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typical landform patterns are also part of the field A topographic study may be
made for a variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have
about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction
1. Contour lines must close, not necessarily in the limits of the plan.
2. The horizontal distance between any two contour lines indicates the amount
9. Contour lines with U-shape with convexity towards lower ground indicate
ridge.
10. Contour lines with V-shaped with convexity towards higher ground indicate
valley.
11. Contour lines generally do not meet or intersect each other. If contour lines
12. Contours of different elevations cannot cross each other. If contour lines
13. The steepest slope of terrain at any point on a contour is represented along
15. A contour line must close itself but need not be necessarily within the limits
of the map.
III. Terminologies
a. Spot height
element.
b. Hachures
A line on a map indicating the steepness of a slope. Unlike contour lines,
hachures are drawn in the direction of the slope and their thickness and
c. Form Lines
terrain.
d. Contour lines
land surface, all points of which are at the same elevation above a datum
e. Shading
a. Depression
b. Summit of hill
The term "summit" is generally used only for a mountain peak with some
but not reaching a certain cutoff value for the quantities, are often
c. Ridge
depending on size.
d. Valley
Scotland as a glen. A wide, flat valley through which a river runs is known
valley.
e. Saddle
The saddle between two hills (or mountains) is the region surrounding
the highest point of the lowest point on the line tracing the drainage
divide (the col) connecting the peaks. When, and if, the saddle is
the two massifs, is the area generally found around the lowest route on
which one could pass between the two summits, which includes that
axis, and a relative low in the athwart axis, simultaneously; that point
f. Spur
of sub peak.
g. Sink hole
processes. Sinkholes vary in size from 1 to 600 m (3.3 to 2,000 ft.) both
in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-
found worldwide.
V. Types of contours
a. Index
A bolder/wider brown line that has the elevation value marked at various
intervals as a part of the line. These contours typically occur every fifth
line. Use an index contour near the point for which you are trying to find
b. Intermediate
This is the basic symbol that you will use to determine the elevation of a
crosses have the same elevation at that point. Contour lines basically
c. Supplementary
A dotted or dashed line that represents half the interval between the
d. Depression
A contour that indicates a hole and is represented by a "hachured"
brown line. A depression is a point inside a contour that is lower than the
contour.
e. Approximate
map makers did not obtain data on the real height of certain areas. This
f. Contour intervals
the contour interval. It depends upon the scale of the map, nature of the
a. Direct
surveyed, plotted and finally joined to obtain the particular contour. This
method is slow and tedious and thus used for large scale maps, small
b. Indirect
Indirect methods are less expensive, less time consuming and less
1. Coordinate
extracted based upon the basic pattern. The thus extracted basic
coordinates.
2. Cross profile
either side of the centre line of the area. Several points are
4. Tachometry
calculated. A traverse and radial lines are plotted to the scale RLs
5. Digital
6. Control points
center cross with approximately 5 feet legs. The legs of the cross
are made of cloth, plastic, or paint. The panels are usually white
7. Trace
Reference/s:
http://surveying2012.blogspot.com/2013/08/contours-characteristics-and-
uses.html
http://www.diccionariodelaconstruccion.com/en/planning-and-project-
management/productive-process-of-topography/spot-height
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hachure
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/form+lines
https://www.britannica.com/topic/contour-line
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shading
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole