accountable, transparent and decentralized
management.
14. UN World Tourism Organization "Innovation in Tourism Enterprise" Award: Mangalajodi Ecotourism Trust,
Chilika Lake
15. BS IV → BS VI : 80% reduction in sulphur content
16. e-Waste pollutants: Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Mercury Lead
Plutonium is not. Heptachlor is not. It is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide.
Geography:
Traditional Rainwater Harvesting:
Katas, Bandhas: Odisha/MP
Tankas: GJ/RJ
Kere: KN
Jal Mandir: Gujarat
Zabo: Nagaland
Eri, Ooranis: T.N.
Dongs: Assam
Baoli / Dighis: Gangetic plains
Johads: Central India
Surangam: Western Ghats
Korambu: Eastern Ghats
Zing: Ladakh
Khatri, Kuhl: H.P
Tides: The ‘tide-generating’ force is the difference between these two forces; i.e. the gravitational attraction
of the moon and the centrifugal force.
https://www.pmfias.com/tides-tidal-bulge-spring-tide-neap-tide-tidal-bore-high-tide-low-tide-ebb-flood/
Formations:
Karewas: glacial clay depositions famous for saffron cultivation.
Western Disturbances: Increase the prevailing night temperature

Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai: World’s newest island formed due to volcanic eruption in Pacific
In Great Himalayas range, the snowline is at a lower elevation on the southern slopes than on the northern
slopes because the southern slopes are steeper and receive more precipitation as compared to the northern
slopes.
DJ and Sikkim Himalayas have Duars instead of Shiwaliks which assist in Tea cultivation.
Jindhagadh in AP is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats
Thunderstorms can be caused by unequal warming of the surface of the Earth or by orographic lifting.
Sub Tropical and Temperature regions have more dust particles due to dry winds as compared to Equatorial
and Poles
Malpelo tectonic plate: Off the coast of Ecuador in EPO!
Wakhan Corridor: India - Afghanistan

World Rainfall: Between 35-40˚N/S rainfall is more on Eastern Coast than Western. Between 45-60 its more on
western coast! [adjust for ITCZ!!]
Vizag is a landlocked port
Maize and Barley are part of Coarse grains!
Transhumance:
Move to mountain pastures in Summers and return to plains/valleys in winters
Bhotiya, Bakarwals etc
Tribes:
Jarawa, Onges, Sentinelese and Great Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andamanese: Negrito
Nicobarese and Shompen: Mongoloid
Juang (part of Mundas) Odisha
(Mishing, Deoris, Sonowal Kacharis, Ahoms) → Assam

Majuli Island
Apatani Arunanchal Pradesh (Talle Wildlife Sanctuary)
Konyak Nagaland
[Gleadovia Konyakianorum — plant without chlorophyll
and feeds on other species of plants]
Irula Tamil Nadu, Kerala
Siddi (GJ, MH, KN, AP)
Toda Nilgiri, TamilNadu
Cholanaikkans Silent Valley, Nilgiris
Birhor Jharkhand (1 of the PVTGs)
Pygmies Central Africa — no agriculture or live stock rearing /

Congo Basin
Orang Asli Malaysia
Boros Western Amazon — agriculture
Bedouins North Africa/ SW Asia — nomadic pastoralism
Bushman (Kalahandi desert)
Bindibu Australia — nomadic hunters
Masai East Africa and savannah region [Kenya and Tanzania]

/ Pastoralist
Aibo, Hausa Nigeria - settled cultivators (Savannah)
Semangs Malaysia
Llaneros Venezuela
History:
Advent of Europeans:
Portugese → Dutch → English → Danish → French
Portugese came 1st: Francis de Almeida (1st Governor), Albuquerque (abolition of Sati). They pressurised
Mughals to not give permission to British (Captain Hawkins).
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi:
Chauth: 1/4th land revenue
Sardeshmukhi: 10% additional levy on lands claimed as hereditary by Marathas
Marathas were granted right to collect it by the Mughals. They weren’t collected in Maratha Kingdom but in
neighbouring territories.
Tipu Sultan: Mauludi Era (new Calendar)

