IMAGINARIUM

CLASS 9
 Things to Remember

Number System

|. Natural Numbers: Numbers from 1 onward are known as natural

numbers, denoted by 'N'. N = {1, 2, 3, 4,......... }
2. Whole Numbers: Numbers from 0 (zero) onward are known as
whole numbers, denoted by 'W'. W = {0,1, 2, 3, 4,....... }
3. Integers: The collection of all whole numbers and negative of
natural numbers are called Integers, denoted by ‘Z' or ‘I’.
Z or I = {...... , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,.... }
4. Rational Number: A number which can be expressed as
p/qwhere q is an integer and q≠0 is known as rational number,
denoted by 'Q'.
5. Irrational Number: A number which can't be expressed in the
form of qp and its decimal representation is non-terminating
and non-repeating is known as an irrational number.
Example: 2, 3, π, |.732|05......etc.
6. Number Line: The number line is a straight line with numbers
placed at equal intervals or segments along its length. The
numbers increase as one moves from left to right and decrease
on moving from right to left.

2
 Things to Remember

7. The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is

always an irrational number.
8. The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational
number is always an irrational number.
9. The sum of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational
number.
Eg- (2 + 2) + (2 - 2) = 4 (a rational number)
|0. The product of two irrational numbers is not always an
irrational number.
( 3 - 1) . ( 3 + 1) = 3 - | = 2
||. If ‘a’ is a rational number and n is a positive integer such that
the nth root of ‘a’ is an irrational number, then a is called a
|
n

surd.
Example: 2, 3, 5, etc.
|2. If n a is a surd then 'n' is known as order of surd and 'a' is
known as radical.
|3. Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is
not a surd.

3
 Things to Remember

|4 Laws of radicals:
(a) (na)n = a
(b) na × n b = nab (One of either a or b should be non-negative
integer)
(c) na = n ab
n

b
(d) a= mn a= n m a
mn
p n
(e) pa m = pan - m
a
p n m p n+m
(f) a ×a = a
(g) p (an)m )= p an.m
|5. Rational exponents:
(a) If x, y be any rational numbers different from zero and m
be any integer, then
xm × ym = (x × y)m.
(b) If x be any rational number different from zero and m, n
be any integers, then
xm × xn = xm+n and (xm)n = xm × n.

4
 Things to Remember

Motion

An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with

time.
We describe the location of an object by specifying a reference
point. Motion is relative. The total path covered by an object is
said to be the distance travelled by it.
The shortest path/distance measured from the initial to the
final position of an object is known as displacement.
Uniform motion: When an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion.
Non-uniform motion: Type of motion where objects cover
unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
Speed: The distance travelled by an object in unit time is
referred to as speed. Its unit is m/s.
Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the average speed of
an object is obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by an
object by the total time taken.
Total Distance travelled (s)
Average speed =
Total Time taken (t)

5
 Things to Remember

Velocity: Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a definite

direction. S.I. unit is m/s.
Displacement
Velocity =
Time interval

Average velocity : The ratio of total displacement to the total time

taken is called average velocity. When the velocity of the body is
changing at a constant rate, average velocity is given by :
Initial Velocity + Final Velocity
Average Velocity =
2
Vav = u+v
2
Where, u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
Acceleration : Change in the velocity of an object per unit time.
S.I. unit is m/s2.
Acceleration, a = v t- u
Equations of Motion:
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2
v2 - u2 = 2as

6
 Things to Remember

Where u = initial velocity

v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = time interval
s = displacement
The above mentioned equations are applicable only when the body
is moving with uniform acceleration.

7
 Things to Remember

Matter in Our Surroundings

1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.For

example: Chair, bed, river, mountain, dog, tree, building, etc.
2. Characteristics of matter:
Matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
These particles are too small to be observed with naked eye.
These particles are moving constantly.
These particles have spaces between them.
Particles of matter attract each other.
3. Classification - On the basis of physical properties, matter is
classified as solids, liquids and gases. On the basis of chemical
properties, matter is classified as elements, compounds and
mixtures.
Element : An element is a substance which can neither be split up into
two or more similar substances nor it can be built up from any other
simpler matter by any known chemical process.
Compound : A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two
or more elements combined in a definite proportion by weight.
Mixture : A mixture is a substance composed of two or more
compounds or elements in any proportion by weight such that each
of which retains its identity and specific properties.

