1 CC No.

- 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

ZH} SIF" TFZLB ov

NFB, SIF" TFZLBov
O[\;, SIF" TFZLB ov
;DIUF/M ov JQF" v DF;v lNJ;

D[P J0MNZFGF RMYF V[0 LxG, l;lJ, HH VG[ HI]P D[H LPOPSP;FC[A GL SM8"D F\4

J0MNZFP

lS|D LG, S[; G\A Zov $!#&$qZ_!Z

VF\S PPPP

OlZIFNL ov IMlUTF EZTEF. 9SSZ4

ZC[P V[v !54 NXGD 8[G FD[g 84GFZFI6 UF0"G GL AFH]D F
UM+L4 J0MNZFP

lJZ]w W

VFZM5L ov WJ, C;D]BEF. SM8[RF4

ZC[P V[v$ O,MZ[g; A\u,Mh4
5\RFD'T A\u,MhGL AFH]DF4 AC]RZFHLGF D\lNZGL 5FK/4
VFIG ;L8L ZM04 ;ZB[H4 UF\WLGUZ CF.J[4 VDNFJFN
TYF
9[Pcc Z[5L0 Z[0LVM ;M<I];G 5|FP,Lcc
ALv$4;tID[Jv!4U]HZFT CF.SM8"GL ;FD[4
;ZB[H UF\WLGUZ CF.J[4 VDNFJFN
OZLIFN o G[U MP>g;]P V[S 8 S,D !#( VgJI[

OlZIFNL TZO[ lJPJPzL 5|l TS V[; 5]J FZ

1/23
 2 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

VFZM5L TZO[ lJPJPzL ;L HL 5FNZLIF 4 H[P H[ GFIS

R]S FNM

!P VF SFDGF OZLIFNLV[ CF,GF VFZM5L lJZ]wW G[UM;LV[A, .g:8]PV[S8GL S,D

!#( VgJI[ OZLIFN NFB, SZ[, K[P OZLIFNGL 8}\SDF lJUT D]HA VF SFDGF

VFZM5L VF SFDGF OZLIFNLGL ;UL AC[G ZxDLA[GGF 5lT V[8,[ S[ OZLIFNLGF ;UF

AG[JL YFI K[ VG[ cc Z[5L0 Z[0LVM ;M<I];G 5|FP,Lcc GF GFDYL 9[PALv$ 4 ;tID[J v!

U]HZFT CF.SM8"GL ;FD[ 4 ;ZB[H UF\WLGUZ CF.J[4 VDNFJFN D]SFD[ ;L;L 8LJL S[D[ZFGM

J[5FZ SZ[ K[P VFZM5LG[ GJ[dAZ Z_!_GF VZ;FDF T[DGF W\WFGF 0[J,M5D[g8

DF8[ GF6FGL HZ]ZLIFT CM.4 OZLIFNLGF AC[G VG[ VFZM5L OZLIFNLGF 3[Z VFJ[,F

VG[ OZLIFNLGL 5F;[ ZF]P Z_ ,FBGL CFY pKLGL ZSDGL DFU6L SZ[,P

VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLG[ H6FJ[, S[ VFZM5LG[ ;L;L 8LJL S[D[ZF .g5M8" SZJFGM W\WM CM. T[GF

0[J,M5D[g8 VFZM5LG[ 36L DM8L ZSDGL HZ]ZLIFT pEL YI[, K[P H[YL OZLIFNL VF

SFDGF VFZM5LG[ GF6F\SLI DNN SZLV[ TM W\WFDF B]A ;FZ] 0[J,M5D[g8

YX[ VG[ VFZM5LG[ 36M OFINM YX[ T[D H6FJL OZLIFNL 5F;[ ZF]P Z_ ,FBGL DF\U6L

SZ[,P VFZM5L VF SFDGF OZLIFNLGF ;UF AG[JL YTF CMI VG[ OZLIFNLGF DFTF

l5TFG[ OZLIFNL TYF T[DGL AC[G ZxDLA[GGFVM A[ H6F ;\TFG CMI

VG[ OZLIFNLG[ T[DGL GFGL AC[G 5|tI[ B]A H VFNZ VG[ 5|[D CMI H[YL

OZLIFNLV[ VFZM5LG[ GJ[dAZ Z_!_ YL O[A|]VFZL Z_!!GF VZ;FDF 8]S0[ 8]S0[ SZL

ZF]P !)45_4___qv CFY pKLGF ZMS0[YL VF5[,F4 H[ ZSD D[/JTF ;DI[ VFZM5LV[ VF

SFDGF OZLIFNLG[ 5FSM lJxJF; VG[ EZM;M VF5[, S[ VFZM5LG[ VF5[, ZSDGL OZLIFNL

HIFZ[ DF\U6L SZLV[ tIFZ[ OZLIFNLG[ 5ZT R]SJL VF5X[P VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNL 5F;[YL CFY

pKLGL ZSD ZF]P !)45_4___qv ,LW[, T[GF SFIN[;ZGF OZLIFNLGF ,[6F R]SJL

VF5JF VFZM5LV[ VF SFDGF OZLIFNLG[ TFP #q$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P !Z4___qv TYF TFP

2/23
 3 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

&q$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P !#4___qv TYF TF PZZq$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P !4!_4___qv

