Running head: EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 1

Educating Adolescent Athletes About Oral Health: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning,

Implementation, and Evaluation Phases

Natalie Dillon

Brianna Huggans

Jourdan Lemery

DHYG 435 Community Dental Health V

Spring Quarter, 2019

February 12

Assessment
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 2

One of the key components of education is implementing the information and reiterating

it enough that it is eventually retained. In cases of oral health care, integrating education early in

life has a large impact on the health of the individual later on throughout their life. For our

community health project we are educating adolescent female athletes about how nutrition,

prevention, and homecare all effect oral health. Brianna, one of our group members, is a soccer

coach for Seattle United and coaches a team of young female athletes who will be our target

population. Brianna reached out to her boss, Rich Reece, at 206-290-3511 to get approval to set

up a meeting with her team to educate them on the importance of oral health care and its

correlation to overall health.

Community Profile

The majority of the athletes are white females. Most come from a two-parent household

in Seattle. They play for a premier level soccer club and belong to a wealthy socioeconomic

class. Half of the girls attend private schools and half attend public schools. Most are fluent or

near fluent in a second language, with English being their first language.

Needs Assessment

The primary data and need for the adolescent female athletes are prevention and oral

health behaviors. They are under-educated in the effects of sports drinks, oral hygiene habits and

other preventative care methods. They are 15 year old females, have access to care, all belong to

wealthy households, and are receiving fluoridated water from the tap water in their houses.

Literature Review

Introduction
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 3

Our goal is to educate adolescent female athletes on the importance of dental health and

its correlation with overall health. We will achieve this goal by increasing the knowledge of

homecare and the decay process, increasing the knowledge of nutrition and oral health, and

increasing the knowledge of preventive methods that relate oral health to overall health. To

successfully reach these goals, we have used the ADPIED process to conduct a well-rounded,

interactive presentation that is focused for our specific target audience.

Objective One

Biofilm is a naturally occurring defense mechanism in the mouth that protects the teeth

from acidic foods and beverages in all individuals. Education on biofilm is especially important

to our target audience due to the fact that caries is the leading childhood disease. Its development

is determined by “local ecological factors at the site of colonization and varies… at different

surfaces even at the same tooth” (Larsen & Fiehn, 2017, para. 6). In other words, factors such as

diet, pH, and home care all contribute to the formation and removal of biofilm. According to an

article published by Colgate-Palmolive Company, “biofilms form when bacteria adhere to

surfaces in some form of watery environment and begin to excrete a slimy, glue-like substance

that can stick to all kinds of material” (2018). This attachment mechanism offers protection for

enamel, but at the same time allows for further attachment of bacteria without disruptions from

flossing or tooth brushing. Ideally, there is a balance that must be kept between resident

microflora and oral tissues “referred to as homeostasis” (Larsen et al., 2017). This balance is kept

by routine mechanical removal.

The goal of tooth brushing and flossing is to disrupt the oral biofilm, or dental plaque.

This disruption eliminates bacteria in tissues not periodontally involved by exposing air to
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 4

anaerobic bacteria that are protected within the biofilm. Mechanical removal of biofilm is key to

optimal oral health and is a “prerequisite for preventing caries… by controlling microbiota at

levels compatible with health” (Larsen et al., 2017, para. 13). In addition, “professional

mechanical cleaning of teeth will reverse the inflammation of gingiva to a healthy condition, if it

is followed up by oral hygiene at home twice a day by use of toothbrush… and dental floss”

(Larsen et al., 2017, para. 20). If one uses dental appliances such as night guards or sports mouth

guards, maintenance would require brushing/soaking these appliances as well. This literature is

necessary for our project because dental caries is the most common childhood disease and our

target audience are adolescent female athletes who may be at risk if they are not given the proper

educated on homecare.

