Advance Mathematics - 1 PDF

2015
ADVANCE
MATHEMATICS
Group-1
Parmar Anil D.
Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science for Diploma Study
Contents
1. Complex Numbers 2
2. Functions and Limit 3
2.1 Function 3
2.2 Limit 10
3. Differentiation and its Applications 28
3.1 Differentiation 28
3.2 Applications of Differentiation 53
4. Integration and its Applications 2
4.1 Indefinite Integration 2
4.2 Definite Integration and its Applications 2
5. Differential Equations 2
1. Complex Numbers
2. Integration and its Applications
2.1 Indefinite Integration
2.2 Definite Integration
2.3 Applications
3. Differential Equations
ADVANCE MATHEMATICS(Mr. A.D.Parmar) Page 2

UNIT
TWO
Functions and Limit
UNIT-2.1
3.1.11 Function
2.1.1 Introduction
The concept of function s is very fundamental in Advance and Modern mathematics. Many
mathematicians have contributed to the simple development of idea of function. In 1673, Liebnitz give
the definition of function in the context of co-ordinates, the slope of a normal at a point on curve and
slope of tangent, as a quantity at every point.
2.1.2 Function
We study a function. It is one of the most important concepts in mathematics.

Definition: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. If  f : A  B such that f  ( A  B ) and f   .
Then f : A  B is called a function, if x  A , there corresponding a unique ordered pair
 x, f ( x )   f .
The set A is called the domain and B is called co-domain of f. The set  y  f ( x ) | ( x, y )  f  is
called the range of f. The domain and range of f are denoted by D f and R f respectively.
Example-1: Let N be the set of natural numbers. Define a real valued function
f : N  N by f (x) = 3x + 1. Using this definition, complete the table given below.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f(x)
Soln:- The complete table is
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f(x) 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Example-2: Find the range of following functions:

1. f : N  R, f ( x)  2 x 2  1, x  N
1
2. f : N  Q, f ( x ) 
 1, x  N
x2
Sol:- 1. Here, x  N then x 2  0

 2 x 2  1  1 , for any x  N
 f ( x )  1
Thus R f  (1,  ) .
1
2. Here, x  N then 0
x2
1
  1  1
x2
 f ( x )  1
Thus R f  (1,  ) .
2.1.3 Type of some functions and properties:
1. One-one: If f : A  B be any function. Then f is said to be one-one function. If
 a, b  A such that f ( a )  f (b) then a=b.
2. Many-one function: A function f is said to be many one function, if f is not one-one
function.
3. Onto function: A function f is called onto function, each elements of codomain is the
image of some element of domain.
4. Identity function: A function I : A  A is said to be identity finction, if I(x)=x, for
any x  A .
5. Constant function: A function f is said to be constant function, if f(x)=c, for c is
constant.
6. Bijective function: Let f be any one-one and onto function. Then f is said to be
bijective function.
2.1.4 Algebra of functions: Let f : A  B and g : C  D then
1. Addition/Subtraction of two functions: ( f  g )( x )  f ( x )  g ( x ) , for all x.
2. Multiplication by scalar: f(ax)=af(x).
3. Multiplication of two functions: (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x).
 f  f ( x)
4. Division of two functions:   ( x) 
g g ( x)
5. Composition of function: ( f  g )( x)  f  g ( x)  or ( g  f )( x)  g  f ( x)  .
6. Inverse function: A function f -1 is said to be inverse function of a function f, if
( f 1  f )( x)  I  ( f  f 1 )( x) .
Example-:3 If f(x)=x2 and g(x)=2x+1then find (f+g)(x), (f-g)(x), fg(x), f -1(x), g -1(x)
 f 
  ( x), (f  g )( x), (g  f )( x), .
g
Soln:- Here f(x)=x2 and g(x)=2x+1.
Now, (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)=x2+2x+1,
(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)=x2-2x-1,
fg(x)=f(x)g(x)=x2(2x+1)=2x3+x,

 f  f ( x) x2
  ( x )   ,
g g ( x) 2 x  1
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  f (2 x  1)  (2 x  1) 2  4 x 2  4 x  1 ,
( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))  f ( x 2 )  2 x 2  1
And suppose f(x)=x2=y
then x  y . So, f -1(x)=√x.
Now suppose g(x)=2x+1=z.
z 1 x 1
Then x  . So, g 1 ( x)  .
2 2
Example-:4 If f(x)=log2x and g(x)=x4, then prove that (f◦g)(2)=4. (June 2009)
Soln:- Here g(x)=x4
 g (2)  24  16
Now f(x)=log2x
(f◦g)(2)=f(g(2))=f(16)= log216=log224=4(1)=4
Example-:5 If f(x)=2x+1 and g(x)=x2-2, then find

i.) g◦f
ii.)f◦g .
Soln:- i.) (g◦f)(x)=g(f(x))
=g(t) where suppose t=f(x)
=t2-2=(2x+1)2-2=4x2+4x-1
ii.) (f◦g)(x)=f(g(x))
=f(w) where w=g(x)
=2w+1=2(x2-2)+1=2x2-3
3x  2
Example-:6 If f : Z  R be any function is defined by f ( x)  .
5
3x  2
Soln:- Suppose y  .
5
 5 y  3x  2
 5 y  2  3x
5y  2
 x
3
5x  2
 f 1 ( x ) 
3
1 x  x y 
Example-:7 If f ( x)  , then prove that f    f ( x) f ( y ) . (June 2013)
1 x  1  xy 
x  y 1  xy  x  y 1(1  x)  y (1  x) (1  x)(1  y )
Soln:- 1    
1  xy 1  xy 1  xy 1  xy
x  y (1  x)(1  y ) 1 x
Llly, 1   also f ( x)  .
1  xy 1  xy 1 x
x  y (1  x)(1  y )
1
 x y  1  xy 1  xy
L.H.S.= f   
 1  xy  1  x  y (1  x)(1  y )
1  xy 1  xy
(1  x)(1  y )  1  x   1  y 
     f ( x) f ( y )
(1  x)(1  y )  1  x   1  y 
=R.H.S
Example-:8 Prove that f : R  R , f(x)=ax+b is bijective.

Soln:- Let f(x)=f(y)
 ax+b=ay+b
 ax=by
 x=y
 f is one-one function.
y b
Let y=ax+b  x  .
a
 y b   y b 
 f ( x)  f    a b  y bb  y
 a   a 
 f is onto
 f is bijection map.
1- x
Example-:9 If f ( x)  , prove that
1 x
i) f ( x)  f 1 ( x)
1
ii) f ( x)  f    0 (July 2010,2014)
 x
1
iii) f ( x)  f    2 f ( x) (Dec. 2008, June2014)
x
iv) f ( x) f ( x)  1 (June 2011,2013)
Soln:- i) ( f  f )( x )  f ( f ( x ))
1 x
1
 1 x  1 x
 f   1 x
 1  x  1
1 x
1 x 1 x
 x
1 x 1 x
 ( f  f )( x )  x

 f ( x)  f 1 ( x)
1
ii) L.H.S= f ( x)  f  
 x
1
1
1 x x  1 x  x 1
 
1 x 1 1 1 x x 1
x
1 x  x 1
  0 =R.H.S
1 x
1
iii) L.H.S= f ( x)  f  
 x
1 x x 1 1 x 1 x
   
