*Application of Electromagnetics in Generator *

A Research study submitted to the

College of Engineering Faculty

As a partial requirements

Leading to the

Course of

EE- 312

(Engineering Electromagnetics)

Presented By:

Monsale, Mark Anthony R. Pueblas, Ryen Drexel P.

Bulaybulay, Rodel U. Baluyos, Ikeh James B.

Fabros, Diether L. Megreño, Jeffrey C.

Jaamil, Al- Jaysal A. Claros, Alchres M.

Tabaniera, Joseph G. Mangharal, Rene II

Date Submitted:

October 16, 2015

1
 **TABLE OF CONTENT**

PAGE NO.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1) Background of the study -------- 3

1.2) Statement of the problem -------- 8

1.3) Objective -------- 8

1.4) Significance of the study -------- 8

1.5) Scope and limitation -------- 8

Chapter 2: Literature Review -------- 9

Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework -------- 11
References -------- 12
Appendices -------- 15

2
 CHAPTER 1
**Introduction**

1.1: Background of the study

Electricity open the path for the new generation of technology, it lead us to
what the humans achieve in terms of technology. As of today electricity help
us in our everyday life, it makes our work much easier, efficient and fast. It
allow us to communicate the other person in far distances, it makes our
calculation faster. So many applications that we can perform using
electricity. Electricity had a big impact to our life but electricity means
nothing without the generator. Generator generates electricity; it converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generator is based on the principle
of “Electromagnetic Induction” discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday, a
British scientist. Faraday discovered that if an electric conductor, like a
copper wire, is move through a magnetic field, electric current will flow or
induced in the conductor. So the mechanical energy of the moving wire is
converted into the electric energy of the current that flows in the wire.
Electromagnetic generators fall into one of two broad categories, dynamos
and alternators.

 Dynamos
-Generate direct current, usually with voltage or current
fluctuations, usually through the use of a commutator

 Alternators

-Generate alternating current, which may be rectified by another

(external or directly incorporated) system.

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Parts of generator:

Mechanical:

 Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine

 Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine
Electrical:

 Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a

generator, alternator, or dynamo the armature windings generate the electric
current. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator.
 Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field
of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either electromagnets or
permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator.

As our generator produce AC circuit. We focus our study in AC Generator on how it

produces AC Circuit and how it differs in the DC Circuit. In order to understand it,
we must study first the law of Michael Faraday, the Faraday's law of induction.

Faraday's law of induction

- Is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will

interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a
phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.

Electromagnetic induction

-Is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor when it is

exposed to a time varying magnetic field.

4
Alternators

-Is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy in the form of alternating current.[2] For reasons of cost and simplicity, most
alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a
stationary armature.[3] Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with
a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be
called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven
by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses
a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power
stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Large 50 or 60
Hz three phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric
power, which is distributed by electric power grids.

History
In what is considered the first industrial use of alternating current in 1891,
workmen pose with a Westinghouse alternator at the Ames Hydroelectric
Generating Plant. This alternator was used as a generator producing 3000 volt, 133
Hertz, single-phase AC, and an identical one 3 miles away was used as an AC
motor.[5]

Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the
discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. The early
machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii.
Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was heteropolar - each
active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was
in opposite directions.[6] William Stanley, Jr. demonstrated the first practical
system for providing electric illumination with the use of alternating current in
1886.[7] Both DC generators and the "alternator system" were used from the 1870s
on.[8] Large two-phase alternating current generators were built by a British
electrician, J.E.H. Gordon, in 1882. Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also
developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz. After

5
1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing
phases.[9] Later alternators were designed for various alternating-current
frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting,
incandescent lighting and electric motors.[10]Specialized radio frequency alternators
like the Alexanderson alternator were developed as longwave radio
transmitters around World War 1 and used in a few high power wireless
telegraphy stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced them.

Principle of operation

Diagram of a simple alternator with a rotating magnetic core (rotor) and stationary
wire (stator) also showing the current induced in the stator by the rotating
magnetic field of the rotor.[citation needed]

A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field develops an electromotive

force (EMF) in it, (Faraday's Law). This emf reverses its polarity when it moves
under magnetic poles of opposite polarity. Typically, a rotating magnet, called
the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core,
called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF
(electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Since the
currents in the stator windings vary in step with the position of the rotor, an
alternator is a synchronous generator.[3]

6
The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, or by a field coil
electromagnet. Automotive alternators use a rotor winding which allows control of
the alternator's generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding.
Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor,
but are restricted in size, due to the cost of the magnet material. Since the
permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the
speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger than those used
in automotive applications.
An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep output voltage
constant. If the output voltage from the stationary armature coils drops due to an
increase in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils through
the voltage regulator (VR). This increases the magnetic field around the field coils
which induces a greater voltage in the armature coils. Thus, the output voltage is
brought back up to its original value.
Alternators used in central power stations also control the field current to
regulate reactive power and to help stabilize the power system against the effects of
momentary faults. Often there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so
that the rotating magnetic field produces a three phase current, displaced by one-
third of a period with respect to each other.