Objective Two

It is imperative to know proper nutrition is an important factor in maintaining good oral

and overall health. The body needs the essential nutrients consisting of proteins, carbohydrates,

fats, vegetables, and fruits to energize the body and maintain health. However, it is important to

consider what other affects these foods may have on the body. Some food groups have negative

effects on an individual’s oral health. For example, “All carbohydrate foods eventually break

down into simple sugars: glucose, fructose, maltose and lactose. Fermentable carbohydrates

break down in the mouth… Fermentable carbohydrates work with bacteria to form acids that

begin the decay process and eventually destroy teeth” (Colgate, 2014). In other words,

carbohydrates have the greatest influence in the decay process. Paying attention to what kind of

carbohydrates are being consumed and at what time of day is crucial in trying to limit decay.

Although some foods are damaging to the oral cavity, some are beneficial. They are beneficial

because they contain phosphorus and calcium which help remineralize teeth or they help
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 5

neutralize acids produced from other foods. Cheese, chicken, meats, and nuts are some of the

foods which aid in maintaining good oral health (Colgate, 2014). Knowing what foods are

harmful and what foods are helpful will help when trying to maintain good oral and overall

health, in our target audience.

Acid erosion is another nutritional factor associated with nutrition and oral health. Acid

erosion is caused by acids which weaken and break down tooth enamel. Once tooth enamel is

lost, it does not reproduce itself. When enamel is eroded by acidic beverages and foods it leaves

dentin exposed, causes discoloration, and sensitivity (O’Neill, 2017). Acid erosion is a rising

problem as, “The overall consumption of carbonated soft drinks in the U.S. is continually

increasing, with between 56 and 85% of school-age children consuming at least 1 per day”

(Wright, 2015). As acidic beverages are being consumed more and more, the need for education

on the negative effects needs to be more present. For example, many are unaware bottled water is

also acidic and can cause acid erosion. Research on nutrition has helped us understand how to

educate the adolescent athletes on which kinds of bottled water are best to drink and what will

happen when consuming the acidic sports beverages.

Objective Three

In sports, trauma related injuries to a person’s face and mouth are very common.

According to a study, “The prevalence of traumatic injuries to the primary teeth is between 11

and 30 %, while in the permanent teeth it varies widely from the lowest rate of 2.6 % to the

highest at 50 %” (Tuna & Ozel, 2014, para. 5). When assessing our target audience, we saw that

the need for education on sports related mouth guards would be essential. The prevention of

orofacial injuries can prevent traumatic issues such as, “abnormality of primary teeth exfoliation,
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 6

failure of eruption of the permanent teeth, hypoplasia, abscesses with resultant tooth loss, dental

crowding, and gaps in the mouth. These deformations have the potential to cause problems in

terms of function, fonation, esthetics, and psychological well-being” (Tuna & Ozel, 2014, para.

4). In wearing sports guards, prevention of all of these isn’t possible, but stopping any of these

from occurring is a substantial start.

Also, in assessing our target audience, we saw the need for prevention measures that are

largely associated with adolescents and early education. The whole idea of prevention is to

prevent the problem before it occurs and so we thought the education about bruxism and occlusal

wear would be a fitting discussion. Bruxism is known to be seen early on, but recent research has

shown that there is an “association between bruxism, respiratory problems, and dental caries in

children” (Motta et al., 2014). If prevention of bruxism-related issues is possible, then talking to

children and young adults about preventive measures will prove to be important in the

implementation of these measures.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our goal to educate adolescent female athletes on the importance of oral

health and overall health will be accomplished by following our primary learning objectives such

as strengthening our target audience’s knowledge on homecare, proper nutrition and diet, and

preventive measures that can be taken to protect the longevity of their teeth in sports. A

disciplined homecare routine of tooth brushing and flossing will disrupt oral biofilm or dental

plaque development and will prevent the highest childhood disease, dental caries. Bringing

awareness to the importance of nutrition that will fuel and supplement the body will both
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 7

increase overall health and aid in the oral cavity. Preventive measures such as a sports guard will

protect the teeth in a traumatic event that could damage the dentition. Utilizing these goals will

increase the knowledge of our target audience.

