NEW YORK CITY COLLEGE of TECHNOLOGY

THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

Course : EET 2140 Communications Electronics

Module 14: PLL for FM demodulation and final review
Prepared by: Dr. Djafar K. Mynbaev
Spring 2008
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 1
 Module 14: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
as an FM demodulator; review for
final examination
• Review of FM
• FM demodulator with
phase-locked loop (PLL)
• Review for the final exam
• Reminder:
– Final exam will be next
week!
– Last chance to submit a
term project is the next
week!
– You must bring all your
works (quizzes and term
project) next week!
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008
Key words
• Frequency modulation (FM)
• Parameters of FM signal
• Modulation index and
spectrum of FM signal
• Voltage-control oscillator as
FM modulator
• Slope detector as FM
demodulator
• Phase-locked loop (PLL)
circuit
• PLL as FM demodulator
2
 Frequency modulation (review)
•Circuit layout and simulation of the processes
have been done by using Multisim of Electronic
Workbench.
•Calculations and graphs for spectral analysis
have been done with Microsoft Excel.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 3

 XSC1
G Main drawback of AM
T

A B
Schematic for
simulation of
C A1 AM
A
V1 transmission
5uV B
AM 1kHz 100 Hz 1 V/V
0 V
with noise. Generated AM signal.
V2
WHITE_NOISE

You will recall that an AM signal carries information

by its amplitude. Noise distorts the amplitude of any
signal. Thus, the amplitude of a received AM signal
will be distorted and wrong information will received.
This drawback is caused by the very nature of AM
signal and cannot be eliminated by any technological
advances.
The ultimate solution to this problem is switching to
Transmitted AM signal plus noise.
frequency-modulated (FM) transmission.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 4

 XSC1
G
Main advantage of FM
T

A B

Schematic for
V1 C A1 simulation of
5uV A
FM 1kHz 100 Hz
B
FM transmission
1 V/V
0 V
with noise.
V2
WHITE_NOISE
Transmitted FM signal plus noise.

You will recall that an FM signal carries information

by its frequency. Noise distorts the amplitude of any
signal, but it doesn’t prevent an FM signal from
delivering correct information.As the right top figure
shows, we can recover the correct frequency
information in spite of heavily present noise. This
figure clearly illustrates the main advantage of FM
transmission.
Of course, if a signal is buried in noise, as the bottom
figure shows, recovering the correct information would
be a difficult task. (Please recall yourself about signal-
to-noise ratio.)
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 5
 FM signal and its parameters
Information
(modulating) signal
vM(t) = AM cos (2 fMt)

Frequency of FM signal,
fFM(t) = fC + k vM(t) =
fC + kFM AM cos (2 fMt),
follows the fluctuations in
an information signal.

Show the maximum, the T Tmi Tmax

minimum and instantaneous n
values of the frequency of the
FM signal.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 6
 15
10

Magnitude (V)
5
0 Modulation
-5 1 index β = 3
-10
-15
Time (ms)

15
10
Magnitude (V)

5
0
Modulation
index β = 6
-5 1
-10
-15
Time (ms)

Sinusoidal FM signals with various modulation indexes.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 7

Frequency spectrum and bandwidth
1.2 of an FM signal
1 AC
0.8
The frequency spectrum of an 0.6
FM signal with various 0.4
0.2
β =0
modulation indexes. 0

Observe: 1 fC
fC
1. The higher the modulation 1.2
1
index, the greater the number of 0.8
frequencies the FM signal
contains.
0.6
0.4 β =1
0.2
2. We have placed the amplitude 0

of value 1 as a reference point in 1

fC - fM fC + fM
the three bottom figures; this 1.2

―yardstick‖ allows us to show the

1
0.8
relative value of other amplitudes. 0.6

In reality, we use as a reference the 0.4

0.2
β =3
amplitude of an un-modulated 0
1
carrier signal, AC, which f C - 2f M f C + 2f M
corresponds to the amplitude 1.2

