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Linguistics
Morphology
Types of Morphemes:
Free Morpheme: They can occur alone.
Example: Bad
azur boa
ž g gill o ə sofa
e t
t till ŋ ring æ bat aw cow
Places of Articulation
Bilabial:lips together
Labiodental: lower lip against front teeth
Interdental: tongue between teeth
Alveolar: tongue near alveolar ridge on roof
of mouth (in between teeth and hard
palate)
Palatal: tongue on hard palate
Velar: tongue near velum
Glottal: space between vocal folds
The following sound is not found in the English
language, although it is common in
languages such as French and Arabic:
Uvular: raise back of tongue to uvula
Manners of Articulation
Stop: obstruct airstream completely
Fricative: partial obstruction with
friction
Affricate: stop airstream, then
release
Liquids: partial obstruction, no
friction
Glides: little or no obstruction, must
occur with a vowel
Minimal pair exercise /f/ /v/
http://www.manythings.org/mp/m09.html
http://www.esl-lab.com/pron3.htm
Phones and Allophones
Phones are not physical sounds, they are
mental representations of the phonological
units of language.
An allophone is a phonetic variant of a
phoneme in a particular language.
Examples:
I will use slashes // to enclose phonemes and
brackets [] to enclose allophones
Phrasal semantics is
concerned with the meaning
of syntactic units larger than
the word.
The –nyms
Homonyms: different words that are pronounced
the same, but may or may not be spelled the
same (to, two, and too)
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/nlp/InteractiveNLP/NLP_syn1.html
Pragmatics:
http://www.watertown.k12.sd.us/education/components/links/links.php?s
ectiondetailid=1734
Homonyms: http://www.edhelper.com/language/Homonyms4512.html
http://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Homonyms,%20Homographs,%20Hom
ophones.pdf