Diagnosis

The target population is a group of 18 fifteen year old female athletes playing soccer in

Seattle. We felt educating them on oral home care is the most important thing to know, as it is

something they can easily control. Additionally, we will educate them on the importance of their

diet and how it affects their oral health. They are young enough where their parents still provide

their meals so they have less control over this aspect. Lastly, we will help them gain knowledge

on preventative methods like mouth guards when playing sports. The preventative methods are

lowest on our priorities as the team members are depended on their parents for purchasing the

appliances. Currently there are not any community partners who are serving this population.

Planning

Project Goal and Objectives

Our goal is to educate adolescent athletes on the importance of dental health and its

correlation with overall health. Our objectives are to increase the knowledge of nutrition and oral

health, increase the knowledge of preventive methods that relate oral health to overall health, and

increase the knowledge of homecare and the decay process for young female athletes. Our goals

and objectives will be measured by administering a pre and post test.

Timeline

April 2018- Decide the focus of our project and choose a target population
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 8

May 2018- Decide what information would be most beneficial to our audience

May 2018- Create our goal and 3 objectives

June 2018- Contact Rich with Seattle United

June 2018- Schedule presentation implementation day

July 2018- Start creating the presentation

July 2018- Create visuals/demonstrations that are environmentally appropriate (may be outside)

August 2018- Find a way to measure the outcome of the presentation

Early September 2018- Get supplies and goodie bags all together

September 2018- Implement presentation to target audience

October 2018- Evaluate results

Lesson Plan

Our lesson plan with be implemented in September 2018 either outside or in a conference

room at the local library. There will be 18 participants (adolescent female athletes),

approximately 15 years old. Our visual aids include a display trifold, a data chart, and table of

common water bottles used to discuss pH.

In addition to a pre- and post-test, the riddles game, “I’m thinking of…”, will be

implemented after our lesson plan on proper homecare to review/ assess what information was

learned. The following are examples of the types of questions that will be asked verbally to our

target audience:
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 9

○ I’m thinking of something that…

■ We should do after we eat and before we go to bed (brush)

■ Is a long string and is used to clean between teeth (floss)

■ Sticks to our teeth, is invisible, and causes tooth decay (plaque)

■ Bacteria and sugar make to dissolve tooth enamel (acid)

■ Is in toothpaste and drinking water to make teeth strong (fluoride)

This is a great learning tool for our target audience because it is competitive which complements

the sports team environment, and is interactive.

The display trifold board will be demonstrating the process of tooth decay by using a

display of pictures, photographs and actual dental objects. We will use textile pieces such as

wide ribbon or a satin to represent the smooth surface and enamel and a burlap textile to show

what decalcification is like and how plaque can adhere. We will pour a colored liquid down the

front of the textiles to visually show the importance of surface texture for healthy teeth.

The data chart will display information that supports the use of mouth guards in contact

sports for protecting teeth. We will also put together a chart summarizing information about what

kinds of foods, food groups, and beverages that contribute to caries and what should be limited.

Our data chart will also have information that will help our target audience understand the

importance of flossing via visual drawings for regular and orthodontic dentition.

Budget

Items Proposed costs Actual costs

White board markers, color pencils, candy $15.00 $18.00

EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 10

Soda, bottled water, Gatorade, cups $10.00 $15.00

Gas, transportation $10.00 $5.00

Printing of handouts $5.00 $6.00

Summary
It is important we educate adolescent athletes on nutrition, prevention, and homecare to

improve their oral health. Athletes are exposed to acidic sports beverages, and more incidences

of trauma than the average person. We feel it is important they understand how to help reduce

incidences of trauma and how their homecare can help reduce caries due to the amount of sugary

drinks and fast, on-the-go-food that they consume. The next phase in our program planning is

implementation. Our implementation will consist of education as well as a formative and

summative process evaluation.

Implementation

Our group member, Brianna, is the coach of our target audience and she was able to

communicate through her team communication platform called TeamSnap to present to her

players on November 12. Written consent was provided per team member through the app and

together we chose to present after a team meeting at the Broadview public library in Greenwood,

WA at 5:15pm. The audience consisted of 15 out of the 16 players on the team. Our presentation

lasted 45 minutes and could have benefitted from a longer duration to include the final game we

planned on playing at the end of the presentation. The girls were given a written pre-test to

answer individually while we were setting up our presentation. An obstacle we faced consisted

of technical difficulties where we could not connect our laptop to the projector screen to view the
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 11

PowerPoint. We troubleshooted this issue by presenting the PowerPoint via laptop on a center

table and had the girls sit on the floor in front of the computer.

