College Readiness Standards & Skills

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
TECHNICAL PANEL ON GENERAL EDUCATION
COLLEGE ADMISSION STANDARDS (COLLEGE READINESS SKILLS)
FOUNDATION
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
After 12 years of pre-university education, a student After 12 years of pre-university education, a student wishing to enter college should be able to:
wishing to enter college should know:
Produce all forms of texts (e.g., written, oral, visual, digital) based on: a solid grounding on
Philippine experience and culture; an understanding of the self, community, and nation; the
application of critical and creative thinking and doing processes; competency in formulating
ideas/arguments logically, scientifically, and creatively; and a clear appreciation of one’s
responsibility as a citizen of a multicultural Philippines and a diverse world.
Systematically apply knowledge, understanding, theory, and skills for the development of the
self, local, and global communities using prior learning, inquiry, and experimentation.
Work comfortably with relevant technologies and develop adaptations and innovations for
significant use in local and global communities.
Communicate with local and global communities with proficiency, orally, in writing, and through
new technologies of communication.
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Interact meaningfully in a social setting and contribute to the fulfillment of individual and shared
goals, respecting the fundamental humanity of all persons and the diversity of groups and
communities.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
After 12 years of pre-university education, a student After 12 years of pre-university education, a student wishing to enter college should be able to:
wishing to enter college should know:
The types of prose (e.g., expository, narrative). Listen to various kinds of texts with adequate comprenhension.
The types of speeches (e.g., to inform, to persuade). Read various kinds of texts with adequate comprehension.
The main varieties of the English language (e.g., British Engage in purposive classroom oral interaction.
English, American English, Philippine English).
Write well-formed texts beyond the sentence level.
Context clues.
Ask questions.
Affixes and stems/roots.
Interview.
Note taking.
Narrate events and experiences.
Outlining.
Give instructions and directions.
Summarizing.
Describe events, people’s character and physical features.
Tense consistency.
Compare and contrast.
Active and passive voice.
Illustrate and give examples.
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Gerunds. Explain a process.
Relative clauses. Define.
Tense aspect system. Comprehend oral and written materials ranging from general interest to discipline specific, with
emphasis on inferential and critical reading.
Coordination and subordination.
Organize information efficiently in the form of outlines, charts, etc., both for materials read and
Reported speech. mateials to be written.
Prepositional phrases. Organize information using orderly strategies, i.e., chronological, logical, spatial, etc.
Adverbs and adverbials. Summarize and paraphrase materials read.
Imperatives. Interpret and construct non-prose texts.
Modal auxiliaries. Determine the different rhetorical patterns used in texts.
Attributive vs. predicate position. Write unified and coherent paragraphs as a response to texts read.
Relative clause. Use appropriate rhetorical patterns in writing essays.
Embedded sentence. Write effective descriptive, narrative, expository, and argumentative compositions.
Degree-comparatives and equatives. Explain the nature of oral communication.
Discourse markers for comparison and contrast. Develop sensitivity to the socio-cultural dimension of communication situations.
Lexical collocations. Facilitate smooth interaction through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols.
Verb-noun restrictions. Develop confidence in the ability to participate in various communication situations.
Semantic restrictions. Identify the type of prose (e.g., expository, narrative) to which a text belongs.
Discourse markers for citing examples. Name the types of speech (e.g., to inform, to persuade) to which a speech belongs.
Demonstrative pronouns. Name the main variety of the English language (e.g., British English, American English,
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Co-occurrence restrictions. Philippine English) to which a text belongs.
Sequence markers. Understand new words and use them accurately in reading, speaking, and writing.
Tense harmony. Identify the thesis and the basic argument or theme of a book in English (other than a textbook).
The article system. Listen to a live or recorded academic lecture by an American and/or British speaker and answer
comprehension questions about the lecture.
Negation.
Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of a public presentation.
Critically examine print and television advertisements, identifying the strategies used by the
advertisers to convince consumers to buy the products or services being advertised.
Speak in English without any code-switching to any vernacular language.
Adjust presentation (delivery, vocabulary, length) to particular audiences and purposes.
Compose and edit writing with proper voice, tense, and syntax.
Create persuasive writings such as editorials, essays, speeches, or reports that address a specific
audience and support a clearly stated thesis with facts, statistics, and/or first-hand accounts,
among other forms.
Create narratives such as personal essays and memoirs that use descriptive language to enhance
voice, tone, setting, and characterization.
Produce clear and concise career-oriented/technical writings such as memos, business letters,
résumés, technical reports, and information analyses.
Write a coherent formal essay of at least 1,000 words.
Write a coherent informal essay of at least 1,000 words.
Write a research paper of at least 1,000 words, with proper documentation of all sources.
Employ a variety of complete sentence structures appropriately in writing, including compound,
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complex, compound-complex, parallel, repetitive, and analogous sentence structures.
Use effective reading strategies to determine a written work’s purpose and intended audience.
Identify the relevance of a book in English (other than a textbook) to his or her own desired
career.
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FILIPINO LANGUAGE
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
After 12 years of pre-university education, a student
wishing to enter college should know: After 12 years of pre-university education, a student wishing to enter college should be able to:
The number of languages spoken in the Philippines. Speak in Filipino without code-switching into Taglish or English.
The ten major languages of the Philippines. Increase his/her vocabulary in Filipino through reading.
The key differences between Filipino and Tagalog. Use a monolingual dictionary.
The constitutional provisions on the definition and use Use idioms accurately and effectively.
of Filipino.
The general concepts in the linguistic and metalinguistic Use Filipino for various specific purposes.
study of Filipino, such as language, dialect, idiolect,
Use the various registers of Filipino.
variety, variation, register, domain, and repertoire.
The different levels of discourse in Filipino. Speak a vernacular language other than his/her own mother tongue.
The relationship of text and context in the use of
Filipino. Translate a technical text into Filipino from English or from a vernacular language other than
The relationship of the Filipino language to Philippine Tagalog.
culture and society.
The role of the Filipino language in global culture and Translate a literary text into Filipino from English or from a vernacular language other than
society. Tagalog.
The research strategies and methods appropriate to the Discuss the role of Filipino in Philippine and global society.
study of Filipino.
Develop his/her own style of writing in Filipino.
Express his/her own opinions in Filipino effectively and persuasively.
Critique his/her own written work.
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Critique the written work of others, whether established authors or his/her own classmates and
peers.
Give a speech completely in Filipino for at least ten (10) minutes.
Write a research paper in Filipino of at least five (5) pages showing critical thinking about a
contemporary issue.
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HUMANITIES
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
Create an original art work, such as a dance, a song, or an architectural design that reflects a
The relationships of peoples and cultures across time. specific historical influence or a universal theme.
Critique works of art using a well-articulated rationale and an appropriate arts vocabulary.
The purposes and functions of the arts.
Use the creative process and a personal sketchbook to plan and create a body of work.
Intellectual property, originality, and plagiarism in art.
The impact of history, society, and the environment Critique their own works of art and the works of others with the purpose of improving these
upon works of art. works.
The similarities among major periods and movements in
the visual and the performing arts.
The role of art and artists in today’s society.
The divergence and convergence of different cultures in
the art and humanities (e.g. Muslim, Indigenous
Peoples, and Christians).
The relationship between two or more arts and
humanities disciplines and the extent to which they
enhance or influence each other.
The influence of religion on government, culture,
artistic creation, technological development, and/or
social conduct.
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The ways in which the arts and humanities both break
through and create class barriers.
The universal themes in the arts and humanities
disciplines.
Dance Dance
Choreograph a dance inspired by another art form.

The role of dance in history and culture.
Critique a dance performance based on meaning, technical support, aesthetics, political and
The characteristics of dance styles. cultural issues, and intent of choreographer.
The diversity in international, national, and local dance

forms.
Music
Music
Perform the instrumental or vocal part of a musical piece accurately utilizing skills learned and
The similarities and differences of music from a variety practiced.
of cultures and historical periods.
Sight-read simple melodies and rhythms applicable to their part in a musical performance.
The critical importance of music participation in global
culture.
Visual Arts
Theater
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The contributions of lighting, music, and costuming to
the meaning and/or success of a dance or theater
performance. Select and exhibit works of visual art that communicate a common meaning.
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LITERATURE
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
The names of all the Philippine National Artists in

Literature and the titles of their major works. Analyze themes, structures, and elements of myths, traditional narratives, and classical and
The names of all the members of the Hall of Fame of the contemporary literature.
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature.
Read a poem with proper pronunciation and appropriate emotion.
The names of at least twenty Nobel Prize laureates in
Literature and the titles of at least one each of Recite at least ten poems from memory.
their major works.
The titles, authors, plots, and three main characters of Role-play or perform scenes from plays.
least six literary novels in English written by
Filipinos. Identify the characters, setting, theme, conflict, and type of a work of fiction.
The titles, authors, plots, and three main characters of at Trace the sequence of events or plot of a novel.
least six literary novels in English written by non-
Filipinos. Discuss literary devices, such as point of view and symbolism, used in a work of fiction.
The titles and authors of a wide variety of texts from
Philippine, Asian, Anglo-American, European, Write a critical paper of at least five (5) pages analyzing one literary text written in the language
Latin American, African, and other literatures. of community or region where the high school is located.
The names of at least ten writers from the region where
Write a critical paper of at least five (5) pages analyzing one literary text written by an author
the high school is located.
born in a Southeast Asia country (not the Philippines).
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MATHEMATICS
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
Algebra Algebra
Number Sequence and Pattern Finding