7
1.2: Statement of the problem

Problem statement:
The intention of this research is to establish the purposes for what type of
circuit are efficient in household wiring and for general purposes whether the AC
Circuit or the DC circuit with particular reference.

Sub‐problem:
 Does generator give us the sufficient amount of electricity we need?
 How can we achieve clean energy for the future?

1.3: Objectives
Our objectives in this research are the following:
 To understand how an AC Generator works.
 To understand how the law of electromagnetics applied on the
generator.
 To understand how does electromagnetics applied on generator

1.4: Significance of the study

The study will be a significant endeavor in promoting development of
generators in the future and how it can benefit the community. This study will
also be beneficial to the students and instructors in understanding how does
generator works, how it produce electricity and for any future cases. Moreover,
this research will provide information on the basic principle of generator. This
study will be helpful to all human for electricity is one of the necessity that human
need. It will also serve as a future reference for researchers on the subject of AC
Generator. And importantly, this research will educate; not only students, but for
all the people in the world how to achieve energy on material that we thought a
trash.
1.5: Scope and Limitation
The scope of this research is to show how the principle of electromagnetism
was applied in the generator that we created. This investigation was conducted to
determine the basic application of electromagnetism for the purpose of generating
electricity.

8
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review on Generator
Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered,
electrostatic generators were used. They operated on electrostatic principles. Such
generators generated very high voltage and low current. They operated by using
moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge to a high
potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms:
Electrostatic induction and the triboelectric effect. Because of their inefficiency and
the difficulty of insulating machines that produced very high voltages, electrostatic
generators had low power ratings, and were never used for generation of
commercially significant quantities of electric power. Through a series of
discoveries, the dynamo was succeeded by many later inventions, especially the AC
alternator, which was capable of generating alternating current. Alternating
current generating systems were known in simple forms from Michael Faraday's
original discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current. Faraday himself
built an early alternator. His machine was a "rotating rectangle", whose operation
was heteropolar - each active conductor passed successively through regions where
the magnetic field was in opposite directions. Large two-phase alternating current
generators were built by a British electrician, J.E.H. Gordon, in 1882. The first
public demonstration of an "alternator system" was given by William Stanley, Jr.,
an employee of Westinghouse Electric in 1886. Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
established Ferranti, Thompson and Ince in 1882, to market his Ferranti-Thompson
Alternator, invented with the help of renowned physicist Lord Kelvin. His early
alternators produced frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz. Ferranti went on to
design the Deptford Power Station for the London Electric Supply Corporation in
1887 using an alternating current system. On its completion in 1891, it was the first
truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then
"stepped down" for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use
today around the world.

9
 A small early 1900s 75 kVA direct-driven power station AC alternator, with a
separate belt-driven exciter generator. After 1891, polyphase alternators were
introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases. Later alternators were
designed for varying alternating-current frequencies between sixteen and about one
hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.
Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the
discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. The early
machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii.
Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was heteropolar - each
active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was
in opposite directions.[6] William Stanley, Jr. demonstrated the first practical
system for providing electric illumination with the use of alternating current in
1886. Both DC generators and the "alternator system" were used from the 1870s on.
Large two-phase alternating current generators were built by a British
electrician, J.E.H. Gordon, in 1882. Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also
developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz. After
1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing
phases. Later alternators were designed for various alternating-current frequencies
between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting,
incandescent lighting and electric motors. Specialized radio frequency alternators
like the Alexanderson alternator were developed as longwave radio
transmitters around World War 1 and used in a few high power wireless
telegraphy stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced them.

10
 **Chapter 3 **
Theoretical Framework

Generator

(Main Source)

Rectifier

(AC to DC)

Capacitors

(Serve as Battery)

Lighting Switch

Circuit #1 Circuit #2

(5 LED Bulb) (4 LED Bulb)

11
 References

1. Sadiku, M. N. O. (2007). Elements of Electromagnetics (fourth ed.). New

York (USA)/Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. p. 386. ISBN 0-19-
530048-3.
2. "Applications of electromagnetic induction". Boston University. 1999-07-22.
3. ^ Giancoli, Douglas C. (1998). Physics: Principles with Applications (Fifth
ed.). pp. 623–624.
4. "A Brief History of Electromagnetism" (PDF).
5. Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007). Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics (5th ed.).
Pearson:Prentice Hall. p. 255. ISBN 0-13-241326-4.
6. "Joseph Henry". Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of
Sciences. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
7. Faraday, Michael; Day, P. (1999-02-01). The philosopher's tree: a selection of
Michael Faraday's writings. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7503-0570-9.
Retrieved 28 August 2011.
8. Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 182-3
9. Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 191–5
10. Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 510
11. Maxwell, James Clerk (1904), A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol.
II, Third Edition. Oxford University Press, pp. 178–9 and 189.
12. "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", the Institution of Engineering and
Technology.
13. Poyser, Arthur William (1892), Magnetism and electricity: A manual for
students in advanced classes. London and New York; Longmans, Green, &
Co., p. 285, fig. 248. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
14. "Faraday's Law, which states that the electromotive force around a closed
path is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of magnetic flux
enclosed by the path"Jordan, Edward; Balmain, Keith G.
(1968).Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems (2nd ed.). Prentice-
Hall. p. 100.
15. "The magnetic flux is that flux which passes through any and every surface
whose perimeter is the closed path"Hayt, William (1989). Engineering
Electromagnetics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 312. ISBN 0-07-027406-1.
16. ^ "The flux rule" is the terminology that Feynman uses to refer to the law
relating magnetic flux to EMF.Richard Phillips Feynman, Leighton R B &
Sands M L (2006). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. San Francisco:
Pearson/Addison-Wesley. Vol. II, pp. 17-2.ISBN 0-8053-9049-9.
17. Griffiths, David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics (Third ed.).
Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 301–303. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.