As a group, we utilized our main objectives to create our presentation with the goal to

increase the knowledge of nutrition and oral health, increase the knowledge of preventive

methods that relate oral health to overall health, and to increase the knowledge of homecare and

the decay process for young female athletes. Our delivery method was a group presentation with

the goal of increasing our target population’s knowledge on oral health. The main portion of our

presentation was a PowerPoint, supplemented with visual aids. The presentation addressed the

topics of nutrition (how it relates to the decay process and the effects of acid on your teeth), oral

hygiene (brushing, flossing, caring for braces, and the importance of regular interval dental

visits), and mouth guards (how they prevent damage to the oral cavity).

The visual aids used during the presentation included water acidity testing, PowerPoint

presentation with videos, engaging drawings on the whiteboard, hands-on demonstration of

flossing technique and candy questions. During the water acidity test, multiple types and brands

of water were poured into cups and introduced to chemical drops that allowed the water to

change color depending on its acidity. We described to the audience how acidity affects our teeth

and asked why different types of water would be better to drink than others. PowerPoint was

used during the whole presentation, and gave the audience visual understanding of our topics as

well as auditory. Videos demonstrating brushing technique, flossing technique, use of sport

guards and acid erosion from soda were all played to elaborate on the lecture portion of the

presentation. During the introduction to our presentation, an interactive drawing was done on the

whiteboard to demonstrate the anatomy of a tooth, the limited access to periodontal pockets, and

the effects of decay due to improper removal of biofilm. During the video about flossing
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 12

technique, each pair of girls was given a piece of floss and asked to demonstrate what they

learned using their partner’s fingers as teeth. Throughout the presentation we included candy

questions that awarded candy to those in the audience that could answer the question associated

with a specific PowerPoint slide.

Summary

Overall, we had to troubleshoot our original plan due to the unseen circumstances

presented at the library. Our goal was to increase the knowledge of nutrition and oral health,

increase the knowledge of preventive methods that relate oral health to overall health, and to

increase the knowledge of homecare and the decay process for young female athletes. Now that

we have implemented our objectives, we will assess this data from our pre- and post- test in our

upcoming evaluation phase.

Evaluation

During this project, our goal was to educate adolescent female athletes on the importance

of dental health and its correlation with overall health. We wanted to achieve this goal by

increasing the knowledge of homecare and the decay process for young female athletes,

increasing the knowledge of nutrition and oral health, and increasing the knowledge of

preventive methods that relate oral health to overall health. During the formative evaluation

phase of the project, we were confident the presentation was a well-rounded, interactive

presentation that was focused for our specific target audience. An area where we thought

improvement was needed, was balancing the three objectives throughout the presentation. We

found that homecare had the most information and was going to be the subject that needed the

greatest amount of time to present. To allot the right amount of time for this subject, we thought

we would have to cut out information about nutrition and prevention, but after putting the
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 13

presentation together, we found that we could still fit in all the information without having to

shorten the homecare section.

After the implementation phase, we were able to summatively evaluate our strengths and

weaknesses to decide whether or not the project could be used in the future to continue educating

young adult athletes. Strengths from our project included exceptional target audience

engagement. A candy rewards system was used throughout the presentation to help keep them

engaged. We used multiple visual aids as well to keep attention. We adapted learning objectives

to the age of our target population. We worked well together as group members to ensure a fair

amount of the work was done and it was completed in a timely matter. In contrast to our

strengths, we possessed weaknesses too. We had multiple google docs shared between us and the

wrong pre and post tests were administered to our target population. Another weakness

discovered was a low need for our target population, demographically and involving their age

group, because they are healthy, active, high socioeconomic class adolescents. We did not

account for the time limitations in a public library. We only had 50 minutes to present which also

included equipment failure and technical difficulties.