shown here at β = 0.
1
0.8
(Remember that by definition: mf 0.6

≡ β.) 0.4
0.2 β =6
0
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 8
1
BW FM
Frequency spectrum and bandwidth of an FM signal
The bandwidth of a sinusoidal FM signal can be calculated as
BWFM = 2nfM,
where n is the highest order of a side frequency and fM is of course the
modulating frequency. From the figure at the previous slide, you can see that for β =
1, we have four side frequencies on each side; that is, n = 4. Hence, in this case,
BWFM = 2 x 4 fM = 8fM. In fact, the highest- and the lowest-order side frequencies are
equal to fn = fC + n fM and fn = fC - n fM, respectively. Bandwidth, by definition, is
the range of frequencies a given signal occupies. Therefore, to compute the
bandwidth, we need to subtract the lowest frequency from the highest. In our case,
we obtain: BWFM = fC + n fM – (fC - n fM) = 2nfM.
Note that, in contrast to amplitude modulation, the bandwidth of an FM signal
depends on the modulation index and, therefore, relies on the modulating signal.
However, it is the peak frequency deviation, Δf, that determines the FM bandwidth.
Higher-order side frequencies usually have very small amplitudes. Thus, in
reality, we overestimate the bandwidth we need for practical use. If we neglect those
frequencies whose amplitudes are not more than 5% of the amplitude of an un-
modulated carrier signal, we can use approximate formula:
BWFM ≈ 2(β + 1)fM or BWFM ≈ 2(β + 1) fM = 2(Δf + fM) = 2(kFM AM + fM)
This formula is called Carson’s rule.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 9
Frequency spectrum and
bandwidth of an FM signal XSC1
Waveform of an FM signal
G
T
A B

XSA1

V1
R1 1kOhm
FM 1V 100k Hz 10k Hz
IN T

FM
Ge n

Schematic for simulation of an FM

signal [3].

mf ≡ β = 5. Since β = Δf/fM , then Δf = β fM Spectrum of an FM signal (Span 200

kHz, center frequency 100 kHz.)
= 5 x 10 kHz = 50 kHz.
The spectrum of this FM signal contains 9
side frequencies; thus, n = 9 and BWFM =
2nfM = 18 x 10 kHz = 180 kHz.
The use of approximate formula yields
BWFM ≈ 2(β + 1)fM = 12 x 10 kHz = 120
kHz.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 10
FM modulators

Voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO)

kFM (Hz/V)

vM(t) vFM(t)

How to obtain an FM signal?

Use a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which is a device that generates a
sinusoidal signal and allows for changing the frequency of this signal by an
external voltage.
Here, VCO generates a carrier signal. Information (modulating) signal controls
the variations in frequency of the carrier signal. The result is a frequency-
modulated (FM) signal. This is an example of a direct FM modulator.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 11

Direct FM modulator

G
T
A B
Variable control input VCO 8
1kOhm
R1
4 V CC
RST
7 3
DIS OUT Output
6
2 THR

20k Ohm TRI 10k Ohm

R2 5 RL
Mod 1V 10k Hz CON 5V
GND V cc
signal
LM555CN 1

2.8V 320pF
C

VCO (a 555 integrated circuit timer)

generates square-wave (pulse) output,
which is used as an FM carrier [3].
Here carrier frequency varies according to
variations in modulating signal (red
sinusoid), which is applied to the control
input of a VCO.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 12
FM demodulators

FM demodulator

vFM(t) vM(t)

An FM demodulator has to recover the original (information) signal from

incoming FM signal.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 13

FM demodulator
I (A)
I(A) = IM cos (2 fMt)

Imax (A)

Imin (A)

(fFM)min= fC - Δf ƒC (fFM)max= fC + Δf ƒ (Hz)

fFM(t) = fC + kFM AM cos (2 fMt)

We can use a resonant circuit to convert frequency variations into amplitude
variations. Here, the frequency swing from (fFM)max= fC + Δf to (fFM)min= fC - Δf
results in current variations from Imax to Imin. Since this principle of operation is
based on using the slope of a resonant curve, the appropriate circuit is called slope
detector.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 14
Frequency discriminator

v (V)

