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ABSTRACT
The concentration of urban settlement in India is very unequal
due to the level of development. This article has emphasised on
the process of urbanisation and development in the Empowered
Action Group (EAG) states of India. Primary Census Abstract
(2011) has been for this study. This study focuses the district
wise accessibility of basic amenities of urban people in EAG
states of India to draw the relationship between urbanisation and
development. The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking
water, toilet facility, drainage are critical determinants of quality
of urban life. Lorenz curve and the Gini-coefficient index have been
used to show the unequal distribution of urban population. The
UNDP methodology has been used for the construction of the Basic
Amenities Index by incorporating the most critical indicators of
accessibility of urban amenities. Results show the pace of urban
population growth has increased in all the EAG states. But the
accessibility of basic amenities is not simultaneously increasing
with the growing urban population. The Bijapur district of
Chhattisgarh (0.273) has scored low, and Tehri Garhwal district
of Uttarakhand has scored the highest value (0.910) among all the
districts of EAG states regarding Basic Amenities Index (BAI).
INTRODUCTION
clean fuel are the critical determinants of living conditions and health
of the urban people (Clegg and Garlick, 1979; Ali and Rahman, 2004).
However, it is not clear whether the bigger cities are better off than small
cities and towns. Although bigger states are known for air pollution,
slum and crowding, it would be interesting to know how these states
differ regarding the provision of clean water, sanitation, and electricity,
etc. (Bhagat, 2005). In India, the eight Socio-Economically backward
states namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, together are termed as
Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. These states lag behind in the
process of urbanisation as well as socio-economic development. These
states are categorised as the bigger states in India and also cover over
45 per cent of India’s population (Census of India, 2011). However, it is
a major concern to look at whether urban dwellers can get easy access
to the basic urban amenities or are deprived since it is a basic right of
all urban dwellers and one of the main aspects of “Right to the City”
concept (Harvey, 2008). Availability and accessibility of basic amenities
are more important for the growing size of the urban population. It is
a challenge to get proper access to those resources which can fulfill
the Sustainable Development Goals 2015, (clean water and sanitation,
affordable and clean energy and reduces the inequality in urban areas).
In this context, the paper tries to find the relation between urbanisation
and development process among the eight socio-economically backward
states of India, by examining the level and concentration of urbanisation
and access to basic amenities to urban people.
The paper has been divided into two sections. Firstly, the paper
analyses the unequal distribution of the urban population in the EAG
states of India. Secondly, the paper tries to examine the access to basic
amenities (shelter, bathroom, drainage, drinking water) in the EAG
states of India.
Data Source
Secondary data from the Census of India (1961-2011) has been
used to fulfill the objectives. Mainly the Town directory, Household
amenities series, and Primary Census Abstracts are used in the study.
The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet
facility, drainage facility data has been extracted for constructing the
Basic Amenities Index.
Methodology
Gini coefficient index is a measure of the inequality of a distribution.
Here, the Gini coefficient and Lorenz Curve are used for the first
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VOL. L, Part 4, Oct-Dec 2018
Where Xij is the actual value of the ith indicator Xi for the state j.
Max (Xij) and min (Xij), respectively, are highest and lowest goalpost
values that ith indicator can be allotted. Dij is the attainment index of
URBANISATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EAG STATES /5
MANOJ SAHU, SNIGDHA BANERJEE AND SUYASH MISHRA
Like the dimensional indices, the BAI (Bj) is also a unit free value,
which ranges between 0 and 1 and provides a normalised measure of
achievement. Higher BAI values indicate the higher level of achievement
concerning basic amenities. Level of achievement of the states is
classified into four categories such as low level of achievement (less
than 0.5), medium level of achievement (0.500–0.799 score), high level
of achievement (0.800–0.899 score), very high level of achievement (0.90
or above).
GeoDa software has been used to generate district level map of all
EAG states, for showing the Basic Amenities Index.
Result
Figure1 shows the percentage of urban population to total
population from 1961 to 2011 census year. The population had increased
from 439.2 million in 1961 to 1210.1 million in 2011. The size of the
country’s urban population has increased from 18 per cent in 1961 to
31 per cent in 2011. From the figure, it is observed that from 1981 the
rate of urbanisation is rising very sharply. In India, there are three main
channels through which urbanisation can arise. The first is the natural
increase; second is net migration and third is the reclassification of
urban areas. Urban expansion observed between 2001 and 2011 can be
explained by two phenomena. First, due to a reclassification of rural
areas to urban areas and the second is the shift in the rural population
towards urban areas through migration (Colmer, 2016).
Figure 2 shows the trends of urbanisation rate in EAG states in
two consecutive decades, from this figure it is observed that the rate of
urbanisation in those EAG states is increasing from 2001 to 2011. But
in the case of Madhya Pradesh, it has declined by ten percentages due
to the reason of some reclassification of urban areas. In 2001 Madhya
Pradesh had the highest percentage of urban population (37.4 per cent).
The rate of urbanisation rate is highest in Uttarakhand (30.6 per cent),
and lowest is in Bihar (11.3 per cent) among all EAG states in 2011.
From Table 1, it is evident that in 2011, the number of cities
increased to 7948. In the Indian context, the volume of the concentration
of urban population is high in small and medium towns, because of
the high migration rate from villages to cities especially in cities of IV,
V and VI. It has been observed that in 2011 the number of class I cities
increased to 511. Class I cities alone account for 60.4 per cent of the total
urban population in 2011. Thus Class I cities are growing at the cost of
other size classes and their growth is much faster than other cities and
towns in the country. The growing economic facilities attracted a number
of populations to Class I cities, but on the other hand, many labour
class people prefer to live in class II, III, IV cities, the primary reason
being low living cost. However, Central and state governments need
to decentralise economic policies to build up economic infrastructure
in smaller order cities. The table shows the class-wise distribution of
census town and percentage of census town population in the of EAG
states. Among the EAG states, Uttar Pradesh has the highest number
of Class I census town (64), followed by Madhya Pradesh (32) and also
the higher concentration of population can be found in Class I cities
in every EAG states. A remarkable feature was found in the states of
Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand. More than 50 per cent of the
urban population in these states is concentrated only in less than 10
Class I cities.
TABLE 2: GINI CONCENTRATION INDEX
Safe
Decent Improved Improved Improved Basic Ame-
States Electricity Drinking
House Latrine Bathroom Drainage nities Index
Water
VOL. L, Part 4, Oct-Dec 2018
Conclusion
Urbanisation is closely linked with the process of modernisation
and industrialisation. The history of urbanisation in the Indian
subcontinent is very long. The growth of urbanisation (31 per cent)
is unexpected in the year 2011, due to the formation of new Census
Towns (Pradhan, 2013). The sole reason behind this alarming increase
of Census Towns is the improvement of transport facilities and shifting
of economic activities of the male workers from agricultural activities
to tertiary sector (Kuruvilla, 2014; Karmakar, 2015). EAG states have
been formed with eight low socio-economic status states to improve
the socio-economic condition of these backward states of India. Lack
of access to basic amenities is a fundamental concern for developing
URBANISATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EAG STATES /13
MANOJ SAHU, SNIGDHA BANERJEE AND SUYASH MISHRA
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