Number Sequence and Pattern Finding
Recognize and continue number sequences and patterns.
Evaluate algebraic expressions for given values of the variables involved.
Add and subtract polynomials.
Algebraic Expressions Find solution of an equation or inequality involving one variable (including absolute value
equation/inequalities).
Addition and Subtraction of Multiply and divide polynomials using the laws of exponents.
Polynomials Identify polynomials which are special products.
Factor completely a given polynomial.
Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable Define and illustrate rational expression.
Perform fundamental operations on rational expressions.
Multiplication of Polynomials Describe and plot positions on a plane.
Define and illustrate linear function.
Division of Polynomials
Graph linear inequality in two variables.
Special Products
Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
Factoring
Solve problems involving linear relationships.
Rational Expressions Solve systems of linear equations.
Graph systems of linear inequalities in two variables and determine the solution set.
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Linear Functions and Inequalities Recognize a quadratic function and determine its domain and range.
Solve for roots of a quadratic equation.
Rectangular Coordinate System Solve rational equations.
Recognize relationships between two quantities in real life that involves variations.
Graphs of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Perform operations and solve problems on radical expressions.
Work with arithmetic sequence, geometric sequence and other sequences.
Recognize and solve problems involving polynomial functions.
Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
Systems of Linear Inequalities Geometry

Quadratic Functions and Equations Geometric Terms
Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Rational Equations Define and represent a point, line and plane, and other terms.
Illustrate, classify triangles, and identify their relationships.
Variations Illustrate, classify quadrilaterals, and identify their relationships.
Radicals Identify the hypothesis and conclusions of if-then and other types of statements.
Sequences and Series Solve/prove problems involving triangle congruence.
Polynomial Functions Use compass and straightedge to construct geometrical figures.

Solve problems involving parallels and perpendiculars.
Identify and apply the different properties of proportion.
Apply the fundamental theorems of proportionality.
Solve/prove problems involving triangle similarity.
Geometry Identify and illustrate the key concepts related to circles.

Solve/prove problems involving theorems on circles.
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Geometric Terms Solve problems related to inscribed angles.
Solve problems involving quadrilaterals.
Polygons Solve problems related to coordinate geometry, such as distance formula, equation of line .
Triangles
Probability and Statistics
Quadrilaterals
If-Then Statements Explain the basic concepts, uses and importance of statistics.
Collect statistical data and organize in a frequency table according to some systematic
Triangle Congruence
considerations.
Geometrical Constructions Use appropriate graph to represent organized data.
Find the mean, median and mode of ungrouped statistical data.
Parallelism and Perpendicularity Calculate the different measures of variability related to the given set of data.
Calculate the different measures of position (quantiles).
Parallelograms Count the number of events using the Fundamental Principle of Counting, tree diagram, and other
Properties of Proportion methods.
Count the number of ways objects can be selected out of a set.
Fundamental Theorems of Proportionality Count the number of arrangements of certain objects at a time from a set.
Solve simple problems in probability, including compound events.
Triangle Similarity
Circles Trigonometry
Basic theorems on Circles
Illustrate and solve problems involving trigonometric ratios.
Inscribed Angles Solve problems involving angle of elevation and angle of depression.
Solve problems involving bearing.
Quadrilaterals
Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in physical sciences and/or engineering:
Coordinate Geometry
General Math
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Illustrate and solve problems related to inverse functions.
Illustrate and solve problems related to exponential functions.
Illustrate and solve problems related to logarithmic functions.
Introduction to Statistics
Solve problems involving basic financial management, such as compound interest, future value,
Data Gathering/Collection etc.
Solve problems involving basic linear programming, with and without math software.
Data Representation
Identify and solve problems involving basic logic concepts.
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability Deal with predicates, quantifiers, rules of inference.
Measures of Position (Quantiles)
Fundamental Principle of Counting
Combination
Permutation
Probability
Pre-Calculus
Work with analytic geometry concepts.

Trigonometry Deal with translation of axes.
Recognize and solve problems involving conic sections.
Recognize, work with, and solve problems involving functions and their graphs.
Trigonometric Ratios Work with polynomial functions and their graphs.
Work with rational functions and their graphs.
Angle of Elevation/Depression Solve/prove problems involving math induction.
Solve/prove problems involving the binomial theorem.
Bearing Work with circular functions and their graphs.
Derive and work with identities.
Recognize and work with inverse trigonometric functions.
Solve trigonometric equations.
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Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in Recognize and use the polar coordinate system.
physical sciences and/or engineering:
General Math Calculus
Recognize and work with problems involving limits.

Inverse Functions Recognize continuity concepts.
Exponential
Logarithmic Recognize the relationships between limits and asymptotes.
Basic Financial Management Work with basic differentiation.
Linear Programming Introduce derivatives and tangents.
Logic Apply differentiation rules on functions.
Propositional logic and equivalences Solve problems on rates of change and related rates.
Predicates, quantifiers, inference Recognize second derivatives and graphs.
Solve optimization problems.
Work with antiderivatives.
Solve problems involving growth and decay.
Solve for the area using the definite integral.
Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Pre-Calculus

Analytic Geometry
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Translation of Axes
Conic Sections Deal with random variables.
Work with expected values.
Functions and Their Graphs Work with variance and standard deviation.
Recognize the different probability distributions.
Polynomial Functions
Work with the binomial distribution.
Rational Functions Work with the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial.
Work with the normal distribution table, and as an approximation to the binomial.
Mathematical Induction Estimate various measures.
Estimate population proportion.
The Binomial Theorem Estimate population mean.
Trigonometry I Estimate population variance.
Perform various hypothesis testing.
Circular Functions and Their Graphs Test claims about a proportion.
Test claims about a mean.
Identities Test claims about variance or standard deviation.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Equations
Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in economics, business, and/or life sciences:
Polar Coordinate System
Calculus
General Math
Limits
Continuity Illustrate and solve problems related to inverse functions.
Limits and Aymptotes Illustrate and solve problems related to exponential functions.
Differentiation
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Derivatives and Tangents Illustrate and solve problems related to logarithmic functions.
Rules of Differentiation Solve problems involving basic financial management, such as compound interest, future value,
etc.
Rates of Change and Related Rates
Second Derivative and Graphs
Optimization Problems
Deal with predicates, quantifiers, rules of inference.
Integration
Antiderivatives
Calculus
Growth and Decay
Work with basic limit concepts.
Area and The Definite Integral
Work with continuity concepts.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Use differentiation rules to solve for the derivative.
Solve basic problems involving the derivative.
Solve problems involving continuous compound interest.
Solve problems involving related rates.
Probability and Statistics Recognize second derivatives and graphs.
Solve optimization problems.
Work with antiderivatives.
Random Variables
Solve problems involving growth and decay.
Expected value
Solve for the area using the definite integral.
Variance and Standard Deviation
Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Probability Distributions
Binomial distribution
Poisson distribution
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Normal distribution Probability and Statistics
Estimation
Estimating population proportion Deal with random variables.
Estimating population mean Work with expected values.
Estimating population variance Work with variance and standard deviation.
Testing Recognize the different probability distributions.
Testing a claim about a proportion Work with the binomial distribution.
Testing a claim about a mean Work with the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial.
Testing a claim about variance or standard deviation Work with the normal distribution table, and as an approximation to the binomial.
Estimate various measures.
Estimate population proportion.
Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in Estimate population mean.

economics, business, and/or life sciences:
Estimate population variance.
Perform various hypothesis testing.
General Math
Test claims about a proportion.
Test claims about a mean.
Inverse Functions
Test claims about variance or standard deviation.
Exponential
Logarithmic
Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in the humanities:
Basic Financial Management
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Linear Programming
Logic
Propositional logic and equivalences General Math
Predicates, quantifiers, inference
Illustrate and solve problems related to inverse functions.
Calculus Illustrate and solve problems related to exponential functions.

Illustrate and solve problems related to logarithmic functions.
The Derivative Solve problems involving basic financial management, such as compound interest, future value,
etc.
Introduction to Limits
Continuity
Basic Differentiation Rules
Deal with predicates, quantifiers, rules of inference.
Applications of Derivative
Continuous Compound Interest
Related Rates
Second Derivative and Graphs
Optimization
Deal with random variables.
Integration
Work with expected values.
Antiderivatives
Work with variance and standard deviation.
Growth and Decay
Recognize the different probability distributions.
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Area and The Definite Integral Work with the binomial distribution.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Work with the Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial.
Work with the normal distribution table, and as an approximation to the binomial.
Estimate various measures.
Probability and Statistics Estimate population proportion.

