Pho

net
ics
ymb
ols
 

Thisl
isti
ncludesphoneti
csymbolsforthetransc
ripti
onofEngli
shsounds,pl
uso
therst
hatare
usedin t
hisclas
s fo
rtransl
it
eratingortransc
rib
ingvario
uslanguages
,witht
heart
icul
ato
ry
descr
ipti
ono fthesoundsands o
meex tracomment swhereappr
o pr
iate.

Thesesymb ol
sdono talwaysfo l
lowthestandardIPA( Internatio
nalPho neticAlphabet)usage
—r ather,theyreflectthepr acti
cesforthelanguagestreatedint hi
scourse,whichare
sometimesab itidio
sync r
aticduet oseparateschol
arl
ytr aditi
ons.Insomec ases,asecondline
showsadi fferentuseo fthes ames ymbol,nor
mallyforano therl
ang uageorfami lyof
languages.Nevertheles
s,thel i
stisbynomeansex hausti
ve;fo rexample,mo s
t pi
nyin 
symb o
ls
fortranscribi
ngMandar inar enotlis
tedhere;see 
week5.

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Symb olPho net i

cv alueEx ampl eal owc entral( orfr ont )unr oundedv o wel French laäc entralvowel
rang i
ngb etween[ ɛ]and[ ə] Et hiopicɑl
o wb ackunr o undedv owel;oft enwr itt
en[ a] spaɒlow
backr oundedv o
wel British ho tæl o
wfr o
ntunr o undedv owel cat, l
aug h, plaidbv o
i cedb i
labial
stopbibḇspi r
ant ized[ b] ;hist orically[β] ,mo der n[ v ]Hebrewβv oi
cedb il
ab ial
fricativeSpani sh hab ercv oi
c elessal veolaraffr ic
at e;IPA[ ʦ]o r[ts]It alian zuccher o,
Ger man  zu,Yi ddi s
h  t
simmes čvoicelesspal atoal v
eo laraffr icate;IPA[ ʧ]o r
[tʃ]chur ch, wat chɔlaxmi db ac kr oundedv oweldo g (formanys peaker s)ɕvoiceless
alveolopal atalfr icativeMandar i
n xiçvoicelesspal atalfr i
cat iveGerman  i
chdv oi
c edal veol
ar
stopdadḏpal atalized[ dʸ ];c anb epr ono unced[ ǰ]Eg ypti
an  or spir
ant ized[ d],s ameas
[ð]Anc ientHeb rewḍv oicedr et roflexs t
o p;IPA[ ɖ] Indi c
 or emphat i
c ,i.e.phar yng ealized
[dˁ]Semi ticðvoiceddent alfr icat i
vethis, ei
ther etens emi dfr ontunr o unded
vowelbai t
, madeəl axmi dc ent ralv owel( uns tressedi nEng lish);"s chwa"ab o
ut ,
 so faɚr hotaci
zed
schwa,es s entially[ ər]but t
er , ac t
orɛlaxmi dfr ontunr oundedv owelb et, 
headɝs tr essed[ ɚ]in
Eng l
ish;o ftent r
ans c
ribedt hes amewayb i
rd, learnfv o
icelesslab i
odent al
fricativefife, laughg voicedv elars topgag ḡspirant ized[ g];s ameas[ ɣ] Anc i
ent
Heb rewhv oicel es sg lott alfr ic at ivehi t ʰas pir at io no fpr ec edi ngs o undt op  vs . 
st opḥv oiceles s
phar yng ealfr ic at ive;IPA[ ħ] Ar ab ic hummus ḫv o i
celes suv ularfr icat iv e;s ameas[ χ] Eg ypt i
an,
Semi ticẖv oi
c el es sfr icat iv e;pr o b ab lypal at al[ ç] Eg ypt iani tens ehi ghfr o ntunr o unded
vowel see,  div aɪl axhi g hfr ontunr oundedv owel hi t
ỉspec ialt rans cript io nals ymb ol;al so
[j]Eg ypt ianɨ hi g hc ent ralunr o undedv o wel r oses j voicedpal at alg li
de;s ameas[ y]i no ther
systems st andar dIPA;Myc enaeanGr eek  o r al ter nat et r ans liter at io nfo r
[ỉ]Eg ypt ianʲ pal at al i
z at io no fpr ec edi ngs ound;al so[ ʸ] ro ughl y  c
anyo n  vs. canno nǰ vo i
ced
palat o alv eolaraffr i
c at e;IPA[ ʤ]o r[ dʒ] judg ekv oicel es sv el ars topki ck,  cakeḳv oiceles suv ular
stop;s ameas[ q] Eg ypt i
anḵs pi rant i
z ed[ k] ;s ameas[ x] Anc ientHeb r ewl vo icedal veo larl at eral
li
qui dlipḷ voic edr et ro flexl at er all iqui d;IPA[ ɭ]Indi cɬ vo i
c eles sal v eo larl at er alfr icat iv
eS emi tic
;
Wels h"l l"ɫv elar iz edv o icedal v eo larl at er all i
qui dhul lmv o icedb il
ab i alnas al mo mnv oiced
alveo larnas al no neŋv oic edv elarnas al ;do n' tc o nfus ewi t hs equenc e[ ŋg ] sing erṇv oiced
