Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Q=It
Ohm’s Law
1
Resistors in series
RT = R 1 + R2 + R3
Resistors in parallel
1 1 1 1 R1 R2
but where there are only two resistors RT
RT R1 R2 R3 R1 R2
Capacitance
A
C where is the permittivity of the dielectric and = 0 r
d
Capacitance, charge and voltage
Q=CV
Inductance
A
L n2 where µ is the permeability of the magnetic medium and µ = µ0 µr
l
Energy stored in a capacitor
J = ½ C V2
J = ½ L I2
Inductors in series
LT = L1 + L2 + L3
Inductors in parallel
1 1 1 1 L1 L2
but where there are only two inductors LT
LT L1 L2 L3 L1 L2
Capacitors in series
1 1 1 1 C1 C2
but where there are only two capacitors CT
CT C1 C2 C3 C1 C2
Capacitors in parallel
CT = C1 + C2 + C3
2
Induced e.m.f. in an inductor
di di
e L where is the rate of change of current with time
dt dt
Current in a capacitor
dv dv
iC where is the rate of change of voltage with time
dt dt
X
Z= R2 X 2 and = arctan
R
Resonance
1 1
XL = X C thus L = or 2 fo L =
C 2foC
1
fo =
2 LC
L fo
Q= Bandwidth =
R Q
Power factor
Power factor = True power/Apparent power = Watts / Volt-amperes = W / VA
3
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
IC
Large signal (or d.c.) common emitter current gain hFE
IB
I C
Small signal (or a.c.) common emitter current gain h fe (Δ is a small change)
I B
ID
Large signal (or d.c.) common source forward transfer conductance g FS
VGS
I D
Small signal (or a.c.) common source forward transfer conductance gfs
VGS
Total power dissipation PT = ID × VDS
Power supplies
Vout
Output resistance Rout
I out
V
Regulation = out 100%
Vin
Amplifiers
Av 1
Gain with negative feedback G (when β is large, G )
1 Av
4
Generalised small signal hybrid (h-) parameters
Vin Vin
Input resistance hi Reverse transfer voltage ratio hr
I in Vout
I out I out
Forward current transfer ratio hf Output conductance ho
I in Vout
Vbe Vbe
Input resistance hie Reverse transfer voltage ratio hre
I b Vce
I c I c
Forward current transfer ratio hfe Output conductance hoe
I b Vce
hfe RL
Common emitter amplifier voltage gain Av
hie
Operational amplifiers
Vout V
Voltage gain Av or Av 20log10 out dB
Vin Vin
Vbe Vout RF
Slew rate Inverting amplifier voltage gain Av
t Vin RIN
1 0.159
Lower cut-off frequency of an inverting amplifier f1
2 CIN RIN CIN RIN
1 0.159
Upper cut-off frequency of an inverting amplifier f 2
2 CF RF CF RF
1 1 1 1
Bandwidth f 2 f1 0.159
2 CF RF 2 CIN RIN CF RF CIN RIN
5
Oscillators
Av
Gain with positive feedback G (when βAV →1, G →∞)
1 Av
1
Ladder network oscillator (with three CR sections) f
2 6CR
1
Wien bridge oscillator (with C=C1=C2= and R=R1=R2) f
2 CR
Av 1
Gain with negative feedback G (when β is large, G )
1 Av
Timers
1.44
Pulse repetition frequency p.r. f .
C ( R1 2 R2 )
ton R1 R2
Mark to space ratio
toff R2
ton R R2
Duty cycle = 1 100%
ton toff R1 2 R2
Transformers
Vp Np Np Ns
Voltage and turns ratio Turns per volt
Vs Ns Vp Vs