8
 Things to Remember

Solid Liquid Gas

Constituent particles Constituent particles Constituent
are very closely are less closely packed. particles are far
packed. apart from each
other.
Force of attraction Force of attraction Force of
between particles is between particles is attraction
very strong. less strong between particles
is negligible.
Particles have Kinetic energy Particles have
minimum kinetic between particles is maximum kinetic
energy. more than that in energy.
solids.
Have definite shape Do not have definite Neither have
and volume. shape but have definite shape nor
definite volume. definite volume.
Have high density Density is lower than Density is least
solids and can diffuse. and can easily
diffuse.
Incompressible. Almost incompressible. Highly
compressible.

9
 Things to Remember

4. Change of State of Matter: Physical states of matter can be

interconverted into each other by following two ways:
a. By changing the temperature
b. By changing the pressure
5. Effect of Change of Temperature:
. A. Solid to liquid:
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of
the particles increases which overcomes the forces of attraction
between the particles thereby solid gets converted to a liquid.
Melting:Melting is the process by which a substance changes from
the solid phase to the liquid phase.
Melting point: The melting point is the temperature at which a
material changes from a solid to a liquid
Melting point of ice is 0oC.

10
 Things to Remember

B. Liquid to gas:
On heating a liquid, the kinetic energy of its particles
increases as high as in a gas, thus causing the liquid to
change to a gas.
Boiling: The change of a liquid substance into gas on heating
is called boiling.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and
changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure is called
its boiling point.
Boiling point of water is 100oC.
C. Gas to liquid::
On cooling a gas , the kinetic energy of its particles
decreases causing them to move slowly and bringing them
closer,thus causing the gas to change to a liquid.
Condensation: The process in which a gas, on cooling, turns
into a liquid at a specific temperature is called condensation
or liquefaction.

11
 Things to Remember

D. Liquid to solid:
When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its temperature,
its particles lose kinetic energy causing the liquid to turn to
solid.
Freezing: Freezing is the process by which a substance
changes from the liquid phase to the solid phase.
Freezing point: The temperature at which the state of a
substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called the
freezing point of that substance.
6. Latent heat:
The heat energy that is required to change the state of a
substance without causing any rise in the temperature of the
substance is called latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden
in the bulk of the matter, it is called latent heat.

12
 Things to Remember

Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert

| kilogram of a solid into a liquid at atmospheric pressure at
its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of vaporisation: The heat energy required to
convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas at atmospheric
pressure at its boiling point is known as the latent heat of
vaporisation
Note: Water vapour at 373 K has more energy than water
at the same temperature because particles in steam have
absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation.
7. Sublimation:
The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to
gas or gas to solid, without changing into the liquid state, is
called sublimation.

13
 Things to Remember

8. Effect of change of pressure:

Gas to liquid: Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and
reducing the temperature. When a high pressure is applied to a
gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is lowered, the
gas is liquefied.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease
of pressure to 1 atmosphere without changing into a liquid state.
This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as
dry ice.
9. Evaporation:
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid
state to the gaseous state at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation or vaporisation.

14
 Things to Remember

10. Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:

Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases on
increasing the surface area of the liquid.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in temperature.
Humidity: Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of
evaporation.
Wind speed: An increase in the wind speed increases the rate
of evaporation.
||. Evaporation causes cooling: During the process of evaporation,
the particles of liquid absorb energy or latent heat of
vaporisation from the surrounding to get converted to gaseous
state. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the
surroundings cold. For example: Perspiration or sweating in our
body keep the body temperature constant by taking away the
extra heat from the body as the latent heat of vaporisation.

15
 Things to Remember

Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life

The smallest functional unit of life is the cell. A cell can

independently perform all necessary activities to sustain life. Hence
Cell wall
cell is the basic unit of life. provides rigidity
and strength to
the plant cell

Cell Wall Cell Membrane is a

semi-permeable
membrane. It is the
Ribosomes are the protein Cell Menbrane outermost membrane
factory of the cell Ribsome in an animal cell

ER is of two types. If Golgi Vesicles

ribosomes are present it is
called RER otherwise it is
Golgi Apparatus
called SER
Golgi bodies are used
Smooth ER in packaging and
(no ribosomes)
Vacuole Membrane
Nucleolus
Chloroplast is present
only in plants and it
Nucleus Chloroplast helps in
Nucleus is the brain of the photosynthesis due to
cell. In plant cell it is found in presence of chlorophyll
the periphery as it has a Rough ER pigment
large vacuole. Nucleus (endoplasmic
contains DNA in the form of Raphide Crystal
recticulum)

