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INTRODUCING ANGLES When a point moves in such a way that its direction
is not constant or fixed, a curved line is formed. Like
We begin our study of geometry by introducing basic straight lines, curved lines can be finite as well as
concepts related to angles and their properties. These infinite.
concepts build the necessary foundation for further
topics in geometry such as plane geometry, geometric Defining Angles
constructions, trigonometry and transformation
geometry. An angle is a measure of the rotation or turn of a ray
about its fixed point. The fixed point is called the
In this chapter, we develop the concept of angles, vertex, whose plural is vertices. The diagram below
how to name them, and ways in which angles can be shows how an angle is formed when the direction of
classified. turn is anticlockwise. The amount of turn, shown by
the red arrow, is the measure of the angle.
Points, lines and rays
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Unit for measuring angles Naming angles
At this level, we will only consider one unit of An angle is named by two main methods.
measure for angles, the degree. A complete turn is
equal to 360 degrees, written as 360º. Unlike units for 1. Naming the line segments that define the
length, capacity and mass, the units for angles are not angle. Remember, the vertex of the angle is
decimalised. This was not possible because angular the common point where the two lines or
measure originated from measures related to the arms meet. This angle is named angle AOB
earth. or angle BOA.
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Angles on a straight line Example 3
Calculate the value of x in the diagram shown
A straight line represents one half-turn or half of a below.
revolution when measured in either direction.
Therefore, the sum of the angles on a straight line is
always 1800.
Solution
Angles in a straight line total 180°
Complementary and Supplementary angles 2 x + 30° + x = 180°
\ 3x = 180° - 30°
If the sum of two angles is 90º then they are called
complementary angles. Either one of the angles is = 150°
said to be the complement of the other. x = 50°
Solution
a° + b° = 90° a° + b° = 180°
Angles around a point total 360°
150° + 160° + x = 360°
Example 1
If x and 2x are complementary angles, calculate x. \ x = 360° - (150° + 160° )
= 50°
Solution
Complementary angles total 90º.
x + 2 x = 90° Example 5
\ 3 x = 90° In the diagram below, determine the value of x.
x = 30°
Example 2
Calculate the supplement of 32º.
Solution
Solution Angles around a point total 360°
Supplementary angles total 180º. 2 x + 3x + 90° = 360°
The supplement of 32º = (180° - 32°) = 148° . \ 5 x = 270°
x = 54°
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Angles formed by intersecting lines Example 6
In the diagram shown below, calculate the value of
We will examine the properties of angles formed x and of y.
when two lines intersect at a point.
Example 7
Calculate the measure of angles x, y and z.
Example 8
Calculate x, y and z.
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Angles formed by parallel lines Alternate angles
In the diagram below, line 1 is parallel to line 2 and
Parallel lines have the same direction and so are line 3 is a transversal. Alternate angles are pairs of
always the same distance apart. To indicate that two angles that lie inside the parallel lines on alternate
lines are parallel, we use single or double arrows as sides of the transversal. The relationship between
shown below. The straight lines AB and PQ are alternate angles is illustrated below.
parallel lines.
Any straight line cutting across a pair or more of
parallel lines is called the transversal.
Co-interior angles
Co-interior angles are pairs of angles that lie inside
the parallel lines and on the same side of the
transversal.
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We know that the sum of the angles on a straight Solution
line is 1800. The lines AB and CD are not parallel since the two
Therefore, d + b = 1800 given alternate angles are not equal.
But, b = f (corresponding angles) Hence AB is not parallel to CD.
Hence, d + f = 1800
Example 9
In the diagram, find the value of
i. q
ii. a Solution
Example 10
State whether or not the lines AB and CD are
parallel.
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