1 x x 1 1 x 1 x
1 x
2  2 f ( x) =R.H.S
1 x
1  x 1  ( x) 1  x 1  x
iv) L.H.S  f ( x) f ( x)      1 =R.H.S
1  x 1  ( x) 1  x 1  x
Example-:10 If f(x)=log x, prove that

i). f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) and
ii). f(x/y)=f(x)-f(y). (jan. 2012, Dec. 2013)
Soln:- Here f(x)=logx
i) f(xy)=log xy=log x+log y=f(x)+f(y)
ii) f(x/y)=log (x/y)=log x-log y=f(x)-f(y).
 x   a 1
Example-:11 If f ( x)  log   , prove that f (a  1)  f (a )  log   . (june 2014)
 x 1   a 1 
 x   a   a 1   a 1
Soln:- Here f ( x)  log   then f (a )  log   and f (a  1)  log    log  
 x 1   a 1   a 11   a 
 a 1  a 
L.H.S.= f (a  1)  f (a )  f (a  1)  log    log  
 a   a 1 
 a 1 a   a 1
 log    log   =R.H.S
 a a 1   a 1 
 1 x   2x 
Example-:12 If f ( x)  log   , then prove that f  2 
 2 f ( x) .(Dec. 2014)
 1 x   1 x 
 1 x  2x
Soln:- Here f ( x)  log   , now suppose that y 
 1 x  1  x2

 2x 
Now, L.H.S  f  2 
 1 x 
 f ( y)
 1 y 
 log  
 1 y 
 2x 
 1  1  x2 
 log  
 1 2x 2 
 1 x 
 1  x2  2x 
 log  
 1 x  2x 
2
1  x 
2
 log
1  x 
2
 1  x  
2
 log  
 1  x  
 1 x 
 2 log  
 1 x 
 2 f ( x)
= R.H.S
x3 3  5x
Example-:13 If f ( x)  and t  , then prove that x  f (t ) .(June 2014)
4x  5 4x 1
3  5x
Soln:- Here, t 
4x 1
R.H.S.  f (t )
t 3

4t  5
3  5x
3
 4 x  1
3  5x
4 5
4x 1
3  5 x  12 x  3

12  20 x  20 x  5
17 x

17
x
=L.H.S.
Exercise 2.1.1
-1
Find the f ,if it is exists(1 to 5)
1. f : R  R , f ( x)  2 x  5

6x  5
2. f :R R, f ( x) 
7
3. f :N  N f ( x)  x 3
4. f :N  N , f ( x)  7 x  2
5. f :R R, f ( x)  x3
ax  b
6. If f ( x)  , then prove that f ( x ) f (1/ x )  1 .
bx  a
7. If f ( x)  e x , prove that f(xy)=f(x)+f(y).
f ( x)  f ( y ) 2 f ( x)
8. If f(x)=tan x, then prove that i) f ( x  y )  and ii) f (2 x) 
1  f ( x) f ( y ) 1   f ( x)
2
 x 1 
9. If f ( x)  log  2
 , then prove that f(x)+f(-x)=f(x )
 x 
 x 1 
10. If f ( x)  log   , then is it bijective or not?
 x 
1 x x  f ( x)   1  0
11. If f ( x)  , then prove that . (June 2014)
1 x

UNIT-2.2
3.1.12 Limit
2.2.1 Introduction
This is an introduction to Calculus. Calculus is that branch of mathematics which many deals
with the study of change in the value of a function as the points in the domain change. Then we give a
definition of limit and study some algebraic limits.
2.2.2 Definition: If f(x) becomes arbitrarily close to a unique number L as approaches from either side,
then the limit of f(x) as approaches is L. This is written as lim f ( x)  L
x c
“If  lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) are exists such that both are equals, then lim f ( x) is exists
x a  x a  xa
with lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .”
xa xa  xa 
4x 1 2
1
Example-1: Verify: lim  2 by following table. Where x  .
x 1 2x 1 2
2
X 049 0.499 0.4999 0.51 0.501 0.5001

f(x) 1.98 1.998 1.9998 2.02 2.002 2.0002
4x2 1 1
Here, f ( x)   2 x  1 , where x  .
2x 1 2
Then we know that lim f ( x)  2 .
x 1
2
Example-2: Find lim | x | .

x0
x x  0
Soln:- We know that f ( x)  
 x x  0
Then
x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0.1 0.01 0.001
f(x) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.1 0.01 0.001
Then we say that lim f ( x)  0

x0
Example-3: Prove that lim[ x] is not exists.

x 2
1 1  x  2
Soln:- f ( x)  
2 2  x  3

X 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
f(x) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Then lim f ( x)  1 and lim f ( x)  2

x 2  x 2 
Then lim f ( x)  2  1  lim f ( x)  1
x2 x2
Then lim f ( x) is not possible.
x2
2.2.3 Properties of limits:

Let lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  K then
x c x c
1. Scalar Multiplication: lim bf ( x)   bL

x c
2. Addition and subtraction: lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  K

x c
3. Product: lim  f ( x)  g ( x)  L  K

x c
f ( x) L
4. Quotient: lim 
x c g ( x) K
n
lim  f ( x)  lim f ( x)   Ln
n
5. Power:
x c  x c 
Examples-4: Prove that, if f(x) is constant function and f(x)=c , then lim f ( x)  c or in other
x a
word lim c  c and if lim f ( x) is exists then lim cf ( x)  c lim f ( x) .

x a x a x a x a
Soln:- Suppose f(x)=c and x  ( a   , a   )  {a} . Suppose l=c.
a    x  a   , x  a | f ( x )  l || c  c |  where 0   .
 lim f ( x)  c
xa
 lim c  c
xa
If lim f ( x) is exist then lim cf ( x)  lim c lim f ( x)  c lim f ( x) .

x a x a x a x a x a
Example-5: Find lim  2 x 3  3 x 2  5 x  1 .

x2
lim  2 x3  3 x 2  5 x  1  2  23  3  22  5  2  1
Soln:- Here, x2
 16  12  10  1  19

x2  1
Example-6: Find lim .
x 1 x 2  3x  4
Soln:- Here for x  1, x 2  3 x  4  0
x2  1 11 2 1
lim   
x 1 x  3x  4 1  3  4 8 4
2
x3  3x 2  x
x 0 4 x 3  5 x 2  3 x
x3  3x 2  x x  x 2  3 x  1
Soln:- lim 3  lim
x 0 4 x  5 x 2  3 x

x 0 x 4 x 2  5 x 2  3

x 2  3x  1
 lim
x 0 4 x 2  5 x 2  3
1

3
x 4  7 x3  8 x 2  3x  1
Example-8: Find lim 4 .
x 1 3 x  5 x 3  6 x 2  10 x  6
x 4  7 x3  8 x 2  3x  1 ( x  1)  x3  6 x 2  2 x  1
Soln:- lim 4  lim
x 1 3 x  5 x 3  6 x 2  10 x  6

x 1 ( x  1) 3 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  6

x3  6 x 2  2 x  1
 lim
x 1 3 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  6
4
 =4
1
x3  5 x 2  8 x  4
x  2 2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  4
Soln:- Suppose p ( x)  x 3  5 x 2  8 x  4 and q ( x)  2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  4 .
If x =2, then p (2)  8  20  16  4  0 and q (2)  16  36  24  4  0 .
 ( x  2) is co-factor of p(x) and q(x).
x3  5 x 2  8 x  4 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1)
lim  lim
x  2 2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  4 x  2 ( x  2) 2 (2 x  1)

x 1 1
 lim 
x2 2x 1 3
x3  3x 2  3x  1
x 1 x2 1
x3  3x 2  3x  1 ( x  1)3
Soln:- lim  lim
x 1 x2 1 x 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
( x  1) 2 0
 lim  0.
x 1 ( x  1) 2
x 4  x3  x 2
x 0 x 6  x5  x
x 4  x3  x 2 x 2 ( x 2  x  1)
Soln:- lim  lim
x 0 x 6  x 5  x x 0 x ( x 5  x 4  1)
x( x 2  x  1) 0(1)
 lim   0.
x 0 x5  x 4  1 1
2.2.4 Some important formulae of limits:
xn  an 5. limsin x  sin a
1. lim  na n 1 ; for a  R x a
xa xa
6. lim cos x  cos a
2. lim cos x  1 x a
x 0
sin 1 x
sin x lim 1
3. lim 1 7. x 0 x
x 0 x
tan 1 x
4. lim
tan x
1 8. lim 1
x 0 x
x 0 x
x18  1
Example-12: Find lim . (Jan.2012)
x 1 x16  1
x18  1 x18  1 x  1
Soln:- lim  lim 
x 1 x16  1 x 1 x  1 x16  1