Mitochondria is the
Druse Crystal powerhouse of the cell.
It helps in production
Vacuoles are larger in plants
Large Central of energy in form of
than in animals and they are Vacuole
used to store materials

Amyloplast Mitochondrion
(starch Grain)

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a jelly

like matrix in which all
the organelles are
suspended

There are two types of cells → plant cell and animal cell. The
different cell organelles and their functions are as follows:

16
 Things to Remember

|. Plasma/Cell membrane: This is the outermost covering of the cell

that separates the contents of the cell from its external
environment. The plasma membrane allows or permits the entry
and exit of some materials in and out of the cell so the cell
membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane. Some
substances like CO2 or O2 gases can move across the cell membrane
by a process called diffusion. The movement of water molecules
(liquid) through such a selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high
water concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a
region of low water concentration.
If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water
concentration than the cell, the cell will gain water by osmosis.
Such a solution is known as hypotonic solution.
If the medium has exactly the same water concentration as the
cell, there will be no net movement of water across the cell
membrane. Such a solution is known as isotonic solution.

17
 Things to Remember

If the medium has a lower water concentration then the cell will
lose water by osmosis. Such a solution is known as hypertonic
solution.
2. Cell wall (Protective wall): Plants cells, in addition to the plasma
membrane have another rigid outer covering called cell wall. The cell
wall lies outside the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall is mainly
composed of cellulose. It is a complex substance and provides
structural strength to plant cells. When a living plant loses water
through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of contents of
the cell away from cell wall. This phenomenon is known as
plasmolysis.
3. Nucleus (Brain of a cell): The nucleus has a double-layered covering
called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores which
allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside,
i.e., to the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are
visible as rod-shaped structures only when the cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of features from
parents to next generation in form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

18
 Things to Remember

molecules. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein.

Functional segments of DNA are called genes. The nucleus plays a
central role in cellular reproduction.
Prokaryotic Cells: In some organisms like bacteria, the nuclear
material is not enclosed by nuclear membrane and membrane
bound cell organelle are absent. Such nucleus is called nucleoid and
such cells are known as prokaryotic cells. Such cells have single
chromosome.
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells having well defined nucleus and having
membrane bound cell organelle are termed as eukaryotic cells.
Such cells have more than one chromosomes.

Nucleolus

Chromatin
Nuclear
membrance

Nuclear Pore

A Nucleus

19
 Things to Remember

4. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma

membrane. It also contains many specialised cell organelles. Each of
these organelles performs a specific function for the cell.

20
 The Reason Behind

| Dust come out of a carpet when it is beaten with

a stick.
2 Sun or the stars glow.

3 Water droplets are seen on the outer surface of

a glass containing ice-cold water.

4 Wet clothes kept in shade dry slowly on a rainy

day, even in summer.

5 Plasma membrane is called selectively permeable

membrane.

22
 The Reason Behind

6 When an egg without shell is placed in

concentrated salt solution for 5 minutes,
it shrinks.

7 Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and

dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole.

23
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

1. Colourless plastids are known as:

A. Chromoplast
B. Chloroplast
C. Protoplast
D. Leucoplast
2. Which of the following is the protein synthesis site in a
cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Vacuoles
C. Ribosomes
D. Cytoskeleton
3. The solution in which a cell will gain water by osmosis is
termed as:
A. Isotonic solution
B. Hypertonic solution
C. Hypotonic solution
D. Osmoregulation

24
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

4. Which of the following is not a common characteristic for

mitochondria and chloroplast?
A. Both are involved in energy conversion
B. Both have double membrane
C. Both of them are present in animals
D. Both of them have their own DNA
5. Which part of a plant cell prevents it from bursting when
placed in a hypotonic solution?
A. Cell wall
B. Vacuoles
C. Plastids
D. Plasma membrane
6. Which of these cell organelles are called suicide bags?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Lysosomes

25
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

7. The opening and closing of stomata happen due to:

A. Transpiration
B. Osmosis
C. Plasmolysis
D. Photosynthesis
8. Which of the following cellular part does not possess a
double membrane?
A. Nucleus
B. Chloroplast
C. Mitochondria
D. Vacoule
9. Root hair absorbs water from the soil through:
A. Osmosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Diffusion
D. Endocytosis

26
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

10. Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in

A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Chromosome

27
 Matter in our Surroundings

1) What will be the change in boiling point if pressure over a

liquid is decreased?