OZLIFNLGF BFTFDF 8|Fg;OZ SZFJL R]SJL VF5[, T[DH TFP &q#q!ZGF ZMH VFZM5LGF

DFT'zL GIGFA[G C;D]B,F, GF BFTFDFYL ZSD ZF]P !54___qv 8|Fg;OZ SZL

OZLIFNLG[ S], ZF]P !45_4___qv R]SJL VF5[, VG[ AFSLGL ZSD ZF]P !( ,FB R]SJL

VF5JF DF8[ VFZM5LV[ T[GL A[\S 4 :8[8 A[\S VMO .g0LIF4 5|UlTGUZ4 GFZ65]ZF4

VDNFJFN XFBFGM R[S G\P Z!#5$_GM TFP !&q$q!ZGF ZMHGM ZF]P

!(4__4___qv5]ZFGM VFZM5LGF BFTFGM4 VFZM5LV[ ;CL SZL4 OZLIFNLGL

TZO[6DF ,BL VF5[, VG[ ;NZ R[S A[\SDF HDF SZFJJFYL RMSS; :JLSFZF. HX[ T[JM

5FSM lJxJF; VG[ EZM;M VF5[,P H[ R[S OZLIFNLV[ T[DGL V[;PALPVF.P A[\S4 ,1DL5]ZF

ZM04 J0MNZF XFBFDF TFP!q&q!ZGF ZMH HDF SZFJ[,M H[ R[S T[ H lNJ;[ cc

O\0; .G;OL;LIg8cc X[ZF ;FY[ 5ZT OZ[,P H[YL OZLIFNLV[ VF SFDGF VFZM5LG[ TFP

Z#v&v!ZGF ZMH ZHLP5MPV[0L YL JSL, DFZOT GM8L; VF5[,L H[ GM8L; VFZM5LG[ TFP

Z)q&q!ZGF ZMH AHL UI[, CMJF KTF GM8L; D]HA VFZM5LV[ VF SFDGF

OZLIFNLG[ R[SGL ZSD J;], VF5[, GYL S[ GM8L 5|DF6[ JT"G SZ[, GYL T[DH

VFZM5LV[ BM8L p5HFJ[,L SF-[, VF1F[5 SZL GM8L;GM p0FJ HJFA VF5[, K[P H[YL

VFZM5LV[ G[UMP >g;]PV[S8 S,D !#( VgJI[ U]GM SZ[, CM. CF,GL OZLIFN NFB, SZ[,

K[P

ZP VFZM5LG[ ;Dg;GL AHJ6L YTF\ T[DGF lJPJPzL DFZOT[ SM8" ;D1F CFHZ YTF4

lS|DLG, 5|M;LHZ SM0GL S,D Z_$ D]HA OZLIFN 51FGF VFWFZE]T 5]ZFJFVMGL GS,M

lJGF D}<I[ 5]ZL 5F0JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P tIFZAFN VFZM5LG]\ U]GF ;\A\W[ VF\Sv) YL lGJ[NG

GM\WJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P H[DF\ VFZM5LV[ T[GF lJ~wWGF U]GFGM .gSFZ SZ[, K[P VFYL

VFZM5L ;FD[ VFU/GL .g;FOL SFI"JFCL R,FJJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P VFD4 ;NZ S[;DF

VFZM5LGL %,L DFZF VUFpGF l5|\;F.0L\U VMOL;ZzLV[ ;D\; 8|FIA, S[; D]HA ,LW[,

3/23
 4 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

K[ VG[ ;DU| 5]ZFJM ;D\; 8|FIA, S[;GL SFI"JFCL D]HA GM\WJFDF VFJ[, K[P

#P ;NZ SFD[ OZLIFN 51F[ GLR[ D]HAGM D{FlBS TYF N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJM ZH] SZ[, K[P

OZLIFN 51F[ GLR[ D]HA D{FlBS 5]ZFJFVM TYF N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJFVM ov

VF\Sv!YL OZLIFN

VF\S v !Z YL OZLIFNL IMlUTF EZTEF. 9SSZG] 5]ZFJF TZLS[ ;MU\NGFD]4

VF\S v !& YL OZLIFNLGL A[\S 4 V[;PALPVF.P A[\S4 ,1DL5]ZF4 J0MNZF

XFBFGL OZLIFNLGF BFTFGL 5F;A]SGL ;8L"OF.0 GS,4

VF\S v!* YL OZLIFN JF/M V;, R[S G\P Z!#5$_4 TFP !&q$q!Z

VF\Sv !( YL R[S 5ZT OIF"GM V;, ZL8G" D[DM4 TFP!q&q!Z

VF\Sv!) YL R[S 5ZT OIF"GL OZLIFNLV[ VFZM5LG[ VF5[, 0LDFg0

GM8LGL :Y/5+ TFP Z#q&q!Z

VF\SvZ_ YL GM8L; VFZM5LGF ZC[9F6GF ;ZGFD[5M:8 SIF"GL 5FJTL V;,

VF\SvZ! YL GM8L; VFZM5LGF W\WFGF ;ZGFD[5M:8 SIF"GL 5FJTL V;,

VF\SvZZ YL GM8L; AHIFGL V;, 5FJTL sVFZM5LGF ZC[9F6GF ;ZGFD[f

VF\SvZ#YL GM8L; AHIFGL V;, 5FJTLsVFZM5LGF W\WFGF ;ZGFD[f

VF\SvZ$YL VFZM5LV[ VF5[, GM8L;GM HJFA

VF\Sv#$ YL OZLIFNLV[ VFZM5LG[ VF5[, ZSDGL SFRL GM\W SZ[, 0FIZL

VF\Sv#5YL OZLIFNLG] N]SFGGM J[ZM EIF"GL 5FJTL

VF l;JFI OZLIFNLV[ VF\Sv 5) YL 5]ZFJF S,MhL\U VF5[, CM. JW]

5]ZFJM ZH] YI[, GYLP

$P 5]ZFJFGF V\T[ VFZM5LG]\ lS|P5|MPSM0 S,Dv#!# VgJI[ lJX[QF lGJ[NG GM\WJFDF\ VFJ[,

K[P H[DF VFZM5LV[ VF SFDGF OZLIFNLGF 5]ZFJFGM .gSFZ SZ[, K[ VG[ lJX[QFDF\

4/23
 5 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

OZLIFNL ;UF ;F/L CM. R[S D[/JL SM. ,[6] G CMJF KTF BM8L OZLIFN NFB, SZ[,

CMJFGM ARFJ ,LWM K[ VG[ ARFJGF ;FC[N T5F;JF G] H6FJ[, K[P OZLIFNL TYF

VFZM5LGF lJPJPzLGL N,L,M ;F\E/JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P

5P VF SFDGF VFZM5LV[ 5MTFGF ARFJGF ;DY"GDF GLR[ D]HAGM 5]ZFJM ZH] SZ[,K[P

VF\Sv&(YL ;FC[N H{DLG V[DP jIF;GL ;MU\N 5Z H]AFGL

VF\Sv&) YL lGP #_q! YL ZH] GM8L;

VF l;JFI VFZM5L TZO[ VF\Sv*$YL 5]ZFJF S,MhL\U VF5[, CM. JW] 5]ZFJM ZH] SZ[,

GYLP

&P tIFZAFN OZLIFNL 51F[ TYF ARFJ 51F[ lJPJPzLVMGL N,L,M ;F\E/JFDF VFJ[, K[P VF

SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ VF\Sv*( YL ,[lBT N,L,M ZH] SZ[, K[ H[ N,L,M Z[S0"GM EFU CM. HIF

HZ]Z CX[ tIF VFU/GF 5[Z[UF|ODF RRF" SZJFDF VFJ[, K[P OZLIFNL 5MTFGL N,L,MDF

D]bI ZH]VFT SZ[, K[ S[ VF SFD[ ARFJ 51F G[UMP .g:8|]D[g8 DF SZ[, VG]DFGMG] B\0G

SZJFDF ;O/ ZC[, GYLP VF SFD[ VF\Sv&) JF/L GM8L; B]N H[ JSL,zLV[ VF5[,

K[ T[ ,LU,L J[,L0 G CMJFG] T[D6[ T[DGF 5]ZFJFDF :JLSFZ[, K[P VFD4 VFZM5LV[ VF

SFDGF OZLIFNLG[ VF5[, R[S SFIN[;ZGF GF6F 5[8[ VF5[, CMJFG] 5]ZJFZ YT] CM.

