SQL

Structured Query Language

What is SQL?

•SQL stands for Structured Query Language

•SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

•SQL is in ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

standard
 RDBMS

 RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management

System.
 RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern
database systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM DB2,
Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
 The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called
tables.
 A table is a collection of related data entries and it
consists of columns and rows.
 What Can SQL do?

 SQL can execute queries against a database

 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL
 Data Definition Language
 CREATE TABLE - Add new table to data base
 ALTER TABLE - Change the structure of an existing table
 DROP TABLE - Remove a table from database

 Data Manipulation Language

 INSERT - Add some new row of data to database
 SELECT - Retrieving data from the database
 DELETE - Removing rows of data from database
 UPDATE - Modifying an existing database data
 Some SQL Data Types
Data type Description

CHARACTER(n) Character string. Fixed-length n

VARCHAR(n) or Character string. Variable length. Maximum length n

CHARACTER
VARYING(n)

BOOLEAN Stores TRUE or FALSE values

INTEGER(p) Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision p

FLOAT(p) Approximate numerical, mantissa precision p. A

floating number in base 10 exponential notation. The
size argument for this type consists of a single number
specifying the minimum precision
DATE Stores year, month, and day values

TIME Stores hour, minute, and second values

 Database Tables

 A database most often contains one or more

tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders").
 Tables contain records (rows) with data.
Customer CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country
ID

1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México D.F. 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución 2222
helados

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos 2312 México D.F. 05023 Mexico
Taquería

4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 1DP UK

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund

6 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Platz 43 München 80805 Germany

 SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from
a database.

SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;
and
SELECT * FROM table_name;
SELECT CustomerName,City FROM Customers;
CustomerName City

Alfreds Futterkiste Berlin

Ana Trujillo Emparedados México D.F.

y helados

Antonio Moreno Taquería México D.F.

Around the Horn London

Berglunds snabbköp Luleå

Frankenversand München
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Customer CustomerName Contact Address City Postal Country
ID Name Code

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

Anders

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución D.F.
helados 2222

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería Moreno D.F.

4 Around the Horn Thomas 120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 UK

Hardy 1DP

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 Sweden

Berglund 22

6 Frankenversand Peter Berliner Platz 43 München 80805 Germany

Franken
 The SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those
records that fulfil a specified criterion.

SQL WHERE Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';

Customer Customer Contact Address City Postal Country

ID Name Name Code

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados Constitución D.F.
y helados 2222

3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno 2312 D.F.
Taquería
 The SQL AND & OR Operators
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE
Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

Customer Customer Contact Address City Postal Country

ID Name Name Code

1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City='Berlin' OR
City='München';

Customer Customer ContactNa Address City Postal Country

ID Name me Code

1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste Anders 57

6 Frankenver Peter Berliner München 80805 Germany

sand Franken Platz 43
 The SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one
or more columns.

SQL ORDER BY Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name

ORDER BY column_name,column_name ASC|DESC;
 SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY Country;

CustomerID CustomerName Contact Address City Postal Country

Name Code

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

Anders

6 Frankenversand Peter Berliner Platz 43 München 80805 Germany

Franken

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Trujillo Constitución D.F.
helados 2222

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería Moreno D.F.

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 Sweden

Berglund 22

4 Around the Horn Thomas 120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 UK

Hardy 1DP
 The SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in
a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)

VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
 INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen21','Stavanger','4006', 'Norway');

Custo CustomerName ContactName Address City Postal Country

merID Code

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución D.F.
helados 2222

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Taquería 2312 D.F.

4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover London WA1 UK

Sq. 1DP

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund 8 22

6 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Platz München 80805 Germany

43

7 Cardinal Tom B. Erichsen Skagen 21 Stavanger 4006 Norway

 The SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in
a table.

SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...

WHERE some_column=some_value;
UPDATE Customers SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg'
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

Custo CustomerName ContactName Address City Postal Country

merID Code

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Alfred Schmidt Obere Str. 57 Hamburg 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución D.F.
helados 2222

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Taquería 2312 D.F.

4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK
Sq.

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

Berglund 8

6 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Platz München 80805 Germany

43

7 Cardinal Tom B. Erichsen Skagen 21 Stavang 4006 Norway

er
 The SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;

DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds
Futterkiste' AND ContactName='Maria Anders';

Custo CustomerName ContactName Address City Postal Country

merID Code

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México D.F. 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución
helados 2222

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México D.F. 05023 Mexico

Taquería 2312

4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK
Sq.

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund 8

6 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Platz München 80805 Germany

43

7 Cardinal Tom B. Erichsen Skagen 21 Stavanger 4006 Norway

 The SQL LIKE Statement

The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a

column.

SQL LIKE Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;
 SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE 'M%';

Customer CustomerName ContactName Address City Postal Country

ID Code

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y la D.F.
helados Constitu
SQL LIKE Syntax
ción
2222
3 Antonio Antonio Matader México 05023 Mexico
Moreno Moreno os 2312 D.F.
Taquería
The SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a
database.

SQL CREATE DATABASE Syntax

CREATE DATABASE dbname;

Eg. CREATE DATABASE my_db;

The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
 The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table
in a database.
 Tables are organized into rows and columns
 Each table must have a name.

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);
CREATE TABLE Persons(PersonID int,LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),Address varchar(255),City varchar(255));

PersonID LastName FirstName Address City

 The DROP TABLE Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a table.

DROP TABLE table_name

The DROP DATABASE Statement

The DROP DATABASE statement is used to delete a

database.

DROP DATABASE database_name

 The ALTER TABLE Statement
 The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or
modify columns in an existing table.
 SQL ALTER TABLE Syntax
 To add a column in a table:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
 To delete a column in a table:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name
 To change the data type of a column in a table:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

ALTER TABLE Persons ADD DateOfBirth date

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City DateOfBirth

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

ALTER TABLE Persons ALTER COLUMN DateOfBirth year
 Changes the data type of the column DateOfBirth to year

ALTER TABLE Persons DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

 SQL Functions

 AVG() - Returns the average value

 COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
 MAX() - Returns the largest value
 MIN() - Returns the smallest value
 SUM() - Returns the sum
 SQL AVG() Syntax
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 bags 18

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz bottles 19

3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml bottles 10

4 Chef Anton's 2 2 48 - 6 oz jars 21.35

Cajun Seasoning

5 Chef Anton's 2 2 36 boxes 25

Gumbo Mix

SELECT AVG(Price) AS PriceAverage FROM Products;

PriceAverage

18.67
 Eg. SELECT ProductID,ProductName, Price FROM Products
WHERE Price>(SELECT AVG(Price) FROM Products);
ProductI ProductName Price
D

2 Chang 19
4 Chef Anton's 21.35
Cajun Seasoning

5 Chef Anton's 25
Gumbo Mix

 SQL COUNT() Syntax

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SQL MAX() Syntax
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SQL MIN() Syntax
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
End