12
18. Tipler and Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, p795, google books
link
19. Note that different textbooks may give different definitions. The set of
equations used throughout the text was chosen to be compatible with the
special relativity theory.
20. Principles of Physics, P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson, 2nd Edition, 1978, John
Murray, ISBN 0-7195-3382-1
21. Nave, Carl R. "Faraday's Law". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.
Retrieved 29 August 2011.
22. Roger F Harrington (2003). Introduction to electromagnetic engineering.
Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. p. 56. ISBN 0-486-43241-6.
23. ^ Davison, M. E. (1973). "A Simple Proof that the Lorentz Force, Law
Implied Faraday's Law of Induction, when B is Time
Independent". American Journal of Physics 41 (5): 713–711. Doi:
10.1119/1.1987339.
24. ^ Basic Theoretical Physics: A Concise Overview by Krey and Owen,
p155, google books link
25. K. Simonyi, Theoretische Elektrotechnik, 5th edition, VEB Deutscher Verlag
der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1973, equation 20, page 47
26. Griffiths, David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics (Third ed.). Upper
Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 301–3. ISBN 0-13-805326-X. Note that
the law relating flux to EMF, which this article calls "Faraday's law", is
referred to in Griffiths' terminology as the "universal flux rule". Griffiths
uses the term "Faraday's law" to refer to what article calls the "Maxwell–
Faraday equation". So in fact, in the textbook, Griffiths' statement is about
the "universal flux rule".
27. A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
28. Augustus Heller (2 April 1896), "Anianus Jedlik", Nature (Norman
Lockyer)53 (1379): 516, Bibcode:1896Natur..53..516H, doi:10.1038/053516a0
29. Birmingham Museums trust catalogue, accession number: 1889S00044
30. Thomas, John Meurig (1991). Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution:
The Genius of Man and Place. Bristol: Hilger. p. 51. ISBN 0750301457.
31. Beauchamp, K G (1997). Exhibiting Electricity. IET.
p. 90.ISBN 9780852968956.
32. Hunt, L. B. (March 1973). "The early history of gold plating". Gold
Bulletin 6(1): 16–27. doi:10.1007/BF03215178.
33. Berliner Berichte. January 1867.
34. Proceedings of the Royal Society. February 14, 1867.
35. Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. pp. 7
36. Blalock, Thomas J., "Alternating Current Electrification, 1886". IEEE
History Center, IEEE Milestone. (ed. first practical demonstration of a dc
generator - ac transformer system.)
37. Ferranti Timeline – Museum of Science and Industry (Accessed 22-02-2012)

13
38. Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. pp. 17
39. Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. pp. 16
40. SpecSizer: Generator Set Sizing
41. Losty, H.H.W & Lewis, D.L. (1973) Homopolar Machines. Philosophical
Transactions for the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences. 275 (1248), 69-75
42. Langdon Crane, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generator: More
Energy from Less Fuel, Issue Brief Number IB74057, Library of Congress
Congressional Research Service, 1981, retrieved
from Digital.library.unt.edu18 July 2008
43. "Hurricane Preparedness: Protection Provided by Power Generators | Power
On with Mark Lum". Wpowerproducts.com. 10 May 2011. Retrieved2012-08-
24.
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Moynihan, New York Times, 30 October 2011; accessed 2 November 2011

14
 Appendices

Figure 1. Simplified Single-Phase AC Generator

Equivalent circuit of generator and load:

G = generator
VG=generator open-circuit voltage
RG=generator internal resistance
VL=generator on-load voltage
RL=load resistance

An equivalent circuit of a generator and load is shown in the diagram to the right.
The generator is represented by an abstract generator

15
The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the
rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called
the synchronous speed for that frequency. This table gives some examples:

Poles RPM for 50 Hz RPM for 60 Hz RPM for 400 Hz

2 3,000 3,600 24,000

4 1,500 1,800 12,000

6 1,000 1,200 8,000

8 750 900 6,000

10 600 720 4,800

12 500 600 4,000

14 428.6 514.3 3,429

16 375 450 3,000

18 333.3 400 2,667

20 300 360 2,400

40 150 180 1,200

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17