VFZM5LG[ JW]DF\ JW] ;HF SZJF TYF OZLIFNLG[ J/TZ VF5JJF lJG\TL SZ[, K[P

OZLIFNLV[ T[DGL N,L,MGF ;DY"GDF GLR[ D]HAGF R]SFNF ZH] SZ[, K[P H[ DFG ;C

J\RF6[ ,[JFDF VFJ[, K[P

!P GFP ;]l5|DSM8" Z\U%5F lJP zL DMCG sZ_!_f ! 0L;LVFZ *_&

ZP GFP ;]l5|DSM8" Z__#sZf HLPV[,PV[RP *5

#P GFP ;]l5|DSM8" Z__! ,M :I]8 sV[;P;LPf !5!#

$PGFP ;]l5|DSM8" Z__! ,M :I]8 sV[;P;LPf !$_5

*P VF SFD[ ARFJ 51F[ VFZM5LGF lJPJPzLV[ N,L,M SZ[, K[ S[4 OZLIFNLV[ VF SFDGF

5/23
 6 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

VFZM5LG[ JL; ,FB Z]5LIF S[JL ZLT[ R]SJ[, K[ T[JM SM. 5]ZFJM OZILNLV[ ZH] SZ[, GYLP

OZLIFNLV[ T[DGL OZLIFNDF S[ GM8L;DF VFZM5LG[ S. TFZLB[4 S[8,L ZSD

8]S0[ 8]S0[ R]SJ[, K[ T[ H6FJ[, GYLP OZLIFNLV[ DF+ DMWD JL; ,FB Z]5LIF T[DGL

5F;[ ARTGF CTF T[J] H6FJ[, K[ 5Z\T] T[JM SM. N:TFJ[H T[VMV[ ZH] SZ[, GYLP

JW]DF\4 OZLIFNLGL ;F;ZL 51FDF DL,STGF H[ EFU,F 50[, K[ T[ EFU,F Z_!ZGL

;F,DF 50[, K[P H[YL T[ EFUDFYL OZLIFNLGF DZ6 UI[, 5lTGF EFU[ H[ Z]5LIF VFJ[,

CMJFG] OZLIFNL H6FJ[ K[T[ Z_!ZDF VFJ[, CMI TM OZLIFNDF H[ jICJFZM SZ[,

K[ T[ Z_!!GL ;F,GF K[P VFD4 OZLIFNL 5MT[ 5MTFGL 5F;[ JL; ,FB Z]5LIF H[J0L DM8L

ZSD S[JL ZLT[ K[ T[ 5]ZJFZ SZL XS[, GYLP JW]DF\4 OZLIFNLV[ GF6FGL p3ZF6L SZ[, CMI

VG[ VFZM5LV[ R[S VF5[, CMI T[JL SM. CSLST OZLIFN S[ GM8L;DF H6FJ[, GYLP

JW]DF\4 VF SFDGF OZLIFNLV[ VUFp 56 VFZM5LG[ VF H R[S DF8[ GM8L; VF5[, K[P H[DF

CSLSTM H]NL H6FJ[, K[ H[ GM8L; VF\Sv&)YL ZH] K[P JW]DF\4 OZLIFNLV[ R[S T[DGL

A[\SDF HDF SZFJTF 5C[,F VFZM5LG[ SM. HF6 SZ[, GYLP VFD4 OZLIFNLGM 5]ZFJM

lJxJGLI GYLP OZLIFNDF H6FjIF D]HA SM. 8|Fg;[SXG YI[, GYL T[DH OZLIFNLV[

VF5[, GM8L; ,LU, GYLP H[YL VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLGL p,8T5F; TYF Z[S0" 5ZGF

N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJFVM p5ZYL VFZM5L p5Z SZJFDF\ VFJTF VG]DFGMG]\ B\0G jIFHAL

5]ZFJF TYF B],F;FVMYL SZ[, K[ VG[ OZLIFNL 5MTFGM S[; lGoX\S56[ 5]ZJFZ SZL XS[,

G CMI VFZM5LG[ lGNM"QF KM0L D]SJF VZH U]HFZ[ K[P VFZM5LGF lJPJPzLP 5MTFGL

N,L,MGF ;DY"G DF\ GFP ;]l5|DSM8" TYF GFP VgI J0LVNF,TGM R]SFNFVM ZH] SZ[,

K[ H[ R]SFNFVM DFG;C J\RF6[ ,[JFDF VFJ[, K[ VG[ VFU/GF 5[Z[UF|O;DF T[GL RRF"

SZJFDF VFJ[, K[P

( VF S[;GF R}SFNF DF8[ GLR[ D]HAGF D]N'F O[|D SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P

s!f X]\ OZLIFN 51F lGoX\S56[ ;FlAT SZ[ K[ S[4 OZLIFNLV[ VF SFDGF

6/23
 7 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

VFZM5LG[ W\WFGF 0[J,M5D[g8 DF8[ GF6FGL HZ]ZLIFT CM. ZF]P!)45_4___qv CFY

pKLGF VF5[, H[GL AFSLGL ZSD ZF]P !( ,FB R]SJL VF5JF VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLG[ TFP

!&q_$qZ_!ZGM R[S G\P Z!#5$_GM ~FP!(4__4___qv :8[8 A[\S VMO .g0LIF4

5|UlTGUZ4 GFZ65]ZF4 VDNFJFN GM VF5[,M T[ R[S :JLSFZFIF JUZ .G XOLXLIg8

A[,[g;GF SFZ6[ 5ZT YI[,PH[GL DF\U6FGL ,[lBT GM8L; VFZM5LG[ D/[, KTF\

VFHNLG ;]WL OZLIFNLG[ ;NZ R[SGL ZSD VF5[, G CM. WL G[UMXLV[A, .g:8=]D[g8

V[S8GL S,Dv!#( VgJI[GM lX1FF5F+ U]GM SZ[, K[ m

sZf X]\ C]SD m

) p5ZMST D]N'FGF DFZF lG6"IM CJ[ 5KL RRF" SIF" 5|DF6[GF SFZ6M;C VF D]HA K[P

s!f CSFZFtDS4

sZf VFBZL C]SD D]HAP

s!_f p5ZMST lG6"IMGF SFZ6M GLR[ D]HA K[P

voo SF Z 6M oov

D]N 'F G\A ZP!PPP

s!_P!f VF SFD[ ZH] YI[, Z[S0" 5ZGM 5]ZFJM wIFG[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ TM4 OZLIFNLV[ 5MTFGL

VF\Sv! GL OZLIFNG[ ;DY"G VF5TL H]AFGL ;MU\N p5Z VF\Sv) YL VF5[, K[P

tIFZAFN VFZM5LGF lJPJPzLV[ OZLIFNLGL p,8 T5F; SZ[, K[P OZLIFNL p,8 T5F;DF

V[D H6FJ[ K[ S[cc T[VM ALPV[P 5F; K[P T[VMV[ GMSZL KM0IF AFN .DL8[XG HJ[,ZLGM

jIJ;FI SZ[, K[P T[VMV[ ;G[ Z__) YL Z_!! JQF" NZdIFG jIJ;FI SZ[,M H[ 3ZUyY]

jIJ;FI TZLS[ SZ[,MP 3ZUyY] jIJ;FI CMJFYL T[GM SM. lC;FA GYLP VF .DL8[XGGF

W\WF DFYL DF;LS ZF]P ;F0F +6 CHFZGL VF;5F; RMbBM GOM YTMP VF W\WF DFYL

7/23
 8 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

JFlQF"S KjJL; V[S CHFZ H[8,L ART YTL CTLP OZLIFNLV[ W\WM SZ[, T[ A[ JZ; NZdIFG

Z]5LIF ;LT[Z 5\RMT[Z CHFZGM GOM YI[,P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ V[ UF/F