19th century peasants didn’t oppose Zamindari or States right to collect tax. They only opposed chicanery by
the moneylenders and being forced to grow particular crop.
Socialist movement of 1930s: consistent and militant anti-imperialism; anti-fascist, anti-colonial and anti-war
foreign policy; anti-landlordism
‘Adi’ movements:
For Dalit history, ‘Adi’ ideologies are highly significant as they bear testament to earliest assertion of equal
rights, humanity and citizenship on level with other castes.
Their central and common theme was
Dalits are the original inhabitants of the country, and their own inherent traditions were those of
equality and unity
Total rejection of Aryan caste system and traditions as these were used to subjugate and divide the
natives.
Adi- Dharam movement of Punjab claimed that untouchables formed a distinct religious community like
Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs
It was important in the 1930s as an example of untouchable castes’ self-organisation capabilities.
Later on, this movement was absorbed into Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar’s Schedule Caste Federation,
which by the 1940s was providing an all-India umbrella to such Dalit movements.
Home Charges — expenses of British officials borne by Indian treasury. They are made in England by SoS on
behalf of India.
Dividends, Interest on foreign public debt, Expenses on India Office, Pensions, British War etc
Council Bills — Mechanism through which Home Charges were met.

Morley Minto 1909: NON OFFICIAL MAJORITY IN PLCs
Summary Settlement: Land Revenue settlement in Awadh in 1856 kicking out Taluqdars
Anushilan Samiti: 1st Revolutionary Organisation of Bengal
Justice Movement:
Secure jobs and representation for Non-Brahmins in the legislature.
By Mudaliar, Nair and Thyagaraja
Madras Presidency Association 1917 - Demanded Separate representation for the lower castes in the
legislature.
WW1: Moderates and Extremists supported British but Revolutionaries tried to take advantage of it
Post Khilafat Split: Jinnah, Annie Besant, GS Kharpade, BC Pal
Home Rule League: Annie Besant’s league covered more area. BGT’s wanted Swaraj, vernacular education
and linguistic states
Satyagraha Sabha was formed in the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
MC1919 completely disregarded Lucknow Pact
Delhi Proposals by ML before Nehru Report: Page 322 Spectrum
Jinnah’s 14 point demand
Nehru and Bose setup Independence for India League after the Nehru Report
Congress neither accepted nor rejected Communal Award. They wanted consent of minorities before rejecting
Poona Pact before 3rd RTC
Congress agreed to contest 1937 to show how unpopular the Act was (not radical change in administration)
Rajaji Formula → Desai Liaqat Pact → Wavell Plan
Lytton: Statutory Civil Service with 1/6th posts for Indians
Early 19th century reform movements: Untouchability wasn’t discussed (It became a question only after Gandhi
came onto the scene.). Also it lacked social base and reach to the grass roots.
Ambedkar:
People’s Education Society- Considering the importance of education in the liberation of Dalits, Dr.
Ambedkar founded the People’s Education Society at Bombay on 8th July 1945.
Samata Sainik Dal- It is a social organisation founded by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 25 November 1926 with
the objective of safeguarding the rights of all oppressed sections of Indian society.
All India Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) – It was an organisation in India founded by B. R.
Ambedkar in 1942 to campaign for the rights of the Dalit community.
Depressed classes education society- It was established by Dr. Ambedkar on 14th June 1928 to spread
education amongst untouchables.
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha- It was a central institution formed by B.R. Ambedkar for removing difficulties
of the untouchables and placing their grievances before government.
Independent Labour Party (ILP)- It was an Indian political organisation formed under the leadership of
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 15 August 1936 against the Brahmanical and capitalist structures in the society. ILP
argued for Indian labour class while also stressing on the nature of caste structures and need for its
annihilation.
Slogans:
Hasrat Mohani: Inquilab Zindabad
Bose: Ittehad, Itmad, Qurbani
Mohammad Iqbal: Saare Jahan se Accha
Bakhshali: oldest record for the number zero, found in British archives.
CDS:
Manimekatai: Written by Chathanar
South Africa attended Sanya BRICS summit
Shiva is associated with the end of the cosmic world with which this dancing position is associated. In this
Chola period bronze sculpture he has been shown balancing himself on his right leg and suppressing the
apasmara, the demon of ignorance or forgetfulness, with the foot of the same leg. At the same time he raises
his left leg in bhujangatrasita stance, which represents tirobhava, that is kicking away the veil of maya or
illusion from the devotee’s mind. His four arms are outstretched and the main right hand is posed in abhaya
hasta or the 'gesture suggesting'. The upper right holds the damaru his favourite musical instrument to keep on
the beat tala. The upper left hand carries a flame while the main left hand is held in dola hasta and connects
with the abhaya hasta of the right hand. His hair locks fly on both the sides touching the circular jvala mala or
the garland of flames which surrounds the entire dancing figuration.
Economics:
Money Supply
M1 = CU + DD
M2 = M1 + savings deposit with PO savings banks
M1, M2 → Narrow Money
M3 = M1 + Net time deposits with commercial banks
M4 = M3 + Total deposits with PO savings organisations (except NSCs)
M3, M4 → Broad Money
M3 → Aggregate Monetary Resources