x18  1
lim
x 1 x  1 18(1)17 18 9
   
x16  1 16(1)15 16 8
lim
x 1 x  1
x 5  32
x 2 x 3  8
x 5  32 x 5  ( 2)5
Soln:- lim 3  lim 3
x 2 x  8 x 2 x  ( 2) 3
x5  (2)5
lim
x 2 x  ( 2) 5( 2) 4 20
  
x3  (2)3 3( 2) 2 3
lim
x 2 x  ( 2)
x 4  16
x2 x3  3x 2  3x  2
x 4  16
Soln:- lim 3
x2 x  3x 2  3x  2
x 4  24
lim
x2 x  2 4(2)3 32
   .
( x  2)( x  x  1) 4  2  1 3
2
lim
x2 x2
( x  2)5  32
x 0 x
( x  2)5  32
Soln:- lim
x 0 x
( x  2)5  (2)5 ( x  2)5  (2)5

 lim  lim
x0 ( x  2)  2 x  2 2 ( x  2)  2
 5(2) 4  5(16)  80
25  x  5
Example-16: Find lim (June-2013)
x 0 x
25  x  5 (25  x)1/ 2  (25)1/ 2

Soln:- lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 (25  x)  25

1
1 1 1 1
 (25) 2  1/ 2

2 2(25) 10
x3  8
Example-17: Find lim
x 2
x 2  x  2  3x  2
x3  8
Soln:- lim
x 2
x 2  x  2  3x  2
 lim
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)

x 2  x  2  3x  2
 lim
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)  x 2  x  2  3x  2 
x 2
x 2  x  2  3x  2 x 2  x  2  3x  2 x2 ( x  x  2)  (3 x  2)
2
 lim
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)  x 2  x  2  3x  2   lim ( x  2)( x  2 x  4) 
2
x 2  x  2  3x  2 
x 2 x  2x
2 x2 x( x  2)
 lim
( x 2  2 x  4)  x 2  x  2  3x  2   (12)( 8  8)
 6(4 2)  24 2
x 2 x 2
sin ax
Example-18: Find lim . a, b  0
x 0 sin bx
sin ax
Soln:- lim
x  0 sin bx
sin ax sin ax
 a lim a
ax x 0 ax a 1 a
 lim   
 b b 1 b
x  0 sin bx sin bx
 b lim
bx x 0 bx
1  cos x
x 0 x2
1  cos x
Soln:- lim
x 0 x2
 lim
1  cos x 1  cos x   lim 1  cos2 x
x 0 x 2 1  cos x  x 0 x 2 1  cos x 
sin 2 x 1 1
 lim lim  1.  1/ 2
x 0 x 2 x  0 1  cos x 11
1  cos mx
x  0 1  cos nx

1  cos mx
Soln:- lim
x 0 1  cos nx
1  cos mx 2 1  cos mx 2
2
.m lim .m
(mx) x 0 (mx) 2
 lim 
x  0 1  cos nx 2 1  cos nx 2
2
.n lim .n
(nx) x 0 (nx) 2
m2
m2
 22  2
n n
2
sin ax  bx
x 0 ax  sin bx
sin ax  bx
Soln:- lim
x  0 ax  sin bx
sin ax sin ax
 bx a  bx
 lim x  lim ax
x 0 sin bx x 0 sin bx
ax  ax  b
x bx
ab
 1
ab
tan 5 x  3 x
x 0 4 x  sin 2 x
tan 5 x  3 x
Soln:- lim
x  0 4 x  sin 2 x
tan 5 x
5 3
5 x 53
 lim  1
x 0 sin 2 x 4  2
42
2x
Example-23: Find lim  sec x  tan x  .


x
2
 1 sin x 
Soln:- lim  sec x  tan x   lim   
x   cos x cos x 

x
2 2

 lim 
 1  sin x  1  sin x 1  sin x 
  lim
x   cos x 

x cos x 1  sin x 
2 2
1  sin 2 x
 lim
x
 cos x 1  sin x 
2
cos x
 lim
x  1  sin x

2

cos
 2  0 0
 2
1  sin
2
tan x  sin x
x 0 x3
tan x  sin x
Soln:- lim
x 0 x3
sin x
 sin x
sin x  sin x cos x
 lim cos x 3  lim
x 0 x x  0 x 3 cos x
sin x 1  cos x 
 lim
x 0 x 3 cos x
tan x 1  cos x 
 lim
x 0 x x2
1 1
 1  
2 2
sin x  cos x
 
x
4 x
4
sin x  cos x
Soln:- lim
 
x
4 x
4

 1 1 
2 sin x  cos x 
 lim  2 2 
 
x
4 x
4
   
2  cos sin x  sin cos x 
 lim  4 4 
 
x
4 x
4
 
2 sin  x  
 lim  4
 2
 
x
4 x
4
 1 2 
Example-26: Find lim   2 .
x 1 x  1 x 1 

 1 2 
Soln:- lim   2 
x 1 x  1 x 1 

 x 1 2 
 lim  2 
x 1
 x 1 
 x 1 
 lim  
x 1 ( x  1)( x  1)
 
 1 
 lim    1/ 2
x 1 x  1
 
x  cos(sin 1 x)
Example-27: Find lim1 .
x 1  tan(sin 1 x)
2
x  cos(sin 1 x)
Soln:- lim1
x 1  tan(sin 1 x)
2
x  cos(sin 1 x) x  cos(sin 1 x)
 lim 1  lim  lim (  cos(sin 1 x))
x
1 sin(sin x) x  1 x 1
2 1
x
2 1  2
cos(sin 1 x)
1
cos(sin x)
1

2

sin 7 x  sin 3 x
lim .(June 2013)
x 0 sin x
Example-28: Find
sin 7 x  sin 3 x
Soln:- lim
x 0 sin x
sin 7 x sin 3 x

 lim x x
x 0 sin x
x
sin 7 x sin 3 x
7 3
 lim 7 x 3 x
x 0 sin x
x
73
 4
1
tan 5 x
Example-:29 Find lim .(June 2013)
x0 sin 3 x
tan 5 x
5
tan 5 x 5
Soln:- lim  lim 5 x 
x  0 sin 3 x x  0 sin 3 x
3 3
3x
x2  4x  3
Example-30: Find lim (Dec.2013)
x 1 x2  2x  3
x2  4x  3 ( x  3)( x  1)
Soln:- lim  lim
x 1 x  2 x  3 x 1 ( x  3)( x  1)
2
x  3 1 3 2
 lim     1/ 2
x 1 x  3 1 3 4
cos ecx  cot x

Example-:31 Find lim (Dec.2013)
x 0 x
cos ecx  cot x

Soln:- lim
x 0 x
1 cos x

 lim sin x sin x
x 0 x

1  cos x 1  cos x x
 lim  lim 
x 0 x sin x x  0 x2 sin x
1

2
Exercise 2.2.1
Find the limit of followings:
x3  3x 2  5 x  6 5 5 x 4  3x3  x 2  2 x  7
1. lim  10. lim  29 /15
x2 x3  8 12 x 1 x 4  5 x 3  x 2  6 x  1
x 2  9 x  20 3 cos x  sin x
2. lim 2  1/ 4 11. lim  2
x 5 x  6 x  5  
x
3 x
(2 x  3)( x  1) 3
3. lim  1/ 6
x 1 x2  x  2 xh  x 1
12. lim 
h 0
xa  a h 2 x
4. lim  1/ 2a
x 0 x ax x2n  a 2n
13. lim  na 2 n 1
cot x xa x2  a2
5. lim 1
  
1
x
2 x 1 x 7
2 14. lim 1
 2/7
x 1 
2sin x  sin 2 x 1 x 2
6. lim 1
x 0 x3 x 1
15. lim  3 2
1  cos x cos 2 x x 1
x  1  x3  1
2
7. lim  3/ 2
x 0 x2
2a  3 x  x  4a
x2  4 16. lim  1
8. lim  8 x a 3a  2 x  4 x  a
x2 x  2  3x  2
x2  x  1  x  1
x 4  3x3  2 17. lim  1/ 2
9. lim 3  5/ 4 x 0 x2
x2 x  5 x 2  3x  1

