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6. The type of reinforcement if necessary. The type, size, detailing and locations have to be specified.
8. The extent of tolerances for the base, sub-base, the slab thickness and the surface
10. The Filling material used to fill the joint and their installation details
12. The details of pre – construction meetings, the details of overall quality assurance and quality
control.
Soil – Support System for Slab on Ground
The construction of a concrete slab on the soil demands the soil to behave like a standard
supporting system. Hence the performance of a slab that is constructed on the ground is
dependent on the integrity of the slab and the soil – support system. This requires high
preparation of the site as per the desired requirement of loads.
To control the thickness of the concrete and to have a reduction in the friction between
the base material and a slab, a thin layer of fine grading material is used. This fine
grading material can be graded, granular and a compatible material. The details of the
materials used is explained in ACI 360R.
Protection of Slab on Ground Against
Moisture Penetration
The slab constructed above the ground is highly subjected to moisture penetration if no
proper treatment is carried out. The moisture protection is provided for the floor over the
slab by means of flooring materials like wood, carpet, linoleum, vinyl, impermeable floor
coatings, adhesives, rubber – backed carpet tile.
These are moisture sensitive flooring materials. This is mainly applied for floors that are
installed in a moisture sensitive environment or refrigerator rooms where it is humidity
controlled.
The selection of the vapor retarder or the barrier material depends on the:
o The extend of protection requirements
A true vapor retarder is as specified by ASTM E 96 that have a permeance equal to 0.00
perms. Many designers have been employing and referring wrong materials as vapor
retarders. The lap that is employed in the installation of vapor retarders must be 150mm
as per ASTM E 1643.
This can also be based on the measurement recommended by the manufacturer. The
joints and the penetration after the installation must be sealed properly by the sealants, or
by pressure-sensitive tapes or as it is instructed by the manufacturer.
In the case of a moisture sensitive environment, the concrete can be placed directly in
contact with the vapor retarder material or the barrier that is used for moisture
penetration. This method will help in the penetration of moisture and water from the
potential sources like rain, curing, cleaning or saw-cutting. The saturated fill, when
placed above the vapor retarder, will consume time for the slab to dry up.
As mentioned in above method, the placing of concrete in direct contact with the vapor
retarder will demand high quality considerations. Only proper installation can help in
avoiding slab related issues during the performance period.
It has been observed that the placement of concrete directly over the vapor retarder when
compared to other slab installation methods are subjected to length change, drying
shrinkage and other related effects from the environment. Settlement is also observed.
The design detailing of the concrete must incorporate these considerations so that the
restraints are reduced. The standards recommend to follow each site to perform this
construction must be separately evaluated for the sensitivity towards moisture of the
floors, the project conditions and the effects due to slab curling, cracking and crusting.
All the benefits and risks that are anticipated must be discussed with the appropriate
parties before the commencing of the construction.
The figure-3 below shows a flow chart that will help in assisting the evaluation and
construction.
Fig.3. A decision flow chart to assist the decision of vapor retarder or the barrier.
From the figure-2, the FIG.2 is employed if the granular material is subjected to future
moisture infiltration. The decision of FIG.2 will ask for a concrete mix design that is of
low shrinkage, reduction for joint spacing and all other properties that would minimize
the curling of the slab.
Mainly, the non-structural concrete slab mainly employs a small amount of reinforcement
that they do not have any role in the restraining movement caused from the volume
changes.
The slab on ground that are not reinforced will experience temperature and shrinkage
cracks. These are observed wider at the surface of the concrete slab and will narrow
throughout the depth.
The reinforcing steel or the post-tensioned steel or the deformed steel have to be
supported and tied together while installing in concrete. This is to ensure that their
movement during the concrete placing is avoided.
The required support can be given by pre-cast concrete bars. The precast concrete bar
employed for this purpose must have a thickness of 100mm in minimum value and have a
compressive strength equal to the concrete used in the slab.
When using welded wire reinforcement, it is essential that the contractor provides
sufficient support so that placing of the concrete does not affect the reinforcement
drastically. Proper support at adequate locations must be provided so that pulling out of
the wire reinforcement is avoided during foot traffic.
This post tensioned slab will have compressive stress that can balance all other
undesirable stress caused after the placement of concrete and when the load is applied.
This hence reduces the crack formation on the slabs.
It is recommended that the construction loads on the concrete slab have to be fully
minimized until the slabs are fully stressed. This type of work must be done only by
experienced contractors and engineers.
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