3-42

3-87 Ethylene is heated at constant pressure. The specific volume change of ethylene is to be determined using the
compressibility chart.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.2964 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 282.4 K, Pcr = 5.12 MPa
Analysis From the compressibility chart at the initial and final states (Fig. A-15),
T1 293 K 
TR1    1.038 
Tcr 282.4 K 
 Z1  0.56
P1
 0.977 
5 MPa
PR1  
Pcr 5.12 MPa 
Ethylene
T2 473 K  Q
TR 2    1.675  5 MPa
Tcr 282.4 KR  Z1  0.961 20C
 PR1  0.977 
PR 2 
The specific volume change is
R
v  ( Z 2 T2  Z 1T1 )
P
0.2964 kPa  m 3 /kg  K
 (0.961)( 473 K)  (0.56)( 293 K)
5000 kPa
 0.0172m 3 /kg

3-88 The % error involved in treating CO2 at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined.
Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO2 are, from Table A-1,
Tcr  304.2 K and Pcr  7.39 MPa
Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 7 MPa 
PR    0.947 
Pcr 7.39 MPa  CO2
 Z  0.84
T 380 K  7 MPa
TR    1.25
Tcr 304.2 K  380 K
Then the error involved in treating CO2 as an ideal gas is
v  v ideal 1 1
Error   1  1  0.190 or 19.0%
v Z 0.84

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 3-43
3-89 Water vapor is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation, the
compressibility charts, and the steam tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation,
v2
T2  T1  (350  273 K)( 2)  1246 K
v1
(b) The pressure of the steam is Water
Q
350C
P1  P2  Psat@350C  16,529 kPa
sat. vapor
From the compressibility chart at the initial state (Fig. A-15),
T1 623 K 
TR1    0.963 
Tcr 647.1 KR 
 Z1  0.593, v R1  0.75
P
 0.749 
16.529 MPa
PR1  1 
Pcr 22.06 MPa 

At the final state,

PR 2  PR1  0.749 
 Z 2  0.88
v R 2  2v R1  2(0.75)  1.50 

Thus,
P2v 2 P2 v R 2Tcr 16,529 kPa (1.50)(647.1 K)
T2     826 K
Z 2 R Z 2 Pcr 0.88 22,060 kPa

(c) From the superheated steam table,

T1  350C 
 v 1  0.008806 m /kg
3
(Table A-4)
x1  1 

P2  16,529 kPa 
 T  477C  750 K (from Table A-6 or EES)
v 2  2v 1  0.01761 m /kg 2
3

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 3-44
3-90 Methane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation and the
compressibility charts.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of methane are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.5182 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 191.1 K, Pcr = 4.64 MPa
Analysis From the ideal gas equation,
v2
T2  T1  (300 K)(1.8)  540 K
v1
From the compressibility chart at the initial state (Fig. A-15),
Methane
T 300 K  Q
TR1  1   1.57
10 MPa
Tcr 191.1 K  300 K
 Z1  0.86, v R1  0.63
P1
 2.16 
10 MPa
PR1  
Pcr 4.64 MPa 

At the final state,

PR 2  PR1  2.16 
 Z 2  0.42 (Fig. A-15)
v R2  1.8v R1  1.8(0.63)  1.134 

Thus,
P2v 2 P2 v R 2Tcr 10,000 kPa (1.134)(191.1 K)
T2     1112 K
Z 2 R Z 2 Pcr 0.42 4640 kPa

Of these two results, the accuracy of the second result is limited by the accuracy with which the charts may be read.
Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more accurate.

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 3-45
3-91 CO2 gas flows through a pipe. The volume flow rate and the density at the inlet and the volume flow rate at the exit of
the pipe are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO2 are (Table A-1)
R = 0.1889 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 304.2 K, Pcr = 7.39 MPa
Analysis

3 MPa
500 K CO2 450 K
2 kg/s

(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,

& RT1 (2 kg/s)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(500 K)
m
V&1    0.06297 m 3 /kg (2.1% error)
P1 (3000 kPa)

P1 (3000 kPa)
1    31.76 kg/m3 (2.1% error)
RT1 (0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(500 K)

& RT2 (2 kg/s)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(450 K)

m
V&2    0.05667 m 3 /kg (3.6% error)
P2 (3000 kPa)

(b) From the compressibility chart (EES function for compressibility factor is used)
P1 3 MPa 
PR    0.407 
Pcr 7.39 MPa 
 Z1  0.9791
T 500 K
TR ,1  1   1.64 
Tcr 304.2 K 

