y

p=(
r, )

x
 dx
r dt


3
DifferentialEquations
O V =- a2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS–2 2
2.1 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS
A linear differential equation is that in which the dependent variable and its
derivatives occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied together.
Thus

dny d yn1 dy n  2 dy
n
 p1 n 1
 p2 n2
.........  pn1  pn y  X
dx dx dx dx
where p1, p2, p3 ......... pn and X are functions of x only.
A differential equation of the form

dny d yn1 d yn 2

 k1  k2  ............  kn y  X ...(1)
dx n dx n1 dx n 2
where k1, k2, k3 .......... kn are constants, is called a linear differential
equation with constant coefficients.

d d2 d3 dn
Let  D, 2
 D2 , 3
 D3 ........... n
 Dn
dx dx dx dx
where D is a differential operator.
Then equation (1) becomes

 D n  k1 Dn1  k2 Dn2  k3 Dn3  ............  kn  y  X

or f(D) Y = X ....(2)
where f(D) = Dn + k1Dn–1 + k2 Dn–2 + .......... + kn
 Differential Equations–2 47

Example 1: Solve the following differential equations.

d2y dy
)1 Solve 7  44 y  0
2 dx
dx
Solution: The given equation in symbolic form is
(D2 – 7D – 44) y = 0
 Its AE is D2 – 7D – 44 = 0
(D + 4) (D – 11) = 0
 D = – 4, D = 11
 Its solution is
y = c1e–4x + c2 e11x

)2 Solve (D4 – 5D2 + 4) y = 0

Solution: The given equation is (D4 – 5D2 + 4) y = 0
Its, AE is D4 – 5D2 + 4 = 0
D4 – 4D2 – D2 + 4 = 0
D2 (D2 – 4) – 1 (D2 – 4) = 0
(D2 – 4) (D2 – 1) = 0
 (D – 2) (D + 2) (D – 1) (D + 1) = 0
 D = 2, –2, 1, –1 are the roots.
Hence its solution is
y = c1e2x + c2e–2x + c3ex + c4e–x.

d3y d2y dy
)3 Solve 3
2 2
4  8y  0
dx dx dx
Solution: The given equation is
(D3 – 2D2 – 4D + 8) y = 0
Its A.E. is D3 – 2D2 – 4D + 8 = 0
 D2 (D – 2) – 4(D – 2) = 0
(D – 2) (D – 2) (D + 2) = 0
 D = 2, 2, –2 are the roots
 Its solution is
y = (c1x + c2) e2x + c3 e–2x
48 Engineering Mathematics–II

d4y
)4 Solve  m4 y  0
dx 4
Solution: The given equation is
(D4 – m4) y = 0
 Its AE is D4 – m4 = 0
 (D2 – m2) (D2 + m2) = 0
 (D – m) (D + m) (D – mi) (D + mi) = 0
 D = m, –m, mi and –mi
 Its solution is
y = c1emx + c2e–mx + (c3 cos x + c4 sin x)

)5 Solve (D4 + m4) y = 0

Solution: The given equation is
(D4 + m4) y = 0
Its AE is D4 + m4 = 0
D4 + 2m2 D2 + m4 – 2m2D2 = 0
 (D2 + m2)2 – 2m2 D2 = 0

 (D2 + m2 + 2 mD) (D2 + m2 – 2 mD) = 0

 D 2  2 mD  m2  0, D 2  2 mD  m 2  0

2 m  2 m 2  4m 2 2m  2 m 2  4 m 2
 D=– ; D =
2 2

m mi m mi
=   ; = 
2 2 2 2

 Its solution is

mx mx
  mx mx   mx mx 
2 2
y = e  c1 cos  c2 sin e  c3 cos  c4 sin 
 2 2  2 2
 Differential Equations–2 49

EXERCISE

Solve the following differential equations.

1. (D2 + 1)2 (D2 + D + 1)y = 0

Ans.: y = (c1x + c2) cos x + (c3x + c4) sin x
1
 x 3 3 
+ e 2  c5 cos x  c6 sin x
 2 2 

d3y d2y dy
2. 3
6 2
 11  6y  0
dx dx dx
Ans.: y = c1e–x + c2 e–2x + c3 e–3x

d3y d2y dy
3. 3
3 2
3 y0
dx dx dx
Ans.: y = (c1x2 + c2 x + c3) ex

d2y dy
4. 2
4  y0
dx dx

(2 3 x x
Ans.: y = c1 e)  c2e)
(2 3

d4y d3y d2y dy

5. 4
4 3
5 2
 36  36 y  0
dx dx dx dx
Ans.: y = (c1x + c2) e–2x + c3 e3x + c4 e–3x

1
2.3 INVERSE OPERATOR
f ( D)

1
Definition: f ( D )X is that function of x, free from arbitrary constants which

when operated upon by f(D) gives X.

 1 
Thus f(D)  X X .
 f (D) 
50 Engineering Mathematics–II

1
 f(D) and are inverse operators.
f (D)
Note the following important results:

1
1. X is the particular integral of f(D) y = X.
f ( D)

1
2. X   X dx .
D

1
3. X  eax  X e ax dx .
Da

2.4 RULES FOR FINDING THE PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

Consider the differential equation
f (D) y = X

1
 PI = X
f ( D)

Type I(A): When X is of the form eax, where a is any constant.

1 1 ax 1 ax
PI = X e  e . Provided f(a)  0.
f (D
) f (D
) f (a
)

Rule: In f(D), put D = a and PI will be calculated, provided f(a)  0.

Type I(B): When X is of the form eax but f(D) = 0 has got ‘a’ as its root
(Failure case of type 1).

1 ax 1 ax
PI = e  e  f ( a)  0
f)
(D 0

 Our method fails.

