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ày 2ττ *
v
àx 2ττ
This produces a fractional error of less
These equations connect the eddy current
than ea in the eddy current densities and
density with the tangential components
of less than (ea) in the torque. In the
2
Maxwell's Formula
Figure 3. Lines of flow of eddy currents in-
This calculation starts from a formula
duced in rotating disk by two circular magnet
given by Maxwell in 1873, but apparently
1
poles
little known to engineers. T o apply it one
Paper42-140, recommended by the A I E E committee
on basic sciences for presentation at the A I E E
summer convention, Chicago, 111., June 22-26, 1942.
Manuscript submitted December 12, 1940; made
available for printing May 20, 1942.
Figure 2. Lines of flow of eddy currents in-
W. R. SMYTHB is professor in the department of
physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasa- duced in rotating disk by single circular magnet Figure 4. Geometrical relations for calcula-
dena, Calif. pole tion of demagnetizing flux
in Β' the initial value of Β is known, and, dB= Fit — r, x, y, s ± —^—\ir (12) fxdrx'dJà'
if no further changes in Β' occur its sub- àt \ ' 2Tcby)
Jo Jo Vh*+r ' +r' -2r 'r' 2 2
cos θ'
sequent values as the eddy currents decay
l l
tion 4 and solving. A second abrupt duced by moving permanent magnets, it combined with equations 12 and 13 give
change in B produces a second set of
f
is convenient to express U in terms of the the stream function to be
eddy currents, and so forth. At any in- scalar magnetic potential Ω. Since we
stant the actual field of the eddy currents have unit permeability we may write
'W
U -X
is a superposition of these. As the mag- Jo Jo ^
nitudes of the discontinuous changes in ί7=— / B dr = —- Ι —dr = — 13)
2ττJ ôr
r
proach as a limit a continuously changing Application to Magnet Moving in a where j R ' = r + c - 2 r c cos ( ω ( ί - τ ) + 0 )
r
2 2 2
Suppose that the sources of the inducing bring the pole piece down close to the
field lie above the xy plane where z > 0 . We now take the case of a magnetic plate so that h =r/(2Tby) and bring up a T t
At / = 0 the source changes abruptly the field produced by a long right circular similar pole of opposite sign from the
induction being # i ' = Fi(x, y, z) when cylinder of radius a, uniformly and per- other side, so that the eddy current den-
— oo < / < 0 and B ' = F (x, y, z) whea
2 2
manently magnetized parallel to its axis, sity is doubled. We now carry out the
0 < t< co, As just shown the eddy cur- so as to give a total flux Φ. The magnetic differentiation with respect to t and set
rents generated at t = 0 initially keep the pole density in the face is therefore t±= 0 so that the 0 = 0 line bisects the pole
field on the negative side of an infinite Φ/(27τα) . This magnet moves in a circle
2
•ΙΤί
s i n iß-\-eu){R ' — ri cose')ri'dri'de'du
B t - e - B i ' - A ' - F i O c , y, z)-F (x, 2 y, z) (7) u
(15)
τ(2ττα) i V ( « + V - f i V - - 2 i ? V i ' c o s θ')
2 2 2
w
being c centimeters from the ζ axis, and cos (θ+eu). For 3,000 rpm with a copper
1_
its lower end h centimeters above the sheet 0.25 millimeter thick € « 0 . 0 1 so
2wby àz
(8) z = 0 plane in which lies an infinite plane that u in the denominator has reached
2
F {x
2 t y, so that the result should be good to one
per cent for a sheet one millimeter thick.
χΛ
Because the eddy currents must die out, We may therefore drop the e terms s e
350Ύ
and their magnetic field must be sym- that R ' becomes the r' in Figure 1 and
u
metrical about the sheet, we take the plus integrate with respect to u giving
I
sign when s is positive and the negative \ Cu cold \Cu hoi Κ sin θ
sign when ζ is negative. Thus equation U= — X
9 shows that, in addition to B which 2
r
(r -r ,
1
/
cos e'WdrSdd 1
for U from equation 20 and integrating one in Figure 2 and steps of two in Fig-
R " = r +(A /c) -2r(A /c)
a
2 2
cos ( 0 + 6 * 0 >
2 2 2
i f - Demagnetizing Effects
the resultant expression is identical with
τ
=—ττ-χ
equation 15, except that we have cRJ'/A a A r sin e 2 2 2
So far the magnet pole pieces have been
r sin 0, -
2 k
inner pole are kept inside the circle. This centimeters and y in electromagnetic
eddy currents alone at r =*=0i is 4π Ό I g.h
is exactly the boundary condition ΐοτ β units. If we are given the volume resistiv-
Substituting for U from equation 20 and
disk of radius A, except that the calcu- ity ρ of the disk in ohm-centimeters y —
writing as before e = 2πω& gives
lated system includes the currents in- »-»/p.
duced in the region r<A by the magnetic If the magnet is fixed, and the disk ro- in 0i /
οβΥιΦ sin AW
field of the eddy currents in the region tates, the arrangement described exerts ^ \ c n +A*-2ricA*cos
2 2
the disk. This field is proportional to may be avoided by using two identical
This shows that when b and g are com-
Φ€ which is, by hypothesis, small com- magnets on opposite sides of the axis and
parable in size B cannot be neglected
equidistant from it. This approximately
e
pared with Φ, and in addition the source is compared with the original flux density
further away, so that the fractional error doubles the torque given by equation 22.
Φ/(7τα ). The sin 0 term shows that the
2
T =
R>a U>
ωτώ^Φ sin θ l 7TÛ 4c 2
(A* y )
\r +c -2rc
2 2
cos 0 = ωτΦ £> ' 2
2
(24)
\ ^ Φ ο 1±€ -α 2 2 2 2
±a c A
2 2 4
\
Aa
2 2 Ί
) (20) Γ =
- ^ - ^ - ^ ^ Γ ω 7 Φ Ζ ) :
c r +A*-2rcA
2 2 2
cos 0
(25)
The torque may be calculated by inte- This holds when the two magnetic fields Ο RPM
800 1600
grating the product of the radial com- are parallel. The arrangement of equa- Figure 6. Curves showing torque versus speed
ponent of the current by the magnetic tion 24 gives more torque than that of For a large disk rotating between the single pair
induction and by the lever arm and inte- equation 25. The eddy-current flow lines of circular pole pieces of an electromagnet
grating over the area S of the pole piece. corresponding to constant values of U as as given by equations 22, 27, and 28
ignores that part of the flux threading dS probably not be far wrong. The speed for dyne cm or 1.17 kilogram-meters for this
from the current induced by B outside e maximum torque given by equation 30 single pole and roughly four times this for
this area, which is of the order eB^S. wiH certainly be decreased, perhaps con- four poles. Expressing T' in kilogram-
The eddy currents U are evidently e siderably, because of the increase in β. meters and ω ' in rpm, equation 29 be-
equivalent to a magnetic shell of variable The only formula we can find for this comes
strength U in the sheet and to get ïï the
e e torque is one derived by Rüdenberg. 3
(A -c )'
2 2
-c a )~
2 2
circular faces. Several such calculations
to simulate a ring whose width roughly have been carried out, but it is doubtful
If the flux penetrating the sheet at rest is
equaled that of the postulated strip. His if the additional theoretical accuracy jus-
Φ , then when in motion we have, if (R is
0
four poles were so far apart that their tifies publishing them. The difference
the reluctance of the electromagnet, Φ<=
action was nearly independent. We have between the ideal boundary conditions
Φ - 0 7 ω Φ/Φ, so that
2 2 2