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Conoce los principales ciclos biogeoquímicos e identifica su concatenación.
Realizando exposiciones en equipo de preferencia equipos
multidisciplinarios. Conocer como la materia y la energía circula en el
ecosistema mediante el análisis de las cadenas y redes tróficas. Realizando
diagramas de flujo que incluyan balances de materia y energía.
CICLOS BIOGEOQUIMIOS
El principal reservorio de oxígeno para los seres vivos es la atmósfera, donde ese
elemento se encuentra en la forma de gas oxigeno (O2) y de gas carbono (CO2).
El nitrógeno es un elemento esencial del cuerpo de los seres vivos, ya que forma
parte de todas las proteínas y ácidos nucleicos.
Las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno atmosférico del suelo utilizan el nitrógeno para
crear nitratos que las plantas pueden absorber por sus raíces y sintetizar sus propias
proteínas.
Fuente: https://biologia-geologia.com/BG1/flujo_energia_ciclo_materia.png
Los descomponedores degradan la materia orgánica y la transforman en
compuestos inorgánicos, devolviéndolos al suelo.
La energía solar es aprovechada por los seres autótrofos fotosintéticos para realizar
la fotosíntesis y crear materia orgánica a partir de materia inorgánica (agua, dióxido
de carbono, sales minerales) que pase al resto de seres vivos. Por eso, a estos
organismos se les llama productores del ecosistema y son la base de la
alimentación del resto de seres vivos.
Todo ecosistema está formado por dos componentes: uno, el biotipo, que puede ser
acuático o terrestre y que constituye el medio físico del segundo, la biocenosis,
integrada por todos los seres vivos.
Factores abióticos: Son todas las variables que caracterizan al biotipo o medio
físico y permiten la vida de los organismos que están adaptados a ellos. (Fernandez
Garcia, Gil Usano, Espinoza, & Recio Miñaro, 2019)
Factores bióticos: son propios de los seres vivos que habitan en el ecosistema,
las relaciones que establecen entre ellos y las influencias que ejercen en el medio.
Son todas las poblaciones del Ecosistema y, por tanto, todos los seres vivos del
Ecosistema.
En una cadena trófica un organismo es comido por otro, éste por un tercero y así
sucesivamente en una serie de niveles alimentarios o niveles tróficos. En la mayoría
de los ecosistemas, las cadenas alimentarias están entrelazadas en tramas
complejas con muchas interconexiones por tener eslabones comunes.
Descomponedores
Los componen bacterias y hongos que actúan sobre los desechos, transformando
la materia orgánica en inorgánica para cerrar el ciclo de materia dentro de un
ecosistema. Degradan y descomponen la materia orgánica y la transforman en
materia inorgánica, mucho más sencilla y aprovechable por los organismos
productores. (Copesa, 2019)
o Cadenas tróficas.
o Redes tróficas.
La cadena trófica representa cómo se transfiere la materia y energía entre los
organismos de un ecosistema. Es decir, de qué organismos se alimenta un
organismo y a qué otros seres vivos sirven de alimento. Es una secuencia lineal en
la que, mediante flechas, se indica cómo pasa la materia y energía (alimento) de un
organismo a otro.
Una especie puede ser consumida por muchos tipos de organismos y alimentarse
de varias especies distintas. Por eso, más que cadenas tróficas, en los ecosistemas
existen redes tróficas, un conjunto de cadenas tróficas relacionadas que
representan todas relaciones alimentarias que se dan entre los organismos de un
ecosistema.
Se puede decir que en el ecosistema hay una relación entre todos sus factores tanto
bióticos como abióticos para el correcto funcionamiento de todos ya que todas sus
reacciones químicas dependen de otras, por lo tanto, sin un elemento se vería
afectado de manera severa los demás procesos en un ecosistema
Ilustración 10 Redes Tróficas
Fuente: http://www.quimicaweb.net/grupo_trabajo_ccnn_2/tema12/
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
It is said that a biogeochemical cycle is a term derived from the Greek bio, life, geo,
earth and chemistry refers to the movement of the elements of nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, calcium, sodium, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and other
elements between living beings and the environment (atmosphere, biomass and
aquatic systems) through a series of processes: production and decomposition.