Estimate population mean.
Random Variables Estimate population variance.
Expected value
Variance and Standard Deviation Perform various hypothesis testing.
Probability Distributions Test claims about a proportion.
Binomial distribution Test claims about a mean.
Poisson distribution Test claims about variance or standard deviation.
Normal distribution
Estimation
Estimating population proportion
Estimating population mean
Estimating population variance
Testing
Testing a claim about a proportion
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Testing a claim about a mean
Testing a claim about variance or standard deviation
Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in the

humanities:
General Math
Inverse Functions
Exponential
Logarithmic
Basic Financial Management
Linear Programming
Logic
Propositional logic and equivalences
Predicates, quantifiers, inference
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Random Variables
Expected value
Variance and Standard Deviation
Probability Distributions
Binomial distribution
Poisson distribution
Normal distribution
Estimation
Estimating population proportion
Estimating population mean
Estimating population variance
Testing
Testing a claim about a proportion
Testing a claim about a mean
Testing a claim about variance or standard deviation
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SCIENCE
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
Unifying concepts of science: Skills for scientific inquiry:

Systems, order, organization. Make accurate observations.
Evidence, models and explanations Make inferences.
Change, constancy, and measurement. Use deductive and inductive reasoning.
Evolution and equilibrium. Ask questions beyond direct observations based on science principles.
Form and function. Collect and organize data.
Handle and interpret information.
Use evidence for developing or revising an explanation.
Find patterns and make predictions.
Design and conduct investigations.
Employ different strategies to obtain information.
Analyze and evaluate information, procedures, and claims.
Communicate explanations based on results of investigations.
Draw conclusions.
Make an evaluation based on evidence.
Make decisions based on sound judgment and logical reasoning.
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Biology Biology
The structure and functions of cells.

The structure and functions of cells.
Name the tenets of the cell theory.

Their parts and functions (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes). Explain how, although all cells share basic features, cells differentiate to carry out specialized
functions.
Describe the criteria for recognizing different functional cell types and give examples of such
types including nervous, epithelial, muscle and other cells.
Name and describe basic cell types found in living organisms.
Give examples of particular modifications of cells and explain how these modifications are
related to each type’s function in an organism.
Recognize and describe major features that distinguish plant, animal and fungal cells.
Explain how cells can be categorized into two major types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and
describe major features that distinguish one from the other.
Describe or recognize major features that distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells.
Describe the structure and function of major sub-cellular organelles.
Recognize the appearance or structure of ribosomes, cytoplasmic membrane, chromosomes, cell
wall, eukaryotic nucleus, nucleolus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia,
flagella, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and
describe important functions of each.
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Laboratory Skills
Manipulate the microscope.
Do microscopic calibration to obtain calibration constants at different magnification.
Identify major prokaryotic and eukaryotic in electron micrographs (pictorials).
Cell Cycle.
Describe the major features of mitosis and relate this process to growth and asexual reproduction/
repair and production of gametes and sex cells.
Draw, describe and place in sequence the various stages of mitosis.
Identify the stages of mitosis when presented on a microscopic slide, computer animation or
drawing during a practical laboratory examination.
Arrange pictures or word descriptions of the stages of mitosis into correct sequence and describe
or explain any significant events occurring in each stage.
Cell Cycle. Explain the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells and how this process is related to
growth.
Relate mitosis with the other phases of the cell cycle
Laboratory Skills
Highlight the major differences between mitosis and meiosis based on actual specimen and relate
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these with growth, asexual reproduction, repair and production of gamete formation.
Describe the major features and events of cytokinesis with pictures or word descriptions.
Transport Mechanisms.
Identify the structure of membranes and how this relates to permeability.

Describe and explain the processes of osmosis and diffusion.
Explain how the structure of plasma membranes permits and influences these events.
Laboratory Skills
Follow instructions in setting up the experiment in the laboratory and noting down observations
or results in active and passive transport
Discuss active and passive transport processes using day to day experiences like sweating ,
urination, etc.
Transport Mechanisms.
Energy Flow System (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration).
Describe the major features and chemical events of photosynthesis.

Explain the importance of chlorophyll.
Describe patterns of electron flow through light reaction events.
Describe significant features of the Calvin cycle.
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Describe the major features and chemical events of cellular respiration.
Describe what ATP is and its importance as an energy carrier molecule.
Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system and
chemiosmosis.
Explain coupled reaction processes.
Describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer.
Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP.
Laboratory Skills
Set up an experiment to demonstrate photosynthesis, transpiration, cellular respiration,
fermentation, wine making, yoghurt and cheese making.
Energy Flow System (Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration).
Biochemistry
Structure and functions of enzymes.
Describe the structure and function of enzymes.

Describe the environmental effects on enzyme activity and explain why these affect enzymes.
Give specific examples of enzymes and why they are important in the human body.
Describe the chemical structure of proteins, including amino acids, peptide bonds, and
polypeptide formation.
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Describe the effects of enzymes on reaction rates, including effects on activation energy
requirements.
Laboratory Skills
Illustrate extracellular enzyme activity .
Identify enzymes based on apparent action in a substrate.
Biochemistry
Biological molecules.
Structure and functions of enzymes.

Describe the major categories of biological molecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic
acids.
Describe the role of each type of biological molecule within a living system.
Identify a biological molecule based on its formula and structure.
Describe the major role of each biological molecule in biological structure and metabolism.
Laboratory Skills
Determine the presence of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids in some tissues.
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Mechanism of fermentation.
Explain how organisms respond to presence or absence of oxygen, including mechanisms of

fermentation.
Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of electron flow in the absence
of oxygen.
Biological molecules. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation and aerobic respiration.
Laboratory Skills
Conduct laboratory experiments in fermentation.
Mechanism of fermentation.
Evolutions and Population
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Relevance, mechanisms, and evidence/bases.
Identify multiple categories of evidence for evolutionary change and how this evidence is used to
infer evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Describe features of biogeography/ plate tectonics, fossil record, metabolism, DNA/protein
sequences, homology, embryology, artificial selection/ agriculture, and antibiotic
resistance that contribute to our understanding of evolutionary change.
Recognize variations in population sizes, including extinction, and describe mechanisms and
conditions that produce these variations.
Describe mechanisms that produce variations in population sizes.
Recognize, describe, and explain typical patterns of change in population size (e.g., the logistic
growth curve).
Describe how populations of organisms have changed, and continue to change over time, showing
patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal
diversity observed today.
Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and
sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics of major groups of organisms
present during these time periods.
Describe mechanisms that produce change in populations from generation to generation (e.g.,
artificial selection, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination)
Evolutions and Population

Laboratory Skills
Collect plants and animals and distinguish similarities and differences and group them into
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Relevance, mechanisms, and evidence/bases. populations and understand biodiversity
Taxonomy
Name the ways in which living things can be classified based on each organism’s internal and
external structure, development, and relatedness of DNA sequences.
Explain the relationship between DNA sequences and physical characteristics.
Describe the characteristics of each taxon and explain the significance in separating organisms.
Distinguish similarities and differences among a given set of pictures or drawings of vertebrates
during their development.
Describe species diversity and cladistics, including the types of evidence and procedures that can
be used to construct diagrams (e.g., phylogenetic trees).
Construct cladograms and/or phylogenetic trees from simple data sets for major groups of
organisms.
Determine the correct classification and taxonomy of organisms from narrative or pictorial
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descriptions.
Define characters or features of each of the invertebrate phyla.
Laboratory Skills
Classify simple organisms representing the different phyla.
Ecology
Major biomes, energy flow and material cycling; and succession.
Identify Earth’s major biomes, giving their locations, typical climate conditions, and
characteristic organisms.
Name and describe Earth’s major biomes, including tundra, boreal forests, temperate deciduous
Taxonomy forests, grasslands, deserts, tropical rain forests, estuaries and other wetlands, and marine
biomes, including their typical locations, the typical organisms found in each, and
important physical factors (e.g., temperature, rainfall rates) that produce these
Basic taxonomic concepts and principles, description, distribution patterns.
nomenclature, identification, classification/taxa.
Describe patterns of energy flow and material cycling in Earth’s ecosystems.
Contrast patterns of energy flow and nutrient cycling through ecosystems.
Describe and explain a trophic pyramid, including descriptions of typical organisms to be found
at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
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Describe patterns of energy flow and nutrient cycling through ecosystems including the role of
microorganisms.
Describe events and processes that occur in succession, including changes in organismal
populations, species diversity, and life history patterns over the course.
Symbiotic relationships.
Distinguish the various forms of interactions between different species
Laboratory Skills
Give examples of plants and animals that demonstrate mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.
Ecology
Major biomes, energy flow and material cycling; and Genetics

succession. (Note: should be integrated with
environmental science/geology/ earth science-
physics.)
Mendel's law of inheritance
Explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