Farmer Zone: Collective cloud based open source data platform for smart agriculture which will use
biological research and data to improve the lives of small and marginal farmers.
Agricultural Subsidies:
Direct Farm subsidies
Rendering cash to the recipient farmers.
Eg. food subsidy, MSP-based procurement, etc.
Common in most of the developed countries like US and Europe.
Indirect Farm subsidies
Not provided in the form of cash but supporting farmers in an indirect manner.
Eg.-
Fertiliser subsidy
Farm loan waivers
Cheap credit facilities
Reduction in irrigation and electricity bills
Investments in agricultural research
Environmental assistance, farmer training, etc.
Impact of increasing Inflation:
Govt tax revenue may increase
Govt liabilities may reduce
No direct correlation with GDP (it can increase — Phillips curve) or decrease (due to erosion of PP)
Repo and Reverse Repo allow non government securities also. India has sovereign securities predominantly.
Factors of production: Land, labour, physical capital [fixed + working] and human capital
Pigovian Tax == Marginal External Cost == (Marginal Social Cost — Marginal Private Cost)
Inflationary Gap:
When the real GDP is higher than the potential GDP
Relative increase in real GDP causes an economy to increase its consumption, which causes prices to rise
in the long run.
Care by mother is also a type of Externality

EPFO → Pension and PFs; ESIC → medical benefits
Personal Income (PI) ≡ NI – Undistributed profits - Net interest payments made by households - Corporate tax
+ Transfer payments to the households from the government and firms.
Personal Income Tax is included in Personal Income
Sudden Stop: abrupt reduction in net capital inflows in the economy