After re-evaluating our goals and objectives, it was concluded that we created a

sustainable project to make a difference in the lives we presented to. It is proven through our pre

and post-program tests that showed a 20.76% increase in overall knowledge of our topics (See

Appendix D). Our presentation could be applied to any teenage athlete with minimal

modifications. To enhance success of future presentations we would be more organized by

printing the correct materials, be more thorough about our predicted costs so we don’t overspend

and visiting the facility beforehand to verify our equipment is compatible with the library’s

technology. If we were to present again, we would modify our presentation by including more
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 14

interactive activities such as Kahoot, or having them put the pH drops into the different

beverages. We would also have two separate group members reserve time blocks at the library so

time would not be an issue.

Summary

To conclude, our project educated adolescent female athletes on the importance of dental

health and its correlation with overall health. The adolescent athlete’s knowledge increased from

75% to 95.76%, an overall 20.76% increase. Through our presentation, our goal and objectives

were met.
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 15

References

Colgate. (2014, May 7). Mouth-Healthy Eating. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from:

https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/basics/nutrition-and-oral-health/

Colgate-Palmolive Company, 2018. What is Biofilm? Colgate Professional. Retrieved

May 20, 2018 from: https://www.colgateprofessional.com/education/patient-

education/topics /plaque-and-gingivitis/what-is-biofilm.

Larsen, T., Fiehn N. (2017). Dental Biofilm Infections – An Update. Acta Pathologica,

Microbiologica, Eet Immunologica Scandinavica, 376-384. Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apm.12688

Motta, L., Bortoletto, C., Marques, A., Ferrari, R. A., Fernandes, K. P., & Bussadori, S.

(2014). Association between respiratory problems and dental caries in children with

bruxism. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 25(1), 9-13.

doi:http://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2091/10 .4103/0970-9290.131047

Tosuni-O'Neill, D. (2017). How Acidic Foods Affect Teeth And Which To Avoid.

Retrieved from: http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/life-stages/adult-oral-

care/article/ how-acidic-foods-affect-teeth-and-which-to-avoid-1215

Tuna, E. B., & Ozel, E. (2014). Factors affecting sports-related orofacial injuries and the

importance of mouthguards. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 777-83. Retrieved from

EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 16

http://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2507/login?url=https://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2482/docview/1

623481348?accountid=1553

Wright, Kellie F, RDH,B.S., C.C.L.S. (2015). Is your drinking water acidic? A

comparison of the varied pH of popular bottled waters. Journal of Dental Hygiene

(Online), 89, 6-12. Retrieved from

http://lmcproxy.lwtech.edu:2507/login?url=https://lmcproxy.lwtech.e

du:2482/docview/1788486151?accountid=1553
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 17

Appendix A

Lesson Plan
TITLE: Education adolescent athletes about oral health TARGET GROUP: Adolescent female
soccer players
ESTIMATED LENGTH: 45-60 min, evening time INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD: Demonstration
and Discussion

EDUCATIONAL GOAL: to educate adolescent athletes on the importance of dental health and
its correlation with overall health.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Demonstrate correct technique for brushing
2. State the process and development of calculus
3. Demonstrate the process of tooth decay
4. Discuss nutrition and how it affects oral health
5. Use display board to show how decalcification works and how it leads to more problems (plaque
adherence)
6. Discuss why sugary drinks and foods are bad for your teeth (bacteria food)

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
Our visual aids with include a display trifold, a data chart, and table of common water
bottles used to discuss pH. The display trifold board will be demonstrating the process of tooth
decay by using a display of pictures, photographs and actual dental objects. We will use textile
pieces such as wide ribbon or a satin to represent the smooth surface and enamel and a burlap
textile to show what decalcification is like and how plaque can adhere. We will pour a colored
liquid down the front of the textiles to visually show the importance of surface texture for
healthy teeth.
The data chart will display information that supports the use of mouth guards in contact
sports for protecting teeth. We will also put together a chart summarizing information about what
kinds of foods, food groups, and beverages that contribute to caries and what should be limited.
Our data chart will also have information that will help our target audience understand the
importance of flossing via visual drawings for regular and orthodontic dentition.

