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SUBTITLING

Prepared by:
NAIMI SYAHIRA MOHAMAD (A162722)
NUR MARSYA AMANI MOHD JAMIL (A162641)
NURAINI SHAPARIAH ABDUL RASHID (A162667)
INTRODUCTION

Subtitling is a type of audiovisual translation that


has its own rules and specifications. Thus, it is a
translation that has restrictions and certain
criteria which directly affect the final result.
SUBTITLING

Subtitling translation is a technique that


displaying the written text on the screen to
convey dialogues alerts as well as other
materials such as recessional lyrics
SUBTITLING

Subtitling is one of the possible methods for


providing the translation of a movie dialogue
where the original soundtrack is left in place and
the translation is printed along the bottom of the
movies
PARADIGMS OF SUBTITLING

Intralingual Interlingual
Subtitling Subtitling
Same language Different languages
INTRALINGUAL SUBTITLING

A clip of an animated English cartoon with English subtitle


INTERLINGUAL SUBTITLING

A clip of a music video of a Chinese song with multilingual subtitle


TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Open Subtitles Closed Subtitles


Viewers has no choice as to Translation can be added to
the presence of subtitles on the programme at the viewer's
screen will
OPEN SUBTITLES
CLOSED SUBTITLES
FOR WHOM ARE PROGRAMMES SUBTITLED?

Viewers
with hearing Young viewer Foreigners
problems
HOW ARE PROGRAMMES SUBTITLED?

The amount The duration of


of text is the presentation
almost always follows the six-
limited to two second rule
lines
PHASES IN SUBTITLING
The way toward characterizing
the in and out times of
The film must be reviewed in a individual subtitles so they are
simulation session & modifications synchronized with the sound
of text and timing can be made and cling to the base and most
during the simulation. extreme span times
IV. SIMULATION I. SPOTTING

The text must be a natural text Deciphering from the source


which flows with the same language, limiting and adjusting
punctuation, spelling rules and it while pleasing the characters
language conventions allowed by criteria
III. CORRECTION II. TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR SUBTITLING
(Gottlieb's)

EXPANSION PARAPHRASE TRANSFER IMITATION

DECIMATION CONDENSATION DISLOCATION TRANSCRIPTION

DELETION RESIGNATION
STRATEGY EXPLANATION

used when the original text requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance
Expansion
not retrievable in the target language.
resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original cannot be reconstructed in
Paraphrase
the same syntactic way in the target language.
Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely and accurately.
Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and places.
used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the source text, for example, the
Transcription
use of a third language or nonsense language.
adopted when the original employs some sort of special effect, e.g., a silly song in a
Dislocation
cartoon film where the translation of the effect is more important than the content.
the typical strategy used, that is, the shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way
Condensation
possible.
an extreme form of condensation where perhaps for reasons of discourse speed, even
Decimation
potentially important elements are omitted.
Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text.
describes the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be found and meaning
Resignation
is inevitably lost.
SOCIO-CULTURAL
ASPECTS

The ideas, customs


and social
Culture behaviour of a
particular people or
society

Socio- A term related to


social and cultural
factors; common

culture tradition, habits,


patterns and beliefs
CATEGORIES OF SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS

Ecology Material Culture Social Culture Organizations, Gestures &Habits


• Comprises animals, plants, • Concepts like food, • Refers to for example Customs &Ideas • Refers to how people of
local winds, mountains, clothes, housing, transport work and leisure, and is • Political, social, legal, different cultures behave
and plains among others. Such and communications. exemplified by patisserie religious, and artistic differently in certain
examples are bush and tundra. and boule. aspects. situations, as when greeting
each other with a hand
• Referring to the institutional
shake or a kiss
terms of the political and
social life of a country, for
example Riksdag
• Also historical terms, such
as le Grand Siècle, fall
under this category.
CLASSIFICATION

Information Learning
Processing Aesthetics Effects
PROS
INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Conciseness
Equal informational value as the original
spoken texts

Redundancy
Lies in the fact that the same information is
offered twice (d'Ydewalle and Gielen, 1992)
Viewers are provided with strong overlapping
information consisting of sound and text

Efficiency
Reading is usually faster than listening
(d'Ydewalle er al., 1991)
Viewers have the opportunity to read ahead and
back as long as the subtitle is available on the
screen
CONS
INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Condensation
Subtitlers will adapt the original spoken texts
without leaving out information that is essential
for the viewer's understanding

Limited view
Subtitles are thought to impede information
processing because they reduce the visible
area of the original picture (Van Driel, 1983)

Mental effort
Reading takes up so much energy that French
cinema audiences leave the theatre in a worn-out
state after they have watched a subtittle movie
(Marleau, 1982)
Viewer is not only busy watching and listening but
also reading, it is sometimes assumed that watching
a subtitled television programme takes more mental
effort
PROS
AESTHETICS

Authenticity
A subtitled programme is more real and closely
resembles the original programme because
actors and presenters are heard with their own
voices (Luyken et al. 1991)
CONS
AESTHETICS

Overlapping the picture


An aesthetic disadvantage of the use of
subtitles is that they 'smudge' the picture
(Ivarsson and Carroll, 1998)

Unity of picture and sound


The artistic unity of picture and sound is lost when
the dialogue is presented through onscreen texts
Subtitling causes an attention split which
negates the audiovisual power of the medium
(Teunissen, 1981)
PROS
LEARNING
EFFECTS
Foreign language acquisition
A series of experiments have shown that young
and adult viewers are able to learn the
meanings of foreign-language words just by
watching a very short subtitled television
programme.

Viewers inadvertently listen to the words spoken in


the foreign language; most of the translation can be
read in the subtitle; and learning seems to be
facilitated through the pictures that provide support
for understanding the meaning of the foreign-
language words.
CONS
LEARNING
EFFECTS
Barbarisms
Foreign-language acquisition through watching
subtitled television programmes may be considered a
disadvantage, because it can lead to barbarisms that
contaminate the mother tongue (Bruls and Kerkman,
1989).

To prevent that happening, local nationalistic


television channels, such as the Basque channel in
Spain, seem to prefer to dub television programmes.
THANK YOU!

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