CRAR norms don’t apply to RRBs
State Government cannot take loans from Foreign agencies upon security of Consolidated Fund of State
Property Tax is collected by ULBs/GPs and Land Tax by the State Government
Brandt Line: N-S divide of countries based on their economies
High Street Banks: widespread banking network serving both retail and corporate sector
Phased Manufacturing Programme: indigenous cellphone production (MeITY)
IIP Core industries order:
Refinery Products
Electricity
Steel
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Cement
Fertiliser
Economic Survey Key points:
3 Meta Challenges identified: Education, Agriculture and employment.
Large increase in registered indirect as well as direct taxpayers. [GST]
Strong correlation between export performance and states’ standard of living.
Growth in savings did not bring economic growth but the growth in investment did.
Trade:
Inter State trade ~ 30-40% GDP. Maharashtra is highest exporter and importer
Due to backlash of globalisation, there is decline in Worldwide Trade-GDP Ratios since 2011
Equal countries tend to trade more than unequal - Basic Gravity Theory of Trade
Deficit countries:
China: Electronics, Fertilisers imported; Cotton, polymers, Aluminium ore exported
Switzerland: Gold
Saudi Arabia, Iraq: Crude Oil
South Korea: Iron and Steel and electrical machinery
Surplus: US, UAE, Bangladesh, Nepal, UK
Trends:
GFCF Ratio to GDP has declined in last decade
Domestic Saving to GDP ratio has also declined (although not steadily)
Public Investment, Financial Savings with banks have declined leading to current slowdown
Increase in foreign tourist arrival
Social Service Expenditure has remained ~6% over last 4 years
Real Estate and Construction is the 2nd highest employment generator after Agriculture
Increase in Net Services Receipts due to more telecom earnings, foreign tourists arrivals, software
exports and private remittances.
RnD Research: Defence > Space > Atomic Energy > Agriculture > Health
Crops production (in Million Tonne): Sugarcane(340) > Rice(110) > Wheat(100) > Pulses(23)
India has highest net cropland area share in the world!
Steady decline in both CAD and Capital Account Surplus in 2012-2017 period
Primary Deficit has been decreasing since 2012-13
Railway Freight fares have increased and share in freight movement decreased over years.
Passenger fares have stayed relatively constant.
Terms:
Learning Poverty Headcount: number of children who do not meet the basic learning benchmark
~40% at present!
Not much difference between boys and girls
Improvements seen since 2014
Learning Poverty Gap: how far each student is from the benchmark
Insurance Penetration: Ratio of premium underwritten in a given year to the GDP
Insurance Ratio: Ratio of premium underwritten in a given year to the total population
Baltic Dry Index: Freight Index and a good proxy for robustness of trade and shipping services
Middle Income Trap: Middle Income Countries grow more slowly than excepted at that income level.
They are pushed from below and unable to grasp the top.
Safe Harbour Regime: accepting transfer pricing without questioning or scrutinising the Assessee.
Late Convergence: Lower Middle Income countries trying to make a shift to middle income after
2008 crisis
Gender Parity Index of UNESCO: Only considers the Educational Opportunity to female
“No representation without taxation”
ULBs generate more % revenue from taxation as compared to PRIs
Climate Change steps:
PMFBY, PMKSY, QR Code, ZDZE, NMCG, NAFCC, Science Express Climate Action Special Train,
Green Debt Securities, 8 Global Technology Watch Groups -
Renewable Energy
Advanced Coal
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Green Forest
Sustainable Habitat
Sustainable Agriculture
Water
Manufacturing
Decoupling of Indian Economy
Till early 2016, India’s growth had been accelerating when growth in other countries was decelerating.
But then the converse happened.
The world economy embarked on a synchronous recovery, but India’s GDP growth decelerated.
This is referred to as “decoupling”.
Reasons
India’s tight monetary conditions contributed by depressing consumption and investment and
caused the rupee to strengthen, dampening both net services exports and the manufacturing
trade balance.
Demonetisation and GST: Demonetisation temporarily reduced demand and hampered

production, especially in the informal sector. GST affected supply chains.
The TBS challenge has reduced investment and consequently economic activity and, hence
growth.
Polity:
Sarkaria commission favoured strong Centre
Net proceeds of corporation tax may be made permissibly sharable with the states
Three Language formula should uniformly be implemented in its true spirit.
No change in the role of Rajya Sabha and Centre’s power to reorganize the states.
Order of Precedence:
1.
President
2.
Vice-president
3.
Prime Minister
4.
Governor of State
5.
Former Presidents
6.
Deputy PMs
7.
Speaker of Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of Supreme Court
8.
Union Cabinet Ministers
Lokpal and Lokayukts: Statutory status; institutions aided by Government are excluded from purview.
Strength of the High Court is decided by President (not Parliament like in SC)
SC:
Ad Hoc Judge by CJI
Retired Judge by CJI
HC:
Additional and Acting Judge by President
Retired Judge by CJ HC
Quorum: 1/10th of the total number of members of the House, including the Presiding Officer of the House.
NOTA: Lok Sabha, MLA, MLC, Panchayats and Rajya Sabha elections. Not for President and Vice-President.
Paid News: NOT an electoral offence yet. It is looked into by MCMC(Media Certification and Monitoring
Committee)
Subordinate Courts:
The organisational structure, jurisdiction and nomenclature by the states.
Three tiers of civil and criminal courts below the High Court.
District judge:
Highest judicial authority in the district. Original and appellate jurisdiction in both civil as well as
criminal matters.
Court of Subordinate Judge: Civil and the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate: Criminal side.
Subordinate judge: unlimited pecuniary jurisdiction
Chief judicial magistrate for cases of term up to seven years
Court of Munsiff: Civil and Court of Judicial Magistrate: Criminal.
Munsiff: small pecuniary stake.
Judicial magistrate: term up to three years.
Civil Servants:
Personal Immunity under the Constitution from legal liability for official contracts. It is the government
(Central or state) that is liable for the contract.
Civil proceedings can be instituted against them for anything done in their official capacity after giving a
two months’ advance notice for illegal acts.
Constitution has not made any provision for immunity of ministers. But they can be charged for illegal personal
acts.
Jammu and Kashmir:
Part 4, 4A and 5th and 6th Schedules are not applicable
Special Leave Petition, President Rule(under State ©), EC, CAG : applicable
SHRC:
Not mandatory for states to form one.
Composition: Chairperson and two members.
Criteria:
Chairperson: retired Chief Justice of a High Court
Members: serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with an experience of
at least 7yrs and a person having knowledge or practical experience with respect to human rights.
Tenure: 5yrs or 70yrs age (whichever is earlier).
NOT ELIGIBLE for further employment under the state.
Appointment: Governor, Removal: President.
CIC:
Composition: Chief Information Commissioner and not more than 10 Information Commissioners.
Appointment: President on the recommendation of a committee
Prime Minister as the chairman,
Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha
Union cabinet minister nominated by the Prime Minister.