Now, since ‘a’ is a root of f(D), (D – a) must be a factor of f(D) which
therefore can be written as (D – a)  (D)

1
 PI = e ax
( D  a) ( D)
 Differential Equations–2 51

eax 1
= 1
(a ) ( D  a  a )

e ax 1
= 1
(a ) D

e ax  1 
=
(a )
.x    
 D 
Similarly, if f(D) = (D – a)p  (D) then

eax 1
PI = . p 1
(a ) D

e ax x p
= .
()a p!
Rule: Put D = a in those factors of f(D) which do not vanish for D = a and
then make the question as PI of a product of eax and 1 which is calculated.
Note: In case of sinh ax and cosh ax we take

eax  e ax eax  e  ax
)i sinh ax = ii) cosh ax =
2 2

Example 1: Solve (D2 + 3D + 5) y = e2x

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 3D + 5) y = e2x
AE is D2 + 3D + 5 = 0

3  9  20 3 11
 D =   i
2 2 2
3
 x 11 11 
e 2
 CF =  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
 2 2 

1
And, PI = 2
e2 x
D  3D  5
Put D = 2 in f (D)
52 Engineering Mathematics–II

1 1
= e 2 x  e2 x
465 15
 G.S. = CF + PI
3
 x 11 11  1 2 x
 y = e 2  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  e
 2 2  15

d2y dy
Example 2: Solve 2
4  4 y  2sinh 2 x.
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 4) y = 2 sinh 2x

2(e 2 x  e 2 x )
=  e 2 x  e 2 x
2
AE is D2 + 4D + 4 = 0
 (D + 2)2 = 0  D = –2, –2 are the roots.
 CF = (c1x + c2) e–2x

1 1 e2 x
And PI for e2x = 2
e2 x  2
e2 x  ...(1)
(D  2
) )(2  2 16

1 1
Also PI for e–2x = e 2 x  e 2 x
2
( D  2) 0

 Our method fails.

Then to find PI put D – 2 for D in f(D) and take out e–2x

 1 
 PI = e 2 x  2
1
 ( D  2  2) 

1 x2
= e
2 x
2
1  e2 x ....(2)
D 2!

 GS = CF + PI1 – PI2

e2 x x2
y = (c1x + c2) e–2x +  e 2 x .
16 2!
 Differential Equations–2 53

Example 3: Solve (D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1) y = e–x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1) y = e–x
 AE is D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1 = 0
 (D + 1)3 = 0  D = –1, –1, –1 are the roots.
 CF = (c1 x2 + c2x + c3) e–x
1
And PI = 3
e x
( D  1)

x  1 
= e  3
(1)
 ( D  1  1) 

1 x3
= e–x 3
1  e x
D 3!
 G.S. = CF + PI

x3
e x  e  x
y = (c1 x 2  c2 x  c3 )
3!

Example 4: Solve (D2 + 4D + 3)y = e–3x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 3) y = e–3x
AE is D2 + 4D + 3 = 0
(D + 1) (D + 3) = 0 D = –1, D = –3
 CF = c1e–x + c2e–3x

1
PI = e 3 x
( D  1) ( D  3)
put D = –3 in f(D) then
1 3 x
PI = e  method fails
0

e 3 x e 3 x 1 e 3 x
 PI = 
1  
1  x
(3  1) ( D  3  3) ( 2) D 2
G.S. = CF + PI
54 Engineering Mathematics–II

e 3 x
y = c1e  x  c2e 3x  x
2
Type II(A): When X is of the form sin ax or cos ax.

1 1
PI = sin ax
2
or cos ax
f (D ) f ( D2 )

1 1
= 2
sin ax or sin ax
) f ( a ) f (a2
In this case put the quantity – a2 in the place of D2, we can not put any
thing for D as is imaginary. D3 on substitution shall become D2 . D = –a2D,
D4 will be D2 . D2 = (–a2) (–a2).
In otherwords f(D) shall be reduced to a linear factor of the form lD – m
or D1 + m. Then multiply both numerator and denominator by a conjugate
factor lD + m or lD – m respectively, the denominator shall be reduced to
l2 D2 – m2 in which again put D2 = –a2 and it will become a constant i.e.,
l2 (–a2) – m2 = –a2 l2 – m2.

la cos ax  m sin ax
 PI =
 a 2l 2  m 2
Type II B: (Failure case)
When X is of the form sin ax or cos ax but f(D) becomes zero when we
put D2 = –a2.

1 1
PI = sin ax
2
or cos ax
f (D ) f ( D2 )

Put D2 = –a2

1 1
 PI = sin ax or cos ax
0 0
 Our method fails

1 x
2
Then PI = 2 2
sin ax  sin ax dx
D a

1 x
2
and PI = 2 2
cos ax  cos ax dx
D a
 Differential Equations–2 55

Example 1: Solve (D2 + D + 1) y = sin 2x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + D + 1) y = sin 2x
AE is D2 + D + 1 = 0

1  1  4 1 3
D =   i
2 2 2
1
 x 3 3 
2
 CF = e  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
 2 2 

1
And PI = 2
sin 2 x
D  D 1
Put D = – z2
2

1 1
= sin 2 x  sin 2 x
4  D  1 D 3
( D  3)
= sin 2 x
D2  9
Put again D2 = –22
D(sin 2)x  (3sin 2)x
=
4  9
2 cos 2 x  3sin 2 x
=
13
 G.S. = CF + PI
1
 x 3 3  1
y= e 2
 c1 cos x  c2 sin x   (2cos 2 x  3sin 2 x )
 2 2  13

Example 2: Solve (D2 – 5D + 6) y = cos 3x

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 – 5D + 6) y = cos 3x
 AE is D2 – 5D + 6 = 0
(D – 2) (D – 3) = 0  D = 2, 3 are the roots.
 2x
CF = c1e + c2 e3x
56 Engineering Mathematics–II

1
And PI = 2
cos3 x
D  5D  6
Put D = –32
2

1
= cos3 x
9  5D  6
1
= cos3x
5D  3
(5D  3)
= cos3x
25 D 2  9
Put D2 = –32 again

 5 D(cos3)x  3(cos3)x 
=
25  ( )9  9

 15sin 3 x  3cos 3x

=
234
(15sin 3x  3cos3x )
=
234
 G.S. = C.F. + P.I.

