L10-L13-Decision Making, Branching and Looping

• To learn and appreciate the following concepts
• The if Statement
• The if-else Statement
• Nested if Statements
• The else if Ladder
• The switch Statement
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• At the end of session student will be able to learn and
understand
• The if Statement
• The if-else Statement
• Nested if Statements
• The else if Ladder
• The switch Statement
3
➢ control structure
✓
▪
✓
▪
✓
▪
CSE 1001 Department of CSE 4

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if
if…else
if…else
else if

explanation
➢
if (hours > 70)

if

if-else

if-else
yes expressi no
on
Program statement Program statement

1 2

if-else

if (x >= 5 && x <= 10)
printf(“in range“);
if (5 <= x <= 10)


if (x >= 5 && x <= 10)
if (5 <= x <= 10)

Syntactically correct, but semantically an error !!!
Because the order of evaluation for the <= operator is left-to-right, the
test expression is interpreted as follows:
(5<= x) <= 10
The subexpression 5 <= x either has the value 1 (for true) or 0 (for
false). Either value is less than 10, so the whole expression is always
true, regardless of x !
if-else

Explanation
➢
➢

if
if (number > 5)
if (number < 10)
printf(“1111\n“);
else printf(“2222\n“);
if (number > 5) {
if (number < 10)
printf(“1111\n“);
}
else printf(“2222\n“);

if ladder
……

Explanation
▪
▪
▪

else-if ladder Flow of control
True False
Condi
tion-1
True False
statement-1 Condi
tion-2
True False
statement-2 Condi
tion-3
True False
statement-3 Condi
tion-n
statement-n
default statement
next statement

For inputs
imarks= 46
grade = D
imarks= 64
grade = B

else-if

…

➢

switch

expression
expression
break statement
switch- control flow

example 1

example 2

switch

IVS E&R CCD

•
•
•
•
•
•
52
• To learn and appreciate the following concepts
• The for Statement

• Nested for Loops
• for Loop Variants
• The while Statement
• The do Statement
• The break Statement
• The continue Statement
• Typedef and Enum

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
55
•
–
–
branching Statement1
Statement2
– Statement3
Statement4
looping Statement5
Statement6
Statement7
Statement8

•

➢
✓ while
✓ do while
✓ for

➢
✓
✓ →

Entry
Entry
Test False
Cond Body of
ition The loop
True
Body of
Test True
The loop
Conditi
on
False

Statement before triangularNumber =
loop 0
init_expression n=1
no
loop_condition n<=200
yes
triangularNumber =
Statement(s) triangularNumber + n
loop_expression n=n+1
Print
Statement after loop triangularNumber

Note: braces optional if
only one statement.
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

while
while ( expression )
program statement Loop with the
test in the
statement before beginning !
loop Body might
never be
executed !
Loop_ex
3 1 4
pression No
yes
2 statement (s)
Next statement

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

do
do
program statement
while ( loop_expression );
Loop with the
test at the end !
Body is
executed at least
3 1 once !
Statement(s)
yes loop_exp
ression
2
No
Next statement 4

do
{
sum = sum + n;
n = n +1;
} while (n < =100);

for’
for ( init_expression; loop_condition; loop_expression )
{ program statement(s)
}
1 init_expression
loop_cond no
5 2
ition
yes
3 Program statement
4 Loop expression
Next Statement

for
•

for
sum = 0;
no
1 2 5 4
for ( n = 1; nyes
<= 200; n = n + 1 )
{ sum = sum + n; }
Next Statement
for ( init_expression; loop_condition; loop_expression )
{ program statement(s)
}

for(n = 1; n <=100; n=n + 1)
{
sum=sum + n;
}

•
What is wrong here ?

Does the loop end?

for
// Program to generate a table of triangular numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, triangularNumber=0;
printf(“TABLE OF TRIANGULAR NUMBERS\n\n“);

printf(“Sum from 1 to n\n“);
for ( n = 1; n <= 10; n++ )

{
triangularNumber += n;
printf(“The %d th triangular number is
%d\n”,n,triangularNumber);
}
return 0;
}

➢
…
…

Remember indentations!

• …
• …

•
•
•
•
•
•

•

………
…… ……
………… …………
……… ………
Exit Exit
From ……… From ………
loop loop
…
………… …………

for (……….)
for {…….
{……. for(……..)
………… { ………
If(condition)
If(condition)
break;
break;
… stmts of inner loop;
Exit ………
From } // inner for loop ends
loop ………. Exit ….stmts of outer loop;
From
} } // outer for loop ends
inner
……next Stmts; loop …… next Stmts;

int j, prime=1;
scanf(“%d”,&N);
for( int j=2; j<N; j++ )
{
if( (N % j) == 0)
{
prime=0;
break; /* break out of for loop */
}
}
if (prime == 1)
printf(“%d is a prime no”,N);
else
printf(“%d is a not a prime no”,N);

scanf(“%d %d”,&m,&n);
for( int i=m; i<=n; i++)

{
int prime=1;
for( int j=2; j<i; j++ )
{
if( i % j == 0)
{
prime=0;
break; /* break out of inner loop */
}
}
if (prime == 1) printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
➢
……… do
{
Statement-1;
Statement-2;
If(condition)
continue;
Statement-3;
Statement-4;
} while(…);
Next_statement Next_statement

10 11 12 15

for ( i = 1 ; i <= 2 ; i++ )
{
for ( j = 1 ; j <= 2 ; j++ )
{
if ( i == j ) 1 2
continue ; 2 1
printf(“\n %d\t %d\n ;

}
}

▪typedef
▪ Type definition - lets you define your own identifiers.
▪enum
▪ Enumerated data type - a type with restricted set of values.

▪ typedef type identiﬁer;
▪
typedef int marks;
typedef ﬂoat units;
marks m1,m2 ; //m1 & m2are declared as integer variables

units u1, u2; //u1 & u2 are declared as floating point variables

•

enum week { Monday =1, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday,
Sunday};

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← ←
←
←

…
→

e.g.- num = 31467
OUTPUT
2 even & 3 odd digits

Palindrome (number)
e.g.- 121

Armstrong Number
e.g. - 371
∑ (cubes of digits )= number
33 + 73 + 13 = 371
10
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0
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Summary
• The for Statement
• Nested for Loops
• for Loop Variants
• The while Statement
• The do Statement
• The break Statement
• The continue Statement
• Typedef and Enum
102

L10-L13-Decision Making, Branching and Looping

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L10-L13-Decision Making, Branching and Looping

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• To learn and appreciate the following concepts

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CSE 1001 Department of CSE 4

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if (hours > 70)

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Program statement Program statement

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if (5 <= x <= 10)

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if (5 <= x <= 10)

Syntactically correct, but semantically an error !!!

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• The for Statement

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What is wrong here ?

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// Program to generate a table of triangular numbers

printf(“TABLE OF TRIANGULAR NUMBERS\n\n“);

for ( n = 1; n <= 10; n++ )

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for( int i=m; i<=n; i++)

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