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GLOSSARY

aceUular 01·ganism (a-sel'-ya-lar 6r'-ga-ni'-zam) An organism not divided into cells.

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (a-de'-na-sen ' di-fas'-fat') A molecule within the cell which is
converted into the energy molecule ATP during glucose breakdown.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (a-de'-na-sen' tri-fas'-fat') A molecule which is produced dur-
ing glucose breakdown by the mitochondria. It serves as an energy source for the cell.
amino acid (a-me'-n6 a'-sad) The chemical unit or building-block of protein .
bilayer (bi'-la'-ar) Having two layers, as the two layers of phospholipid in the plasma mem-
brane.
biochemical (bi'-6-ke'-mi-kal) A chemical substance coming from a living organism.
cell (sel') The basic unit of life according to the cell theory.
cell cement (sel' si-ment') The intercellular material that holds plant cells together.
c ell plate (sel' plat') A septum which forms from the inside out at the end of plant cell divi-
sion to separate the two new cells.
cell theory The idea of Schleiden and Schwann that the basic unit of life is the cell, and that
all living organisms, both plants and animals, are composed of cells.
cell wall (sel' w61') The outer covering found in plant cells outside of the plasma membrane. It
is made of a double layer of cellulose, and serves to give strength and rigidity to the plant
cell.
cellular level (sel'-ya-lar le'-val) A degree of organism complexity. Organisms in this level are
either unicellular or colonial.
cellulose (sel'-ya-16s ') A fibrous material found in plant cell walls which gives structure and
r igidity to t he cell wall.
centriole (sen'-tre-61 ') One of a pair of rod-shaped structures on the side of the animal cell
n ucleus which are thought to play a role in the formation of the spindle during cell division.
chlorophyll (klor'-a-fil') A green pigment in plants which serves to trap the sun's energy for
photosynthesis.
chloroplast (klor'-a-plast') The tiny body that contains chlorophyll which is arranged in stacks
within a plant cell. Photosynthesis takes place in this part of the cell.
chromosome (kr6'-ma-s6m') Rod-shaped structure containing the genes. This structure con-
~ tains the infor m ation for making protein and thus for controlling the activity of the cell.
cleavage furrow (kle'-vij far'-6) The pinching in of the animal cell during cell division that
results in cytokin esis.
colonial (ka-16'-ne-al) Organisms that live in a group called a colony.
cytokinesis (si'-t6-ka-ne'-sas) The part of the cell division that causes the separation of the
cytoplasm into two separate daughter cells.
cytoplasm (sf'-t6-pla '-zam) The living su bstance of a cell , excluding the nucleus.
divis ion of labor Work being divided up in to specia lized tasks a s in a cell or a society.
endopla smic reticulum (en '-da-plaz'-mik ri -ti'-kya-lam) A series of tubes in the cytopla sm of a
cell that are believed to be used a s channels for transporting molecules wi°thin the cell.
enzyme (en'-zi m ) Protein m olecule which serves as a chemical to m ake reactions work, such as
the breakdown of foo d molecules.
epidermis (e'-pa-dar'-mas) The outer layer of protective cells.
fermentation (far'-man-ta'-shan) The pr ocess which involves th e production by yeast of ethyl
alcohol from glucose in the absence of oxygen .
gene (jen') A segment of DNA con tained on chr omosomes which contains the information for
making protein, thus allowing the nucleus to r un the cell's a ctivities and carry hereditary
traits.
43
glncost' (glu' -k6s) H\ood sugar used by the cells in the production of energy .
glyrog~\\ (g\i' -ka-jan) A long chain molecule made up of many glucose mol ecules link ed to ~elh .
('r It is used by animal cells to store glucose.
u;ly<'olysis (g li-ka' -la-sas) The process which involves the first step in the ch e mi ca l h rea kd CJw rl
of glucose , converting it to pyruvic acid.
Golgi b od ies (gol'-je ba ' -dez) A group of flattened sacs lying on top of each othe r in l h l! c.:yLo -
plasm of the cell. They a re an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum and a r e involved in
pr oducing a nd packa ging secretions .
homeostasis (ho'-me-o-sta' -sas) The maintenance of a constant internal body environm ent hy
a n orga n ism .
hypertonic (hi' -par-ta ' -nik) The name given to a solution which has a higher salt conce ntration
than another solu t ion. In this case, of a higher concentration than the intracellul a r solu
t10n
h ypoton ic (h'i'-pa-ta '- nik) The name given to a solution with a lower salt concentration.
in~olubih t y (in-s.al '-y a-bi'-la-te) Not able to be dissolved.
i~otonic (1'- sa-ta ' -n ik ) The name given to a solution that contains the same salt conce ntrntion
a "' a noth er solution .
lactic ac id ( la k' -tik a'-sad) The substance produced by body cells, such as muscles , whe n th er e
1i-; n ot e nough oxygen a vailable to go into the Krebs Cycle.