Note:-
1
1. lim 0
n  n
2. lim r n  0
n 
n
 1
3. lim 1    e
n 
 n
an 1
4. lim  log e a
n 0 n
en  1
5. lim  log e e  1
n 0 n
e3 x  1
Example-:32 Find lim .
x 0 x
e3 x  1  e3 x  1 
Soln:- lim  lim 3  3
x 0 x 0
x  3x 
e ax  ebx
Example-:33 Find lim
x 0 x
e ax  ebx e ax  1  1  ebx
Soln:- lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
e ax  1 ebx  1
 lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
e ax  1 ebx  1
 lim a  lim b  a b
x 0 ax x 0 bx
 e x  sin 2 x  1 
Example-:34 Find lim   .(June 2013)
x 0
 x 
 e x  sin 2 x  1 
Soln:- lim  
x 0
 x 
 e x  1  sin 2 x  ex 1 sin 2 x
 lim    lim  lim 2  1 2  3
x 0
 x  x 0 x x 0 2x

e x  e tan x
x 0 x  tan x
Soln:- If x  0 then x  tan x  0 .
e x  e tan x  e x  tan x  1  0
lim = lim e tan x    e (1)  1
x 0 x  tan x x 0
 x  tan x 
2 x 5  32
x 0 x
2 x 5  32 2 x 25  25
Soln:- lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
2x 1
 32 lim  32 log e 2
x 0 x
log x
x 1 1 x
Soln:- Suppose logx=y then x=ey . Moreover x  1 then y  0 .
log x y y
lim  lim    lim y  1
x 1 1 x y  0 1 e y y  0 e 1
log x  3
Example-:38 Find lim3
x e x  e3
Soln:- Suppose logx=y then x=ey . Moreover x  e 3 then y  3 .
log x  3 y 3
lim3  lim y 3
x e xe 3 y 3 e  e
y 3 1
 lim 
 3
3
y 3 e ( e y 3
 1) e
log( a  x )  log( a  x)
Example-:39 Find lim , ( a  0)
x 0 x
log( a  x)  log( a  x)
Soln:- lim
x 0 x
1 ax
 lim log  
x 0 x
ax

1
 a  x x
 lim log  
x 0
ax
1
  x  x
1
 a lim 1   
 a  x x x 0
 a
 log lim    log 
x 0 a  x
   a lim 1  x  
 x 0  a  
  
 1

  
a a

 x  x 
 lim 1    
 x 0  a     1a  2
  log  1   log e a  2
e
 log 

1
 
 a 
  a  e a  a
  x  x    
 lim 1    
 x 0  a   
   
1
 1  2 x 3x
Example-:40 Find lim  
x 0 1  2 x
 
1
 1  2 x 3x
Soln:- lim  
x 0 1  2 x
 
1
lim 1  2 x  3 x
1
 lim
1  2 x  3 x  x 0
x 0 1 1
1  2 x  3x lim 1  2 x  3 x
x 0
2

 1

lim 1  2 x  2 x 
 3

x 0
 
2
  1
lim 1  2 x  
3
2x
x 0
 
2

3
e 1
 2
 4
3
e e3
10 x  5 x  2 x  1
x 0 x sin x
10 x  5 x  2 x  1
Soln:- lim
x 0 x sin x

5x 2 x  5x  2 x  1
 lim
x 0 x sin x
 lim
5 x
 1 2 x  1 x
x 0 xx sin x
 lim
5 x
 1
lim
2 x
 1
lim
x
x 0 x x 0 x x  0 sin x
 log 5  log 2 1  log 5  log 2
15 x  5 x  3x  1
Example-:42 Find lim (June 2013)
x 0 x2
15 x  5 x  3x  1
Soln:- lim
x 0 x2
5 x 3x  5 x  3x  1
 lim
x 0 xx
 lim
5 x
 1 3x  1
x 0 xx
 lim
5 x
 1
lim
3 x
 1
x 0 x x 0 x
 log 5  log 3
x log(1  x)
Example-:43 Find lim (july 2014)
x 0 1  cos x
x log(1  x)
Soln:- lim
x 0 1  cos x
log(1  x) 1
 lim
x 0 x 1  cos x
x2
log(1  x) 1
 lim 
x 0 x 1  cos x
lim
x 0 x2
1 1
 lim log(1  x) 
x 0 x 1
2
1
 2 lim log(1  x) x
x 0
1
 2 log lim(1  x) x
x 0
 2 log e  2
2n  1
n  3n  5
1
2
2n  1 n
Soln:- lim  lim
n  3n  5 n  5
3
n
20 2
 
3 0 3
5n3  7 n 2  3n  1000
n  8n 3  18n 2  6n  2004
5n3  7 n 2  3n  1000
Soln:- lim
n  8n 3  18n 2  6n  2004
 7 3 1000 
n3  5   2  3 
 lim 
n n n 
n   18 6 2004 
n3  8   2  3 
 n n n 
5000
  5/8
8000
(1) n
Example-:46 Prove that lim 0
n  n
(1) n 1
Proof:- Here we know that  and
n n
1 (1) n
lim  0 . So, lim  0.
n  n n  n

n 
 
n 2  n  1  n . (July 2014)

Soln:- lim
n 
 n2  n  1  n 
 lim
 n2  n  1  n  n2  n  1  n 
n 
 n2  n  1  n 
n2  n  1  n2
 lim
n 
 n2  n  1  n 
n 1
 lim
n 
 1 
n 1  n  2   n
 n 
 1
n 1  
 lim  n
n 
  1  
n 1  n  2   1
  n  
1
1
 lim n  1/ 2
n 
 1 
1  n  2   1
 n 
Exercise 2.2.2
Find the limit of followings:
a x  a x ax  bx
1. lim 6. lim
x 0 x x 0 x
2. lim 1
x e5 x  1
x 0
7. lim
x  0 sin x
e x 1
log( x  a )  log a
log(1  3 x) 8. lim
3. lim x 0 x
x 0 4x 1
log(1  x) x(e x  1)
4. lim 9. lim
x  0 1  cos x
x 0 x
53 x  1 e x 1  sin x  e 4
5. lim 5 x 10. lim
x 0
x 0 3  1 x

Note

UNIT
Three
Differentiation and its Applications
UNIT-3.1
3.1.13 Differentiation
3.1.1 Introduction
We have seen in the unit 3, that by knowing the position of a body at various time intervals it is
possible to find the rate at which the position of the body is changing. It is of very general interest to
know a certain parameter at various instants of time and try to finding the rate at which it is changing.
There are several real life situations where such a process needs to be carried out. For instance, people
maintaining a reservoir need to know when will a reservoir overflow knowing the depth of the water at
several instances of time, Rocket Scientists need to compute the precise velocity with which the
satellite needs to be shot out from the rocket knowing the height of the rocket at various times.
Financial institutions need to predict the changes in the value of a particular stock knowing its present
value. In these, and many such cases it is desirable to know how a particular parameter is changing
with respect to some other parameter. The heart of the matter is derivative of a function at a given
point in its domain of definition.
3.1.2 Definition:- Suppose f is a real valued function and a is a point in its domain of definition.
The derivative of f at a is defined by
d f (t )  f ( x ) f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  f '( x )  lim  lim
dx t  x tx h  0 h
Example 1: Find the derivatives of f(x)=xn, n  R

Here f(x)=xn
Then f(x+h)=(x+h)n
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ( x  h) n  x n
Now, f '( x )  lim  lim
h0 h h 0  x  h   x
t n  xn
Now we take x+h=t, then f '( x)  lim  nx n 1
tx tx
d n
Thus, ( x )  nx n 1
dx
Example 2: Find the derivatives of f(x)=sin x. (Nov. 2002)