retro flexnas al ;IPA[ ɳ] Indi cɲv oicedpal at alnas alSpani sh  ñ,It alian  g nɴ vo i
c eduv ular
nas alJapanes ewo r d-fi nal"n"o t ens emi db ac kr oundedv owel g o
,  
ho pe,  b oat ŏmi dc ent r al
unr oundedv o wel ,s imi lart o[ ə] Ko rean"eo "ɸv o icelessb ilab ialfr icat i
v e( likeb lowi ngo uta
mat c h) θv oicel es sdent alfr icat ivet hi ng , myt hpv o i
celes sb ilab ials to ppepp̅s pirant ized[ p] ;
histor i
c al l
y[ ɸ] ,mo der n[ f] Heb rewþ r uni cl ett erequi v al entt o[ θ] Ic el andi c o r runi cl ett ert hat
canb er eadasei ther[ θ]o r[ ð ]Ol dEng lish,s omeS candi nav ianqv o icel es suv ular
stopAr ab ic Qat ar rv oicedal veo lart r ill( oft enus edfo ro thert ypeso f"r ") Spani sh  per ro ɹv oi
c ed
(post )al veo larl iqui d,t heEng lish"r ";o ft enj us twr i
tt en[ r]r un,  sor ryɾ v oicedal veo lart ap;
somet i
meswr i
t ten[ ᴅ ]AmEng l city;S pani sh  per o ʀv oi
c eduv ulart rillso meFr enc hdi al ect s,
etc.ʁv oiceduv ul arfr icat iv eFr enc h,Ger man,Mo der nHeb rew"r "ṛ vo icedr et rofl exfl ap;IPA
[ɽ]I ndi c svoic el es sal v eo larfr icat ives it, his s, rice,  cent š vo iceles spo st alv eo larfr icat ive;IPA
[ʃ]shi p,  
pus h,  del ic ious śv o i
c eles sal veo l
o pal at alfr icat ive;IPA[ ɕ] Indi c or  
v oicel essal veo lar
fricat ive;hi sto r ical lydi stinc tfr o m[ z ]Eg ypt ian( oft enj us t"s ") or  vo icel essfr icat ive;
histor i
c al l
ydi s tinc tfr om[ s] Heb r ew,o t herS emi ticṣvo iceles sr et roflexfr i
c at ive;IPA[ ʂ]Indi c ,
Mandar in( "s h")  or  
emphat ic ,i.e.phar yng eal iz ed[ s ˁ]S emi ticʃ voic eles spo s talveo l
arfr ic ativ e;
sameas[ š]shi p,  pus h,  del ic i
o us tv oic eles sal veo lars tops to pṭ voic elessr et ro flexs to p;IPA
[ʈ]Indi c o r 
emphat ic,i .e.phar yng eal i
z ed[ tˁ] Semi ti
c ṯpal at aliz ed[ t ʸ];c anb epr ono unc ed
[č]Eg ypt ian  or  spi rant iz ed[ t],s ameas[ θ] Anc ientHeb r ewʨv o ic
el es sal veo lopal atal
affr icat eMandar in ji ( cf.as pir at ed  qi )tʂ vo icel essr et ro fl exaffr icat eMandar in  zhi (cf.
aspir at ed  chi )ut ens ehi g hb ac kr o undedv owel oo ze, pr uneʊl axhi g hb ac kr ounded
vowel put , 
bo o kŭhi g hc ent ralunr oundedv owel ,s imi l
art o[ ɨ]Ko rean"eu"üt ens ehi ghfr o nt
roundedv owel Fr enc h,Ger man,Mandar i
nv vo icedl ab io dent alfr icat ivev er veʌ mi dc ent r al
unr oundedv o wel ;s tres sedi nEng lishc ut , lo veɣv oicedv elarfr icat iveS pani sh hag awv oicedl ab ial
-velarg lidewi tc hʍv oic eles sl ab ial-v elarfr ic at ivewhi c h fo rs omes peaker sx vo i
c eles sv elar
fricat ivec hut zpah,Ger man  ac hχv oicel es suv ul arfr icat iv eS emi t ic
,Eg ypt i
anyv oicedpal at al
gli
de( inmanyt r ans c ript io ns ys tems ) ;IPA[ j ]yes  
hig hfr ontr o undedv o wel( inIPA) Fr enc h u,
Ger man  üʸpal at al izat io no fpr ec edi ngs ound;IPA[ ʲ] ro ug hly  canyo n  vs. canno nʎv oiced
palat all at er al It al ian  g li,Cas t i
lian  llzv oicedal veo larfr ic at i
v efi zz,  his,  
r oseẓ vo icedr et ro flex
fricat ive;IPA[ ʐ] Indi c,Mandar in( "r ")  o r emphat i
c ,i .e.phar yng eal ized[ zˁ]o r
[ðˁ]Semi t ic
ž v oic edpal at oal v eo larfr icat iv e;IPA[ ʒ]ro ug e,  visio nʒv o icedpal at oal veo lar
fr
icati
ve;sameas[ ž]
rouge, 
v i
si
on’gl
ottal
izat
ionofpr ecedingsound(ejecti
ve)Mayan,
Et
hiopic
‘aspi
rati
onofpr ecedingsound;sameas[ ʰ
] Chinese(notPinyi
n)ʔglo
ttals
top;als
o
wri
tten’orʾmedials
oundi n uh-ohʕvo
icedpharyngealfr i
cativ
e;alsowri
tten‘orʿArab
ic 
‘ayn