Describe the laws of Mendelian genetics.
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Predict outcomes of a variety of test crosses and be able to predict parental genotypes for
offspring.
Use the laws of inheritance to carry out numerical calculations analyzing and predicting genetic
characteristics of parents and offspring.
Read a “genetics problem” and identify the information needed to complete a Punnett square.
Determine phenotypes and genotypes of offspring from a given set of data about parental
phenotypes and/or genotypes, expressing these features in numerical terms for cases of
monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and other typical cases.
Analyze phenotypes and genotypes of parents from a given set of data about offspring phenotypes
and/or genotypes, expressing these features in numerical terms.
Describe the major features of meiosis and relate this process to Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Laboratory Skills
Symbiotic relationships. Perform simple DNA extraction using blender and garden peas, among other.
Perform experiments on Mendelian inheritance using seeds and Drosophila.
Non-Mendelian Laws
Know modifications to Mendel’s laws.
Relevant ecological issues. Determine phenotypes and genotypes of offspring from a given data set about parental
phenotypes and/or genotypes; express these features in numerical terms for cases of co-
dominance, quantitative inheritance, sex-linked traits, and other typical cases.
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Genetics Molecular basis.
Mendel's law of inheritance Describe the molecular structures and functions of nucleic acids.
Research a genetic disorder and describe the cause of the disorder.
Describe in words or pictures the molecular structure of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Describe in words or pictures the molecular events of replication, transcription, translation, and
mutation.
Summarize the events and processes of molecular genetics: DNA controls synthesis of several
types of RNA, RNA molecules plus proteins cooperate to synthesize new proteins, and
proteins control structure and metabolism of cells.
Describe the processes of electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction, and explain their
function in identifying DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Laboratory Skills
Visit virtual laboratories and/or institutes/universities with a molecular biology laboratory or
facility; observe the set-up and demonstrations of some simple molecular protocols.
Make models of DNA/RNA using pencil and paper exercises, etc.
Visualize the three dimensional structure and functions of RNA/DNA through animated videos.
37
Feedback Mechanism
Feedback mechanisms
Non-Mendelian Laws
Explain how organisms possess various structures and processes that maintain steady internal
conditions.
Give examples of organisms that possess various structures and processes (feedback loops) that
maintain steady internal conditions.
Describe examples of homeostasis (e.g. temperature regulation, osmotic balance, glucose levels).
Describe the major features of feedback loops that produce such homeostasis.
Molecular basis.
Prokaryote & plant and animal structure of organs systems and functions; comparison.
Distinguish, compare, and contrast structures and processes that allow gas exchange, nutrient
uptake and processing, waste excretion, nervous and hormonal regulation, and
reproduction in plants, animals, and fungi and give examples of each.
Describe common gas exchange systems in plants and animals including anatomical features and
functions.
Describe common nutrient acquisition systems in plants, animals, and fungi, including anatomical
features and functions.
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Describe common waste excretion systems in plants and animals, including anatomical features
and functions.
Describe common nervous/hormonal control systems in plants and animals, including anatomical
Describe common reproductive systems in plants, animals, and fungi, including anatomical
Laboratory Skills
Dissect a frog and identify the organ systems with emphasis on organs that are crucial to the
maintenance of steady internal environment or homeostasis.
Chemistry
Matter and its Properties
Feedback Mechanism Physical and chemical properties of matter.
Feedback mechanisms Explain how physical and chemical properties can be used to classify matter.
Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.
Describe how chemical changes create new substances.
Explain how intrinsic properties like density do not change with sample size while extrinsic
properties like volume do.
39
Laboratory Skills
Measure physical properties (e.g. mass, volume, density).
Correctly and safely use common laboratory equipment.
Measure mass, volume, and density of liquids and solids.
Particulate nature of matter.

Prokaryote & plant and animal structure of organs
systems and functions; comparison. Discuss how matter exists in different states and that matter is made up of smaller particles that
behave differently in each of these states.
Describe how all substances are made up of smaller particles.
Classification of matter (pure substance and mixture).
Recognize and classify pure substances (elements, compounds) and mixtures.

Recognize some common elements and their chemical symbols (e.g., H, He, C, N, O, Na, Cl).
Recognize some common compounds and their formulas (e.g., NaCl, H2O, CO2).
Differentiate between elements and compounds.
Describe separation techniques for mixtures and compounds.
Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
40
Laboratory Skills
Perform simple separation techniques such as filtration, decantation, evaporation, paper
chromatography.
Separate substances based on differences in properties such as solubility, magnetic properties, etc.
Uses of organic and inorganic substances.
Give examples of organic and inorganic substances and their uses.
Chemistry Atomic Structure
Matter and its Properties Sub-atomic particles
Identify the relative masses and the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Physical and chemical properties of matter.
Nuclear model of the atom
Describe the nuclear model of the atom.

Identify the locations of the major components of the atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
41
Atomic number, mass number, isotopes
Differentiate atomic number, mass number, isotopes.

Discuss how atomic number distinguishes one element from another.
Give common examples of isotopes.
Particulate nature of matter. Electronic structure (shell model and orbitals; valence electrons).
Describe the Shell Model of the atom.

Give the maximum number of electrons in each shell.
Identify the orbitals and subshells in each shell and the maximum number of electrons in each
subshell.
Determine the valence electrons from the shell model.
Classification of matter (pure substance and mixture).
Electron configuration
Give the electron configuration of the first 22 elements (H to Ti).
Periodic Table
42
The periodic table.
Discuss the organization of the periodic table.

Identify periods and groups.
Identify noble gases.
Identify metals, metalloids, non-metals.
Without going into the individual electron configuration of the elements, recognize the block
diagram of the periodic table showing the type of subshell being filled by electrons (s-
block, p-block, d-block, f-block).
Uses of organic and inorganic substances.
From the block diagram, identify the representative elements, the transition elements, inner
transition elements.
The relationship of the properties of elements to the atomic structure.
Atomic Structure Recognize the similarities in chemical and physical properties of elements in a group (e.g., alkali
metals, halogens, noble gases).
Recognize the trend in physical and chemical properties across a period.
Sub-atomic particles
Trends in atomic properties: electronic configuration, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic
size and ionic size. (No Values/Numbers)
Nuclear model of the atom Without measured values, qualitatively describe the trend in atomic size, ionic size, ionization
energy, electron affinity in a group or across a period.
43
Chemical Bonding
Atomic number, mass number, isotopes
Electron dot representation of atoms, ions and molecules.
Draw electron dot structures of representative elements showing the valence electrons of the
atoms in a group.
Electronic structure (shell model and orbitals; valence Ionic bonds & covalent bonds. The Octet Rule.
electrons).
Predict the charges of common monoatomic ions (e.g. from Groups I, 2, 6, 7) from the Octet
Rule.
Predict the type of bonding (Octet rule).
Explain how Ionic bonds and covalent bonds are formed.
Draw the electron dot representations of ions, compounds and molecules and predict the type of
bonding involved.
Electron configuration
Unique bonding characteristics of carbon.
Draw the structures of simple hydrocarbon compounds including those with single, double and
44
triple bonds and infer from these the strengths of the bonds.
Periodic Table
The names and formulas for ionic and covalent compounds.
The periodic table.
Use chemical vocabulary starting with the names and formulas of simple ionic and covalent
compounds especially those used in everyday life.
Concept of polarity of bonds and molecules.
Discuss how, in a bond, the electrons are not equally distributed and shared by the atoms forming
the bond resulting in bond polarity.
Predict if the bond is polar or not; if polar, which end of the bond is more negative and which is
more positive using the location of the elements in the periodic table and their relative
electron affinities.
Describe how, in a molecule, the electrons are not distributed and shared equally by all atoms in
The relationship of the properties of elements to the
the molecule resulting in polarity of the molecule.
atomic structure.
When shown structures of molecules, determine if the molecule is polar or not; if polar, which
end is more negative and which end is more positive. (Note: the student is not expected
to draw the structures.)
Define dipole.
45
Describe the weak forces referred to as intermolecular forces between molecules and between
ions and molecules.
Trends in atomic properties: electronic configuration,
ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic size Describe the general types of intermolecular forces namely, dipole forces, dispersion forces, and
and ionic size. (No Values/Numbers) hydrogen bonding and their relative strengths.
Explain physical properties such as boiling point, volatility in terms of intermolecular forces.
Discuss the general properties of metals and relate these to metallic bonding
Laboratory Skills
Demonstrate the conductivity of substances and classify them as electrolytes or non-electrolytes.
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Reactions.
Electron dot representation of atoms, ions and

molecules. The Law of Conservation of Mass.
Discuss the application of the Law of Conservation of Mass to the environment.
Ionic bonds & covalent bonds. Writing and balancing chemical equations.
The Octet Rule.
Write equations for chemical reactions using appropriate symbols.
Balance the equations by applying the Law of Conservation of Mass.
46
Types of reactions: simple synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and
combustion reactions.
Unique bonding characteristics of carbon.

Classify chemical reactions by type.
Describe the evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred.
Products of acid-base neutralization and combustion reactions.
The names and formulas for ionic and covalent

compounds. Predict the products of acid-base reactions and combustion reactions.
Mole concept. Avogadro’s number. Molar mass.

Concept of polarity of bonds and molecules.
Give examples of Avogadro’s number (e.g., Does the richest man in the Philippines have
Avogadro’s number of Pesos? Are there Avogadro’s number of people living on earth
today?)
Discuss Avogadro’s number as the unit for mole; one mole of any substance (pencils, persons,
Pesos, molecules, atoms) contains Avogadro’s number.
47
Mole-mass relationship, percent composition of compounds, definite proportion of compounds.
Convert the mass of a substance to number of moles and vice versa.

Apply the Law of Definite Composition to the chemical formula of a compound.
Determine the percent composition of a compound.
Mole and Stoichiometry; molar relationships in reactions, stoichiometric calculations and

percent yield.
Chemical Reactions. Interpret the meaning of a balanced chemical reaction in terms of moles of the reactants and
products.
The Law of Conservation of Mass.
Construct mole ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the reactant amounts needed or product
amount formed in terms of moles or mass.
Writing and balancing chemical equations. Percent yield; excess and limiting reagent (conceptual only; no calculations).
Describe percent yield, theoretical yield of the reaction.

Discuss the concept of limiting reagent without using calculations.
48
Rate of reactions: the effects of temperature, particle size, concentration, and catalyst.
Types of reactions: simple synthesis, decomposition, Describe simple collision theory.

single replacement, double replacement, and
combustion reactions. Use simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature, particle size on
the rate of reaction.
Define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate.
Reversible reactions and equilibrium. Le Chatelier’s Principle.