K (Hz/V)

f(t) f (Hz) V(t)

The resonance circuit is an example of a frequency discriminator, the circuit is used to

convert frequency variations into voltage (current) changes. The above symbol shows
the concept and designation of a frequency discriminator with voltage-to-frequency
conversion coefficient K (Hz/V)[1]. Clearly, the slope of the linear segment of this
graph is given by (1/K) (V/Hz).
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 15
FM demodulator – slope detector

G Resonant
A B
T
circuit
converts
2kOhm
frequency
R1
variations
FM 5V 100k Hz 2kHz
1m H
L1
1nF
C1 into
amplitude
variations.

G
T
A B

1 2
2kOhm D
R1

1m H 1nF 20k Ohm

FM L1 C1 R
5V 100k Hz 2k Hz
Recall AM demodulation:
Diode rectifies the signal.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 16

FM demodulator – slope detector
G
T
A B

1 2
2kOhm D 2nF
R1 Cc

1m H 1nF 20k Ohm 4nF

L1 C1 R C 200k Ohm
FM 5V 100k Hz 2k Hz RL

Low-pass R-C filter

―cleans‖ the signal and
capacitor Cc blocks the
dc component [3].

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 17

 PLL FM demodulator
• Circuit layout and simulation of the
processes have been done by using
Multisim of Electronic Workbench.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 18

 Phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit and its use as a FM demodulator: PLL is one of the most
widely used electronic component. Of course, it is implemented as an integrated-circuit (IC). We will
concentrate on the use of PLL for FM demodulation, which one of the main applications of PLL.

Error voltage Output voltage

VPD Vout
Phase detector (PD) Low-pass filter (LPF)
KPD (V/rad) KLPF (V/V)

VCO initial signal:

v’VCO = AVCO cos(2πf + ΘVCO)
Input signal:
vin = Ain cos(2π f + Θin)
Voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO)
VCO output signal KVCO (rad/(s-V)) Feedback voltage
vVCO Vout
Principle of PLL operation: PLL is a classical example of a closed-loop (negative-feedback) system. Phased detector
compares input and VCO signals and, if there is a difference between them, produces error signal. This error voltage after
being ―cleaned‖ by a low-pass filter serves as an output signal of the system. At the same time, this error (output) voltage is
presented to voltage-controlled oscillator, which makes the VCO generates such a signal that will reduce the difference
between vin and vVCO to zero.
Let’s consider two cases: Case 1 when input and VCO signals have the same frequencies but different phases and Case 2
when input and VCO signals have different frequencies.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 19
 Detailed look at the PD operation
Case 1: Input and VCO signals have the
same frequencies.
Phase detector, PD, compares two
signals—input and VCO—at every
instant. If they are the same, the phase
detector produces no error voltage. If
they have the same frequencies, but
different phase shifts, PD detects a
constant difference between them at
every moment and generates constant
error voltage.
Case 2: Input and VCO signals have
different frequencies.
Phase detector, again, compares two
signals at every instant. In this case,
since they have different frequencies,
PD detects variable difference between
them. This difference is the error
voltage, VPD, and this voltage varies the
same way as the difference between
two frequencies changes.

VPD = KPD (Θin – ΘVCO) = constant VPD = KPD (fin – fVCO) = variable

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 20

 Phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit

Two same-
frequency Output PD voltage,
VPD (V)
signals with
different Output voltage
phases as Voltage VPD Vout = KPD KLPF
seen by PD = KPD (Θin – ΘVCO) x (Θin – ΘVCO)
Phase detector (PD) Low-pass filter
KPD (V/rad) KLPF (V/V)