A. The boiling point decreases

B. The boiling point increases
C. The boiling point remains unaffected
D. It cannot be determined

2) The burns caused by steam are much more severe than

those caused by boiling water at the same temperature.
This is due to:

A. Latent heat of fusion

B. Latent heat of vaporization
C. Particles in gaseous state are in random motion
D. Particles in the gaseous state have higher velocities

28
 Matter in our Surroundings

3) Why does the temperature of a substance remain

constant, when heat is supplied, during the change of
state?
A. The heat supplied escapes to the surroundings.
B. The heat supplied is used to overcome intermolecular
force of attraction.
C. The temperature change is nullified by the surrounding air.
D. As change of state doesn’t require heat energy.

4) Choose the incorrect statement:

A. Particles of matter attract each other.

B. Diffusion is fastest in gas and slowest in solids.
C. The particles of solid are fixed and do not move at all.
D. Honey is more viscous than water.

29
 Matter in our Surroundings

5) We all know that liquids have lower density as compared

to solids. But you must have observed ice floating on
water. Why is it so?

A. Ice occupies less volume than water

B. Water has very high surface density
C. Ice has lesser intermolecular space
D. Ice has lower density than water

6) Dry ice is formed by:

I. Increasing the pressure over carbon dioxide gas.
II. Decreasing the temperature of Nitrogen gas.
III. Decreasing the temperature of carbon dioxide gas.
IV. Raising pressure of Nitrogen gas.

A. Both (I) and (III)

B. Only (III)
C. Both (II) and (IV)
D. Only (II)

30
 Matter in our Surroundings

7) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Rate of evaporation increases on increasing temperature.

B. Rate of evaporation increases with increase in humidity.
C. Rate of evaporation increases with increase in wind
speed.
D. Rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface
area of the liquid.

31
 Motion

1 Choose the correct statement:

A. Magnitude of displacement can never be zero.

B. Magnitude of displacement is greater than the distance
travelled by the object.
C. Distance covered is always equal to the displacement.
D. Distance covered can either be equal to or more than the
displacement.

2 A train is travelling at a speed of 108 km/h. The engine driver

receives a call about the broken track and is asked to stop the
train immediately. He applies the brake to perform uniform
deceleration of 0.25 m/s2. Find the distance covered before the
train is brought to rest.

A. 0.9 km
B. 1.2 km
C. 1.8 km
D. 0.6 km

32
 Motion

John and Jacob, two physicists from MIT, went on a trip to Los
3
Angeles in a car. To summarize their trip, they made a distance
time graph. Jacob notices that from 2 PM to 3 PM the graph is
parallel to the time axis. John concluded that ________.

A. they were taking a break to have lunch.

B. they were driving constantly at the speed limit.
C. the road was rough which decreased their speed.
D. the car was moving with constant acceleration.

4 The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is

shown in the figure below. The displacement of the body in 10
seconds is:

A. 4m
B. 6m
C. 8m
D. 10 m

33
 Motion

5 A car travels a certain distance with a speed of 50 km/hr and

returns with a speed of 40 km/hr. Calculate the average speed for
the whole journey.

A. 44.44 km/hr
B. 46.56 km/hr
C. 55.57 km/hr
D. 59.55 km/hr

6
A stone is dropped from the 16th storey of a multistoried building
and reaches the ground in 4 seconds. In the first second, it
passes through how many storeys of the building? (g = 10 m/s2).

A. |
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5

34
 Motion

7 Two athletes A and B participate in a race along a circular path

with constant speeds of 11 ms-| and 13 ms-| respectively. B reaches
the finish line 2 seconds earlier than A. What is the radius of the
circular path?

A. 37.5 m
B. 40.25 m
C. 22.75 m
D. 45 m

35
 Number System 1

Solve the following questions

01. Express 0.48 as a fraction in simplest form.
|3 |6
A. 35 B. 33
|9
C. 33 |5
D. 38

02. Find five rational numbers lying between 35 and 32.

|| , 28 , |9 , 29 , 59
A. |8 45 30 45 90 B. |3 , 28 , |9 , 29 , 59
|8 45 30 45 90
C. || , 27 , |9 , 28 , 59 D. |7 , 28 , |9 , |9 , 59
|8 45 30 45 90 |8 45 30 45 90

03. Between any two rational numbers there

A. is no rational number B. is exactly one rational
number
C. are infinitely many
rational numbers D. is no irrational number

(2 6)
04. Which of the following is a simplified form of
( 2+ 3+ 5)
?