A chemical element or molecule that is necessary for the life of an organism is called
a nutrient or nutrient. Living organisms need 31 to 40 chemical elements, where the
number and types of these elements vary in each species.
• Micronutrients. They are the 132 or more elements required in small quantities (up
to traces): iron, copper, zinc, chlorine, iodine.
Most of the chemicals on earth are not in useful forms for organisms. But, the
elements and their necessary compounds as nutrients, are recycled continuously in
complex forms through the living and non-living parts of the biosphere, and
converted into useful forms by a combination of biological, geological and chemical
processes. (Anonymous, wikipedia, 2019)
In the biosphere, matter is limited so that its recycling is a key point in the
maintenance of life on Earth; otherwise, the nutrients would run out and life would
disappear.
The presence of producers, consumers and decomposers in ecosystems makes it
possible for the flow of matter to be cyclical: the different chemical elements that are
part of living beings return to the inorganic world and are reused. Carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen and nitrogen make up 99% of living matter. The movements of the
inorganic substances that circulate through the different trophic levels and pass
through the biotype recycling continuously constitute what are called biogeochemical
cycles. (Fernandez Garcia, Gil Usano, Espinoza, & Recio Miñaro, 2019)
CARBON CYCLE:
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle through which carbon is exchanged
between the biosphere, the pedosphere, the geosphere, the hydrosphere and the
Earth's atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is accumulated in
vegetables in the form of fats and then the herbivores feed on the plant for energy
then continue the food chain to reach humans, if it is returned to the atmosphere by
means of the breathing. (Chan, 2015)
Carbon is the first and main element of the structure of living beings. It is combined,
that is, composed of compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic
acids. Plants absorb carbon dioxide liquid from the air or water, during
photosynthesis they transform it into organic compounds called sugars like
vegetables.
OXYGEN CYCLE:
The main reservoir of oxygen for living beings is the atmosphere, where that element
is in the form of oxygen gas (O2) and carbon gas (CO2).
CO2 is used in the aerobic respiration of plants and animals. In this process, oxygen
atoms combine with hydrogen atoms, forming water molecules. The water formed in
the breath, called as metabolic water, is partly eliminated for the environment
through transpiration, excretion and faeces and partly used in metabolic processes.
(González, 2010)
CO2 is used in the aerobic respiration of plants and animals. In this process, oxygen
atoms combine with hydrogen atoms, forming water molecules.
Photosynthesis. During this stage, oxygen is the product of the chemical reaction,
through which living beings that contain chlorophyll, use carbon dioxide, water and
sunlight to obtain energy and nutrients, releasing oxygen to the environment.
Breathing. There is talk of breathing, when living beings breathe in oxygen and expel
carbon dioxide, through the respiratory process. That is to say, that the stage of
breathing in the oxygen cycle is a necessary process for life since it is the exchange
of gases carried out by living beings and their interaction with the environment, which
consists in the entry of oxygen into the body. body and the carbon dioxide outlet
thereof. (Anonymous, Acidochlorhydric, 2019)
NITRIGENO CYCLE
Nitrogen is an essential element of the body of living beings, since it is part of all
proteins and nucleic acids.
Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere (78%), where it is found
as N2, although most of the living beings can not use it directly. Only some bacteria,
fixed to the roots of some plants, are able to fix the nitrogen so that it can be used
by the plants and introduce it into the trophic chain.
The soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria use nitrogen to create nitrates that plants can
absorb by their roots and synthesize their own proteins.
The herbivores, and later the carnivores, will incorporate the necessary
nitrogen through feeding. With this nitrogen they can create their own proteins
and nucleic acids.
The decomposing macroorganisms transform nitrogenous substances
originated in the excretion of living beings, such as urea, and the remains of
dead organisms, so that they can be used again by plants.
Nitrifying bacteria transform the ammonium produced by the decomposer
microorganisms into nitrates that the plants absorb. The denitrifying bacteria
transform part of these nitrates into nitrogen, which is returned to the
atmosphere.