Here f(x)=sin x, then f(x+h)=sin (x+h)
Then f(x+h)-f(x)=sin (x+h)-sin x=2 cos(x+h/2) sin(h/2)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Now f '( x )  lim
h0 h
 h h h
2 cos  x   sin sin
f '( x)  lim  2 2
 lim 2 lim cos  x  h   cos x
 
h 0 h h 0 h h 0  2
2
d
Thus, sin x  cos x .
dx
Example 3: Let f : R  R , f ( x )  3 x  5 . If f '(1) is exists then find it.

f (1  h)  f (1)
f '(1)  lim
h 0 h
3(1  h)  5  8 3h
 lim  lim 3
h0 h h0 h
Therefore f’(1) is exists and f’(1)=3.
Example 4: Let f : R  R , f(x)=sin x, if f’(0) exists then find it.

f (0  h)  f (0) sinh  0 sinh
f '(0)  lim  lim  lim 1
h0 h h  0 h h  0 h
Therefore f’(0) is exists and f’(0)=1.
Exercise 3.1.1
Find the followings
d d d x
1. cos x   sin x 2. tan x   sec 2 x 3. e  ex
dx dx dx
d x d 1 d
4. a  a x log e a 5. log x  10 x
dx dx x 6. dx
d d 1  cos x d
7. 2sin 2 x  3cos x  1 8. 9. sin 4 x
dx dx sin x dx

3.1.3 Important formulae for derivatives:
No. f(x) f’(x) Remarks

1. c(constant) 0
2. xn nx n 1 nR
3. log x 1 x0
x
4. ax a x log e a
5. ex ex
6. sin x cos x
7. cos x -sin x
8. tan x sec2x
9. cosec x -cosec x cot x
10. sec x sec x tan x
11. cot x -cosec2x
12. 1 1 x0
 2
x x
13. x 1 x0
2 x
-1
14. sin x 1 |x|<1
1 x 2
15. cos-1x 1 |x|<1

-
1  x2
16. tan-1x 1
1  x2
17. cot-1x 1
-
1  x2
18. sec-1x 1 x 1
| x | x 12
19. cosec x -1
1 x 1
-
| x | x2 1
3.1.4 Working rules of Differentiation:

If f and g be two functions of x, such that
dy du dv
1. Derivative of sum and difference: If y  u  v , then   .
dx dx dx
dy dv du
2. Derivative of product: If y=uv, then u v .
dx dx dx

dy dw du dv
3. If y=uvw, then  uv  vw  wu .
dx dx dx dx
dy du
4. If y=ku, then k , where k is constant.
dx dx
du dv
u v
u dy
5. Derivatives of division: If y  , then  dx 2 dx .
v dx v
k dy k du
6. If y  , then  2 .
v dx u dx
x 3 3 
d 3 x 3
Example 5: Find dx .
dx
 x 3 3  
d 3 x 3 d 3 d x d 3
dx
x  3  3
dx dx
 3 x 2  3x log 3  0  3 x 2  3x log 3
d  32 1 
 
x
x  5 2 
dx  
Example 6: Find  x2 .
d  32 1  d  3
   2  
5
x  x
x  5 2   x x 2 
2
dx   dx 
 x2 
3 12 5  72
 
x
 x  x  2 log 21/ 2
2 2
3 5 1 12 x
 x  7  2 log 2
2 2
2x 2
d 5
x
d 5 d 15 1 15 1 1  54
x x  x  x
dx dx 5 x
2
d  1
x 
Example 8: Find dx  x .
2
d  1 d  2 1  d 2
 x     x  2  2    x  2  x   2x  0  2x  2x  2x
2 3 3
dx  x dx  x  dx

d  x 1
 a  log x  
Example 9: Find dx  x.
d  x 1 d x d d 1 1 1
 a  log x    a  log x  x  a x log a   2
dx  x  dx dx dx x x
d  4 2  2 3 
 x  2  x  3 
Example 10: Find dx  x  x .
d  4 2  2 3  d 6
 x  2   x  3    x  3x  2  6 x 
5
dx  x  x  dx
 6 x 5  3  30 x 6
d 4 x2  5x  1
Example 11: Find dx x  x
5 4
.
d 4 x 2  5 x  1 d ( x  1)(4 x  1)

dx x5  x 4 dx x 4 ( x  1)
d 4x 1 d d
 4
 4 x 3  x 4  12 x 4  4 x 5
dx x dx dx
Exercise 3.1.2
dy
Find for the followings:
dx
1
1. y  x1/ 2  x1/ 3  x1/ 4 2. y  x 1/ 2  x 1/ 3  x 1/ 4 3. y  x 
x
3x3  7 x 2  1
5
1 
4. y  x  5. y  6. y  x 3
x x4
 1  1  1
7. y  e x  x e  ee 8. y   x   x   x  x 
 x  x  
1  x5
9. y 
1 x
d
cos 2 x
d d
cos 2 x  cos x cos x
dx dx

d d
 cos x cos x  cos x cos x
dx dx
 2 cos x( sin x)
 2sin x cos x
  sin 2 x
d
sin 2 x
d d  d d 
sin 2 x  2sin x cos x  2 cos x sin x  sin x cos x 
dx dx  dx dx 
 2 sin x( sin x)  cos x cos x 

 2(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)
 2 cos 2 x
d  a  b sin x 
 
Example 14: Find dx  c  d sin x  . Where c  d sin x  0 .
d d
(c  d sin x) (a  b sin x)  (a  b sin x) (c  d sin x)
d  a  b sin x  dx dx
 
dx  c  d sin x  (c  d sin x) 2
(c  d sin x)b cos x  (a  b sin x)d cos x


(c  d sin x) 2
bc cos x  bd sin x cos x  ad cos x  bd sin x cos x

(c  d sin x) 2
(bc  ad ) cos x

(c  d sin x) 2
d cos x
Example 15: Find dx 1  sin x , where sin x  1.
d d
(1  sin x) cos x  cos x (1  sin x)
d cos x dx dx

dx 1  sin x (1  sin x) 2

(1  sin x)( sin x)  cos x cos x

(1  sin x) 2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

(1  sin x) 2
(1  sin x)

(1  sin x) 2
1

1  sin x
d sec x  1
Example 16: Find dx sec x  1 .
d sec x  1 d 1  cos x

dx sec x  1 dx 1  cos x
d 1  cos x 1  cos x

dx 1  cos x 1  cos x
d (1  cos x) 2

dx 1  cos 2 x
d 1  2 cos x  cos 2 x

dx sin 2 x
d
 (cos ec 2 x  2 cos ecx cot x  cot 2 x)
dx
d d d
 cos ec 2 x  2 cos ecx cot x  cot 2 x
dx dx dx
 2 cos ecx( cos ecx cot x)  2 cot x( cos ecx cot x)  cos ecx( cos ec 2 x)   2 cot x( cos ec 2 x)
 2 cos ec 2 x cot x  2   cos ecx cot 2 x  cos ec3 x   2 cos ec 2 x cot x
 4 cos ec 2 x cot x  2 cos ecx  cot 2 x  cos ec 2 x 
Example 17: Find

d
dx
 
sin cos tan  x 2  2 x  3 
.

d
dx
 
sin cos tan  x 2  2 x  3 
       
 cos cos tan  x 2  2 x  3   sin tan  x 2  2 x  3  sec 2  x 2  2 x  3 (2 x  2)
d 3
x sin x
d 3 d d
x sin x  sin x x 3  x 3 sin x
dx dx dx
 sin x(2 x 2 )  x 3 cos x
 2 x 2 sin x  x 3 cos x
 x 2 ( x cos x  sin x)
d
log x  tan x
d d d
log x  tan x  log x tan x  tan x log x
dx dx dx
1
 log x sec 2 x  tan x  
 x
1
 log x sec 2 x  tan x
x
d x2 1
Example 20: Find dx x  1 . (June 2011)
2
d d
( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)  ( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)
d x2 1 d dx dx

dx x  1 dx
2
( x  1)
2 2
( x 2  1)2 x  ( x 2  1)2 x

( x 2  1) 2
2 x( x 2  1  x 2  1)