Products of acid-base neutralization and combustion
reactions.
Describe/define an equilibrium state.
Differentiate between physical equilibrium and chemical equilibrium.
Mole concept. Describe reversible reactions.
Avogadro’s number. Using Le Chatelier’s principle, predict how changes in concentration, volume or pressure,
temperature or addition of a catalyst affect a system in equilibrium and how it returns to
Molar mass. equilibrium.
Laboratory Skills
Recognize the reversibility of reactions through changes in conditions (e.g. N2O4 ↔ 2 NO2
equilibrium at different temperatures).
Thermochemistry
Mole-mass relationship, percent composition of
49
compounds, definite proportion of compounds. Law of Conservation of Energy
State the Law of Conservation of Energy.

Discuss how all chemical reactions are accompanied by energy changes.
Mole and Stoichiometry; molar relationships in

reactions, stoichiometric calculations and Heat transfer
percent yield.
Describe the processes of heat transfer.
Specific Heat
Perform calculations involving heat transfer using specific heat.
Percent yield; excess and limiting reagent (conceptual

only; no calculations). Heat of reaction, H(rxn) (exothermic & endothermic)
Define thermochemistry as the study of heat change in chemical reactions.
Discuss how the Heat of Reaction, H(rxn), can measured.
Rate of reactions: the effects of temperature, particle Identify the units of H(rxn).
size, concentration, and catalyst.
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Describe exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Laboratory Skills
Recognize endothermic or exothermic processes.
Conduct thermochemical measurements using a coffee cup calorimeter (e.g., specific heat of a
metal, heat of neutralization).
Reversible reactions and equilibrium.
Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Intermolecular forces on the different phases of matter.
Describe the behavior of matter in its various states; solid, liquid, gas.
Thermochemistry
Properties of gases.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Describe the common properties of gases.
51
Gas Laws. The Ideal Gas Law.
Heat transfer
Perform calculations using the Ideal Gas Law relating to the relationship among pressure,
volume, temperature, density, mass, or number of particles of a gas.
Real gases.
Specific Heat
Identify real gases and gases deviate from following the Ideal Gas Law.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (Pictorial only).

Heat of reaction, H(rxn) (exothermic & endothermic)
Illustrate using graphic representations the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and explain how gas
pressure is affected by volume, temperature, and concentration.
Properties of solids and liquids
Describe common properties of liquids and solids and relate to kinetic molecular theory.
Describe the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases under changes in pressure.
Gases, Liquids, and Solids
Intermolecular forces on the different phases of matter.

Phase changes and heating/cooling curves.
52
Describe the phase changes: freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, etc.
Interpret a given heating or cooling curve.
Properties of gases. Describe the states in equilibrium in a phase change.
Vapor pressure and changes in state.
Explain vapor pressure.

Explain the effect of vapor pressure on changes in state.
Gas Laws. The Ideal Gas Law.

Laboratory Skills
Measure the rates of effusion of gases relative to molar mass (e.g. ammonia and HCl).
Demonstrate the Gas Laws.
Electrochemistry
Real gases.
Oxidation and reduction reactions; oxidation numbers; electron loss and gain; half reactions.
Predict possible oxidation numbers of an element based on its position in the periodic table.
Assign oxidation numbers to elements based on the formula of the ion or compound.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (Pictorial only).
Given a reaction or a half-reaction, identify if the process involves electron gain or electron loss;
53
identify if it is an oxidation or reduction reaction.
Electrochemical cell.
Properties of solids and liquids Discuss the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy (Law of Conservation of
Energy).
Electrolysis.
Differentiate between electrochemical cells and electrolytic cells; identify which uses chemical
Phase changes and heating/cooling curves. energy to produce electrical energy and vice versa.
Give examples of electrochemical cells, electrolytic cells.
Corrosion as an electrochemical process.

Vapor pressure and changes in state.
Explain that corrosion is an electrochemical process.
Laboratory Skills
Demonstrate electrolysis of water, preferably microscale.
Electrochemistry
Design simple electrochemical cells (e.g. fruit batteries and galvanic cells).
Oxidation and reduction reactions; oxidation numbers;
54
electron loss and gain; half reactions. Perform simple corrosion experiments.
Electrochemical cell.
Solutions
Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated solutions
Electrolysis.
Differentiate among saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions.
Concentration units: percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm, molarity.
Calculate concentration of solutions in molarity, percent by volume, percent by mass, and ppm.
Corrosion as an electrochemical process.

Factors affecting solubility: nature of solvents, pressure and temperature.
Explain the factors affecting solubility.
55
Colligative properties (concepts).
Explain that the amount of solute in a solution affects its vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing
point, and osmotic pressure.
Solutions
Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated solutions Laboratory Skills

Prepare unsaturated and saturated solutions and determine solubility values of common
substances (e.g., salt in water).
Prepare solutions of a given concentration.
Demonstrate the effect of different factors on solubility (e.g., temperature, type of solvent).
Concentration units: percent by volume, percent by
mass, ppm, molarity. Demonstrate the effect of different factors on the rate of dissolution (e.g., temperature, agitation,
particle size).
Factors affecting solubility: nature of solvents, pressure

and temperature.
Acids and Bases
Colligative properties (concepts). Properties of salts, acids and bases.
Describe the common properties of acids, bases, and salts.
56
Definitions: strong and weak acids and bases.
Define acids and bases using Arrhenius definition.

Distinguish between strong and weak acids; strong and weak bases in terms of the extent of
ionization.
Common acids and bases by their names and formula

Acids and Bases
Properties of salts, acids and bases. Name common acids and bases and give their formulas.
Titration
Definitions: strong and weak acids and bases. Calculate the concentration of an unknown acid from titration data.
pH
Discuss the interpretation of pH values (which values are acidic, neutral, basic).
Explain that there are various experimental methods of determining the acidity or basicity of
solutions including natural indicators .
Common acids and bases by their names and formula
57
Concept of buffer
Titration Describe the use of buffers in solutions.

Laboratory Skills
Determine the pH of substances.
Prepare solutions through dilutions of stock solutions.
pH Perform acid-base titrations preferably using microscale techniques.
Organic Chemistry
Types of organic compounds.
Name the general classes of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes,
Concept of buffer ketones, carboxylic acids, amines).
Name the major categories of biological molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
Organic Chemistry acids.
Types of organic compounds.

Nuclear Chemistry
58
Balancing of nuclear reactions.
Differentiate between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions, including the parts of the atom
involved and the amount of energy released.
Identify common nuclear particles that are involved in nuclear reactions, including their
properties (mass, charge) and their nuclear notation.
Balance simple nuclear reactions.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear reactions of fission and fusion.
Balancing of nuclear reactions.
Compare and contrast the nuclear processes of fission and fusion.
General Laboratory Skills
Name the units of measurement of physical quantities.

Explain that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
Nuclear reactions of fission and fusion.

Recognize and use the basic SI units for: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), temperature (K), current
(A), amount of substance (mol); apply the SI-derived units for quantities like volume and
density.
General Laboratory Skills
Use prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the SI units:
59
pico (p), nano (n), micro (µ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M), giga (G),
tera (T).
Convert various units of measurement (e.g. Celsius to Kelvin, gram to kilogram).
Express measurements in scientific notation.
Accurately record observations and experimental data and use these in calculations.
Use the appropriate number of significant figures in measurements and in expressing calculation
results.
Practice the rules for rounding off numbers in calculations.
Differentiate between accuracy and precision; determine percentage error.
Construct and interpret graphs.
Practice safety in the laboratory.
Properly handle and dispose of materials and chemical substances used in the laboratory.
Physics
Physics
Units, Physical Quantities, Measurements, and Vectors
Units, Physical Quantities, Measurements, and Vectors
Explain that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
Define the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current
Physical quantities.
(A),temperature (K), amount of substance (mol).
Measurement of length and time.
Use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of
Standards, SI units, and prefixes. the SI units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (μ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega
(M), giga (G), tera (T).
60
Unit consistency and conversions. Describe the orders of magnitude of the sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to
the Earth.
Significant figures.
Make reasonable estimates of physical quantities using order of magnitude calculations .
Estimates and orders of magnitudes.
Explain what is meant by scalar and vector quantities and give common examples of each.
Scalars and vectors.
Graphical method of vector addition.
Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate accuracy by means of tapes, rules,
micrometers and calipers, using a vernier scale as necessary.
Describe how to measure a short interval of time including the period of a simple pendulum with
appropriate accuracy using stopwatches or appropriate instruments.
Distinguish between systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors.
Distinguish between precision and accuracy.
Name the most commonly used symbols for the following physical quantities and, where
indicated, state the units in which they are measured: length, area ,volume , weight, mass,
time, period, density, speed , acceleration, acceleration of free fall,force, torque, work
done, energy, power, temperature, frequency, wavelength, angle of incidence, angles of
reflection and refraction, critical angle,potential difference/voltage, current, charge,
resistance.
Convert measurements into different units.
Express measurements in scientific notation.
Use dimensional analysis to check the plausibility of an equation.
Newtonian Mechanics Differentiate vector and scalar quantities.