A. 2+ 3+ 5 B. 4- 2- 3
C. 2+ 3+ 6 D. 2+ 3- 5

36
 Number System 1

05. If x and y are rational numbers and 4+3 5 = x+y 5, find the
values of x and y. 4-3 5

A. x = -5|
29 and y =
-24
29 B. x= -6|
29 and y = -44
29
C. x = -4|
29
and y = -24
29
D. x= -6|
29
and y = -24
29

06. Which one is the greatest in the following?

3
A. 2 B. 3
3 3
C. 2 D. 4

07. If x = (4+ |5), find the value of (x2+ |2 )

x

A. 62 B. 64
C. 66 D. 68

37
 Number System 2

Solve the following questions

01. Find unit digit of (77)35
A. 3 B. 5
C. 7 D. 9

l m | |
Simplify: ( YYm ) ( YYn ) mn ( YY1 ) n1
n
02.
|
1m

A. 4| B. |
2
C. 0 D. |

5x+2-6(5x+1) equals
03. On simplification, the expression 13(5 x
)-2(5x+1)

A. -23 B. -53
C. -7 D. -8
3 3

04. The value of (44+8 30) + (44-8 30) is

A. 2 6 B. 4 6
C. 6 6 D. 8 6

05. Represent 4.47 on a number line.

38
 Number System 2

06. Which of the following if the value of the below expression?

(2401)0.16 ×(2401)0.09 ×7

A. 42 B. 49
C. 56 D. 63

07. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The sum of two irrational numbers is always an

irrational number
B. The product of two irrational numbers is always an
irrational number
C. Every real number is always rational
D. Every real number is either rational or irrational

39
 Visualizing the Basics

1 1 Find the total displacement of the body from the following graph:

25

20

15
v(m/s)

10 D

B C E
5

A F G H I
0 2 4 6 8 10

t(s)

2 E
A B
SOLID LIQUID GAS
D C
F

Name the process A, B, C, D, E and F

40
 Visualizing the Basics

3 4. The car starts at 10:45 A.M from point A with a speed of 36

m/sec. It reaches point B at 11:15 A.M. The speed of the car at point
B is equal to 90 m/sec. Find out the distance AB in meters.

A 10:45 A.M B 11:15 A.M

Speed=36m/sec Speed=90m/sec

4 4. What is the state of water at point C?

A. Solid only
B. Liquid only
C. Both solid and liquid
D. Gaseous

41
 Visualizing the Basics

5 4. The following figure shows the square root spiral. Find the length
of AB. 1

A 1

6 4. Label the following diagram of plant cell:

42
 Visualizing the Basics

7 4. What type of solution is represented in the given figure?

Water
Shrunk cell

A. Isotonic solution
B. Hypotonic solution
C. Hypertonic solution
D. None of these

43
 The Reason Behind

Solution:
|. Every object tends to remain stationary or in motion unless disturbed
by an external force. This tendency is called inertia. When you take a
carpet, the dust particles are well settled on its surface. When we
beat the carpet with a stick, we are essentially setting it in motion.
However, the dust particles still tend to remain stationary, and get
momentarily separated from the surface of the carpet as it moves
back. Because of the light-weightedness of the dust particles, they get
carried away by air around and thereby flying around.
2. Sun or the stars glow because at their core the pressure is so high
that hydrogen fuses to create helium. This process releases a great
amount of energy, which results in glowing of the sun or stars.
3. The air around ice-cold water container contains water vapours which
have higher energy than ice-cold water. Therefore, water vapours
present in the air lose energy when they come in contact with cold
water. These are then converted into liquid state, which can be seen as
water droplets.

45
 The Reason Behind

4. During rainy days, the humidity of air increases, i.e., air is quite
saturated with water vapour or air cannot hold more water vapour.
Therefore, the rate of evaporation of water from wet clothes
decreases. So wet clothes dry slowly on a rainy day.
5. Plasma membrane regulates the entry and exit of materials in a cell. It
allows the movement of only certain substances while prevents the
others from doing so. Thus, it is called selectively permeable
membrane.
6. When an egg without shell is placed in concentrated salt solution for 5
minutes, the egg shrinks due to loss of water by the process of
osmosis. The egg membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. The
water concentration inside the cell is more therefore water moves out
of the cell.
7. When an egg without shell is placed in concentrated salt solution for 5
minutes, the egg shrinks due to loss of water by the process of
osmosis. The egg membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. The
water concentration inside the cell is more therefore water moves out
of the cell.