2x 3x 1
y = c1e  c2e  (15sin 3x  3cos x)
234

Example 3: Solve (D2 + 4)y = cos 2x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4) y = cos 2x
 AE is D2 + 4 = 0  D = ± 2i
C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x
And
1
PI = 2
cos 2 x
D 4
Put D = –22
2

1
= cos 2 x  Our method fails.
0
 Differential Equations–2 57

1 x
2
 P.I. = 2
cos 2 x  cos 2 x dx
D 4

x sin 2 x x
=  sin 2 x
2 2 4
 G.S. = C.F. + P.I.
x
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + sin 2 x .
4

Example 4: Solve (D2 + 4) (D2 + 1) y = cos 2x + sin x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4) (D2 + 1) y = cos 2x + sin x
AE is (D2 + 4) (D2 + 1) = 0
 D = ± 2i and D=±i
CF = (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x) + (c3 cos x + c4 sin x)
1
Now, PI for cos 2x = cos 2 x
( D  4) ( D 2  1)
2

1 1
= (4  4) ( 4  1) cos 2 x  0 cos 2 x

1 cos 2 x
 PI = (4  1)
D2  4

1 x x sin 2 x x
=
3 2  cos 2 x dx  
6 2
  sin 2 x
12
...(1)

( put D 2  2 2 in those factors which do not vanish)

1
And PI for sin x = sin x
( D  4) ( D 2  1)
2

put D2 = –12 in those factors which do not vanish.

1 x 1 x
= (1  4) 2  sin x dx  
3 2
(  cos x )

x
=  cos x ....(2)
6
58 Engineering Mathematics–II

 G.S. = CF + PI1 + PI2

y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + c3 cos x
x x
+ c4 sin x – sin 2 x  cos x
12 6
Type III: When X is of the form xm.
1
PI = xm
f ( D)
To find the PI of this type one should remember the following
expansions.
)i (1 – D)–1 = 1 + D + D2 + D3 + ..........
)
ii (1 + D)–1 = 1 – D + D2 – D3 + ..........
iii
) (1 – D)–2 = 1 + 2D + 3D2 + 4D3 + .........
iv
) (1 + D)–2 = 1 – 2D + 3D2 – 4D3 + ...........
)v (1 – D)–3 = 1 + 3D + 6D2 + 10D3 + .........
vi
) (1 + D)–3 = 1 – 3D + 6D2 – 10D3 + .........

d2y dy
Example 1: Solve 2 5  2 y  5  2x .
dx 2 dx
Solution: The given equation is
(2D2 + 5D + 2) y = 5 + 2x
AE is 2D2 + 5D + 2 = 0
1
(2D + 1) (D + 2) = 0  D=– , D = –2
2
1
 x
 C.F. = c1 e 2  c2 e 2 x
1
P.I. = 2
(5  2 x )
2D  5D  2
1
1  (2 D 2  5D) 
= 1   (5  2 x)
2  2 

1  (2 D 2  5 D) 
= 2 1   ........ (5  2 x )
 2 
 Differential Equations–2 59

1  5 
=
2 5  2 x  2 . 2

= x
 G.S. = CF + PI
1
 x
y = c1e 2  c2 e2 x  x

Example 2: Solve (D2 + 2D + 1) y = x2 + ex – sin x + 2x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 2D + 1) y = x2 + ex – sin x + 2x
AE is D2 + 2D + 1 = 0
2
(D + 1) = 0  D = –1, –1
 C.F. = (c1x + c2) e–x
1
1) PI for x2 = 2
x2
(1  D)
= (1 + D)–2 (x2)
= (1 – 2D + 3D2 – 4D3 ...... ) x2
= x2 – 4x + 6
1
ii) PI for ex = 2
ex
D  2D  1
1 1
Put D = 1  ex  ex
1 2 1 4
1
iii) PI for sin x = 2
sin x
D  2D  1
1 1
Put D2 = –12, =  sin x
1  2 D  1 2 D

1 1  1 
=  sin x dx   cos x   
2 2  D 
1
iv) PI for 2x = 2 2x
D  2D  1
1
= 2
e x log 2
D  2D  1
 Differential Equations–2 61

1  4 24  1
y = c1e ax  c2e ax  c3 cos ax  c4 sin ax  4
x  4 4 sin bx
a  a  b  a4
Type IV: When X is of the form eaxV, where V is any function of x.
1 ax
e V
PI = f ( D)

ax  1 
= e  V
 f ( D  a)

Rule: It means that take out eax and in f(D) write D + a for every D so that
1
f(D) becomes f(D + a) and then operate with V alone by previous
f ( D  a)
method.

Example 1: Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = e2x sin 3x.

Solution: Given equation is
(D2 – 4D + 3) y = e2x sin 3x
 A.E. is D2 – 4D + 3 = 0
(D – 1) (D – 3) = 0  D = 1, 3
 C.F. = c1 ex + c2 e3x

1
And PI = 2
e 2 x sin 3 x
D  4D  3

2x  1 
= e  2  sin 3x
 ( D  )2  4( D  )2  3 

 1 
= e2x  2  sin 3 x
 D  4D  4  4D  8  3 

2x  1 
= e  2  sin 3 x
 D  1
put D2 = –32

2x  1 
= e   sin 3x
 9  1 
62 Engineering Mathematics–II

1 2x
=  e sin 3x
10
 G.S. = CF + PI
1 2x
y = c1ex + c2 e3x – e sin 3x
10

Example 2: Solve (D2 – 5D + 6) y = x (x + ex)

Solution:
Given equation is
(D2 – 5D + 6) y = x (x + ex)
= x2 + xex
AE is D2 – 5D + 6 = 0
(D – 2) (D – 3) = 0  D = 2, 3
 CF = c1e2x + c2e3x
And

1
i) PI for x2 = 2
x2
D  5D  6

1
1  ( D 2  5D )
 2
= 1   (x )
6  6 

1  ( D 2  5 D) ( D 2  5D) 2 
= 6 1    ........... ( x 2 )
 6 6 

1  D 2 5D 25 2 
= 6 1    D .......... ( x 2 )
 6 6 36 

1  2 2 10 x 50 
=
6  x  6  6  36 

1  2 10 x 19 
=
6  x  6  18 
64 Engineering Mathematics–II

 x   1 
= e  2
x sin x
 (  D  1  1) 

x 1
= e ( x sin x)
D2

x 1
= e
D  x sin x dx

1
= e
x
 x( cos )x  ( sin )x 
D
x
= e  ( x cos x  sin x) dx

= e–x [–x sin x – (–1) (–cos x) – cos x]