Nitrogen is a limiting factor for the development of plants, since their scarcity
causes problems in the development of plants. Excess fertilizers or fertilizers
used in agriculture can cause the eutrophication of lakes and rivers.
The atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil use nitrogen to create nitrates
that plants can absorb by their roots and synthesize their own proteins.
The herbivores, and later the carnivores, will incorporate the necessary nitrogen
through the feeding. With this nitrogen they can create their own proteins and nucleic
acids.
The decomposing microorganisms transform the nitrogenous substances originated
in the excretion of living beings, such as urea, and the remains of dead organisms,
so that they can be used again by plants.
Nitrogen is a limiting factor for the development of plants, since their scarcity causes
problems in the development of plants. Excess fertilizers or fertilizers used in
agriculture can cause the eutrophication of lakes and rivers.
The planet Earth is a great system in which there is an exchange of matter and
energy between its components (inert, such as soil, water, etc., and living beings)
and, when a change occurs, if it is not too drastic , can re-establish a balance
between its components.
An Ecosystem is a unit formed by biotic components (living beings) and abiotic (light,
heat, soil, humidity) interrelated, through which energy flows and matter circulates.
The flow of energy in an ecological system that flows in one direction, from producers
to consumers, and enters through the process of photosynthesis, in which the energy
from the sun is transformed into chemical energy.
Chlorophyll, a pigment present in plants and some algae, traps solar energy to
produce glucose as food (organic compound) and oxygen that is released into the
atmosphere. The way to circulate matter is through the recycling of materials, which
are mobilized from the abiotic environment, pass through living organisms and return
to the abiotic environment.
The biotic components of the Ecosystem are related through feeding between
organisms of different species and their representation is through the Food or
Trophic Chains.
The animals are heterotrophic, and we need the organic matter by the producers
(autotrophs).
There is a flow of energy from the producers to the decomposers, passing through
all the trophic levels. It is a linear flow in which the energy (from the sun) can only be
used once, passing to the heterotrophs through food to allow them to perform their
vital functions. Matter passes from one organism to another, but when it dies or
produces waste, the matter can be used again by the plants thanks to the action of
decomposers. The cycle of matter causes the same matter to pass from one
organism to another. (Ballarin Lopez, 2019)
Every ecosystem is made up of two components: one, the biotype, which can be
aquatic or terrestrial and that constitutes the physical medium of the second, the
biocenosis, integrated by all living beings.
Biotic factors: they are characteristic of the living beings that inhabit the ecosystem,
the relationships they establish between them and the influences they exert in the
environment.
They are all populations of the Ecosystem and, therefore, all the living beings of the
Ecosystem.
In a trophic chain one organism is eaten by another, this one by a third and so on in
a series of food levels or trophic levels. In most ecosystems, food chains are
intertwined in complex webs with many interconnections because they have
common links.
o Primary Consumer or Herbivorous: They are animals that feed on plants or algae
(herbivorous animals) and it is where the chemical energy produced in
photosynthesis enters. Most of this energy of the food digested by the herbivores
participates in the maintenance of the metabolic processes of the animal and drives
its daily activities, this energy being consumed in an important percentage and
another released in the form of heat.
Decomposers: They are composed of bacteria and fungi that act on waste,
transforming organic matter into inorganic to close the cycle of matter within an
ecosystem. Degrade and decompose organic matter and transform it into inorganic
matter, much simpler and usable by the producing organisms. (Copesa, 2019)
When one organism ingests another there is a transfer of matter and energy, the
energy transfer takes place in only one direction and is not recycled, the largest
part is lost in the form of heat while the material is recycled. (Benitez Gomez, 2015)
o Trophic chains.
o Trophic networks.
The trophic chain represents how matter and energy are transferred between
organisms in an ecosystem. That is, what organisms an organism feeds and what
other living beings serve as food. It is a linear sequence in which, by means of
arrows, it is indicated how matter and energy (food) pass from one organism to
another.
It can be said that in the ecosystem there is a relationship between all its biotic and
abiotic factors for the correct functioning of all since all its chemical reactions depend
on others, therefore, without one element the other processes would be severely
affected. in an ecosystem