VCO initial signal:

vVCO = AVCO cos(2πf + ΘVCO)
Input signal:
vin = Ain cos(2π f + Θin)
Voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO)
VCO output signal vVCO KVCO (rad/(s-V)) Vout = KPD KLPF
= KVCO AVCO cos(2πf + 0) x (Θin – ΘVCO)
Principle of PLL operation: Case 1 – Input and VCO signals’ frequencies, f, are the same. VCO is set to generate a sinusoidal
signal with frequency f and phase ΘVCO. A phase detector (PD) compares the phases of an input Θin and the VCO ΘVCO
signals and produces an error voltage VPD proportional to their difference. After filtering, this error voltage (in this case – dc,
as shown in the previous slide in detail) is applied to the VCO, which forces the VCO generates such a signal that reduces the
phase difference to zero; that is, Θin – ΘVCO  0. Output voltage is a filtered error voltage.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 21
 Phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit

Output PD voltage,
VPD (V)
Output voltage
Two signals with Voltage vPD vout = KPD KLPF
different frequencies = KPD (fin – fVCO) x (fin – fVCO)
as seen by PD Phase detector (PD) Low-pass filter
KPD (V/rad) KLPF (V/V)

VCO initial signal:

v’VCO = AVCO cos(2πfVCO)
Input signal:
vin = Ain cos(2π fin)
Voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO)
VCO output signal vVCO KVCO (rad/(s-V)) Vout = KPD KLPF
= KVCO AVCO cos(2π fint) x (fin – fVCO)

Case 2 – Input and VCO signals have different frequencies. VCO is set to generate a sinusoidal signal with frequency fVCO. A
phase detector (PD) compares the frequencies of an input signal, fin, and the VCO signal, fVCO,and produces an error voltage
VPD proportional to their difference. This error voltage after filtering is applied to the VCO, which adjust the VCO signal’s to
make fin – fVCO = 0. Since the difference fin – fVCO keeps changing, voltage vout changes accordingly. (Remember,
frequency is a derivative of phase, f = dΘ/dt; hence, phase is an integral of frequency. VCO does this integration.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 22

Concept of PLL FM demodulator: How to use this property of PLL to demodulate FM signal? Let’s
recall that for producing an FM signal we have used VCO! The VCO has generated a carrier signal, whereas
input—information (modulating) signal—has controlled the variations in frequency of the carrier signal. The
result has been a frequency-modulated (FM) signal.
FM modulator

Voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO)

kFM (Hz/V)
vM(t) vFM(t)
An FM demodulator has to recover the original (information) signal from incoming FM signal.
FM demodulator

FM demodulator

vFM(t) vM(t)
If we could reproduce at the demodulator side the voltage that has controlled the VCO in FM modulator, we
would obtain the information (modulating) signal. But this is exactly what PLL is doing!

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 23

Concept of PLL FM

Output PD voltage,
demodulator
Output voltage

VPD (V)
vout = KPD KLPF vM,
where vM is
information
Voltage VPD (modulating signal:
~ KPD (fFM – fVCO) vM = AM cos (2 fMt).
Phase detector (PD) Low-pass filter
FM input signal: KPD (V/rad) KLPF (V/V)
vFM = AC cos(2π fC +
kFM AM cos (2 fMt).
fFM(t) = fC + VCO initial signal:
kFM AM cos (2 fMt). vVCO = AVCO cos(2πfVCO)

VCO output signal: Voltage-controlled

vVCO = KVCO A cos(2π fFM) oscillator (VCO)
= AVCO cos (2π fC + kFM x KVCO (rad/(s-V)) Vout = KPD KLPF vM
AM cos (2 fMt).

A phase detector (PD) compares the frequency of an input FM signal with the frequency generated by a VCO
and produces a voltage VPD proportional to their difference. After filtering, this voltage becomes proportional
to an information (modulating) signal and this is the detected information signal. This voltage also forces the
VCO to track an input FM frequency, thus keeping the process running.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 24

PLL FM demodulator - MultiSim simulation

G
FM T
Recovered
Input A B Mod Signal

Input FM (below) and recovered

In1 Out In Out
information (top)signals.
In2
100kohm
LPF R
Phas e_De t 300pF
C
Fout V in

V CO
FM 10V 100kHz 5kHz

Phase-locked loop (PLL) FM demodulator [3]:

Observe that PLL needs some acquisition interval to adjust PLL acquisition (capture) stage as reflected
VCO’s signal to an input FM signal, as the right bottom at recovered information (top)signals.
figure shows. After this stage, the PLL produces the
replica of an information signal, the ―copy‖ of a signal that
has driven a transmitter’s VCO when FM signal has been
produced for transmission.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 25
Assignments:
1. Reading:
a. Textbook: Pages 271-278.
b. Paul Young, Electronic Communication Techniques, 5th Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2004: Sections ―Frequency and Phase Modulation: PLL
Demodulator‖ and ―Phase-Locked Loops.‖
2. Homework problems: Chapter 5: ## 23-26.
3. Carefully review the examples given in this lecture.
4. Compare the signals recovered by a PLL demodulator and a slope detector
and explain the advantage of a PLL demodulator.
References to Module 12:
1. Jeffrey S. Beasley and Garry M. Miller, Modern Electronic Communication, 9th ed.,
Prentice Hall, 2007.
2. Paul H. Young, Electronic Communication Techniques, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004.
3. Richard H. Berube, Learning Electronics Communications Through Experimentation
Using Electronics Workbench Multisim, Prentice Hall, 2002.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 26
Review for the final examination:
• Communications system
• Filters
• Crystal oscillators
• Spectral analysis
• Amplitude modulation (AM)
• Noise
• Frequency modulation (FM)
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 27
Topic: Communications system and frequency response of R, L
and C components

You must be able to:

• Sketch the block diagram of a communications systems and explain the
function of each unit;
• Explain where the communications electronics reside and what is its
function;
• Compute the values of XL and XC and sketch their graphs versus
frequency;
• Show the relationship between VL and VC in phasor and in waveform
formats;
• Sketch an equivalent circuits for R, L and C components for low-frequency
(ƒ  0) and high-frequency (ƒ  ∞) input signals.
•Explain how R-C circuit can serve as a low-pass filter.
•Explain how R-L circuit can serve as a low-pass filter.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 28

Topic: Passive and active filters
You must be able to:
• For a low-pass R-C filter
• Explain the principle of operation;
• Compute a critical frequency;
• Compute Av = Vout / Vin and Θ in general case and at a critical frequency;
• Determine how the main filter characteristics—Av = Vout / Vin and Θ—will change with
changing the values of a filter components R and C.
• For a high-pass R-C filter compute Av = Vout / Vin and Θ in general case and at a critical
frequency;
• Explain the principle of operation and qualitatively sketch the main characteristics of a band-pass
and band-stop filters;
• Define high-pass, band-pass and band-stop filters;
• Sketch R-C circuits for high-pass and band-pass filters.
• Explain the need for active filters.
• Active filters: Explain the principle of operation, sketch Av = Vout / Vin graph and explain the
need and the main advantage of active over the passive filters.
• Calculate power in dBm;
• Calculate gain and loss in dB.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 29
Topic: Crystal oscillators
You must be able to:
• Explain why do we need oscillators in communications system
• Explain the principle of operation of a crystal oscillator
• Sketch an equivalent circuit of a crystal oscillator and explain its
operation
• Discuss the quality factor of a crystal oscillator
• Discuss the main parameters of crystal oscillators
• Discuss advantages of crystal oscillators as compared to electronic
oscillators.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 30

Topics: Spectral analysis
You must be able to:
• Explain the concept of time domain and frequency domain and Identify signals in these
domains;
• Distinguish between waveform and spectrum of a given periodic signal;
• Explain the concept of spectral analysis and synthesis;
• Understand and use for computations the formula for period and frequency of a harmonic
signal;
• Formulate the Fourier theorem;
• Use the Fourier formula for calculations of coefficients of the Fourier series;
• Work with Table 1-4 [1] and compute the values of amplitudes of members of the Fourier
series of any given signal;
• Sketch the components of Fourier series given in Table 1-4 [1] in time and frequency
domains;
• Show the spectrum of a signal based on its Fourier series – spectrum analysis;
• Show the waveform of a signal based on its spectrum – spectral synthesis;
• Explain the effect of filtering on signals in both time and frequency domains;
• Compute the amplitudes of output spectral components of a signal presented to a given
filter;
• Sketch the waveforms of given harmonics before and after filtering;
• Explain harmonic distortion.
• Compute total harmonic distortion.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 31