46
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

|. Option D
Leucoplast is known as the colourless plastid.
Chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll. It
usually stores pigments such as carotene (orange), xanthophylls
(yellow), and various other red pigments.
Chloroplast is a plastid which stores green pigment. It also absorbs
sunlight and uses it for photosynthesis process.
Protoplast is the cell which has its cell wall removed by the enzymes.
After the removal of the cell wall, it results in protoplast which is
spherical in shape.

2. Option C
Proteins are synthesised by the ribosomes attached to the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). Proteins are synthesised during the
translation process in which the ribosomes convert the mRNA
(messenger RNA) into proteins.

47
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

3. Option C
A hypotonic solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure
than another solution. Generally, this refers to a solution that has less
solute and more water than another solution, while, a hypertonic solution
is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than
outside of it.
Also, an isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic
pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the
free movement of water across the membrane without changing the
concentration of solutes on either side.
4. Option C
The mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membrane, have their own
DNA and are involved in energy conversion. Mitochondria are present in
both plants and animals but chloroplasts are present only in plant cells.
5. Option C
The plant cell is rigid because it contains a cell wall that is absent in animal
cells. Hypotonic solution is a dilute solution and when a plant cell is placed
in this solution, water enters the cell and it swells up. As the cell wall gives
rigidity to the plant cell it prevents the cell from bursting but when an
animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it will burst as it is devoid of
the cell wall.

48
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

6. Option D
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain digestive enzymes that
break down waste materials, foreign material and cellular debris.
Lysosomes are capable of digesting nucleic acid, polysaccharides, fats,
and proteins. Lysosomes also digest or damage its own cells by its own
enzymes, which leads to the death of the cell. This process is called
autolysis. Hence lysosomes are also called suicide bags.
7. Option B
The opening and closing of the stomata are controlled by the guard cells.
In the light, guard cells take up water by osmosis and become turgid.
Because their inner walls are rigid they have pulled apart, opening the
pore.
8. Option D
The vacuole is a single-membraned organelle. Nucleus, Chloroplast and
mitochondria are double-membraned cell organelles.

49
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

9. Option A
Water is absorbed by the root hair cell by the process of osmosis.
Osmosis is the phenomenon where solute moves from higher
concentration to lower concentration against a semi-permeable
membrane. Water passes from a region of high water concentration
(wet soil) through a semi-permeable membrane (the cell membrane) to
a region of lower water concentration (the cytoplasm).

10. Option D
Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack the chromosome. Red blood cells
and platelets are cells that lack nuclei. The nucleus in cells contains most
of its genetic material. It is organized in such a way that a linear
structure is formed containing DNA molecules with a different variety of
proteins.

50
 Matter in our Surroundings

1 Option B
A liquid boils when molecules leave the surface of the liquid in bulk. But while
increasing pressure, we are applying an external force over the surface of the
liquid to hold molecules closer to each other. Hence, molecules will require more
energy to escape from the surface. Thus, this increases the boiling point of liquid.

2 Option B
This happens due to the fact that steam contains more heat in the form of
latent heat of vaporization than boiling water. Thus more severe burns are
produced by steam.
3 Option B
The temperature of any substance remains constant during the change of state
because the heat energy supplied is used up in changing the state of matter and
is used for breaking of several bonds or attractive forces.This heat, which does
not raise the temperature of the body, is called Latent heat.
4 Option C
The particles of solids have fixed position but they vibrate about their mean
position, thus they are not at complete rest.
5 Option D
Ice in fact it is solid but it has cage like structure and hence its molecules have
more empty space as compared to water so it has smaller density then water
and hence floats on water.

51
 Matter in our Surroundings

6 Option A
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide which is formed by decreasing pressure and
increasing temperature of carbon dioxide gas.
7 Option B
Amount of moisture in the atmosphere increases with increase in
humidity. Thus, the rate of evaporation decreases with increase in
moisture in the atmosphere.

52
 Motion

1 Option D
Distance is the length of the path covered by a body. Displacement is the shortest
distance between the two points. The distance and displacement will be the same
if the object moves in a straight line. So, distance covered by an object can either
be equal to or more than the displacement. Distance does not include a direction
whereas displacement does include a direction. If an object returns to the same
point it started from, then the displacement will be zero.

2 Option C
The equation of motion to be used here is : v2= u2+ 2aS
Where, u = |08 km/h = 30 m/s
v = 0 m/s
And, a = -0.25m/s2.
Substituting these values, we get:
⇒0 = (30)2 + 2×(-0.25)×S
⇒0.5S = 900
⇒S = 900
0.5
= |800 m = |.8 km

53
 Motion

3 Option A
If the “distance - time graph is parallel to the time axis”, it means that the
distance of the object is not changing with time, i.e., the object is at rest.