= e–x [–x sin x – 2 cos x]
= – e–x (x sin x + 2 cos x)
 G.S = CF + PI
y = (c1x + c2) e–x – e–x (x sin x + 2 cos x)

d2y dy
Example 4: Solve 2
2  y  xe x cos x
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 _ 2D + 1) y = xex cos x
AE is D2 – 2D + 1 = 0
(D – 1)2 = 0  D = 1, 1
 CF = (c1x + c2) ex
And,
1
PI = 2
xe x cos x
( D  1)

 x   1   1 
= e  2
x cos x  e x  2  x cos x
 ( D  1  1) 
 D 

x 1
D
= e . x cos x dx
 Differential Equations–2 65

1
= e
x
 x sin x  1 ( cos x)
D
x
= e  ( x sin x  cos x) dx
= ex [x (– cos x) + sin x + sin x]
= ex (–x cos x + 2 sin x)
 GS = CF + PI
y = (c1x + c2) ex + ex (–x cos x + 2 sin x)

x d2y dy
Example 5: Solve e 2
 2e x  e x y  x2
dx dx
Solution: Given equation is

d2y dy
2
2  y  x 2 e x
dx dx
 AE is D2 + 2D + 1 = 0
(D + 1)2 = 0  D = –1, 1
 CF = (c1x + c2) e–x
1
And, PI = 2
x 2 e x
( D  1)

x  1  2
= e  2x
D 

1 1  x3 
= e x  x 2 dx  e x  
D D  3 

e x e x x4
=  x 3dx  .
3 3 4

e x x 4
=
12
 GS = CF + PI
1 x 4
y = (c1x + c2) e–x + e x
12
 Differential Equations–2 67

 G.S. = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + (3x sin x – 2 cos x)
9

d2y
Example 2: Solve 2
 y  x 2 sin x
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 1) y = x2 sin x
 AE is D2 + 1 = 0  D=±i
 CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

1
PI = 2
x 2 sin x
D 1

1
= 2 imaginary part of x2 eix
D 1

 1  2
= Imaginary part of eix  2 x
 ( D  i )  1 

ix  1  2
= Imaginary part of e  2 x
 D  2 Di  1  1 
1
1 ix  D
= Imaginary part of e 1  2i  ( x2 )
2 Di

ix 1  D D2  2
= Imaginary part of e 1   2 ......... ( x )
2 Di  2i 4i 

eix  2 2x 2 
= Imaginary part of
2 Di  x  2i  4 
 

eix  2 1
= Imaginary part of
2 Di  x  ix  2 
 

eix  x3 ix 2 x 
= Imaginary part of 2i  3  2  2 
 
68 Engineering Mathematics–II

eix
= Imaginary part of (2 x3  3 x  ix 2 )
12i
1
= Imaginary part of (cos x + i sin x) (2x3 – 3x + i 3x2)
12i
1
= Imaginary part of [(cos x) (2x3 – 3x) – (sin x) 3x2
12i
+ i (2x3 – 3x) sin x + 3x2 cos x]
1
= (2x3 – 3x) cos x – 3x2 sin x
12
Taking imaginary part only.
 GS = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – (2x3 – 3x) cos x – 3x2 sin x.
12

d2y
Example 3: Solve 2
 a 2 y  sec ax
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + a2) y = sec ax
 AE is D2 + a2 = 0  D = ± ai
 CF = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax

1
And, PI= sec ax
D  a2
2

1
= ( D  ai) ( D  ai) sec ax

Resolve into partial fractions

1  1 1 
=  sec ax
2ai  D  ai D  ai 


1  1 1 
=  sec ax  sec ax 
2ai  D  ai D  ai 
Now,
70 Engineering Mathematics–II

1 1
PI = tan ax  tan ax
D2  a2 ( D  ai)( D  ai)

1  1 1 
=  tan ax, by partial fractions
2ai  D  ai D  ai 


1  1 1 
=  tan ax  tan ax 
2ai  D  ai D  ai 

1
Now tan ax  eiax  tan ax e iax dx
D  ai
iax
= e  tan ax (cos ax  i sin ax) dx

iax  sin 2 ax 
= e   sin ax  i  dx
cos ax 


 sin ax  i (sec ax  cos ax) dx

iax
= e

iax  cos ax i i sin ax 

= e   log(sec ax  tan ax) 
 a a a 

1 iax
=  e (cos ax  i sin )
ax  i log(sec ax  tan )
ax 
a
1 iax iax
=  e e  i log (sec ax  tan ax) 

a
1
=  1  ieiax log (sec ax  tan ax) 
a 
Changing i to –i we get
1 1
tan ax =  1  ieiax log(sec ax  tan ax) 
D  ai a 

 PI =
1  1
  1
  

 1  ieiax log(sec x  tan x  1  e iax log(sec ax  tan ax ) 
2ai  a a 

1
=  log (sec ax + tan ax) . cos ax
a2
 Differential Equations–2 71

 GS = CF + PI

1
y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax – cos ax log (sec ax + tan ax)
a2

2.5 INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS

Example 1: Solve y + 4y + 4y = 0 given y (0) = 3, y(0) = 1
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0 with x = 0, y = 3 and x = 0, y = 1
AE is D2 + 4D + 4 = 0
(D + 2)2 = 0  D = –2, –2
 The solution is
y = (c1x + c2) e–2x ....(1)
and y = (c1x + c2) e–2x (–2) + c1e–2x ....(2)
Given y = 3 when x = 0 and y1 = 1 when x = 0
 c2 = 3 and c1 = 7
 The complete solution is
y = (7x + 3) e–2x

d2y dy
Example 2: Solve the initial value problem 2
4  5 y  2cosh x  0
dx dx
dy
given y = 0,  1 at x = 0.
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 4D + 5) y = –2 cosh x

2(e x  e  x )
=  (e x  e  x )
2
AE is D2 + 4D + 5 = 0

4  16  20
D =  2  i
2
 CF = e–2x (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)
 Differential Equations–2 73

x x
= cos a
2  sin x dx  sin a .
2  cos x dx

x cos x x sin x
=  cos a .  sin a
2 2
 GS = CF + PI
1 1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – cos a x cos x  sin a x sin x
2 2
1 1
and y = c1 sin x  c2 cos x  cos a cos x  cos a . x sin x
2 2
1 1
 sin a sin x  sin a . x cos x
2 2
Given y = 0, y = 0 when x=0
 0 = c1  c1 = 0
1 1
and 0 = c2  cos a  c2  cos a .
2 2
 The complete solution is
1 1 1
y = cos a sin x  cos ax cos x  sin a x sin x
2 2 2
1 1
= cos a (sin x  x cos
)x  sin a x sin x
2 2

d2y dy
Example 4: Solve the initial value problem 2
5  6 y  0 given
dx dx

dy
y (0) = 0, (0
)  15 .
dx
Solution: Given equation is
(D2 + 5D + 6) y = 0
 AE is D2 + 5D + 6 = 0
(D + 2) (D + 3) = 0  D = –2, –3
 CF is y = c1e–2x + c2 e–3x

dy
and = – 2c1e–2x – 3c2 e–3x
dx
74 Engineering Mathematics–II

dy
At x = 0, y = 0 and  15
dx
 0 = c1 + c2
15 = –2c1 – 3c2 Solving c2 = –15 and c1 = 15
 The complete solution is
y = 15e–2x – 15e–3x
= 15 (e–2x – e–3x)