NZdIFG T[ l;JFI ALHL SM. VFJS CTL GCLP OZLIFNLGL 5lT U]HZL UIF AFN OZLIFNL

5F;[ ARTGF Z]l5IF VFXZ[ 5rRL; ,FB 50IF CTFP VF ART A[\SDF HDF G CTLP VF

ZSD OZLIFNLGF CFY p5Z ZMS0FDF CMJFG] OZLIFNL pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[P OZLIFNL

pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[ S[ VF ZSD SIF :TM+DFYL VFJL T[ V\U[ N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJM T[DGL

5F;[ GYLP OZLIFNL H6FJ[ K[ S[ T[DGF 3ZJF/FGF J0JFVMGF EFU 50TF V[DFYL D/

[,LP OZLIFNL V[ CSLSTGM .gSFZ SZ[ K[ S[ VF CL:;M T[DG[ ;G[ Z_!ZDF D/[,MP VF lC:;M

D/TF T[DG] GFD DL,STDFYL SDL YI[,P OZLIFNL pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[ S[ T[DG[ ZMS0

VG[ DL,ST CL:;FDF D/[,P VF DL,ST VG[ ZMS0 D/[,L T[G] ,BF6 YI[,P VD]S

,BF6 OZLIFNL 5F;[ CMJFG] H6FJ[ K[P VD]S ,BF6 T[DGL 5F;[ GYL PT[DGF 5lTGL

H[ lD,STM D/L T[GF N:TFJ[HM T[DGL 5F;[ K[P ALHF N:TFJ[HM OZLIFNL 5F;[ GYLP VF

N:TFJ[HM T[DGL ;F;ZL 5F;[ K[ H[ T[ D[/JL ZH] SZL XS[ GCLP OZLIFNL V[ CSLST

:JLSFZ[ K[ S[ T[D6[ T[DGL OZLIFN4 GM8L; TYF ;ZT5F; ;MU\NFDFDF VFZM5L WJ,

SM8[RFG[ Z]5LIF VMU6L; ,FB 5RF; CHFZ S. TFZLB[ VG[ S[8,F S[8,F Z]5LIF

V[ H6FJ[, GYLP OZLIFNL V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ OZLIFNDF S. TFZLB[ S[8,F Z]5LIF

VFZM5LG[ VF5[, T[ TFZLB S[ ZSD H6FJ[, GYLPOZLIFNL V[ CSLSTGM .gSFZ

SZ[ K[ S[ VFZM5L ;L;L8LJL S[D[ZFGM J[5FZ SZTF GYLP ;FC[N :J[rKFV[ H6FJ[ K[ S[ T[DGF

A[G VG[ VFZM5LV[ VF W\WM SZTF CMJFG] H6FJ[,P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K

[S[ T[DGL OZLIFN VG[ GM8L;DF VFZM5LV[ S. TFZLB[ Z]5LIF JL; ,FB CFY pKLGF

DFU6L SZ[, T[ H6FJ[, GYLP OZLIFNL H6FJ[ K[ S[ GJ[dAZ Z_!_ YL O[A|]VFZL Z_!!GF

UF/FDF Z]5LIF VMU6L; ,FB 5RF; CHFZ T[DGF CFY p5Z ZMS0F CMTF T[ V\U[ SM.

N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJM ZH] SZL XS[ T[D GYLP T[VM .gSF8[1F ZL8G" EZTF GYLP OZLIFNL

8/23
 9 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[ S[ SM. 56 .;DG[ DM8L ZSD VF5JFDF VFJ[ TM T[ V\U[GL GM\W

SZTF CMI K[ VG[ VFJL ZSD D?IF AN, 5FJTL 56 ,[JFDF VFJTL CMI K[P OZLIFNL

H6FJ[ K[ S[ VFZM5LG[ VMU6L; ,FB 5RF; CHFZ VF5[, CMI T[ V\U[GL 5FJTLVM T[DGL

5F;[ G CMJFYL ZH] SZL XS[ GCLP OZLIFNL H6FJ[ K[ S[ T[DGL 5F;[ GF6F VF%IF V\U[GM

GM\W K[ H[ ZH] SZJF T{IFZ K[P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ T[VMV[ OZLIFN

VG[ GM8L;DF VFZM5L 5F;[YL GF6FGL p3ZF6L SZ[, CMI VG[ VFZM5LV[ R[S VF5[, CMI

T[ V\U[GL CSLST H6FJ[, GYLP VF\Sv!* JF/M TSZFZL R[S VFZM5LV[ S.

TFZLB[ OZLIFNLG[ VF5[, T[ TFZLB T[VMV[ OZLIFN S[ GM8L;DF H6FJ[, GYLP VF\Sv!*

JF/M R[S 5C[,L TFZLB[ HDF SZFJJM T[J] VFZM5LV[ H6FJ[, GCL CMJFG] OZLIFNL

H6FJ[ K[P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST .gSFZ SZ[ K[ S[ VF\Sv!* JF/M R[S TFP !&q$q!Z 5C[,F

D/[,P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST .gSFZ SZ[ K[ S[ T[VMV[ R[S TFP !q&q!ZGF ZMH GFB[, T[

V\U[GL HF6 VFZM5LG[ CTL GCLP OZLIFNL V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ TFP Z#q&q!ZGF ZMH

GM8L; ZHLP 5MPV[0LP SZ[, CMI T[ V\U[ SM. N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJM ZH] SZ[, GYLP VF ;FC[N

VF\S vZZ TYF VF\SvZ# YL ZH] ZHLP 5M:8GL V[SGM,[HD[g8 DF VFZM5LGL ;CL G CMJFG]

H6FJ[ K[ VG[ T[YL VFZM5LG[ GM8L; D/[,L S[ GCL T[ T[VM SCL XS[ GCLP OZLIFNL

pPT5F;DF V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ VFZM5LV[ T[DG[ R[S TFP !q&q!ZGF ZMH HDF

SZFJXM T[J] H6FJ[,P T[VMV[ H[ lNJ;[ R[S A[\SDF GFbIM T[ lNJ;[ VFZM5L R[S GFbIFGL

CSLST HF6TF G CTFP OZLIFNL pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[ S[ CF,GF OZLIFNGF SFD[ ZH] SZ[,

0LDFg0 GM8L; l;JFI VgI SM. GM8L; VFZM5LG[ VF5[, GCLP OZLIFNL V[ CSLST .gSFZ

SZ[ K[ S[ TSZFZL OZLIFN JF/F R[SGL TFP !Zq&q!ZGF ZMH T[DGF JSL, H{DLG jIF;