( x 2  1) 2
4x
 2
( x  1) 2
Example 21:
Exercise 3.1.3
dy
Find the for following:
dx
sin x  cos x 4 x  7 sin x x

1. y 2. y  ,(2009) 3. y 
sin x  cos x 5 x  8 cos x 1  cot x
4. y  sin 2 x 5. y  sin 3 x 6. y  x 7  e x log x

2x  3 log x
7. y  e x 3x x 3 8. y 9. y
3x  2 x

d  2   2 x  1 
 x   
Example 22: Find dx  x  3   x 2  3x  2   .
 2   2x 1 
Suppose, y   x   
 x  3   x 2  3x  2 
 x 2  3x  2   2 x  1 
  2 
 x  3   x  3x  2 
2x 1

x3
dy d 2 x  1
Then 
dx dx x  3
d d
( x  3) (2 x  1)  (2 x  1) ( x  1)
 dx dx
( x  3) 2
2x  6  2x 1 7
 
( x  3) 2
( x  3) 2
dy
Example 23: Find dx for following:
1. y  log  tan x   cos x (Jan 2012)
 
2. y  log x  x 2  a 2 ,(June 2011)
1  sin x
3. y  log ,(2005)
1  sin x
4. y  log  sin x  , (Dec.2014)
Soln:- 1) Here, y  log  tan x   cos x .
dy d d
  log(tan x )   cos x
dx dx dx
1 d
 tan x  sin x
tan x dx
cos x
 sec 2 x  sin x
sin x
cos x 1 1
 2
 sin x   sin x
sin x cos x sin x cos x

2 2
  sin x   sin x
2sin x cos x sin 2 x
 2 cos ecx  sin x

2) Here, y  log x  x 2  a 2 
dy

1 d
dx x  x 2  a 2 dx

x  x2  a2 
1

x  x2  a2
d
 x
 dx
d
dx

x2  a2 

 

1
1 
1 d 2
 x  a2  
x x a  2 x a
2 2
2 2 dx

1  1 
  1 (2 x) 
x  x2  a2  2 x2  a2 
1 x  1  x2  a2  x 
  1   
x  x2  a2  x2  a2  x x a
2 2  2
 2 
 x a 
1

x  a2
2
1  sin x 1  1  sin x 
3) Here y  log  log  
1  sin x 2  1  sin x 
1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x  1  sin x    1  sin x 

2 2 2
Now,     
1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x
2
cos 2 x  cos x 
1  sin x 1  1  sin x  1  1  sin x 

2
 y  log  log    log  

1  sin x 2  1  sin x  2  cos x 
2  1  sin x   1  sin x 
 log    log    log 1  six   log  cos x 
2  cos x   cos x 
Now,
dy d 1  sin x d
 log   log(1  sin x)  log(cos x) 
dx dx 1  sin x dx
d d 1 d 1 d
 log(1  sin x)  log(cos x)  1  sin x   cos x
dx dx 1  sin x dx cos x dx
cos x  sin x cos x 1  sin x sin x
   
1  sin x cos x 1  sin x 1  sin x cos x

cos x(1  sin x) sin x
 
cos 2 x cos x
cos x(1  sin x)  sin x cos 2 x
2

cos3 x
1  sin x  sin x 1
 
cos x cos x
 sec x
4). Here, y  log  sin x 
dy 1 d
   sin x
dx sin x dx
dy 1
  cos x  cot x
dx sin x
 x2  a2  x  dy
Example 24: If y  log   , then prove that x2  a2  2 .(June 2014)
 x2  a2  x  dx
 
 x2  a2  x 
Soln:- Now, y  log  
 x2  a2  x 
 
dy 1 d  x2  a2  x 
    
dx x2  a2  x dx  x 2  a 2  x 
x2  a2  x
dy x a x
2 2  
x2  a2  x   1
2 x a
2 2

 2 x  1 

 
x2  a2  x 
1
2 x a
2 2

 2 x  1

  
 
2
dx x2  a2  x x2  a2  x
dy
 
x2  a2  x   x
 x a
2 2

 1 

 
x2  a2  x  x
 x a
2 2

 1

 
dx
  x  a  x 
x2  a2  x 2 2
 
x2  a2  x x  x  a    x  x  a 
2 2 2 2
x2  a2  x 

dy
 x2  a2
dx x2  a2  x2

dy
 
 
x2  a2  x x  x2  a2    x2  a2  x  x2  a2  x 
dx a2 x2  a2
2 dy x2  a2  x2  x2  a2  x2
 x a
2

dx a2
dy 2a 2
 x2  a2 
dx a 2
dy
 x2  a2 2
dx
 
Example 25: If y  log x  1  x 2 then prove that 1  x 2 
d2y
dx 2
x
dy
dx
 0 . (Dec. 2014)

Soln:- Here, y  log x  1  x 2 
 y1 
1
x  1  x2

d
dx

x  1  x2 
1  1 
 y1  1  2x 
x  1 x  2 1 x
2 2

1  1  x2  x 
 y1   
x  1  x 2  1  x 2 
1
 y1 
1  x2
 1  x 2 y1  0
 1  x 2  y12  0
 2 1  x 2  y2 y1  2 y12 x  0
 1  x 2  y2  xy1  0
dy
Example 26: If y  log  sec x  tenx  then find . (Dec.2014)
dx
Soln:- Here, y  log  sec x  tenx 

dy

1
dx sec x  tenx
 sec x  tenx  sec 2 x 
dy sec x  sec x  tenx 

 
dx sec x  tenx
dy
  sec x
dx

dy
Example 27: Find for followings:
dx
x
1. y  sin 1
a
2. y  cos 1  4 x 3  3 x  , 0  x 
1
2
1  cos x
3. y  tan 1 ,   x  2
1  cos x
1 1  x2 1
4. y  tan
x
x
Soln:- 1.) Here, y  sin 1 ,
a
dy 1 d x x
     [ ‘બહાર’ ના િવધેય sin 1
dx x2 dx  a  a
1
a2
x
‘ ’ ના િવધેય
a
.]
dy |a| 1
  
dx a2  x2 a
dy a 1 1
Then i) If a  0 , then  
dx a x a
2 2
a  x2
2
dy a 1 1
ii). If a  0 , then  
dx a2  x2 a a2  x2
2.) Here, y  cos 1  4 x 3  3 x 
Suppose that z  cos 1 x then x  cos z .
1
Now, 0  x 
2
   
 cos  cos y  cos   y  , [ cos .]
2 3 3 2

3 
   3y   0  3y   
2 2
Now,
cos 1  4 x 3  3 x 
 cos 1  4 cos3 y  3cos y 
 cos 1  cos 3 y 
 cos 1   cos(  3 y ) 
 cos 1   cos(3 y   ) 
   cos 1  cos(3 y   ) 
   (3 y   )
 2  3 y
 2  3cos 1 x
Then,
 cos 1  4 x 3  3 x 
dy d
dx dx
  2  3cos 1 x 
d
dx
1 3
 03 
1  x2 1  x2
1  cos x x
3.) Here, y  tan 1  tan 1 tan
1  cos x 2
Now,
  x  2
 x
  
2 2
x
 tan  0
2
x  x  x x
Then, y  tan 1 tan  tan 1   tan    tan 1  tan    .
2  2  2 2
dy 1

dx 2

1  x2 1
4.) Here, y  tan 1
x
 
Suppose, if    tan 1 x    
2 2
 x  tan 
Then,
1  x2 1 1  tan 2   1
y  tan 1  tan 1
x tan 
sec   1 1  cos 
 tan 1  tan 1
tan  sin 