2.6 SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST

ORDER
The differential equation in which there is one independent variable and two
or more than two dependent variables are called simultaneous linear
differential equations. Here we consider simultaneous linear equation with
constant coefficients only.

dx dy
Example 1: Solve  y  sin t ;  x  cos t
dt dt
Solution: The simultaneous equation are
Dx + y = sin t ....(1)

d
Dy + x = cos t )....(2 where D
dt
Multiply (1) by D
 D2x + Dy = cos t ....(3)
 Dy + x = cos t ....(4)
Subtracting (4) from (3) we get
D2x – x = 0
 AE is (D2 – 1) = 0  D = 1, –1
 x = c1 et + c2 e–t ....(1)
And Dx + y = sin t

 y = sin t –
d
dt

c1et  c2 e t 
y = sin t – c1et – c2 e–t
 Differential Equations–2 77

2. Solve (D – 2)2 y = 8 (e2x + sin 2x + x2)

Ans.: y = (c1x + c2) e2x + 4x2 e2x + cos 2x + 2x2 + 4x + 3.

d4y
3. Solve  y  cos x cosh x
dx 4

1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 c–x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x – cos x cosh x .
5

d2y
4. Solve  y  cosec x
dx 2
Ans.: y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin x log sin x – x cos x.
5. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x

1
= sin 5x  sin x
2

1 1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 e3x + (10cos 5 x  11sin
) 5 x  (sin x  2cos
)x
884 20
6. Solve (D2 – 3D + 2) y = 6 e–3x + sin 2x.

3 3 x 1
Ans.: y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + e  (3cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
10 20
7. Solve (D2 – 4) y = (1 + ex)2

1 2 x 1 2x
Ans.: y = c1 e2x + c2e–2x   e  xe
4 3 4

d2y dy
8. Solve 2
3  2 y  xe3 x  sin 2 x
dx dx

1 3x 1
Ans.: y = c1ex + c2 e2x + e (2)
x 3  (3cos 2 x  sin
) 2x
4 20

d2y
9. Solve  4 y  4 tan 2 x
dx 2
Ans.: y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x – cos 2x log (sec 2x + tan 2x)
 Differential Equations–2 79

Case VII: If X = eax (a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .......... + an xn) sin bx or cos bx then
the particular integral is of the form.
y = eax {(A0 + A1x + ........ + Anxn) sin bx + (B0 + B1x + .... + Bnxn)
cos bx}
Note: However, when X = tan x or sec x, this method fails, since the
number of terms obtained by differentiating X = tan x or sec x is
infinite.

Example 1: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients,

y – 3y + 2y = x2 + x + 1
Solution: Given differential equation is
y – 3y + 2y = x2 + x + 1 ....(1)
AE is D2 – 3D + 2 = 0
(D – 1) (D – 2) = 0  D = 1, 2
 CF = c1ex + c2 e2x
PI is of the form
y = A0 + A1x + A2x2
y = 0 + A1 + 2A2x
y = 0 + 2A2
Substituting in (1)
2A2 – 3 (A1 + 2A2x) + 2 (A0 + A1x + A2x2) = x2 + x + 1
 2A2x2 + (2A1 – 6A2) x + 2A0 – 3A1 + 2A2 = x2 + x + 1
Comparing the coefficients
2A2 = 1, 2A1 – 6A2 = 1, 2A0 – 3A1 + 2A2 = 1

1
Solving, A2 = , A1 = 2, A0 = 3
2
1 2
 PI = 3 + 2x + x
2
 GS = CF + PI

 1 2
y = c1ex + c2e2x +  3  2 x  x 
 2 
80 Engineering Mathematics–II

Example 2: Solving by the method of undetermined coefficients the

equation y – 2y + 5y = e2x.
Solution: Given equation is
y – 2y + 5y = e2x ...(1)
AE is D2 – 2D + 5 = 0
 D = 1 ± 2i
 CF = ex (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x)
PI is of the form
y = Ae2x
 y = 2Ae2x and y = 4Ae2x
Substituting in (1)
4Ae2x – 2 + 2Ae2x + 5Ae2x = e2x
 5A e2x = e2x
1
 5A = 1  A=
5
1 2x
 PI = e
5
 G.S. = CF + PI
1 2x
y = ex (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x) + e
5

Example 3: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients, the

equation y – 5y + 6y = sin 2x.
Solution: Given differential equation is
y – 5y + 6 y = sin 2x ....(1)
AE is D2 – 5D + 6 = 0  D = 2, 3
 CF = c1e2x + c2 e3x
PI is of the form
y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x
y = –2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x
y = –4A cos 2x – 4B sin 2x
Substituting in (1)
82 Engineering Mathematics–II

1 1 3 1
 PI =   x  sin x  cos x
4 2 10 10
 G.S. = CF + PI

1 1 3 1
y = c1ex + c2 e–2x –  x  sin x  cos x
4 2 10 10

Example 5: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients the equation

y + 4y = x2 + e–x.
Solution: The given differential equation is
y + 4y = x2 + e–x ....(1)
AE is D2 + 4 = 0  D = ± 2i
 CF = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x
Particular integral is of the form
y = A0 + A1x + A2x2 + Be–x
 y = A1 + 2A2x – Be–x
y = 2A2 + Be–x
Substituting in (1)
(2A2 + Be–x) + 4(A0 + A1x + A2x2 + Be–x) = x2 + e–x
 (4A0 + 2A2) + 4A1x + 4A2x2 + 5Be–x = x2 + e–x
Equating the coefficients, we get
4A0 + 2A2 = 0 Solving

1
4A1 = 0 A0 = – , A1 = 0
8

1 1
4A2 = 1 A2 = , B
4 5

1 1 1
 PI =   x 2  e x
8 4 5
 G.S. = CF + PI
1 1  1 x
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x –  x  e .
8 4 5
 Differential Equations–2 83