Perform addition of vectors using graphical methods.
Motion along a straight line
61
Distance, displacement, time, speed, average velocity, Newtonian Mechanics
and instantaneous velocity.
Average and instantaneous acceleration .
Motion along a straight line
Motion with constant acceleration.
Freely falling bodies. Convert verbal descriptions of one-dimensional motion into pictorial, graphical , tabular, and
algebraic representations and vice versa.
Effect of air resistance (qualitative description only, but
advance students may be exposed to quantitative Define speed and velocity.
description).
Calculate average speed using distance travelled/time taken.
Define uniform acceleration.
Calculate the value of an acceleration using change in velocity/time taken.
Interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration.
Plot and interpret a distance-time graph and a speed-time graph.
Deduce from the shape of a distance-time graph when a body is: (1) at rest; (2) moving with
uniform speed; (3) moving with non-uniform speed.
Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
Deduce from the shape of a speed-time graph when a body is: (1) at rest; (2) moving with
uniform speed; (3) moving with uniform acceleration; (4) moving with non-uniform
Position and Velocity Vectors. acceleration.
The Acceleration Vector. Calculate the area under a speed-time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with
Projectile motion. uniform speed or uniform acceleration.
Motion in a circle. Explain that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant and is
approximately 10 m/s2.
Relative Velocity.
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Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications (Point

Explain that projectile motion can be represented in terms of independent constant velocity
Mechanics)
horizontal motion and constant acceleration vertical motion.
Explain that the everyday usage and the technical usage of the word “acceleration” are different
Types of forces. (e.g., in physics an object is accelerating if it’s slowing down, speeding up, or changing
direction).
Newton’s laws of motion.
Describe motion as seen by several observers using the concept of relative velocities.
Inertial frames of reference. Describe centripetal acceleration in the case of uniform motion in a circle.
Mass versus weight. Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications (Point Mechanics)
Free Body Diagrams.
State each of Newton's laws of motion.
Application of Newton’s laws to particles in
equilibrium. Cite examples of everyday situations where Newton’s laws of motion play a prominent role.
Application of Newton’s laws to dynamics of particles.
Explain that mass is the property of an object which resists change in motion.
Frictional forces and fluid resistance.
Distinguish mass and weight.
Dynamics of circular motion.
Describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object.
Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of an object.
Identify all contact and non-contact forces acting on an object.
Draw free body diagram(s) representing the forces acting on the object (for cases involving up to
Work, Power, and Energy forces acting in at most 2 dimensions).
Solve problems for a static point mass under the action of 2 or more forces for 1-dimensional
cases.
Work.
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Kinetic energy. Describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force.
Power.
Gravitational potential energy. Solve problems requiring the recall and application of the relationship resultant force = mass x
acceleration to one-dimensional situations or uniform circular motion.
Elastic potential energy.
Explain the effects of friction on the motion of a body.
Conservative and non-conservative forces.
Work, Power, and Energy
Force and potential energy.
Energy conversion and conservation.
Explain that kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy,chemical
Energy diagrams. potential energy and thermal energy are examples of different forms of energy.
State the principle of the conservation of energy.
Apply the principle of the conservation of energy to new situations or to solve related problems.
Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions State that kinetic energy Ek = ½ mv2 and gravitational potential energy Ep = mgh (for potential
energy changes near the Earth’s surface).
Apply the relationships for kinetic energy and potential energy to new situations or to solve
Center of mass. related problems.
Momentum. Apply the relationship work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force to new
situations or to solve related problems.
Impulse.
Apply the relationship power = work done / time taken to new situations or to solve related
Conservation of momentum.
problems.
Elastic and inelastic collisions.
Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions
Rotational Statics, Kinematics, and Dynamics
Define momentum.
Apply the law of conservation of momentum to solve simple problems involving collisions in one
64
Torques. dimension .
Describe a procedure for locating the center of mass of a system.
Center of gravity.
Rotational equilibrium.
Rotational Statics, Kinematics, and Dynamics
Explain that the weight of a body may be taken as acting at a single point – the center of gravity.
Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the center of gravity on the stability of an
object.
Describe torque in terms of its turning effect.
Gravitation Relate torque to everyday examples.

Apply the relationship torque=force x perpendicular distance from the pivot to solve problems.
Mass. State and apply the condition for rotation equilibrium.
Weight. Gravitation
Gravitational field.
Distinguish between mass and weight.
Field strength
Explain gravitational fields in terms of the gravitational attraction experienced by a test mass in a
Density. region of space.
Define gravitational field strength, g, as gravitational force per unit mass.
Apply the relationship weight = mass x gravitational field strength to new situations and to solve
problems.
Other Topics in Mechanics Apply the relationship density = mass / volume to new situations and to solve problems.
65
Other Topics in Mechanics
Fluid mechanics.
Define the term pressure in terms of force and area.
Periodic motion.
Apply the relationship pressure = force / area to new situations or to solve related problems.
Describe and explain the transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with particular reference
to the hydraulic press.
Apply the relationship pressure due to a liquid column = height of column x density of the liquid
x gravitational field strength to new situations or to solve related problems.
Describe how the height of a liquid column may be used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
Thermal Physics
Cite examples of oscillating systems.
Transfer of Thermal Energy
Define period of oscillation.
Thermal Physics
Conduction.
Convection.
Transfer of Thermal Energy
Radiation.
Describe how thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of
lower temperature.
Describe, in molecular terms, how energy transfer occurs in solids.
Describe, in terms of density changes, convection in fluids.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Explain that energy transfer of a body by radiation does not require a material medium and the
rate of energy transfer is affected by: (1) color and texture of the surface; (2) surface
Internal energy. temperature; (3) surface area.
Melting. Apply the concept of thermal energy transfer to everyday applications.
66
Boiling.
Evaporation.
Thermal Properties of Matter
Waves
Describe a rise in temperature of a body in terms of an increase in its internal energy (random
thermal energy).
General Wave Properties
Describe melting/solidification and boiling/condensation as processes of energy transfer without a
Wave motion. change in temperature.
Wave terms. Explain the difference between boiling and evaporation.
Longitudinal and transverse waves.
Waves
General Wave Properties
Light Describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and by waves in a ripple
tank.
Explain that waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
Reflection of light.
Define speed, frequency, wavelength, period and amplitude.
Refraction of light.
Explain what is meant by the term wavefront.
Thin lenses.
Apply the relationship velocity = frequency x wavelength to new situations or to solve related
problems
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples of each.
Light
67
Use the terms for reflection, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
Explain that, for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Use this principle in constructions, measurements and calculations.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Use the terms for refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
Properties of electromagnetic waves.

Define refractive index of a medium in terms of the ratio of speed of light in vacuum and in the
Applications of electromagnetic waves.
medium.
Effects of electromagnetic waves on cells and tissue.
Explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection.
Identify the main ideas in total internal reflection.
Apply them to the use of optical fibres in telecommunication.
Enumerate the advantages of their use.
Describe the action of a thin lens (both converging and diverging) on a beam of light.
Define the term focal length for a converging lens.
Sound
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Sound waves.
Explain that all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel with the same speed in
Speed of sound. vacuo.
Echo. Give the magnitude of this speed.
Describe the main components of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Illustrate the use of the following components: radio waves,microwaves, infra-red, light ,ultra-
68
violet, X-rays, gamma rays .
Describe the effects of absorbing electromagnetic waves on living cells and tissue.
Sound
Electricity and Magnetism
Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources.
Static Electricity
Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in terms of the processes of compression and
rarefaction.
Laws of electrostatics.
Explain that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves and that the speed of sound
Principles of electrostatics. differs in air, liquids and solids.
Electric field. Relate loudness of a sound wave to its amplitude and pitch to its frequency.
Applications of electrostatics.
Describe how an echo is produced.
Show how an echo may be used to measure distances.
Electricity and Magnetism

Electric Current
Static Electricity
Conventional current.
Electron flow.
Explain that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in coulombs.
Electromotive force.
Explain that unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
Potential Difference.
Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force.
Resistance.
69
Ohm’s Law. Draw electric field patterns of an isolated point charge and between two isolated point charges.
Give the direction of the force acting on a positive test charge.
Explain that electrostatic charging by rubbing involves a transfer of electrons.
Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction.
Give examples where electrostatic charging may be a potential hazard.
Circuits and Practical Electricity
Give an example of the use of electrostatic charging, e.g., photocopier and laser printer.
Electric Current
Current and potential difference in circuits.
Series and parallel circuits.
Distinguish between conventional current and electron flow.
Electric power and energy.
Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related problems.
Dangers of electricity.
Safe use of electricity in the home. Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a
complete circuit.
Calculate the total e.m.f. where several sources are arranged in series.
Differentiate e.m.f. of a source from potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit.
Use the the relationship R = V/I to to solve problems.
Apply the formulae for the effective resistance of a number of resistors in series and in parallel.
Apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the length and cross-
Magnetism
sectional area of a wire to new situations or to solve related problems.
State Ohm’s Law.
Laws of magnetism.
Describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a metallic conductor.
70
Magnetic properties of matter. Circuits and Practical Electricity
Magnetic field.
Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps, resistors (fixed and
variable), fuses, ammeters and voltmeters.
Solve problems involving the calculation of effective resistance, currents, voltages, power
dissipated in series and parallel circuits.
Laboratory Skills Describe the use of the heating effect of electricity in appliances such as electric kettles, ovens
and heaters.
Calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh.
Name the hazards of using electricity in the following situations: damaged insulation, overheating
of cables,) damp conditions.
Explain the use of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical circuits and of fuse ratings.
Explain the need for grounding metal cases.
Explain the need for double insulation.
Define the terms live, neutral and earth.
Magnetism
Enumerate the properties of magnets.

Describe induced magnetism.
Describe electrical methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation.
Draw the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet and between the poles of two bar magnets.
Describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass.
Distinguish between the properties and uses of temporary magnets (e.g. iron) and permanent
71
magnets (e.g. steel).
Earth and Environmental Science
Laboratory Skills
Origin and Structure of the Earth
Universe and Solar System Explain that instruments affect measurements.

Read scales (meter stick, ruler, vernier caliper).
Measure Density, Speed measurements,Velocity, Acceleration, Locations on a coordinate system.
Use laboratory instruments and devices such as calipers, thermometers, simple volt-, ohm- and
ammeters, simple optical devices and so on.
Properly identify error sources and estimate their influence on the final result(s).
Differentiate between accuracy and precision.
Earth & Earth Systems
Explain absolute and relative errors, accuracy of measuring instruments, error of a single
Geosphere.
measurement, error of a series of measurements.
Hydrosphere.
Atmosphere. Transform a functional dependence to the linear form by appropriate choice of variables.
Biosphere.
Anthrosphere/humanosphere. Fit a straight line to experimental points.
Properly use graph paper with different scales and labeling.
Correctly round off and express the final result(s) and error(s) of measurements with correct
number of significant digits and decimal places.
Display standard knowledge of safety in laboratory work.
Carry out experiments involving: (1) Determination of the density of solids and liquids; (2)
Determination of the value of free fall; (3) Investigation of the effects of balanced and
unbalanced forces; (4) Verification and application of the principle of moments/torques;
(5) Investigation of the factors affecting thermal energy transfer; (6) Verification and
Earth Materials and Processess application of the laws of reflection; (7) Determination of the characteristics of optical
72
images formed by plane mirrors; (8) Verification and application of the refraction of
light; (9) Measurements of current and voltage by using appropriate ammeters and
Rocks and Minerals. voltmeters; and (10) Determination of the resistance of a circuit element using
appropriate instruments.
Exogenic (surficial) processes.
Weathering. Earth and Environmental Science
Erosion.
Origin and Structure of the Earth
Mass wasting.
Sedimentation.
Universe and Solar System
Endogenic (internal) processes.
Magmatism.
Describe how the Solar System evolved, considering competing hypothesis and theories.
Volcanism. Discuss the uniqueness of Planet Earth in a Solar System of eight planets and smaller satellite
bodies and being the only planet with the right chemical and physical properties needed
Metamorphism. to support life.
Crustal Deformation.
Folds and Faults. Earth & Earth Systems
Plate tectonics. Discuss how the Earth is a closed system by itself, but is made up of 4 subsystems where both
matter and energy can cross each other’s boundary in an interactive way.
History of the Earth.
Explain how and why the earth changes.
Oceanography.
Investigate the solid earth and related parts, the gases that surround the earth, the water in the
oceans, lakes and rivers and the life on earth.
Discuss how these earth systems and their interactions help people live more harmoniously with
earth.
Discuss the biosphere as a subsystem that has a specific component, namely, the humanosphere
73
that can influence the behavior of the other subsystems in both positive and negative
ways.
Ecosystem (Terrestrial, Aquatic and Marine) Describe the ever changing physiographic features of the earth, such as mountains and ocean
basins.
Discuss how people interact with violent earth processes such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes
Plant and Animal Population change. and landslides.
Biodiversity.
Carrying Capacity. Earth Materials and Processess
Identify common rock forming minerals and name their physical and chemical attributes.
Explain how rocks are genetically classified based on their igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic origins.
Describe how the geologic processes and regimes operated, resulting in the present physiographic
landscape.
Explain the role of gravity and fluid saturation and the various agents affecting the deposition of
sediments.
Name the sources of the earth’s internal heat and the forms they assume on their emplacement in
the crust.
Earth Resources Sustainable Utilization and Discuss the effects of altering the conditions of rocks subjected to pressure and temperature.
Conservation Identify the mineralogical and textural changes in response to changes in the geological
environment.
Describe the result of different stresses on rocks.
Mineral Resources. Explain the reaction of rocks to certain sudden, convulsive geologic events.
Energy Resources. Discuss the concepts regarding basins and continents from continental drift hypothesis and
Water Resources. modern theory of global plate tectonics.
Land/Soil Resources. Recognize geologic processes leading to the formation of stratified rocks.
Explain the methods of stratigraphic classification governed by laws reckoning of geologic time
through relative and absolute dating.
Describe the evolution of the earth through geological time.
Describe the various geological processes and environments controlling the structure and
evolution of ocean basins.
Recount insights gained during field visits to PAG-ASA, geological museums, PHIVOLCS,
74
MGB, or similar places.
Ecosystem (Terrestrial, Aquatic and Marine)
Describe how living and non-living structures and function are interrelated/interactive and
interdependent at the various levels of the ecosystem.
Discuss how the terrestrial, fresh water and marine eco systems are linked/interrelated.
Describe how plant and animal population changes are affected by both natural and
anthropogenic factors.
Discuss the meaning and implications of biodiversity estimates/indicators.
Discuss how communities/ecosystem have carrying capacities and should be utilized or managed
Human Practices and Technology sustainably.
Recount insights gained during field trips to different ecosystems, forest, grasslands, ecoparks:
Consumer Goods. lake ecosystems and coastal ecosystems.
Waste Management. Make accurate observations of natural ecosystems.
Transportation. Formulate hypotheses and/or research questions based on observations.
Power Generation.
Earth Resources Sustainable Utilization and Conservation
Describe minerals.
Discuss the importance of minerals to society.
Explain how minerals are found, mined and processed for use.
Discuss the environmental impact in using mineral resources.
Name measures to lessen or prevent such impact.
Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation Discuss the importance of energy.
Describe the various energy resources on earth.
Discuss environmental concerns related to energy use.
Geologic Hazards. Discuss how to address environmental concerns related to energy use with proper environmental
Earthquakes. protection and energy conservation measures.
Volcanic Eruption. Describe the earth as a water planet.
Landslides. Describe water distribution.
Floods. State the amount of water resources on earth.
Meteorological Hazards. Discuss the role of water in the biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere.
Typhoon.
75
Flood. Discuss the role people play in the use of water.
Ipo-Ipo. Discuss how people impact the quality and availability of waster.
Discuss why conservation and protection of water resources are of utmost importance.
Marine/Coastal Hazards. Describe the formation of soil where all earth systems interact.
Tsunami. Discuss the important role of the soil for plants, cycling of matter, and ecosystems.
Coastal Erosion & Submersion. Discuss how people affect the soil through farming, building structures, and waste disposal.
Salt Water Intrution. Discuss the need to manage the quality and quantity of soil for future generations.
Human Practices and Technology
Enumerate the requirements in the production of consumer goods.