DFZOT GM8L; VF5[,P OZLIFNL V[ CSLST H6FJ[ K[ S[ XZ]VFTYL R[S T[DGL S:80LDF H

CTMP VF GM8L; 0L;FGF DL,ST J[RF6 V\U[ GL VF5[, CMJFGL OZLIFNLG[ BAZ

GYLP ;FC[N H6FJ[ K[ S[ VF GM8L; T[D6[ VF5[, GYLP VF GM8L; T[DGL ;]RGFYL

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 10 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

VF5JFDF VFJ[, GYLP OZLIFN JF/F R[S V\U[ T[D6[ T[DGF JSL, 5|TLS 5]JFZG[ JFT

SZ[,L T[ l;JFI VgI SM. JSL,G[ SZL GYLP OZLIFNL pPT5F;DF SFRL GM\W SZ[, 0FIZL

TYF B[TL JF0L pt5gG AHFZ ;DLTLGL J[ZF 5FJTL ZH] SZ[ K[ H[G[ VF\Sv#$ TYF

VF\Sv#5 VF5[, K[P OZLIFNL pPT5F;DF H6FJ[ K[ S[ TFP !q&q)( TYF Zq&q)(GF

5FGF 5Z Z]5LIF N; ,FB TYF Z]5LIF K ,FB VFZM5L WJ, EF.G[ VF5[,FGL CSLST

H6FJ[, K[ 5Z\T] T[DF VFZM5LGL ;CL GYLP cc

s!_PZf VFZM5L TO[" ;FC[N H{DLGEF. V[DPjIF; G[ VF\Sv&(YL ;MU\N 5Z T5F;[, K[P VF

;FC[N H6FJ[ K[ S[ T[VM Z* JZ;YL JSL,FT SZ[ K[P T[VM lGP#_q ! JF/L GM8L;

T[D6[ VF5[, CMJFG] H6FJ[, K[P GM8L; TFP !Zq&q!ZGL K[ H[DF T[DGL ;CL

AFAT[ .GL;LI, CMJFG] H6FJ[ K[ H[ GM8L; V[S 5|M58L" ;[, YI[, T[ AFAT[ R[S VF5[,

H[ AFpg; YI[, T[ AFATGL GM8L; K[ H[ T[VMV[ WJ, C;D]BEF. SM8[RFG[ 5M:8 SZ[,P

VF GM8L;DF V;L,G] GFD IMULTFA[G ,B[, K[P ;FC[N :J[rKFV[ H6FJ[ K[ S[ V[S

DL0LV[8Z G\N]EF. VDLGGF SC[JFYL GM8L; VF5[,LP IMULTFA[GG[ T[VM D/[, GYLP

G\N]EF.GL ;]RGF 5|DF6[ GM8L; VF5[,L P T[VM lGP #_qZYL ZH] SJZ ATFJTF T[DF

DMS,GFZG] GFD T[DG] TYF D[/JGFZG] GFD WJ, C;D]BEF.G] GFD CMJFG] H6FJ[ K[P

H[ GM8L;G[ VF\Sv&) VF5JFDF VFJ[, K[P tIFZAFN OZLIFNL TO[" VF ;FC[NGL pPT5F;

SZJFDF VFJ[, K[P VF ;FC[N V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ VF\Sv&) JF/L GM8L; H[GF SC[JFYL

VF5[,FGM p<,[B SZ[, K[ T[ IMULTFA[G J0MNZF D]SFD[ ZC[ K[P VF ;FC[N V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[

K[ S[ 4 VF\Sv&)DF IMULTFA[GG] 5]Z] GFD ,BJFDF VFJ[, GYLP VF ;FC[N V[ CSLST

:JLSFZ[ K[ S[ 4 T[VMV[ T[DGL ;ZT5F;DF H6FjIF D]HA G\N]EF. VDLGGF SC[JFYL

GM8L; VF5[, K[ T[D H6FJ[ K[ T[ CSLST T[DGL GM8L;DF H6FJJL HM.V[[P VF ;FC[N

V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ G\N]EF. VDLG VF R[SGF WFZ6 SZGFZ GYL S[ R[S ,BL VF5TF

GYL VG[ R[S JF/F jICJFZ AFAT[ T[DG[ SX] ,FUT] J/UT] GYLP VF ;FC[N

10/23
 11 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[, K[ S[ IMULTFA[G 9SSZ T[DG[ D/JF VFJ[,F CMI 5ZT OZ[, R[SGL

JLUT VF5[, CM. S[ SC[JFTL GM8L; VF5JF AFATGL VF ;FC[NG[ ;]RGF VF5[, CMI T[J]

AG[, GYLP VF ;FC[N V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ VF\Sv&) JF/L GM8L; OZLIFNL IMULTFA[G

9SSZGF SC[JFYL S[ ;]RGFYL VF5[, G CMI SFIN[;Z GL J[,L0 GM8L; SC[JFI GCLP

VF ;FC[N V[ CSLST :JLSFZ[ K[ S[ VF\Sv&) JF/L GM8L; AH[,FGL 5FJTL S[ V[SGM,

[HD[G8 ZL;L%8 VF SFD[ ZH] SZ[, GYLP VgI CSLSTMGM VF ;FC[N[ .gSFZ SZ[, K[P

s!!f VFD4 p5ZMST D]HAGL H]AFGL OZLIFN 51F[ 5]ZL 5F0[, K[P ;NZ H]AFGLG]\ VFZM5LGF

lJPJPzL wJFZF SZJFDF\ VFJ[, p,8T5F; HMTF\ T[VM 5MTFGF ARFJGF ;DY"GDF\ V[JL

SM. DCtJGL CSLST OZLIFNL 5F;[YL S-FJL XS[, GYLP VF SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ 5MTFGL

;ZT5F; H]AFGLDF VF\Sv!& YL VF\SvZ$ ;]WL ZH] SZ[, N:TFJ[HM ZLOZ SZ[, K[P VF

SFD[ VF\Sv!&YL OZLIFNLV[ V[;PALPVF. A[\S4 ,1DL5]ZF XFBFGL 5F;A]SGL BZL GS,

ZH] SZ[, K[P H[G[ ARFJ 51F[ 50SFZ[, GYLP VF\Sv!*YL R[S ZH] K[ H[DF TFP

!&q$q!Z ,B[, K[P H[ ZF]P !(,FBGM IMULTFA[G 9SSZGF GFDGM R[S K[P H[ R[S VF

SFDGF OZLIFNLGL S:80LDF S[JL ZLT[ VFJ[, K[ T[ CSLST ARFJ 51F Z[S0" 5Z ,FJL XS[,

GYLP JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51F[ ;NZ R[S ;\A\lWT OZLIFNLG[ SM. 5|xG 5]K[, GYL S[ T[DF

VFZM5LV[ 5MTFGL ;CL AFAT[ 56 OZLIFNLG[ SM. 5|xG 5]K,

[ GYLP VF\Sv!( YL ZH]

YI[, N:TFJ[H A[\S ZL8G" D[DM K[P H[ TFP!q&q!ZGF ZMHGM K[P H[DF R[S 5ZT OZJFG]

SFZ6 O\0 .G;OL;LIg8 H6FJ[, K[P ;NZ D[DM 5Z EFZTLI :8[8 A[\SGM ;LSSM K[P

VF\Sv!)YL 0LDFg0 GM8L;GL :Y/5+ K[ H[ OZLIFNLGF JPzLV[ VFZM5LG[ VF5[, K[P

H[ TFP Z#q&q!ZGL K[ H[ GM8L; 5M:8 SIF"GL V;, 5FJTLVM VF\SvZ_ TYF VF\SvZ!