Example 6: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients

y – y – 4y = x + cos 2x .
Solution:
The given differential equation is
y – y – 4y = x + cos 2x ....(1)
 AE is D2 – D – 4 = 0

1  1  16 1  17
 D = 
2 2

)(1 17 )(1 17
x x
 CF = c1 e 2  c2 e 2

Particular integral is of the form

y = A0 + A1x + B0 cos 2x + B1 sin 2x
y = A1 – 2B0 sin 2x + 2B1 cos 2x
y = –4B0 cos 2x – 4B1 sin 2x
Substituting in (1)
(–4 B0 cos 2x – 4B1 sin 2x) – (A1 – 2B0 sin 2x + 2B1 cos 2x)
– 4 (A0 + A1x + B0 cos 2x + B1 sin 2x) = x + cos 2x.
Equating the coefficients
–4 A0 – A1 = 0 Solving

1 1
–4 A1 = 1 A0  , A1  
16 4
2 1
–8B0 – 2B1 = 1 B0  , B1 
17 34
2B0 – 8B1 = 0
1 1 2 1
 PI =  x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
16 4 17 34
 G.S. = CF + PI
)(1 17 x )(1 17 x
1 1 2 1
y = c1e 2  c2 e 2   x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
16 4 17 34
84 Engineering Mathematics–II

Example 7: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients

d2y
 y  sin x .
dx 2
Solution: Given differential equation is
y + y = sin x ...(1)
AE is D2 + 1 = 0  D+±i
 CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
Note that ‘sin x’ is common in CF and RHS of the equation and
therefore particular integral is of the form
y = x (A cos x + B sin x)
y = x (–A sin x + B cos x) + (A cos x + B sin x)
y = x (–A cos x – B sin x) + (–A sin x + B cos x)
+ (– A sin x + B cos x)
Substituting in (1)
–2A sin x + 2B cos x = sin x
Equating the coefficients
–2A = 2 and 2B = 0
1
 A=  and B=0
2
1
 PI =  x cos x
2
 GS = CF + PI
1
y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x – x cos x
2

Example 8: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients the equation

(D2 + 1) y = 4x – 2 sin x.
Solution: The given differential equation is
y + y = 4x – 2 sin x ....(1)
AE is D2 + 1 = 0  D=±i
 CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
 86 Engineering Mathematics–II

Equating the coefficients

7 3
2A2 – 3 A1 + 2A0 = 0 A0 = , A1 
4 2

1
2A2 = 1 A2  B=–1
2
7 3 1
 PI =  x  x 2  xe x
4 2 2
 G.S. = CF + PI

x 2x 7 3 1
y = c1e  c2e   x  x 2  xe x
4 2 2

Example 10: Solve by the method of undetermined coefficients the

following equations.

)i (D2 + 1) y = 4x cos x – 2 sin x ....(1)

Hint: CF = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
Since ‘cos x and sin x’ are common in CF and RHS of (1) particular
integral is of the form.
y1 = x [(A0 + A1x) cos x + (A2 + A3x) sin x]
and y2 = PI for 2 sin 2x
= x {B0 cos x + B1 sin x}
 y = y1 + y2
)
ii (D2 – 1) y = 10 sin2x
10(1  cos 2 x )
Hint: =  5  5cos 2 x
2
PI is of the form
y = A0 + {B0 cos x + B1 sin x}
iii
) (D2 – 1) y = e–x (2 sin x + 4 cos x)
Hint: PI is of the form
y = e–x (A cos x + B sin x)

iv
) (D3 – D) y = 3ex + sin x ....(1)
Hint: D(D2 – 1) = 0 D = 0, D=1 D = –1
CF = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e–x
 Differential Equations–2 87

ex is common in CF and RHS of (1)

PI is of the form
y = A0 xex + (B0 sin x + B1 cos x)

)v (D2 – 5D + 6) y = e2x + sin x

Hint:
PI is of the form
y = Axe2x + (B0 sin x + B1 cos x)

2.8 APPLICATIONS TO LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The applications of linear differential equations to various physical problems
play a dominant role in uniflying seemingly different theories of mechanical
and electrical systems just by renaming the variables. This analogy has an
important practical application. Since electrical circuits are easier to
assembe, less expensive and accurate measurements can be made of
electrical quantities.

A. Simple harmonic mothion (S.H.M.)

A particle is said to execute simple harmonic motion if it moves in a straight
line such that its acceleration is always directed towards a fixed point in the
line is proportional to the distance of the particle from the fixed point.
2
x

A O x P A
a

Let O be the fixed point in the line AA. Let P be the position of the
particle at any time t where
OP = x
Since the acceleration is always directed towards O i.e., the acceleration
is in the direction opposite to that in which x increases, the equation of
motion of the particle is

d 2x d
= – 2x or (D2 + 2)x = 0 where D ...(1)
dt 2 dt
which is the linear differential equation with constant coefficient.
88 Engineering Mathematics–II

 The solution of equation (1) is

x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t ....(2)
Velocity of the particle at P is

dx
= – c1 sin t + c2 cos t....(3)
dt
If the particle starts from rest at A, where OA = a then from (2) at t = 0,
x = 0.  c1 = a.

dx
and from (3), at t = 0, 0  c2  0
dt
 x = –a  sin t ...(4)

dx 2 x2
and = a 1  cos t  a 1  2 ...(5)
dt a

dx
 =  a 2  x 2 ...(6)
dt
Hence equation (4) gives the displacement of the particle from the fixed
point O at any time t.
Equation (6) gives the velocity of the particle at any time t. Equation (6)
also shows that the velocity is directed towards O and decreases as x
increases.

