Electron pair

In chemistry, an electron pair or a Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital
but have opposite spins. The electron pair concept was introduced in a 1916 paper of Gilbert N. Lewis.

Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids these particles from having exactly the
same quantum numbers. Therefore, the only way to occupy the same orbital, i.e. have the same orbital
quantum numbers, is to differ in the spin quantum number. This limits the number of electrons in the same
orbital to exactly two.

The pairing of spins is often energetically favorable and electron pairs therefore play a very large role in
chemistry. They can form a chemical bond between two atoms, or they can occur as a lone pair of valence
electrons. They also fill the core levels of an atom.

Because the spins are paired, the magnetic moment of the electrons cancels and the contribution of the pair to
the magnetic properties will in general be a diamagnetic one.

Although a strong tendency to pair off electrons can be observed in chemistry, it is also possible that electrons
occur as unpaired electrons.

In the case of metallic bonding the magnetic moments also compensate to a large extent, but the bonding is
more communal so that individual pairs of electrons cannot be distinguished and it is better to consider the
electrons as a collective 'ocean'.

A very special case of electron pair formation occurs in superconductivity: the formation of Cooper pairs.