LEARNING ACTIVITY:
Quiz—“How to protect our teeth” with multiple choice questions about biofilm formation/ homecare,
nutrition and sports guards
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 18

Body
1. Distribute quiz 8 minutes for adolescents to complete quiz and review myths.
2. Discuss to highlight and explain:
a. Basic biofilm formation
b. Nutrition that contributes or reduces risk of caries
c. Plaque-Sugar-Acid-Tooth Decay relationships
d. Basic brushing and flossing techniques
e. Importance of sports guard to prevent traumatic injuries to mouth

Closure:
We’ve talked in depth about biofilm formation naturally in the environment our bodies provide and what
nutritional/ non-nutritional items can contribute to this process. Homecare and diet are the main
controllable factors that we can do to maintain oral health. The effects of these factors are presented in the
oral cavity and reflect our home care skills and our diet choices. In addition to home care and diet, we can
further protect our teeth by wearing a protective device such as a sports guard to cushion potential
traumatic injuries seen in physical activity.
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 19

Appendix B
Pre-Test 11/12/18
1.) How long should you brush your teeth?
a.) 30 seconds
b.) 1 minute
c.) 2 minutes
d.) As long as you can
2.) Why do you brush your teeth? (No wrong answer here!)
a.) So my breath smells good
b.) It feels better
c.) To prevent disease
d.) Habit, I’ve always been told to
e.) Other: ___________________________
3.) What is the best way to prevent cavities?
a.) Brushing twice a day and flossing once a day
b.) Eating nutritional, whole foods
c.) Limiting carbonating and sugary drinks and foods
d.) All of the above
4.) Can good oral hygiene and diet prevent cavities?
a.) Yes
b.) No
c.) I don’t know
5.) Why is fluoride good for your teeth?
a.) Neutralizes acid in your mouth from plaque
b.) Helps repair enamel
c.) Prevents breakdown of enamel
d.) All of the above
6.) What shape do you make your floss when flossing between your teeth?
a.) S
b.) O
c.) C
d.) I
7.) What is the best method to brush your teeth?
a.) Move the brush fast, in a back and forth pattern
b.) Make small circles, angling the brush 90 degrees to tooth
c.) Make small circle, angling brush 45 degrees to tooth
d.) However you do it is beneficial
8.) What can you do to protect your teeth from physical harm?
a.) Not play sports
b.) Avoid physical contact with players
c.) Wear a sports guard
Appendix C
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 20

Post-Test 11/12/18

1. How long should you brush your teeth?

e.) 30 seconds
f.) 1 minute
g.) 2 minutes
h.) As long as you can
2. Why do you brush your teeth? (No wrong answer here!)
i.) So my breath smells good
j.) It feels better
k.) To prevent disease
l.) Habit, I’ve always been told to
m.) Other: ___________________________
3. What is the best way to prevent cavities?
n.) Brushing twice a day and flossing once a day
o.) Eating nutritional, whole foods
p.) Limiting carbonating and sugary drinks and foods
q.) All of the above
4. Can good oral hygiene and diet prevent cavities?
r.) Yes
s.) No
t.) I don’t know
5. Why is fluoride good for your teeth?
u.) Neutralizes acid in your mouth from plaque
v.) Helps repair enamel
w.) Prevents breakdown of enamel
x.) All of the above
6. What shape do you make your floss when flossing between your teeth?
y.) S
z.) O
aa.) C
bb.) I
7. What is the best method to brush your teeth?
cc.) Move the brush fast, in a back and forth pattern
dd.) Make small circles, angling the brush 90 degrees to tooth
ee.) Make small circle, angling brush 45 degrees to tooth
ff.) However you do it is beneficial
8. What can you do to protect your teeth from physical harm?
a.) Not play sports
b.) Avoid physical contact with players
c.) Wear a sports guard
Appendix D
EDUCATING ADOLESCENT ATHLETES ABOUT ORAL HEALTH 21