Example 1: In the case of a stretched elastic horizontal string which has

one end fixed and a particle of mass m attached to the other, find the
equation of motion of the particle given that l is natural length of the
string and e is its elongation due to a weight mg. Also find the
displacement of the particle when initially s = s0, v = 0.
Solution: Let OA = l be the elastic horizontal string with the end O fixed
and a particle of mass m attached at A.
l
O A T P
Let P be the position of the particle at any time t
Let OP = s so that the elongation AP = s – l.
Now, for the elongation e tension = mg
 Differential Equations–2 89

mg ( s  l )
 For the elongation (s – l), tension =
e
Since tension is the only horizontal force acting on the particle, its
equation of motion is

d 2s
m = –T
dt 2

d 2s mg ( s  l )
 m 2 =

dt e

d 2s g gl
or 2 =
 s
dt e e

d 2s g gl  2 g gl d
  s = or D   s  ....(1) when D 
dt 2
e e  e e dt
Which is the linear differential equation

g g
Its AE is D 2  0  D i
e e

 g  g
 CF = c1 cos   t  c2 sin   t .
 e  e

1 gl gl 1 gl 1
And, PI =  e 0t  . l
g e e D2  g e g
D2  e
e e
 The complete solution of (1) is

 g  g
s = c1 cos  e  t  c2 sin  e  t  l ...(2)
   

When t = 0, s = s0 from (2) we get

s0 = c1 + 0 + l or c1 = s0 – l
Also,
 Differential Equations–2 91

b) Damped Oscillations O

If the motion of the mass m be subject to an

additional force of resistance, the
oscillations are said to be damped. The
damping force may be constant or
A
proporational to velocity. The latter type of
e
damping is important and is usually called
viscous damping. B

Now, if the damping force be

 dx  dx
r x
proportional to velocity  say  r  then dt k (e + x)
 dt 
the equation of motion becomes P

d2x dx
m 2 =
mg  k (e  x)
r
dt dt damper
mg
dx
= kx  r
dt
r k
Taking = 2  and  2 .
m m
We get
d 2x dx
2
 2  2 x  0 ....(3) O
dt dt
Which is the linear differential equation
with constant coefficient.

c) Forced Oscillations A
(Without dumping) e
If the point of the support of the spring is also B mp cos nt
vibrating with some external periodic force,
then the resulting motion is called the forced
oscillatory motion. x
Taking the external periodic force to be k (e + x)
mp cos nt the equation of the motion is P
2
d x
m  mg  k ()
e  x  mp cos nt
dt 2
= – kx + mp cos nt mg
92 Engineering Mathematics–II

k
Taking   2 the equation becomes
m

d 2x
2
 2 x = p cos nt ....(4)
dt
Which is linear differential equation.
The solution of equation (4) is
p cos nt
x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t +
n2  2

d) Forced Oscillations (With damping)

 dx 
If in addition, there is a damping force proportional to velocity  say: r 
 dt 
then the above equation becomes.
O

A
e
dx mp cos nt
r B
dt

x
k (e + x)

damper
mg

d2x dx
m 2 = mg – k (e + x) + mp cos nt – r
dt dt

dx
= – k x + mp cos nt – r
dt
 Differential Equations–2 93

r k
Taking  2 and   2 then the equation becomes
m m

d2x dx
2
 2   2 x  p cos nt
dt dt
Which is a linear differential equation and its solution is

   p( ( n)ncos)

2 2
 2  2  2  2 nt  2n sin t
x = e  st c1e

 c2 e t 2 2 2 2
 4 n

With the increase of time, the free oscillations die away while the
forced oscillations continue giving the steady state motion.

C. Oscillatory Electrical Circuits

a) L – C Circuit
Consider an electrical circuit containing an inductance L and capacitance C.

C V

Let i be the current and q be the charge in the condenser plate at any
time t then the voltage drop across

di d 2q
L = L L 2
dt dt

q
and voltage drop across C 
C
As there is no applied e.m.f. in the circuit, therefore by Kirchooff’s first
law, we have

d 2q q
L  0
dt 2 C
94 Engineering Mathematics–II

1
Dividing by L and taking   2 we get
LC

d 2q
 2 q  0 ...(1)
dt 2
Which is linear differential equation and it reprsents free electrical
2
oscillations of the current having period  2 Lc .


b) L – C – R Circuit
Consider the discharge of a condenser through an inductance L and the
resistance R. Since the voltage drop across L, C and R are respectively.

C V

R L

d 2q q dq
L 2
, and R
dt C dt
By Kirchhoff’s law, we have

d 2q dq q
L 2
R + =0
dt dt C

R 1
Taking  2 and   2 we get
L LC

d 2q dq
2
 2  2 q  0 ....(2)
dt dt
Which is the linear differential equation.
96 Engineering Mathematics–II

By Kirchhoff’s law the equation is

d 2q dq q
L 2
 R   p cos nt
dt dt C
Dividing by L

d 2 q R dq q p
2
   cos nt
dt L dt LC L

R 1
Taking  2 and   2 , we have
L LC

d 2q dq p
2
 2   2 q  cos nt
dt dt L
Which is the linear differential equation.
Note: The L – C – R circuit with a source of alternating e.m.f. is an
electrical equivalent of the mechanical phenomena of forced oscillations with
resistance.

Example 1: In an L – C – R circuit, the charge q on a plate of a condenser

is given by

d 2q dq q
L 2
 R   E sin pt
dt dt C

2 1
The circuit is tunned to resource so that p  . If initially the
LC
R
current i and the charge q be zero, show that for small values of . The
L
Et
current in the circuit at time t is given by sin pt .
2L
Solution: Given differential equation is

 2 1
 LD  RD   q  E sin pt ....(1)
 C

2 1
 AE is LD  RD  0
C
 Differential Equations–2 97

4L
 R  R2 
C  R  R2 1
 D = 2

2L 2L 4 L LC

R
As is small, we have
L

R 1 R
D =  i   ip
2L LC 2L
Rt

 CF = e 2 L (c cos
1 pt  c2 sin pt )

 Rt 
= 1   (c1 cos pt  c2 sin pt )
 2L 

 2 
R
 rejecting the terms in   etc. 
 L 
 

1
And PI = E sin pt
1
LD 2  RD 
C

E sin pt E 1
=   sin pt dt  p2 
1 R LC
 Lp 2  RD 
C

E
=  cos pt
Rp
Thus the complete solution is

 Rt  E
q = 1    c1 cos pt  c2 sin pt   cos pt ...(ii)
 L Rp

dq  Rt 
 i= = 1   ( c1 sin pt  p  c2 cos pt  p )
dt  L

 R E
    (c1 cos pt  c2 sin)
pt  sin pt ....(iii)
 L R
98 Engineering Mathematics–II