4 Option B
We know that the area under the v-t graph gives displacement.
Area from 0 to 6 seconds = |2 × 6 × 2 = 6 m
Area from 6 to 8 seconds = |2 × 2 × (-2) = -2 m
Area from 8 to 10 seconds = 2 × 1 = 2 m
So, net displacement = 6 - 2 + 2 = 6 m

54
 Motion

5 Option A
Let the car travel one way distance of x km.
Speed of car in the forward journey = 50 km/hr
x
So, time taken = Distance =
Speed 50hr
Speed of car in the return journey = 40 km/hr
Distance x
So, time taken = =
Speed 40hr x x 4x + 5x 9x
Total time for the whole journey = + = =
50 40 200 200hr
Total distance covered = x + x = 2x km
Total Distance 2x 400
Average speed = = 9x = = 44.44 km/hr
Total Time 200
9

6 Option A
Suppose ‘h’ be the height of each storey. So, distance moved in 4 s is 16h.
Using the second equation of motion, s = ut + 2| at2
⇒ 16h = 0 × t + 2 ×10 ×42
|

⇒ 16h = 5 × |6
5x|6
⇒ h = |6 = 5 m
In the first second, let the stone pass through n storey.
|
So, n × 5 = ×|0 ×|2
2
⇒ 5n = 5
⇒n=|

55
 Motion

7 Option C
Let the time taken by B be t.
Time taken by A will be t+2.
Distance covered by both of them is same. So, ||(t+2)=|3t
⇒t=|| secs
Distance covered by B = |3×||=|43 m
So, |43=2πr
⇒radius,r=22.75 m

56
 Number System 1

Answers
01. Option B
0.48= 0.484848...
Let x = 0.484848… --(1)
|00x = 48.484848… --(2) Multiplying both sides by |00
Subtracting equation (1) from (2)
we get 99x = 48
⇒x = 48 = 16
99 33

02. Option A
3
5
can be written as 35 × 33 = |59
2 2 5 |0
3 can be written as 3 × 5 = |5
Both the denominators are the same and the difference between the
numerators is |.
Since we have to find 5 rational numbers between them, the difference
in the numerators should be made 6.
Multiply and divide both numbers by 6.
9 6 54
|5 × 6 = 90
|0 × 6 = 60
|5 6 90
55 , 56 , 57 , 58 and 59
So the rational numbers in between are 90 90 90 90 90
i.e., || , 28 , |9 , 29 , 59
|8 45 30 45 90

57
 Number System 1

03. Option C
For any two rational numbers a and b, (a+b)/2 is a rational
number.
Also, let a = mn , b = qp ,(a+b)
2
= (mq+pn)
(2pq)
= rational.
Hence we have shown that for any two rational numbers, their
average or midpoint is rational.
We can iterate this process indefinitely to produce infinitely
many rational numbers.

04. Option D
2 6 2 6 2+ 3- 5
=
2+ 3+ 5 2+ 3+ 5 x 2+ 3- 5

= 2 (2+3+2
6( 2+ 3- 5) 2
6)-5 =
6( 2+ 3- 5)
2 6 = 2+ 3- 5
.

05. Option D
4+3 5 4+3 5 4+3 5
4-3 5
= 4-3 5 x 4+3 5

(4+3 5)2 2
= (42
-3 5)2
= (4+3-295)

=(-6|
29
) + ( -24
29
) 5

=x+y 5

x = -6| -24
29 and y = 29

58
 Number System 1

06. Option A
6 6
2 = 23 = 8
3 6 6
3 = 32 = 9
3 6 6
2 = 22 = 4
3 6 6
4 = 42 = |6
So 3 4 is greatest among all the given numbers.