2sin 2
 tan 1 2  tan 1  tan  
   
2sin cos  2
2 2
 1
  tan 1 x
2 2
dy 1
Then,  .
dx 2 1  x 2 
1  cos x dy
Example 28: If y  tan 1 then find . (Dec 2003)
1  cos x dx
1  cos x
Soln:- Here, y  tan 1
1  cos x
x
2sin 2
1  cos x 2  tan 2 x
Now, 
1  cos x 2 cos 2 x 2
2
1  cos x x
  tan
1  cos x 2
 x x
 y  tan 1  tan  
 2 2
dy 1
 
dx 2

2x dy
Example 29: If y  tan 1 then find .
1 x 2
dx
2x
Soln:- Here, y  tan 1
1  x2
2x 2 tan 
Take x  tan  . Then   tan 2
1 x 2
1  tan 2 
 y  tan 1  tan 2   2  2 tan 1 x
dy 1 2
  2 
dx 1 x 2
1  x2
Exercise 3.1.4
dy
Find for followings:
dx
x
1. y  tan 1
a
1  sin x 
2. y  tan 1 ,  x
1  sin x 2
 cos x 
3. y  tan 1  
 1  sin x 
3.1.5 Differentiation of Implicit functions:
dy
Example 30: If x 3  y 3  3axy , then find .
dx
Soln:- Here, x 3  y 3  3axy

d 3
dx
 x  y 3   3axy
d
dx
d d 3 d
 x3  y  3a xy
dx dx dx
dy  dy 
 3x 2  3 y 2  3a  x  y 1
dx  dx 

dy dy
 x2  y 2  ax  ay
dx dx
  y 2  ax   ay  x 2
dy
dx
dy ay  x 2
  2
dx y  ax
dy
Example 31: If x  y  sin xy , then find .
dx
Soln:- Here, x  y  sin xy
d d
 ( x  y )  sin xy
dx dx
dy  dy 
1   cos xy  x  y 
dx  dx 
dy
 1  x cos xy   y cos xy  1
dx
dy y cos xy  1
 
dx 1  x cos xy
3.1.6 Differentiation of parametric functions:

du
Suppose u  f ( x ) and v  g ( x ) then for , we follows two steps:
dv
du dv
1. First find and from the above functions.
dx dx
du
du dx
2. Then  gives the derivative of u with respect to v.
dv dv
dx
a 1  t 2  2bt dy
Example 32: If x  , y then find . (June 2009)
1 t 2
1 t 2
dx
OR
a 1  t 2  2bt
Differentiate x  w.r.t. y  .
1 t 2
1 t2
1 t2
Soln:- Here, x  a
1 t2

 1  t 2  2t  1  t 2  (2t )   2t 1  t 2  1  t 2  
dx   4at
 a  a 
dt 
 1  t 2

2


 1 t 2
 1  t 2 
2
t
And y  2b
1 t2
 1  t 2 1  t (2t )  2b 1  t 2 
dy
  2b  
dy 
  1  t 
2 2  1  t 2 2

dy
dy dt 2b 1  t  1  t  b 1  t 2 
2 2 2
Then,    
dx dx  
1  t 2 2 4 at 2at
dt
dy
dx
1. x  a sec  and y  b tan  (Jan 2012)
2. x  cos 3  and y  sin 3  (June 2011, 2014)
Soln:- 1.) Here, x  a sec 
dx
  a sec  tan 
d
dy
And y  b tan    b sec 2 
d
dy
dy d b sec 2  b
Thus,    cos ec
dx dx a sec  tan  a
d
dx
2.) Here, x  cos3    3cos 2  sin 
d
dy
And y  sin 3    3sin 2  cos 
d
dy
dy d 3sin 2  cos 
Thus,     tan 
dx dx 3cos 2  sin 
d

Exercise 3.1.5
dy
Find for followings:
dx
1. x 2 y  y 2 x  e x  y
2. sin( x  y )  cos( x  y )  1
3. x sin y  y sin x  0
4. x  a sin 4  and y  b cos 4 
5. x  a sin  and y  a 1  cos  
3.1.7 Logarithmic Differentiation:
d sin x
Example 34: Find x .
dx
Soln:- Suppose y  x sin x
 log y  log x sin x

 log y  sin x log x
Now, we differentiate it with respect to x.
d d
log y   sin x log x 
dx dx
1 dy sin x
   cos x log x
y dx x
dy  sin x 
  y  cos x log x 
dx  x 
dy  sin x 
  x sin x   cos x log x 
dx  x 
dy log x
Example 35: If x y  e x  y , then prove that  . (June 2009)
dx 1  log x  2
Soln:- Here,
x y  e x y
 log x y  log e x  y  y log x  ( x  y ) log e ……(1)
 y log x  x  y

1 dy dy
y  log x  1
x dx dx
dy y
 1  log x   1 
dx x
y
1
dy x
 
dx 1  log x
Now, by (1)
y log x  x  y
x
 log x   1
y
x
  1  log x
y
y 1
 
x 1  log x
Thus,
y
1
dy x

dx 1  log x
dy log x
 
dx 1  log x 2
dy
dx
1. y  x x , (July 2010, Dec. 2014)
2. y   sin x 
tan x
, (June 2011)
3. log y  x x log x , (June 2014,Dec.2014)
Soln:- 1.) Here, y  x x
 log y  log x x
 log y  x log x

1 dy x
 log x 
y dx x
dy  x
  y  log x  
dx  x
dy  x
  x x  log x  
dx  x
2.) Here, y   sin x 

tan x
 log y  log  sin x 

tan x
 log y  tan x log sin x
cos x  log sin x  sec 2 x 

1 dy tan x

y dx sin x
 y 1  sec 2 x log sin x 

dy

dx
  sin x  1  sec 2 x log sin x 
dy

tan x
dx
3.) Here, log y  x x log x
1 dy d 1
  log x x x  x x
y dx dx x
 y  x x (1  log x) log x  x x 1 
dy

dx

Note: We generally use following notations:
dy
1. y1 
dx
d2y
2. y2 
dx 2
d
3. y1  y2
dx
d 2
4. y1  2 y1 y2
dx
d 2
5. y  2 yy1
dx
Example 37: If y  x log x then find y2 . (June 2014)

Soln:- Here, y  x log x
x
 y1  log x 
x
 y1  1  log x
1
 y2 
x
dy x 1  y 
2 3
Example 38: If x  y  x y then prove that  2 3

3 3 3 3
 0 .(June 2014)
dx y  x  1
Soln:- Here, x 3  y 3  x 3 y 3
d 3
dx
 x  y 3    x3 y 3 
d
dx
dy dy dy dy
 3x 2  3 y 2  3 y 3 x 2  3 y 2 x3  x 2  y 3 x 2  y 2 x3  y2
dx dx dx dx
dy x 1  y 
2 3
 x 2 1  y 3   y 2  x 3  1 
dy

dx dx y 2  x 3  1
dy x 1  y 
2 3
  0
dx y 2  x 3  1

 
Example 39: If y  log x  1  x 2 then prove that 1  x 2  y2  xy1  0 .(Dec. 2014)

Soln:- Here, y  log x  1  x 2 
1  1 
 y1   1  2x
x  1  x2  2 1  x2 
1  1  x 2  x 
 y1   
x  1  x 2  1  x 2 
1
 y1 
1  x2
 1  x 2 y1  1
 1  x 2  y12  1
 2 1  x 2  y1 y2  2 y12 x  0
 1  x 2  y2  xy1  0
Example 40: If y  2e3 x  3e 2 x then prove that y2  y1  6 y  0 .(Sept 2009, July 2010, Dec 2014)
Soln:- Here,
y  2e3 x  3e 2 x
 y1  6e3 x  6e 2 x
 y2  18e3 x  12e 2 x
Now, L.H.S.  y2  y1  6 y
 18e3 x  12e 2 x  6e3 x  6e 2 x  12e3 x  18e 2 x

0
= R.H.S.
Example 41: If y  ae kx  be  kx , then prove that y2  k 2 y . (June 2011)