Thefoll
o wi
ngexamplesil
lustr
atediacri
ticmarksthatc
anb eaddedt oothers
ymbols,i
n
part
icularvowel
s.Thesameac centorothermarkmayi nso
mec asesappearwithmorethan
thevowelsymbol
sshown,o rwit
has ubs
etforcaseswheremorethanonefunc t
ionis
enco
unt ered.

Exampl esPho net icv alueLang uag esāēīōūǖhi g

hl eveltone( =Mandar i
n"t one
1")Chines e 
o r longv owelJapanes e,Gr eek,et c
.áéíóúǘr isi
ngt one(=Mandar in"tone
2")Chines e 
o r primar ys tr
ess Mo dernGr eek,Spani sh,etc. 
or 
"ac uteaccent"Class
ical
Greek or equiv alentt os ubscript2fo rdistinguishi
ngho mopho nesSumerianǎěǐǒǔǚfal li
ng-
ri
singto ne( =Mandar in"t one3") Chineseàèìòùǜfal l
ingtone( =Mandar i
n"t one
4")Chines e 
o r seco ndar ystressmanyt rans cri
ptions  
or 
"g r
aveac c
ent"Classi
calGreek or
 word-
fi
nals tres s
It alian  o
r equivalentt os ubscript3fo rdi st
inguis
hi nghomo phonesSumerianâêîô
ûlongvo welt hatr esultsfromt wos hortv owelsAkkadi an,otherS emiti
c 
o r 
anylongv o
welCree,
etc. 
or 
"c ircumfl exac cent"Clas si
calGr eek