07. Option A
Using the identity x2+ X| + 2(x) ( X| ( =( x + X| )2
2

We have, x = (4+ |5)

So, x2+ X| =(x + X| )2 - 2
2

= (4+ |5 +(4+ | |5 )2-2

= (4+ |5 + (4+ | |5 )×(4-4- |5|5 )2) - 2
4- 15 2-2=(8)2-2
= 4+ 15+
16-15
= 62

59
 Number System 2

Answers
01. Option A
(77)35 = ( 7 x ||)35 = (7)35 x (||)35
Unit digit of (||)35 is |
(7)35 = (7)32+3 = (7)4x8 x (7)3
(7)4 = 240|
Unit digit of (7)4 is | and so is for (7)4 x 8
(7)3 = 243
Unit digit of (7)3 is 3
So the unit digit of (7)35 is 3

02. Option D |
1-m 1m
|
mn
|
n1
(Y ) (Y )m-n (Y )
n-1

⇒ Y
1-m m-n n-1
1m
Y mn Y n1

⇒ Y + m-n
1-m n-1 n1-nm+1m-1n+mn-ml
1m mn + n1 =Y 1mn

⇒ y0 = 1

03. Option B
5x+2-6(5x+|)
⇒ |3(5 x
)-2(5x+|)
x+|
(5-6) = -| 5(x+|)-x = -| (5) = -5
⇒ 55x(13-|0) 3 3 3

60
 Number System 2

04. Option B
(44+8 30) + (44-8 30)
= 4{ (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) }
= 2 { (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) }
Now, using identity (a+b)2 = a2+b2+2ab
Let a = (11+2 30) and b = (11-2 30)
We have a+b = ( a2+b2+2ab)
⇒ (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) = (11+2 30 + 11-2 30 + 2 (121-120))
⇒ (22+2) = 24 = 2 6
Hence, 2 { (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) } = 2 (2 6) = 4 6

05. Draw a line segment AB = 4.47 units and

extend it to C such that BC = | unit
Find the mid-point O of AC

A O B C E X

With O as centre and OA as radius, draw a semi-circle.

Now, draw BD perpendicular to AC, intersecting the semi-circle
at D.
Then, BD = (4.47 )units
With B as the centre and BD as radius, draw an arc meeting AC
produced at E. Then, BE = BD = (4.47 )units

61
 Number System 2

06. Option B
We have (2401)0.16 ×(2401)0.09 ×7 = (74)0.16 ×(74)0.09 ×7 = (70.64) (70.36)
(7)
⇒ 70.64+0.36+| = 72 = 49

07. Option D
A real number is any element of the set R, which is the union of the
set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers. The real
numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −3 and
the fraction 89 , and all the irrational numbers, such as 2
(|.4|42|356..., the square root of 2, an irrational number).

62
 Visualizing the Basics

1. Displacement is given by finding the area of velocity-time

graph.

Total displacement = Area of ABF + Area of BFGC + Area of

CGIE + Area of CDE
= | ×2×5 + 5×4 + 5×4 + | ×4×5
2 2
= 5 + 20 + 20 + |0 = 55 m

2. A - Melting. The process of converting a solid state to liquid state.

B - Vapourization. The process of converting a liquid state to
gaseous state.
C - Condensation. The process of converting gaseous state to
liquid state.
D - Freezing. The process of converting liquid state to solid state.
E - Sublimation. The process of converting solid state directly to
gaseous state.
F - Sublimation. The process of converting gaseous state directly
to solid state.

63
 Visualizing the Basics

Total change in velocity

3. Acceleration =
total time taken
Change in velocity = 90 - 36 =54 m/sec
Total time taken from 10:45 A.M to 11:15 A.M = 0.5 hour =
0.5×60×60 = 1800 seconds
Total change in velocity 54
Acceleration = = = 3×10-2 m/sec2
total time taken |800
According to the equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2as v - final velocity, u - initial velocity,
a - acceleration, s - displacement
2as =2 v22 - u2
v -u 90 X 90 - 36 X36 6804
s = 2a = 2 X3 X |0 -2 = 2 X3 X 10-2 = 113400 m

4. Option C

Both solid and liquid states are present at AB. Only phase

transformation(from solid state to liquid state) occurs at

AB without any change in temperature. Thus, water is

partially solid and partially liquid at AB.

64
 Visualizing the Basics

5. Applying pythagoras theorem to each right angled triangle

shown in the figure

Aa = (|2+|2) = 2
Ab = (|2+2) = 3
Ac = 4
Ad = 5
And so on
Thus, AB = |0units

65
 Visualizing the Basics

6. Applying pythagoras theorem to each right angled triangle

shown in the figure

Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Plasmodesmata
Cell wall
Ribosome

7. Option C
In a hypertonic solution the total concentration of all dissolved
solute particles is greater than the concentration of solute in a cell.
If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell,
the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a
result, water inside the cell will flow outwards from a region of high
concentration of water to that of lower concentration of water in
order to attain equilibrium. Thus, the cell will shrink.

66