Tenure: 5 years or 65 years age
They are NOT eligible for re-appointment (however, they ARE ELIGIBLE for further appointment under
the State).
CVC:
Composition:
Appointment: President on the recommendation of a committee
Prime Minister as the chairman,
Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha
MHA
Tenure: 4 years or 65 years age
They are NOT eligible for further appointment

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Science and Technology

Structure that repeats in time, as well as in space.

Viticulture: Grapes / Wines!

Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite +…..== Stainless Steel.

Copper + Nickel == Morel Metal.

Copper + Aluminium == Duralumin.

Copper + Zinc == Brass.

Copper + Tin == Bronze.

also called Low Energy Nuclear Reaction

Fusion of H2 with metals like Nickel and Palladium at room temperature

Heat generated is used to rotate a turbine

No radioactive materials are used and no waste generated

Kala Azar: Sandfly (Protozoa) (deadline missed)

Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Dengue: Aedes, virus

Elephantiasis: Parasitic worm, mosquito bite(deadline missed)

Yellow Revolution Oil seed Production (Especially Mustard and Sunflower).

Blue Revolution Fish Production

Help in eliminating errors and delays for better revenue management.

first-ever multi-nation naval exercise at the Andaman Sea.

Conducted as part of 10th edition of MILAN 2018.

To enhance inter-operability between participating countries.

Kishanganga is on the river Kishanganga, a tributary of Jhelum.

Vijay: Goa from Portugese; Kargil

Pawan: Sri Lanka

FPO: Fruit Products Order — mandatory for processed fruit products

AGMARK: Agricultural products

BIS: purity of Gold

Covers ALL states and UTs (even JnK)

Team India Hub — for engagement with Central Government

Knowledge and Innovation Hub — for building think tank capabilities

Children below five years.

Not include biometric information.

Will be linked to the parents’ UID.

National Scholarship Portal:

Mission mode under National e-Governance Plan

Both Central and State scholarships

processing, receipt, sanction, disbursal etc — DBT, avoid duplication

Military Exercises done by India:

Hand in Hand China

Name Last Next

UNCCD COP13 - 2017 — Ordos, China COP 14 - 2019 — Bonn, Germany

UNFCCC COP 23 - 2017 — Bonn, Germany COP 24 - 2018 — Katowice,

CMS COP 12 - 2017 — Manila COP 13 - 2020 — India

Organic World Congress — IFOAM India 2017

Space and Defence:

Breakthrough Listen Project (BLP) :

To find signs of intelligent life in universe.

Land a rover on the moon's south pole.

The total cost of the mission is said to be Rs 800 crore.

Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO): Ladakh

Operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore.

Third highest optical telescope in the world

Two active telescopes.

2.01 meter optical-infrared Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT)

High-Altitude Gamma Ray Telescope (HAGAR)

Pygmy Hog - Manas, Orang, Sonai Rupai in Assam

Northern River Terrapin* (Batagur Baska) (most

Great Indian Bustard (WPA I, CITES I) — State Bird

EN Tiger (Bali, Caspian and Java are extinct)

Irrawady Dolphins* (upgrade from VU; CITES II,

Nilgiri Tahr — State Animal of TN

VU Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard (Talle WS - Ar. P)