ly,mi,.ome (lt'- , a-so m ' ) P a ckets within the cell cytoplasm that contain digestive enzym es.
mat.t<"r (ma' -t ar) Tha t which occupies space and has mass.
mitochondricm (mi-t a-kan' -dre-an) plural, -dria (-dre-a) Structure within the cell cyt oplasm
rc.•i-.pon.s1 b l~ for t he produ ction of energy and its storage in the chemical calle d A TP .
musd<- fiber (m a ' -sa l fi ' -bar) A very long, contracting cell which makes up the skele tal mu s -
clt-:-- of our body
nonpola r (na n ' -p6' -lar ) A molec ul e or part of a molecule that has no charge or partinl chnrgt' .
nudc- k 11<· id (nu -k le ' -ik a '-sad) A group of biochemicals including DNA and RNA.
nucl~olu b (nu-kJe ' -a-las) T h e s mall, dark structures within the nucl e us of n cell . thought. t o
mukl" RNA w ooru;truct t he r ibosomes.
nud e u s (nu ' -6d e -as ) Tht: in terna l sp he r ica l s tructure in a cell which serves ns t.hP ce nt r a l con
trol
orga n (or'-gan) A group of tissues working toge the r as a unit for a particular purpost' in th l·
body
o rga n le ve l (or -gan le ' -val} A degree of orga ni s m complexity . Orga nisms at this lt'Vt'l hnv t·
their cells arranged into orga ns .
orga oeUe {or' -.ga-nel') Small membrane-bo u nde d str ucture within the coll which S l' l' Vl'S spt'
ci.ah.zed functions .
organ is m (or'--g~-ni'-z~m) Any livin g th in g in God's creation .
organism level (6r -ga -ni' -zam le'-v al ) The highe st le vel of complexity of n li ving t h ing i 11
w h ich the systems work together for the good of th e whol e. Any livin g t hin g must \w r un
s idert-d w have reached t his le vel.
orga ni smal theory (or'-ga-niz '-mal th e' -a -re) The b as ic unit of life is the organism it~L•l f.
which may be divided into celli; for effi ciency.
os m osis (az-m6' -sas) The diffusion of water across a semipermeable me mbrane .
111
p ermeab le m e mbra ne (par -me-a-bal mem'-bran) A membra ne which allows any molecuk
pass through without h indr ance.
t.111
phospholipid (fas'- fo-li'-p,ad ) A molec ule h aving a polar and nonpolar end which make~ 11 P '
plasma membrane toge t h e r wi th protein.
 photosynthesis (f6'-t6-sin(t)'-tha-sas) A process in green plants which involves the use of car-
bon dioxide and water in the production of glucose and oxygen using the sun's energy.
plasma membrane (plaz'-ma mem'-bran) The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell
which is made up of phospholipids and proteins; also known as cell membrane.
plastid (plas'-tad) Tiny sac in the plant cell which may either contain starch or oils as stored
food or some sort of plant pigment.
polar (p6'-lar) A molecule having slightly negative and positive ends with regard to charge.
protein (pr6'-ten) A long chain molecule made up of amino acids. This type of substance makes
up most of the structure of the cell.
pyruvic acid (pr-ru'-vik a'-sad) The end product of glycolysis in the breakdown of glucose.
semipermeable membrane (se'-me-par'-me-a-bal) A membrane which allows some molecules
to pass through but excludes others.
soluble (sal'-ya-bal) Capable of being dissolved.
specialization (spe'-sha-la-za'-shan) The limiting of the functions of a cell to a specific func-
tion.
spindle (spin'-dal) The fibers which direct the even distribution of the chromosomes during
nuclear division.
starch (starch') A long chain of glucose molecules used to store glucose in plant cells.
synthesis (sin(t)'-tha-sas) The combining of pieces to make a whole; in proteins, the linking of
a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein molecule.
system (sis'-tam) A group of organs working together for a common purpose.
system level (sis'-tam le'-val) A degree of organism complexity. Organisms at this level have
their cells arranged into systems.
tissue (ti'-shu) A group of cells working together to perform a particular task.
tissue level (ti'-shu le'-val) A degree of organism complexity. Organisms at this level have
their cells arranged into tissues.
unicellular organism (yu'-ni-sel'-ya-lar 6r'-ga-ni'-zam) An organism that has only one cell for
its body.
vacuole (va'-kya-wol') Membrane-bounded, fluid-filled sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Some types contain food as it is being digested; others fill up most of the cell and contribute
to cell rigidity as in some plant cells.
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