CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF FLOWCHARTS iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
NOMENCLATURE v
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. General 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Literature Review 3
CHAPTER 3 ESTIMATION OF AFFLUX
3.1. Introduction 8
3.2. Broad crested weir formula 8
3.3. Orifice formula 9
3.4 Afflux calculations for BCB (Bridge Cum Bandhara) 9
3.4.1. Free Flow Condition 11
3.4.2. Drowned Condition 11
CHAPTER 4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PIPE CULVERT
4.1. Introduction 12
4.2. Inlet control 12
4.3. Outlet control 13
4.4. Nomograms Design Procedure 14
4.5. Road overtopping 18
4.6. Hydraulic design of small bridges and culverts 19
CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PIPE CULVERT
5.1. Introduction 21
5.2. External Loads on pipe 21
 5.2.1. Superimposed Uniformly Distributed Load under 22
Trench Conditions
5.2.2. Superimposed Uniformly Distributed Load under 22
embankment conditions
5.2.3. Superimposed Concentrated Load under 22
Trench Conditions
5.2.4. Fill material under Trench Conditions 22
5.2.5. Fill Material under Embankment Conditions 23
5.2.5.1 Positive Projection Embankment Condition 23
5.2.5.2 Negative Projection Embankment Condition 23
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES
6.1. Introduction 25
6.2. MEXE method 26
6.3.Modified MEXE method 28
6.3.1 Modifying factors 28
6.4. Mechanism method 31
6.5. Elastic Cracking method 32
6.6.Finite Element method 32
REFERENCES 66
ANNEXURE A Estimation of Afflux 34
ANNEXURE B Design of masonry bridge by MEXE method 37
ANNEXURE C Estimation of Afflux(High level bridges) 42
ANNEXURE D Estimation of Afflux(Submersible level bridges) 45
ANNEXURE E Design of Hume pipe culvert 48
ANNEXURE F Paper Published 50