Soln:- Here,
y  ae kx  be  kx
 y1  ake kx  bke  kx
 y2  ak 2 e kx  bk 2 e  kx
 y2  k 2  ae kx  be  kx 
 y2  k 2 y

Example 42: If y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x  , then prove that x 2 y2  xy1  y  0 .(Jan 2012)
Soln:- Here, y  a cos  log x   b sin  log x 
1 1
 y1   a sin  log x   b cos  log x 
x x
 xy1  b cos  log x   a sin  log x 
1 1
 y1  xy2  b sin  log x   a cos  log x 
x x
 xy1  x y2    b sin  log x   a cos  log x  
2
 xy1  x 2 y2   y
 xy1  x 2 y2  y  0
Exercise 3.1.6
1. If y  sin  sin x  , then prove that y2  y1 tan x  y cos 2 x  0 .
2. If y  e x sin x , then prove that y2  2 y1  2 y  0 .
3. If y  log sin x , then prove that y2  y12  1  0 .
4. If y  A cos pt  B sin pt , then prove that y2  p 2 y  0 .
, then prove that 1  x 2  y2   2 x  m  y1  0 .
1
5. If y  e m tan x

Note

UNIT-3.2
Applications of Differentiation
In Unit-3.1, we have learnt how to find derivative of composite functions, inverse trigonometric
functions, implicit functions, exponential functions and logarithmic functions. In this unit, we will study
applications of the derivative in various disciplines, e.g., in engineering, science, social science, and
many other fields. For instance, we will learn how the derivative can be used (i) to determine rate of
change of quantities, (ii) to find the equations of tangent and normal to a curve at a point, (iii) to find
turning points on the graph of a function which in turn will help us to locate points at which largest or
smallest value (locally) of a function occurs. We will also use derivative to find intervals on which a
function is increasing or decreasing. Finally, we use the derivative to find approximate value of certain
quantities.
3.2.1 Velocity:
Velocity is the rate of covering distance in a definite direction.
distance
velocity  ,
time
ds
v   f '(t ) , where v=velocity, ds = distance, dt = time.
dt
Unit of velocity is m/s.
3.2.2 Acceleration:
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
velocity
acceleration=
time
dv d  ds  d 2 s
a      f "(t ) , where a=acceleration, v ,s, t are as above.
dt dt  dt  dt 2
Unit of acceleration is m/s2.
NOTE:
1. When the investigation starts, the point of time is taken as t=0.

2. When a particle changes the direction of motion, its velocity is taken as zero, i.e. v=0.
Example 43: The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3  5t 2  3t  1 . Find the time when the
particle changes its direction. (Nov. 2009, 2011)
Soln:- Here, s = t 3  5t 2  3t  1
ds
v   3t 2  10t  3  (t  3)(3t  1)
dt

When a particle changes a direction, v=0.
 (t  3)(3t  1)  0
1
 t  3 sec. OR t  sec.
3
Example 44: The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3  3t 2  4t  3 . Find its velocity and
acceleration at t=2. (Jan. 2012)
Soln:- Here, s = t 3  3t 2  4t  3
ds
v   3t 2  6t  4
dt
d  ds 
a     6t  6
dt  dt 
At, t=2, velocity v=3(2)2-6(2)+4=4 cm/sec
And acceleration a=6(2)-6=6 cm/sec2.
Example 45: The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3  2t 2  3t  5 . Find its velocity and
acceleration of the particle at t=1 and t=2 sec.(June 2007,2014)
Soln:- Here, s = t 3  2t 2  3t  5
ds
 Velocity v   3t 2  4t  3 ,
dt
dv
Acceleration a   6t  4 .
dt
Case 1: If t=1,
Velocity v  3(1) 2  4(1)  3  4 cm/sec
Acceleration a  6(1)  4  10 cm/sec 2
Case 2: If t=2,
Velocity v  3(2) 2  4(2)  3  17 cm/sec
Acceleration a  6(2)  4  16 cm/sec 2 .

Example 46: If the equation of motion of a particle is s  t 3  6t 2  9t  6 , find its velocity when
t=0. And also find acceleration when v=0. (Sept. 2009)
Soln:- Here, s  t 3  6t 2  9t  6 .
 velocity
ds
v  3t 2  12t  9
dt
 3  t 2  4t  3
 3(t  1)(t  3)
 acceleration a  6t  12  6(t  2) ,
If t=0, v  3(0  1)(0  3)  9 cm/sec
And when v=0, 0=3(t-1)(t-3)
 t=1 or t=3
Case 1: If t=1, a  6 cm/sec 2
Case 2: If t=3, a  6 cm/sec 2
Example 47: The equation of motion of a particle is s  t 3  3t , t > 0. Then

i. Find the velocity and acceleration at t=3.
ii. When do velocity and acceleration become equal ? (Sept. 2009)
Soln:- Here, s  t 3  3t .
ds
 Velocity v   3t 2  3
dt
dv
Acceleration is a   6t . Now,
dt
i. At t =., velocity v  3(3) 2  3  27 units and acceleration is a  6(3)  18 units .

ii. If velocity and acceleration are equal, then v = a gives
3t 2  3  6t
 3t 2  6t  3  0
 t 2  2t  1  0
  t  1  0
2
 t 1

Example 48: Equation of motion of a particle is s  2t 3  3t 2  12t  5 . Find the velocity and
acceleration of a particle at t = 1 sec and t = 2 sec. (June 2014)
Soln:- Here, s  2t 3  3t 2  12t  5
ds
 velocity v   6t 2  6t  12
dt
dv
Acceleration a   12t  6
dt
Case 1: If t = 1 sec., then v  6(1) 2  6(1)  12  12 m/s
And a  12(1)  6  6 m/s 2 .
Case 2: If t = 2 sec., then v  6(2) 2  6(2)  12  0
And a  12(2)  6  18 m/s 2 .
3.2.3 Maxima and Minima

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2015

2. Integration and its Applications

2.1 Indefinite Integration

2.2 Definite Integration

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Functions and Limit

We study a function. It is one of the most important concepts in mathematics.

Example-2: Find the range of following functions:

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Example-:5 If f(x)=2x+1 and g(x)=x2-2, then find

Example-:8 Prove that f : R  R , f(x)=ax+b is bijective.

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Example-:10 If f(x)=log x, prove that

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X 049 0.499 0.4999 0.51 0.501 0.5001

Example-2: Find lim | x | .

Then we say that lim f ( x)  0

Example-3: Prove that lim[ x] is not exists.

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Then lim f ( x)  1 and lim f ( x)  2

2.2.3 Properties of limits:

1. Scalar Multiplication: lim bf ( x)   bL

2. Addition and subtraction: lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   L  K

3. Product: lim  f ( x)  g ( x)  L  K

word lim c  c and if lim f ( x) is exists then lim cf ( x)  c lim f ( x) .

Soln:- Suppose f(x)=c and x  ( a   , a   )  {a} . Suppose l=c.

If lim f ( x) is exist then lim cf ( x)  lim c lim f ( x)  c lim f ( x) .

Example-5: Find lim  2 x 3  3 x 2  5 x  1 .

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Soln:- Here for x  1, x 2  3 x  4  0

Soln:- Suppose p ( x)  x 3  5 x 2  8 x  4 and q ( x)  2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  4 .

If x =2, then p (2)  8  20  16  4  0 and q (2)  16  36  24  4  0 .

 ( x  2) is co-factor of p(x) and q(x).

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2.2.4 Some important formulae of limits:

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( x  2)5  (2)5 ( x  2)5  (2)5

25  x  5 (25  x)1/ 2  (25)1/ 2

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Example-23: Find lim  sec x  tan x  .

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cos ecx  cot x

cos ecx  cot x

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Find the limit of followings:

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Soln:- If x  0 then x  tan x  0 .

Soln:- Suppose logx=y then x=ey . Moreover x  1 then y  0 .

Soln:- Suppose logx=y then x=ey . Moreover x  e 3 then y  3 .

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 log 5  log 2 1  log 5  log 2

Example-:47 Find lim

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Find the limit of followings:

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