When t = 0, q = 0, i = 0
E E
 From (ii) 0 = c1   c1 
Rp Rp

R Rc1 E
and from (iii) 0 = c2 p  c1  c2  
2L 2 Lp 2 Lp 2

 Rt   E 
 i = 1     sin pt  c2 cos pt  p
 L   Rp 

R  E E  E
  cos pt  2
sin pt   sin pt
2L  Rp 2 Lp  R

Et  R 
= sin pt  is small 
2L  L 

D. Deflection of Beams

Example 1: The deflection of a strut of length l with one end (x = 0) built

in and the other supported and subjected to end trust p satisfies the
equation.

d2y 2 a2R
 a y  (l  x)
dx 2 p

R  sin ax 
Prove that the deflection curve is y    l cos ax  l  x  and
p  a 
al = tan al.
Solution: Given differential equation is

a2R
(D2 + a2)y = (l  x) ....(1)
p

 Its AE is D2 + a2 = 0  D= ± ai
 CF = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax

1 a2 R
And PI = (l  x)
D2  a 2 p
 Differential Equations–2 101

1
w  D2  2
=   1  2  ( x  lx)
2 EIa   a 

w  2 2 
=   x  lx  2  where p = EIa2
2p  a 
Thus the complete solution of (1) is
w  2 2 
y = c1 cosh ax + c2 sinh ax –  x  lx  2  ...(ii)
2p  a 
At the end O, t = 0 when x = 0
w w
 (ii) gives O = c1   c1 
pa 2 pa 2
At the end A, y = 0 when x = l
w
 (ii) gives, O = c1 cosh al + c2 sinh al –
pa 2

w w
 c2 sinh al = (1  cosh al )  c1 
pa 2 pa 2

w al
 c1 = 2
tanh
pa 2
Substituting in (ii)
w  al  w  2 2 
y =  cosh ax  tanh sinh ax    x  lx  2 
pa 2  2  2p  a 
Which is the deflection of the beam at N.

 l
Thus the central deflection = y  at x  
 2

w  al al al  wl 2
y =  cosh  tanh sinh  1 
pa 2  2 2 2  8p

w  al  wl 2
=  sec h  1 
pa 2  2  8p
102 Engineering Mathematics–II

Also the bending moment is maximum at the point of maximum

 l
deflection  x   .
 2

 The maximum bending moment

d2y  l w  l
EI 2 
at x   = py  ( x 2  lx )  at x  
dx  2 2  2

w  al 
=  sech  1
a  2 

EXERCISES

1. A particle is executing simple harmonic motion with amplitude 20 cm

and time 4 seconds. Find the time required by the particle in passing
between points which are at distance 15 cm and 5 cm from the centre of
force and are on the same side of it.
Ans.: 0.38 sec.
2. An elastic string of natural length a is fixed at one end and a particle of
mass m hangs freely from the other end. The modulus of elasticity is
mg. The particle is pulled down a further distance l below its
equilibrium position and released from rest. Show that the motion of the
particle is simple harmonic and find the periodicity.

3. The differential equation of a simple pendulum is

d 2x
 w02 x = F0 sin nt, where w0 and F0 are constants. If initially x = 0,
dt 2
dx
 0 determine the motion when w0 = n.
dt
F0
Ans.: x= (sin nt  n cos nt )
2n 2

4. An e.m.f. E sin pt is applied at t = 0 to a circuit containing a capacitance

di 1
C and inductance L. The current i satisfies the equation L 
dt C  i dt
104 Engineering Mathematics–II

2.9 QUESTION BANK

A. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives.

1. A general solution of a linear differential equation of nth order contains.

(a) one constant (b) n–constants
(c) zero constants (d) two constants

d2y dy
2. The solution of the differential equation 2
3  0 is
dx dx

(a) y = c1x + c2e3x (b) y = c1 + c2e3x

(c) y = (c1 + c2x) e3x (d) c1x = c2

3. The solution of the differential equation (D2 + a2) y = 0 is

(a) y = c1eax + c2e–ax (b) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax
(c) y = (c1x + c2) cos ax (d) y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

d2y dy
4. The solution of the differential equation 2
2  y  0 is
dx dx

(a) y = c1e–x + c2ex (b) y = (c1x + c2) ex

(c) y = (c1x – c2) e–x (d) y = ex (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

5. The complementary function of y+ 2y + y = xe–x sin x is

(a) c1ex + c2e–x (b) (c1x + c2) e–x
(c) (c1x + c2) ex (d) c1 + e2 ex

6. Particular integral of the differential equation (D2 + 5D + 6) y = ex is

ex ex ex
(a) ex (b) (c) (d)
12 30 6
7. Particular integral of the differential equation (D2 + 4) y = sin 2x is

x x x x
(a) sin 2 x (b)  cos 2 x (c) cos 2 x (d) cos 2 x
2 4 2 4
8. When X = eaxV where V is any function of x then particular integral is
106 Engineering Mathematics–II

d3y d2y dy
18. Solve 3
3 2
3  y0
dx dx dx

d3y
19. Solve  y 0
dx3

d2y dy
20. Solve 2
2  10 y  0, y (0)  4, y (0)  1
dx dx

C. Questions carrying six marks

21. Solve (D3 + 1) y = cos (2x – 1)

d2y dy
22. Solve 2
  x2  2x  4
dx dx

23. Solve (D – 2)2y = 8(e2x + sin 2x + x2)

24. Solve (D2 – 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x.
25. Solve (D2 – 2D + 1) y = xex sin x.

d2y
26. Solve  a 2 y  sec ax
dx 2

d2y dy
27. Solve 2
4  4 y  8 x 2 e2 x sin 2 x
dx dx

28. Solve the following simultaneous equations

dx dy
 7 x  y,  2x  5 y .
dt dt

dx dy
29. Solve  y  sin t ;  x  cos t given x = 2, y = 0 when t = 0.
dt dt

dx dy
30. Solve  5 x  2 y  5,  2 x  y  0 given x = 0, y = 0, when
dt dx
t = 0.
108 Engineering Mathematics–II

1 1
(26) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax + x sin ax  2 cos ax log cos ax
a a
(27) y = (c1 + c2x) e2x – e2x [4x cos 2x + (2x2 – 3) sin 2x]

(28) x = e6t [c1 cos t + c2 sin t]

y = e6t [(c1 – c2) cos t + (c1 + c2) sin t]

(29) x = et + e–k, y = e–t – et + sin t

1 1
(30) x) (1  6t e3t  ) (1  3t
27 27
2 2
y= (2  3t e 3t  )
) (2  3t
27 27

_________