YL K[ H[ TFP Z5q&q!ZGF ZMHGL K[P VF\SvZZ TYF Z#YL GM8L; D?IFGL V[SGM,[HD[g8

ZL;LN K[ H[ TFP Z)q&q!ZGF ZMHGL K[P T[ l;JFI VF\SvZ$YL VFZM5LV[ GM8L;GM

J/TM HJFA VF5[, K[ T[ HJFA K[P VFD4 OZLIFNLG[ CF,GL OZLIFN ;DI DIF"NFDF

11/23
 12 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

SZ[, K[P

s!Zf VF SFD[ VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLGL pPT5F; SZ[, K[ VG[ ARFJDF 5MTFGF ;FC[N T5F;[, K[P

JW]DF\4 VFZM5L TZO[ VF\Sv&) YL GM8L; ZH] SZ[, K[P VF SFDGF VFZM5LGF lJPJPzL

D]bItJ[ V[JL N,L,M K[ S[ “ OZLIFNL 5F;[ JL; ,FB ZMS0F S[JL ZLT[ VFJ[, K[ T[ 5]ZJFZ

SZJF OZLIFNLV[ SM. 5]ZFJF ZH] SZ[, GYLP 5Z\T] G[UMP>g:8|]D[g8GL SFINFDF S[8,FS

VG]DFGM SZJFGF CMI K[4 H[DS[ OZLIFNLV[ H[ R[S :JLSFZ[, K[ T[ SFIN[;ZGF ,[6F

5[8[ :JLSFZ[, K[P VF VG]DFGG] B\0G VFZM5LV[ SZJFG] CMI K[P HM VFZM5L VF VG]DFGG]

B\0G SZJFDF ;O/ ZC[ TM SFIN[;ZG] ,[6] 5]ZJFZ SZJFGL HJFANFZL OZLIFNLGF

XLZ[ VFJ[ K[P VF SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ pPT5F;DF :JLSFZ[, K[ S[4 5rRL; ,FBGL ZSD SIF

:TM+DFYL VFJL T[ V\U[ N:TFJ[HL 5]ZFJM T[DGL 5F;[ GYLP 5Z\T] OZLIFNLV[ pPT5F;DF

H6FJ[, K[ S[4 T[DGF 5lT U]HZL UIF AFN ARTGF VFXZ[ 5RL; ,FB 50IF CTFP

H[ A[\SDF HDF G CTL 5Z\T] T[DGF CFY p5Z ZMS0DF CTLP OZLIFNL JW] pPT5F;DF

H6FJ[ K[S[4 T[DGF 3ZJF/FVMGF J0JFVMGF EFU 50TF V[DFYL D/[,P VFD4

OZLIFNLV[ ;NZ ZMS0F 5RL; ,FB T[DGF 3ZJF/FGF J0JFVMGF EFU 50TF D/[,

CMJFG] H6FJ[, K[P VFD4 OZLIFNLV[ 5MTFGL pPT5F;DF 5RL; ,FB Z]5LIF T[DGL 5F;

[ S[JL ZLT[ VFJ[, T[GM :+MT H6FJL B],F;M SZ[, K[P JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51F[ N,L,M SZ[, K[

S[4 VMU6L; ,FB 5RF; CHFZ Z]5LIF OZLIFNLV[ VFZM5LG[ GJ[v!_ YL O[A|v!! ;]WL

8]S0[ 8]S0[ VF5[, CMJFG] H6FJ[, K[P 5Z\T] S. TFZLB[ S[8,L ZSD VFZM5LG[ VF5[,

K[ T[ CSLST T[D6[ T[DGL OZLIFN4 ;ZT5F; S[ GM8L;DF H6FJ[, GYLP 5Z\T]

OZLIFNLV[ ;NZ ZSD 8]S0[ 8]S0[ VF5L CMJFGL CSLST H6FJ[ K[ 4 5Z\T] ;NZ ZSD

OZLIFNLV[ VFZM5LG[ VF5[, H G CMI T[JM 5]ZFJM ARFJ 51F Z[S0" 5Z ,FJL XS[, GYLP

JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51FGL N,L, V[JL K[ S[ H[ DL,STGF EFU 50[, CMJFG] OZLIFNL

H6FJ[ K[ T[ Z_!ZGL ;F,DF 50[, K[P HIFZ[ OZLIFNDF H[ jICJFZ YI[, K[ T[ Z_!!

12/23
 13 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

GL ;F,DF YI[, K[P T[YL OZLIFNLG] SFIN[;Z ,[6] CMJFG] 5]ZJFZ YT] GYLP 5Z\T]

DL,STGF EFU,F ;G[ Z_!ZGL ;F,DF 50[, CMJFGL CSLST VFZM5L

5MT[ H6FJ[ K[ VG[ VF CSLST VFZM5LV[ 5]ZJFZ SZJL HM.V[P 5Z\T] VF CSLST 5]ZJFZ

SZTM SM. N:TFJ[HL VFWFZ S[ SM. 5]ZFJM VFZM5LV[ ZH] SZ[, GYLP OZLIFNLV[ T[GL

pPT5F;DF V[ CSLSTMGM :5Q8 .gSFZ SZ[, K[ S[ DL,STGM CL:;M T[DG[ Z_!ZGL ;F,DF

D/[,P JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51F[ V[JL N,L, SZ[, K[ S[ DL,STGF EFU,FG] ,BF6 YI[, K[P

5Z\T] OZLIFNLV[ V[J] SM. ,BF6 ZH] SZ[, GYLP VF SFD[ OZLIFNLGL pPT5F; wIFG[ ,[TF

OZLIFNLV[ pPT5F;DF H6FJ[, K[ S[ DL,ST VG[ ZMS0 D/[, T[G] ,BF6 YI[,P 5Z\T]