P2 3 MPa 
PR    0.407 
Pcr 7.39 MPa 
 Z 2  0.9656
T2 450 K
TR , 2    1.48 
Tcr 304.2 K 

Z 1 m& RT1 (0.9791)(2 kg/s)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(500 K)

Thus, V&1    0.06165 m 3 /kg
P1 (3000 kPa)

P1 (3000 kPa)
1    32.44 kg/m3
Z1 RT1 (0.9791)(0.1889 kPa  m /kg  K)(500 K)
3

Z 2 m& RT2 (0.9656)(2 kg/s)(0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(450 K)

V&2    0.05472 m 3 /kg
P2 (3000 kPa)

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 3-46
3-92 The pressure of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a
tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.08149 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 374.2 K, Pcr = 4.059 MPa
Analysis The specific volume of the refrigerant is
V 0.016773 m 3
v   0.016773 m 3 /kg
m 1 kg
R-134a
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
0.016773 m3/kg
RT (0.08149 kPa  m3/kg  K)(383 K) 110C
P   1861 kPa
v 0.016773 m3/kg
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
T 383 K 
TR    1.023 
Tcr 374.2 K 
 PR  0.39
v actual 0.016773 m3/kg
vR    2.24 
RTcr /Pcr (0.08149 kPa  m3/kg  K)(374.2 K)/(4059 kPa) 

Thus,
P  PR Pcr  (0.39)(4059 kPa)  1583 kPa
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13),
T  110C 
P  1600 kPa
v  0.016773 m 3 /kg 

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 3-47
Other Equations of State

3-93C The constant a represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the constant b represents the
volume occupied by the molecules. They are determined from the requirement that the critical isotherm has an inflection
point at the critical point.

3-94 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas, van der Waals, and
Beattie-Bridgeman equations. The error involved in each case is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of nitrogen are (Table A-1)
R = 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K, M = 28.013 kg/kmol, Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa
Analysis The specific volume of nitrogen is
V 3.27 m3
v   0.0327 m3/kg N2
m 100 kg
0.0327 m3/kg
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
175 K
RT (0.2968 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(175 K)
P   1588 kPa (5.5% error)
v 0.0327 m 3 /kg
(b) The van der Waals constants for nitrogen are determined from
27 R 2 Tcr2 (27)(0.2968 kPa  m 3 / kg  K) 2 (126.2 K) 2
a   0.175 m 6  kPa / kg 2
64 Pcr (64)(3390 kPa)
RTcr (0.2968 kPa  m 3 / kg  K)(126.2 K)
b   0.00138 m 3 / kg
8 Pcr 8  3390 kPa
Then,
RT a 0.2968175 0.175
P  2    1495 kPa (0.7% error)
v b v 0.0327  0.00138 (0.0327) 2
(c) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are
 a  0.02617 
A  Ao 1    136.23151    132.339
 v   0.9160 
 b   0.00691 
B  Bo 1    0.050461    0.05084
 v   0.9160 
c  4.2 10 4 m 3  K 3 /kmol

since v  Mv  (28.013 kg/kmol)(0.0327 m3/kg)  0.9160 m3/kmol . Substituting,

RuT  c 
1  3 v  B   2
A
P 2 
v  vT  v
8.314  175  4.2  104 
 2 
1  3
0.9160  0.05084  132.3392
(0.9160)  0.9160  175  0.9160
 1504 kPa (0.07% error)

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 3-48
3-95 Methane is heated in a rigid container. The final pressure of the methane is to be determined using the ideal gas
equation and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state.
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
T2 573 K Methane
P2  P1  (80 kPa)  156.5kPa
T1 293 K 80 kPa Q

(b) The specific molar volume of the methane is 20C

Ru T1 (8.314 kPa  m 3 /kmol  K)(293 K)

v1  v 2    30.45 m 3 /kmol
P1 80 kPa

Using the coefficients of Table 3-4 for methane and the given data, the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state for state 2
gives

RuT2  C  1 bR T  a a c   
P2    B0 RuT2  A0  02  2  u 23  6  3 2 1  2  exp(  / v 2 )
v2  T2  v v v v T2  v 
(8.314)(573)  2.286  106  1 0.003380  8.314  573  5.00
  0.04260  8.314  573  187.91  
30.45  2  2
30.453
 573  30.45
5.00  1.244  10 4 2.578  105  0.0060 
  1   exp( 0.0060 / 30.45 )
2
30.456 30.453 (573)2  30.452 
 156.5 kPa