Topic: Amplitude modulation.
You must be able to:
• Identify modulating, carrier and modulated signals and their parameters
(amplitudes and periods) in time domain (from waveforms);
•Identify the envelopes of a modulated signal;
•Compute a modulation index by two methods in absolute number and in
percents;
•Compute the amplitudes and the frequencies of upper and lower sidebands and
the carrier;
•Compute the bandwidth of an AM signal;
•Compute the power of a carrier and upper and lower sidebands and the total
power of an AM signal;
•Explain transmission of an AM signal;
•Explain how to generate an AM signal;
•Discuss the block diagrams of AM transmitter and its operations;
•Discuss the problem of AM demodulation;
•Sketch the circuit of an AM detector and explain its operation;
•Discuss the block diagram of AM superheterodyne receiver and its operation;
•Discuss the AM demodulation in frequency-domain presentation.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 32
Topic: Noise
You must be able to:
• Define noise and explain how it affects a transmitted signal;
• Distinguish between external and internal noise and list the sources of the both types of noise;
• Classify all types of noise you know;
• List all the the measures to eliminate noise or reduce its harmful effect;
• Explain what is an external noise and how we can reduce its effect.
• Explain what is an internal noise and how we can reduce its effect.
• Explain the specific types (thermal, shot and flicker) of internal noise.
• Explain the random nature of noise (e.g., can we predict the exact instantaneous value of noise
power?)
• Compute the average noise power, rms noise voltage and power spectral density of thermal, shot
and flicker noise;
• Define spectral density and explain how noise spectral density relates to noise power;
• Qualitatively sketch the graph of the power spectral density of flicker, thermal and shot noise;
• Qualitatively sketch the general graph of noise spectral density of semiconductor devices versus
frequency, distinguish among main segments of this graph and name them and explain whether
this graph relates to external or internal noise;
• Explain the concept and compute signal-to-noise ratio;
• Explain how signal-to-noise ratio affects the transmission capacity of a communications system
and compute this capacity (Shannon’s formula);
• Explain the concept and compute noise figure and noise ratio.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 33
Topic: Frequency modulation (FM).
You must be able to:
•Describe the concept of frequency modulation (FM);
•Describe parameters of an FM signal and calculate average power of an FM signal;
•Present the general formula of an FM signal and show the formula for instantaneous value of its
frequency;
•Calculate peak frequency variations and maximum, minimum and instantaneous frequency
values and show these values at the waveform of an FM signal;
•Calculate modulation index and show how FM signal waveforms change with changing the value
of modulation index, mf (β);
•Describe the spectrum and bandwidth of an FM signal and compute the bandwidth;
•Explain the principle of operation of a direct FM modulator;
•Explain the principle of operation of an FM demodulator (slope detector);
•Explain the principle of operation of a PLL FM demodulator.

D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 34

References to all modules:
1. Jeffrey S. Beasley and Garry M. Miller, Modern Electronic Communication, 9 th ed., Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2008.
2. Paul H. Young, Electronic Communication Techniques, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
2004.
3. Robert L. Boylestad, Introductory Circuit Analysis, 11th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
2009.
4. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices, 7th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2007.
5. Richard H. Berube, Learning Electronics Communications Through Experimentation Using
Electronics Workbench Multisim, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002.
6. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology, Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001.
7. Dennis Rody and John Coolen, Electronic Communication, 4th ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice
Hall, 1995.
8. Liu et al, Analog VLSI: Circuits and Principles, Boston: The MIT Press, 2002.
9. Joshua Israelohn, ―Noise 101,‖ EDN, January 8, 2004, pp. 41-47 and ―Noise 102,‖ EDN, March 18,
2004, pp. 47-54.
10. Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1995.
11. Allan R. Hambley, Electronics, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000.
D. Mynbaev, EET 2140 Module 14, Spring 2008 35