Java Virtual Machine

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a real name dropper when you’re programming in Java. Contrary
to what the name indicates, the Java Virtual Machine can be encountered in relation with other
programming languages as well.
In general, it’s not necessary to know what the Java Virtual Machine is, or even what it does, to be able
to program in Java. On the other hand, familiarizing yourself with the inner workings of a machine
does help to increase your understanding and overall insight.
This article brushes over the idea of the Java Virtual Machine, what it does for you, and some of the
most important pros and cons. Although I’ve tried to keep it simple, and there is definitely more
advanced literature on the subject, a rudimentary understanding of Java and programming is expected.

High-Level Languages
The semantics of a programming language are designed to be close to our natural language, while
staying concise and easy to interpret for a machine. As you probably know, the programming language
is wholly different from machine code, the set of instructions a computer uses to construct and run a
program. This we call high-level languages; one or multiple levels of abstraction from the machine
code.
Before it is able to run, high-level code must first be interpreted. A lot of programming interfaces
compile in advance (AOT compilation) for a specific platform (a specific operating system such as
Windows, or a specific brand and model of CPU chip). This makes the program more efficient at
runtime, but far less compatible with different platforms. Java, in contrast, works with an intermediate
language called Java bytecode and the Java Virtual Machine.

JVM & Java Bytecode

When your Java project builds, it translates the source code (contained in *.java source files) to Java
bytecode (most often contained in *.class files). This takes your high-level code one step closer to
machine code, but not quite there yet. This bytecode is a collection of compact instructions; easier for a
machine to interpret, but less readable for people.
When you run a Java application on your computer, cellphone, or any other Java-enabled platform, you
essentially pass this Java bytecode to the Java Virtual Machine. The interpreter in the Java Virtual
Machine usually starts compiling the entire bytecode at runtime, following the principles of so-
called just-in-time compilation. This makes for the typical, albeit often slight delay when opening a
Java application, but generally enhances the program performance compared to interpreted
compilation.
The main advantage of this system is the increased compatibility. Since your applications run in a
virtual machine instead of directly on your hardware, the developer can program and build their
application once, which can then be executed on every device with an implementation of the Java
Virtual Machine. This principle has given birth to the Java slogan: “Write once, run everywhere.”

Pro: Compatibility & Increased Security

Apart from code compatibility, the Java Virtual Machine comes with other benefits. One of the most
important of those is the relative security of Java programs as a result of the Java Virtual Machine.
Security, meaning that a program running in a virtual machine is far less likely to disrupt the user’s
operating system, or corrupt data files, if errors occur.

Con: Different JVM Implementations & Debugging

One of the main criticisms voiced against the code compatibility and the Java Virtual Machine is due to
the many different implementations of the latter. You see, the Java Virtual Machine is not one piece of
software. Oracle, the owners of Java, have their implementation of the Java Virtual Machine, but other
people can make theirs if it satisfies various practical and contractual claims.
These different implementations mean that your code may run smoothly on one Java Virtual Machine,
but crash and burn on another. Although, in practice, you can write your code once and run it
everywhere, more complex code sometimes still has to be debugged in different Java Virtual Machine
implementations to ensure correct operation.

Source: makeuseof.com, with minor changes

There's a more advanced description of what the JVM “contains” and how it interacts with the OS. If
you consider yourself an advanced computer user