VD]S ,BF6 T[DGL 5F;[ K[ VG[ VD]S ,BF6 T[DGL ;F;ZL 51F 5F;[ K[P H[ ;F;ZL

51FDFYL D[/JL ZH] SZL XS[ T[D GYL T[J] H6FJ[, K[P JW]DF4 DF+ ,BF6 G ZH] SZJF

DF+YL OZLIFNLGL lJZ]wWG] VG]DFG G Y. XS[P S[;DF ZH] YI[, ;DU| 5]ZFJM J\RF6[

,[JM HM.V[P JW]DF\4 VFZM5L 51F[ N,L, K[ S[ VFZM5L ;L;L8LJLGF S[D[ZFGM W\WM SZTF

GYLP 5Z\T] VFZM5L VF SFDGF OZLIFNLGF AG[JL K[ VG[ T[VMV[ OZLIFNLG[ T[DGF W\WF

lJX[ HF6 SZ[, K[P H[ D]HA OZLIFNLV[ T[DGL OZLIFNDF VFZM5L ;L;L8LJLGM W\WM SZTF

CMJFG] H6FJ[, K[P JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51FGL N,L,M D]HA OZLIFNLV[ T[GL OZLIFNDF

VFZM5LV[ JL; ,FB pKLGF S. TFZLB[ DFU[, T[ H6FJ[, GYL T[DH OZLIFNLV[ T[GL

OZLIFNDF VFZM5L 5F;[ p3ZF6L SZL CMI VG[ VFZM5LV[ R[S ZH] SZ[, CMI T[JL CSLST

H6FJ[, GYLP H[YL SFIN[;ZG] ,[6] 5]ZJFZ YT] GYLP 5Z\T] GJ[dAZ Z_!_GL ;F,DF

VFZM5L TYF OZLIFNLGL A[G[ JL; ,FB Z]5LIFGL DFU6L SZ[, CMJFGL CSLST

OZLIFNLV[ H6FJ[, K[P DF+ TFZLB G H6FJJFYL OZLIFNLGL H]AFGL lJxJGLI G

CMJFG] DFGL XSFI GCLP S[DS[ RMSS; TFZLB IFN ZC[ T[ HZ]ZL GYLP JW]DF\4

OZLIFNLV[ T[GL OZLIFNDF HIFZ[ ZSD 5ZT DFU6L SZLX] tIFZ[ VFZM5LV[ R]SJL VF5LX]

T[JL CSLST H6FJ[, K[P JW]DF\4 VFZM5LV[ R[S S. TFZLB[ VF5[, T[ TFZLB

13/23
 14 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

OZLIFNLV[ T[GL OZLIFNDF H6FJ[, G CMJFGM ARFJ VFZM5L 51F[ ,LW[, K[P 5Z\T] ;NZ

SFINFGF VG]DFGM 5{SL R[S 5Z H[ TFZLB ,BL CMI T[ TFZLB[ R[S VF5[, CMJFG] VG]DFG

K[P JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51F[ V[JM 56 ARFJ ,LW[, K[ S[ H[ TFZLB[ OZLIFNLV[ R[S A[\SDF HDF

SZFJ[, T[ CSLST VFZM5L HF6TF G CTFP V[8,[ S[ OZLIFNLV[ BZ[BZ R[S A[\SDF HDF

SZFJTF 5C[,F VFZM5LG[ HF6 SZJL HM.V[P 4 5Z\T] V[S JFZ HIFZ[ OZLIFNL SFIN[;ZGF

,[6F 5[8[ R[S :JLSFZ[ K[ tIFZ[ R[S A[\SDF HDF SZFJTF 5C[,F T[GL VFZM5LG[ SM. HF6

SZJFGL CMTL GYL4 S[DS[ A[\SDF 5]ZT] E\0M/ ZFBJFGL HJFANFZL VFZM5LGL 5MTFGL K[P

JW]DF4 OZLIFNLV[ T[GL pPT5F;DF :5Q8 H6FJ[, K[ S[ CF,GF OZLIFNGF SFD[ ZH] SZ[,

0LDFg0 GM8L; l;JFI VgI SM. GM8L; VFZM5LG[ VF5[, GYLP VF SFD[ ARFJ

51F[ ZH]VFT SZ[, K[ S[ CF,GL OZLIFNDF OZLIFNLV[ VF5[, 0LDFg0 GM8L; 5C[,F

VFZM5LG[ TFP !Zq&q!ZGF ZMH VF H R[S V\U[ GM8L; VF5[, K[P H[ VF\Sv&)YL ZH] K[P

5Z\T] OZLIFNL HF6L HM.G[ T[ CSLST K]5FJL K[P T[ GM8L;DF 0L;FGL DL,ST J[RF6

YI[, T[J] H6FJ[, K[ HIFZ[ CF,GF SFD[ VF\Sv!)YL ZH] YI[, GM8L;DF OZLIFNLV[ H]NL

H CSLSTM H6FJ[, K[P H[YL OZLIFNL GM 5]ZFJM lJxJGLI G CM. DFGL XSFI GCLP VF

SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ 5MTFGL pPT5F;DF T[D6[ TFP !Zq&q!ZGF ZMH TSZFZL OZLIFN JF/F

R[SGL GM8L; VFZM5LG[ VF5[, CMJFGL CSLSTGM :5Q8 .gSFZ SZ[, K[P VF GM8L;

T[D6[ VF5[, G CMJFG] TYF T[DGL ;]RGFYL VF5JFDF VFJ[, G CMJFG]

OZLIFNLV[ H6FJ[, K[P VF SFD[ VFZM5LV[ VF\Sv&(YL ;FC[N H{DLG jIF;G[ T5F;[, K[P

T[DGF 5]ZFJFYL 56 VF CSLSTG[ ;DY"G D/[ K[P VF SFD[ VF\Sv&)YL H{DLG

jIF;[ VFZM5LG[ CF,GL OZLIFN JF/F R[S V\U[ VF5[, GM8L; K[P 5Z\T] ;FC[N

H{DLGEF.V[ 5MTFGL ;ZT5F;DF :5Q8 H6FJ[, K[ S[ T[VMV[ G\N]EF.GL ;]RGF D]HA

GM8L; VF5[,LP T[VM IMULTFA[GG[ D/[, GYLP JW]DF\4 VF ;FC[NGL VF SFDGF OZLIFNL

N|FZF SZJFDF VFJ[, pPT5F;DF 56 V[JL CSLST Z[S0" 5Z VFJ[, K[ S[ IMULTFA[G

14/23
 15 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

T[DG[ D/JF VFJ[, GYL S[ R[S GL lJUT VF5[, GYL S[ IMULTFA[G[ GM8L;

VF5JFGL ;]RGF VF ;FC[NG[ VF5[, GYLP VFD4 VF\Sv&) JF/L GM8L; OZLIFNLGF

SC[JFYL V5FI[, G CMJFG] Z[S0" 5Z VFJ[, K[P VF SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ VF\Sv#$YL 0FIZL ZH]

SZ[, K[ H[DF VFZM5L WJ,EF.G[ VF5[, ZSDGL SFRL GM\W K[ P VFD4 VFZM5LV[ VF

SFDGF OZLIFNL 5F;[YL ZSD G ,LWL CMI T[J] Z[S0" 5Z VFJ[, GYLP VF

SFD[ OZLIFNLV[ VF\Sv!& T[DGL V[;PALPVF.P A[\S 4 ,1DL5]ZF4 J0MNZF XFBFGL

5F;A]SGL BZL GS, ZH] SZ[, K[P H[DF OZLIFNLV[ T[DGL OZLIFN TYF ;ZT5F; H]AFGLDF

H6FjIF D]HA TFP #q$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P !Z4___qv 4 TFP &q$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P