Describe the impact of the production of consumer goods on the biophysical environment.
Describe clean and environmentally friendly sound manufacturing processes.
Describe the process of waste generation and management.
Discuss how humans’ choice of consumer goods influences the volume and types of wastes
produced.
Discuss the meaning of clean technology and cleaner production.
Describe the impact of the transport system on air quality and its consequences on human health.
Name the various sources of energy.
Discuss the impact of each source of energy on the biophysical environment and human health.
Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation
Explain the different natural processes that catastrophically affect humans and the environment.
Discuss the policies for predicting, mitigating and formulating risk management.
Pressures/Impact Mitigation of Human Activities Identify ways how society could confront the dangers posted by natural phenomena.
Describe the causes of earthquakes, where and how they are located, how earthquake size is
measured and how they can be predicted.
Pollution (Land, Air, Water). Describe volcanoes.
Land Use Change. Explain the role of volcanoes in the geosphere.
Food Security (Agriculture/Aquaculture Pressures). Discuss the impact of volcanoes on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Population, Environment and Health. Evaluate the impact of volcanoes.
Resource Utilization. Predict future eruptions.
76
Describe landslides and how and where they occur.
Name the driving and resisting forces of landslides.
Identify the human activities that trigger or speed up landslides.
Evaluate the risks of landslides.
Explain how people adjust to landslides.
Discuss the role of planning and engineering designs in managing landslides.
Describe the causes and effects of floods to people.
Identify the challenges of living along rivers with recurring flooding.
Discuss the ways to control the damage to life and property caused by flooding.
Explain how dynamic the atmosphere is.
Explain how global atmospheric circulation patterns are developed.
Identify the causes of severe weather conditions, including monsoons, hurricanes, tornadoes and
droughts.
Discuss how weather and severe storms can be predicted.
Discuss how storm prediction can save lives and protect property.
Describe the various coastal processes that affect people, such as flooding, shoreline erosion and
sedimentation.
Describe the earth systems that influence coasts, such as include waves, tides, sea level changes,
crustal movements and storm surges.
Discuss how people create an impact on coastal areas through land developments, waste disposals
and human attempts to control coastal processes.
Pressures/Impact Mitigation of Human Activities
Name the types and sources of pollution in land, air and water.
Discuss the meaning of food security and its relation to human population.
Discuss how agricultural and aqua-cultural activities exert pressure on the environment.
Discuss how human carrying capacity is limited by the natural resources in the environment.
Discuss how population pressures on the environment can impact environmental health which in
turn negatively feedbacks to the human population.
Discuss how environmental sustainability is the bedrock of socioeconomic sustainability.
Develop a community project, such as conduct of community seminars, developing information
campaign materials, a tree nurturing program, and the writing of reaction or position
77
papers on local environmental issues.
78
SOCIAL STUDIES
CONTENT PERFORMANCE
Inquiry
Philippine History
Formulate or define a problem or argument.
Locate information from varied sources relevant to the problem or task at hand.
Use maps and atlases to find locations and other geographical information.
Geography: Land and people, geographical features and Apply technological tools to seek out sources of information.
boundaries, cultural communities and diversity, peopling
of the Philippines.The important events and movements
Analysis and interpretation of data
that have shaped (Philippine, Asian, world) history.
Historically significant figures. Read and interpret data presented in tables and graphs.
Early settlements up to the barangay in the 1500s: trade, Apply statistical or mathematical methods to analyze quantitative data and economic phenomena.
entry of Islam. Read critically, taking sources in their historical context, accepting that authors have motives,
perspectives, premises and positions.
Age of exploration: Explorations by Portugal and Spain, Critically evaluate the credibility of sources.
‘division’ of the world, Magellan in 1521. Appraise information by identifying any bias and/or perspective of the author(s).
Differentiate between fact and opinion, supported and unsupported generalizations, evidence/data and
Spanish colonialism: colonial system of government, land judgment/conclusion.
and tribute, Christianization, galleon trade, unhispanized Assess the quality of information by using prior knowledge and comparing/corroborating information
peoples, popular uprisings, 18th century reforms. from related or relevant sources.
Infer from data or evidence.
Changes in the 19th century: opening of the colony to foreign Appreciate the significance of events, processes, institutions, and human actors.
trade, secularization movement, propaganda for reform, Link events, movements, institutions or structures, the environment, and human actors, and understand
revolution and the Katipunan, war against the U.S., these within their historical context.
79
resistance by Muslims and Cordillera peoples. Understand and establish causal relationships.
Understand the nature, distribution and migration patterns of human populations on the earth’s surface.
American rule: ‘benevolent assimilation’, Bates Treaty, Understand the role and impact of geography in environmental and human change.
‘Filipinization’, campaign for independence, free trade, Interpret different (and conflicting) explanations of the same event or phenomenon.
agrarian problems, 1935 Constitution, Commonwealth.
Research
World War II and the Japanese occupation: Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japanese government in the
Philippines, resistance to the occupation, return of the Support one’s thesis or argument with appropriate evidence.
Americans. Consider contrary evidence and possible objections to one’s argument.
Organize, summarize, and synthesize research findings in a coherent way.
Complete a problem or assignment requiring some two weeks of independent research.
1946-1972: parity, U.S. bases, attempts at industrial Apply technological devices in research, analysis of data sets (including numerical data), writing papers,
development, Muslim struggle for recognition, Huk and preparing presentations.
rebellion, labor unrest, rise of youth activism.
Communicattion
1972-1986: martial rule and the struggle for freedom and
human rights, autonomy struggles of Muslim and
Cordillera peoples, export-oriented economy and other Integrate information from a fairly wide range of appropriate sources.
economic programs. Logically introduce and incorporate quotations.
Synthesize information into a logical sequence.
1986-present: EDSA 1986, 1987 Constitution and Bill of Present a concise, clear introduction and conclusion when making an argument.
Rights, return to electoral politics, land reform program, Write a three to five-page essay built on a clear historical argument, substantiated by proof, applying a
overseas Filipino workers, socio-economic inequity, coherent line of reasoning, and incorporating references from several credible sources, citing each of
population growth, impact of globalization. them appropriately.
Ethical Standards
Asian History
Understand her/his rights and obligations as a citizen so that s/he can participate meaningfully in the life of
the community, nation, and world.
Treat those who think differently with fairness and respect even if s/he might not agree with their ideas or
Land and peoples of Asia: geographical features, major
positions.
regional divisions; origins of early peoples, migration
Respect and appreciate the diversity of peoples, races, cultures and faiths, and human rights.
and settlement patterns.
Be conscious of her/his biases or personal preferences while abiding by the standards of scholarship.
West Asia to 1600s: Sumer, Akkad and Babylonia; Asia
Concede to ideas superior to her/his own, and refine or revise her/his position in the light of evidence/data.
Minor, Syria and Palestine; Hittites, Phoenicians,
Accept that scholarliness does not rest on any social, ethnic, or biological factor but on the quality of
Hebrews, Chaldeans, Assyrians; Persian Empire; Arabia
80
and the rise of Islam; Turks and the Ottoman Empire. research, the evidence presented, and the clarity of reasoning.
South Asia to 1600s: Hindu heritage – Vedic and epic times; Be generous in acknowledging the authors of ideas, creators of images, photographs, and other
era of regional and sub-continental empires to Mughal information used in the course of research and cited in the paper or presentation.
Dynasty. Avoid plagiarism (direct and indirect).
East Asia: early history of Korea and Japan; imperial period – Be aware of and steer clear of the pitfalls of research, such as taking the author’s words out of context,
China to the Ming Dynasty; Nara and Heian periods; abbreviating quotations that change the meaning of the text, citing sources improperly, etc.
feudal Japan to the opening to the West.
Southeast Asia to 1600s: settlements, influences from India
and China; rise of the sultanate, early kingdoms; trade
and mobility of populations.
Asia in the transitional and modern periods (16th-20th
centuries): Asian contacts with the West, colonialism,
Asian nationalism, struggle for independence across
different regions of Asia amid the resilience of
kingdoms in other parts, modernization.
Asia at present: Asian governments, cultures and societies

Current issues: migration, border conflicts, human rights,
socio-economic inequity, integration and competition
World History
Geography and people: continents and climate, human

evolution, cradles of civilization.
Early civilizations: Hebrew, ancient Greece, India, China,
Rome, Maya and Inca.
Emergence of religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
Taoism.
Medieval period: feudalism/manorialism in Medieval Europe,
monasticism, influence of Christianity in Europe and the
Crusades, rise of monarchies.
Exchange of flora/fauna/pathogens known as the “Columbian
Exchange”
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Reformation, Renaissance and age of exploration:
Reformation and Counter (or Catholic) Reformation,
explorations and the ‘Columbian exchange’, scientific
Revolution.
Revolution and the rise of the nation-state: French Revolution
and its aftermath, European nationalist movements of
the 19th century, Industrial Revolution.
Between two wars: World War I and new alliances, Russian
Revolution, independence movements and
decolonization, World War II, Cold War.
Neocolonialism and rise of new nation-states.
Contemporary concerns: new technologies, border and
religious wars, globalization.
Economics
Scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs and marginal analysis.
Mechanisms of allocation and economic systems.
Price, interaction of demand and supply, market equilibrium.
Market structures: pure competition, monopolistic

competition, oligopoly and monopoly.
Measures of national economy: GDP, inflation rate,

unemployment rate.
Financial institutions: banks, non-banks and monetary
system.
International trade: principles and policies of trade, foreign

currencies and foreign exchange.
82

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COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

TECHNICAL PANEL ON GENERAL EDUCATION

COLLEGE ADMISSION STANDARDS (COLLEGE READINESS SKILLS)

Choreograph a dance inspired by another art form.

The diversity in international, national, and local dance

The names of all the Philippine National Artists in

Number Sequence and Pattern Finding

Systems of Linear Inequalities Geometry

Sequences and Series Solve/prove problems involving triangle congruence.

Polynomial Functions Use compass and straightedge to construct geometrical figures.

Geometry Identify and illustrate the key concepts related to circles.

Work with analytic geometry concepts.

General Math Calculus

Recognize and work with problems involving limits.

Probability and Statistics

Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in Estimate population mean.

Calculus Illustrate and solve problems related to exponential functions.

Probability and Statistics Estimate population proportion.

Only for students aiming to pursue a degree in the

Probability and Statistics

Unifying concepts of science: Skills for scientific inquiry:

The structure and functions of cells.

Name the tenets of the cell theory.

Identify the structure of membranes and how this relates to permeability.

Describe the major features and chemical events of photosynthesis.

Structure and functions of enzymes.

Describe the structure and function of enzymes.

Structure and functions of enzymes.

Explain how organisms respond to presence or absence of oxygen, including mechanisms of

Evolutions and Population

Evolutions and Population

Major biomes, energy flow and material cycling; and succession.

Distinguish the various forms of interactions between different species

Major biomes, energy flow and material cycling; and Genetics

Explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance.

Know modifications to Mendel’s laws.

Matter and its Properties

Feedback Mechanism Physical and chemical properties of matter.

Particulate nature of matter.

Classification of matter (pure substance and mixture).

Recognize and classify pure substances (elements, compounds) and mixtures.

Uses of organic and inorganic substances.

Give examples of organic and inorganic substances and their uses.

Chemistry Atomic Structure

Matter and its Properties Sub-atomic particles

Nuclear model of the atom

Describe the nuclear model of the atom.

Differentiate atomic number, mass number, isotopes.

Describe the Shell Model of the atom.

Give the electron configuration of the first 22 elements (H to Ti).

Discuss the organization of the periodic table.

The relationship of the properties of elements to the atomic structure.

Electron dot representation of atoms, ions and molecules.

Concept of polarity of bonds and molecules.

Electron dot representation of atoms, ions and

Discuss the application of the Law of Conservation of Mass to the environment.

Unique bonding characteristics of carbon.

Products of acid-base neutralization and combustion reactions.

The names and formulas for ionic and covalent

Mole concept. Avogadro’s number. Molar mass.

Convert the mass of a substance to number of moles and vice versa.

Mole and Stoichiometry; molar relationships in reactions, stoichiometric calculations and

Describe percent yield, theoretical yield of the reaction.

Types of reactions: simple synthesis, decomposition, Describe simple collision theory.

College Readiness Standards & Skills

College Readiness Standards & Skills