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 3-49
3-96E The temperature of R-134a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the van der
Waals equation, and the refrigerant tables.
Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of R-134a are (Table A-1E)
R = 0.1052 psia·ft3/lbm·R, Tcr = 673.6 R, Pcr = 588.7 psia
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,

Pv (400 psia)(0.1144 ft 3 /lbm)

T   435 R
R 0.1052 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R

(b) The van der Waals constants for the refrigerant are determined from

27 R 2Tcr2 (27)(0.1052 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R) 2 (673.6 R) 2

a   3.596 ft 6  psia/lbm 2
64 Pcr (64)(588.7 psia)
RTcr (0.1052 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(673.6 R)
b   0.01504 ft 3 /lbm
8Pcr 8  588.7 psia
Then,

1 a  1  
 P  2 v  b   0.1144  0.01504  638 R
3.591
T 400 
R v  
0.1052  (0.3479) 2 

(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E),
P  400 psia 
T  100F (660 R)
v  0.1144 ft 3 /lbm 

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 3-50

3-97 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the
Beattie-Bridgeman equation. The error involved in each case is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are (Table A-1)
R = 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K and M = 28.013 kg/kmol
N2
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 0.041884 m3/kg
RT (0.2968 kPa  m3/kg  K)(150 K) 150 K
P   1063 kPa (6.3% error )
v 0.041884 m3/kg
(b) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are

 a  0.02617 
A  Ao 1    136.23151    133.193
 v   1.1733 
 b   0.00691 
B  Bo 1    0.050461    0.05076
 v   1.1733 
c  4.2 10 4 m 3  K 3 /kmol

since

v  Mv  (28.013 kg/kmol)(0.041884 m 3 /kg)  1.1733 m 3 /kmol .

Substituting,

RuT  c  A 8.314  150  4.2  104 

P  1  v  B    2 
1  3
1.1733  0.05076  133.1932
v  vT 
2 3
v 2
(1.1733)  1.1733  150  1.1733
 1000.4 kPa (negligible error)

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 3-51

3-98 Problem 3-97 is reconsidered. Using EES (or other) software, the pressure results of the ideal gas and Beattie-
Bridgeman equations with nitrogen data supplied by EES are to be compared. The temperature is to be plotted versus
specific volume for a pressure of 1000 kPa with respect to the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines of nitrogen over the
range of 110 K < T < 150 K.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

Function BeattBridg(T,v,M,R_u)
v_bar=v*M "Conversion from m^3/kg to m^3/kmol"
"The constants for the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state are found in text"
Ao=136.2315; aa=0.02617; Bo=0.05046; bb=-0.00691; cc=4.20*1E4
B=Bo*(1-bb/v_bar)
A=Ao*(1-aa/v_bar)
"The Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state is"
BeattBridg:=R_u*T/(v_bar**2)*(1-cc/(v_bar*T**3))*(v_bar+B)-A/v_bar**2
End

T=150 [K]
v=0.041884 [m^3/kg]
P_exper=1000 [kPa]
T_table=T; T_BB=T;T_idealgas=T
P_table=PRESSURE(Nitrogen,T=T_table,v=v) "EES data for nitrogen as a real gas"
{T_table=temperature(Nitrogen, P=P_table,v=v)}
M=MOLARMASS(Nitrogen)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant"
R=R_u/M "Particular gas constant"
P_idealgas=R*T_idealgas/v "Ideal gas equation"
P_BB=BeattBridg(T_BB,v,M,R_u) "Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state Function"

PBB [kPa] Ptable [kPa] Pidealgas [kPa] v [m3/kg] TBB [K] Tideal gas [K] Ttable [K]
1000 1000 1000 0.01 91.23 33.69 103.8
1000 1000 1000 0.02 95.52 67.39 103.8
1000 1000 1000 0.025 105 84.23 106.1
1000 1000 1000 0.03 116.8 101.1 117.2
1000 1000 1000 0.035 130.1 117.9 130.1
1000 1000 1000 0.04 144.4 134.8 144.3
1000 1000 1000 0.05 174.6 168.5 174.5

Nitrogen, T vs v for P=1000 kPa

160
Ideal Gas
150
Beattie-Bridgeman
140
EES Table Value
130

120
T [K]

110
1000 kPa
100

90

80

70
10-3 10-2 10-1

v [m3/kg]

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