!#4___qv TYF ZZq$q!ZGF ZMH ZF]P !4!_4___qv VFZM5L GF BFTFDFYL

OZLIFNLGF BFTFDF 8|FG:OZ YI[, CMJFG] O,LT YFI K[ VG[ T[ ZLT[ TFP &q#q!ZGF ZMH

VFZM5LGF DFTF GIGFA[G GF BFTFDFYL !54___qv 8|Fg;OZ YI[, CMJFG] O,LT YFI

K[P VF CSLST 5ZYL OZLIFNL VG[ VFZM5L JrR[ GF6FGM jICJFZ YI[, CMJFG] O,LT

YFI K[P JW]DF\4 ARFJ 51F[ 5RL;[S ,FB H[8,L DM8L ZSD OZLIFNL 5F;[ S[JL ZLT[ VFJ[,

T[ AFAT[ X\SF pt5gG SZ[, K[4 5Z\T] OZLIFNL V[ T[GL pPT5F;DF 5RL;[S ,FB Z]5LIF

SIFYL VFJ[, T[GM :+MT H6FJL B],F;M SZ[, K[P TN' p5ZF\T4 VF\Sv!&YL ZH]

OZLIFNLGF BFTFGL 5F;A]SGL GS, wIFG[ ,[TF OZLIFNL VG[ VFZM5L JrR[ jICJFZ YI[,

CMJFGL CSLST Z[S0" 5Z VFJ[, K[P VF\Sv!& YL ZH] N:TFJ[H

AFAT[ VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLG[ pPT5F;DF SM. 5|xG 5]K[, GYL S[ VF\Sv!&GF N:TFJ[HG]

ARFJ 51F N|FZF B\0G SZJFDF VFJ[, GYLP T[JF ;\HMUMDF OZLIFNL 5F;[ 5RL;[S ,FB

Z]5LIF CFY 5Z CMJFG] DFGL XSFI K[P JW]DF\4 OZLIFN JF/M R[S

VFZM5LV[ OZLIFNLG[ VF5[, H G CMI T[JM SM. VFZM5LV[ ARFJ ,LW[, GYL

S[ OZLIFNLG[ pPT5F;DF VF AFAT[ SM. 5|xG 5]K[, GYLP VF R[S OZLIFNLGL S:80LDF

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 17 CC No. - 41364/2012
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 18 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

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118. Presumptions as to negotiable instruments. Until the contrary is

proved, the following presumptions shall be made:

(a) of consideration. that every negotiable instrument was made or drawn for
consideration, and that every such instrument, when it has been accepted,
indorsed, negotiated or transferred, was accepted, indorsed, negotiated or
transferred for consideration;
(b) as to date. that every negotiable instrument bearing a date was made or
drawn on such date;
(c) as to time of acceptance. that every accepted bill of exchange was
accepted within a reasonable time after its date and before its maturity;
(d) as to time of transfer. that every transfer of a negotiable instrument was
made before its maturity;
(e) as to order of indorsements. that the indorsements appearing upon a
negotiable instrument were made in the order in which they appear thereon;
(f) as to stamp. that a lost promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque was
duly stamped;
(g) that holder is a holder in due course. that the holder of a negotiable
instrument is a holder in due course:
Provided that, where the instrument has been obtained from its lawful
owner, or from any person in lawful custody thereof, by means of an offence
or fraud, or has been obtained from the maker or acceptor thereof by means
of an offence or fraud, or for unlawful consideration, the burden of proving
that the holder is a holder in due course lies upon him.
139. Presumption in favour of holder. It shall be presumed, unless the
contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque, of the
nature referred to in section 138, for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any
debt or other liability.

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 19 CC No. - 41364/2012
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VG]DFGMG]\ B\0G SZJF DF8[ 5]ZFJFGM AMHM SMGF 5Z K[ VG[ T[ S[JL ZLT[ B\0G SZL XSFI T[
DF8[ GFDNFZ ;JM"rR VNF,TGM V[S R}SFNM VF SFD[ ZLOZ SZJM HZ]ZL H6FTM CMI T[ ZLOZ
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"Hiten P. Dalal v. Bratindranath Banerjee" H[ AIR 2001 SUPREME COURT
3897 H[DF GFDNFZ ;JM"rR VNF,T[ V[D 9ZFJ[, K[ S[4 (B) Negotiable Instruments Act
(26 of 1881), S.139, S.138 ­ DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE ­ Dishonour of cheque ­
Presumption   that   cheque   was   drawn   for   discharge   of   liability   of   drawer   ­   Is
presumption of law ­ Ought to be raised by Court in every case ­ Rebuttal evidence ­
Nature   ­   Mere   plausible   explanation   is   not   sufficient   ­   Proof   of   explanation   is
necessary. Evidence Act (1 of 1872), S.114, S.101, S.102, S.103, S.104.

Section 139 provides that "it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the
holder of a cheque received the cheque, of the nature referred to in Section 138 for
the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability." The effect of these
presumptions is to place the evidential burden on the accused of proving that the
cheque was not received by the complainant towards the discharge of any liability.
Because   both   Sections   138   and   139   require   that   the   Court   "shall   presume"   the
liability of the drawer of the cheques for the amounts for which the cheques are
drawn, as noted in it is obligatory on the Court to raise this presumption in every case
where the factual basis for the raising of the presumption had been established. It
introduced an exception to the general rule as to the burden of proof in criminal cases
and shifts the onus on to the accused. Such a presumption is a presumption of law, as
distinguished from a presumption of fact which describes provisions by which the
Court "may presume" a certain state of affairs. Presumptions are rules of evidence
and do not conflict with the presumption of innocence, because by the latter all that is
meant is that the prosecution is obliged to prove the case against the accused beyond
reasonable doubt. The obligation on the prosecution may be discharged with the help

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of presumptions of law or fact unless the accused adduces evidence showing the
reasonable possibility of the non existence of the presumed fact. (Paras 20, 21)

The   distinction   between   the   two   kinds   of   presumption   lay   not   only   in   the
mandate to the Court, but also in the nature of the evidence required to rebut the two.
In the case of discretionary presumption the presumption if drawn may be rebutted
by an explanation which 'might reasonably be true and which is consistent with the
innocence" of the accused. On the other hand in the case of a mandatory presumption
"the burden resting on the accused person in such a case would not be as light as it is
where a presumption is raised under Section 114 of the Evidence Act and cannot be
held to be discharged merely by reason of the fact that the explanation offered by the
accused is reasonable and probable. It must further be shown that the explanation is a
true one. The words 'unless the contrary is proved' which occur in this provision
make it clear that the presumption has to be rebutted by proof and not by a bare
explanation which is merely plausible. A fact is said to be proved when its existence
is   directly   established   or   when   upon   the   material   before   it   the   Court   finds   its
existence to be so probable that a reasonable man would act on the supposition that it
exist.   Unless   therefore,   the   explanation   is   supported   by   proof,   the   presumption
created by the provision cannot be said to be rebutted.   (Para 23)

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Vadodara (Judgement)

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 23 CC No. - 41364/2012
Vadodara (Judgement)

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