INTRODUCTION TO THE THERMODYNAMICS

In almost all the bibliography available is defines the power as the capacity of
producing work. More tightly, we must say that energy is related to the ability to
produce work, which foreshadows a broader and more appropriate concept
With this concept in mind, we can say that thermodynamics is the study of the
transformations and exchanges of energy. All the forms of energy tend in last
instance to pass to heat. Chemical ejemplo:Energia to heat in a chemical reaction
(later we will see that this is not so general).
Electricity to heat, when it acts through a resistance, etc. Of all modes already you
known a made general that is worth it penalty emphasize it and that in
thermodynamics takes the form of a law: the energy is retains.
Precisely the law of conservation of energy is the first law of thermodynamics you
can state it in the following way: "Although energy can become a form of another
cannot be created or destroyed" or also "provided that there is an amount of one
form of energy must disappear exactly equivalent of other species of energy". For
the resolution of exercises you must remember the mechanical equivalent of heat
1 calorie (energy calorie) = 4,183 Joules (E. mechanical)
Thermodynamic systems
System is specified and delimited portion of the physical world, containing defined
amounts of substance that are considered under study or constitute our interest.
Need to also define environment or environment which is the area of the universe
that interacts with the system. This last definition is important since it determines a
more rigorously what must be understood by environment or environment.
Know what is the "area (and their limits) that interacts" with the system may not
always know precisely why in schemes that are noted below, the environment is
drawn with dashed lines.

ENVIRONMENT or
ENVIRONMENT

SYSTEM
The environment is the area of the universe that interacts with the system.
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT (OR ENVIRONMENTAL) = UNIVERSE

System types
Isolated: no there is transfer of mass or energy with the environment.
EJ. : An ideal Thermo (isolated and rigid walls).
Closed: no transfers mass but if energy in the form of heat, work, or radiation.
EJ. : Any container closed not ideal.
Open: transferred mass and energy with their surroundings. EJ. : The body human.
The majority of systems in real life are open, while in the laboratory the majority of
chemical systems are closed.

First law or the first law of thermodynamics

The law of conservation of energy - which is one of the forms of expression of the
first law (or first principle) of the thermodynamics-, can be viewed in very easily with
the concepts of accumulated energy and exchanged power or energy in transit or
Exchange process. What is each of these expressions? See it next: is has a system
and its environment where each one will have a certain amount of energy (that not
can know). Interested in us just the energy changes that occur in the system (not in
the environment or environment even though it plays an important role for this).
Obviously is (System power) may be greater, less than, or equal to Ema (energy
from the environment) depending on each situation in particular, but in certain m
ento om will be an "Exchange of energy, ∆EI" which will be made by means of heat
and work or by one of them. Plot this situation in the following way:

Ema = (energy of the environment)

SYSTEM

Eac = ∑EI

(Energy accumulated)

ENVIRONMENT or ENVIRONMENT

After agreement to the process that we have seen the system may have gained or
lost power, whereupon the final balance would be:
Es final – Es initial = ∑EI
Or what is the same
∆Es = ∑EI
This simple equation tells us that the variation of energy of the system (we aim to
analyze the first law) is equal to the algebraic sum of exchanged energies or in
process of Exchange, being the accumulated energy that does not participate in
these processes. On the other hand while there is an exchange of energy between
Sistema-Medio environment always meets the law of conservation of energy and
that:
1.-before the Exchange: Esi + Emai = Euniverse
Being i = inicial
2.-after the Exchange: Esf + Emaf = Euniverse
Being f = Final
Where: Esf - Esi = ∆Es = ∑Eexchanged
En both cases the energy of the universe remains constant.

Internal energy

The internal energy (E) is defined in the literature as all forms of energy of a system,
other than those resulting from their position in space (potential energy, which is
supposed to be constant). We also add that global kinetic energy of the system
should also be excluded.
Understand as "energy kinetic Global" to the energy that emerges of the speed of
translation of the system in its set. The absolute calculation of internal energy (E) is
today impossible; that's why classical thermodynamics only energy changes interest
you. However which, is important that the student knows that all these energies have
name and theoretically could get to be possible your calculation (although still some
not is known it enough). See the pictures following where is indicate those types of
energy in (by ej.) 1 mol of substance pure in certain conditions of P and T.
Intermolecular energies
1. Nuclear
2. Electronics
3.Traslacional
4.Vibracional
5.Rotacional
( 3, 4, and 5 are the Heat energies) Intermolecular energies

Intermolecular energies
1. Interionic attractive forces (you) (go out)
2. Attractive forces Ion - dipolo
3. Union for bridge of hydrogen
4. Attractive forces dipolo-dipolo
5. Attractive forces between ions or dipolos-molecules polarizables
6. You force between dipolos instantaneous - dipolos induced (London)
7. You force hidrofóbicas
8. Forces of repulsion
Also he will find in some bibliography, since synonymous of intermolecular unions to
the terms " you force of Waals Goes der ". There must be understood that this refers
to all the intermolecular attractive forces, excluding the union for bridge of hydrogen
(link of hydrogen) and, obviously, the link Ion - ion that must qualify as link of ionic
type.
Each system will have a certain number of them (not necessarily all), and for the
final calculation of the internal energy (E) is required to know the behavior of each
one of them. This, as is evident is very complicated, but not it is calculate a variation
of energy internal (∆E) that not is another thing that the sum algebraic of them energy
exchanged or in transit treated in the first part.

In a system, there is a measurable change of internal energy (∆E) if there is an

exchange of energy, which will be given by the amount of heat taken from the middle
or assigned to it and the work done by the system to the environment or on the
system by the environment. To apply in those calculations them variations of heat
and work is used a Convention, that has its logical:

Heat Work

Process Sign Process Sign

Endothermic Positive (+) On the system Positive (+)

Exothermic Negative (-) By the system Negative (-)

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CUESTIONARIO

1. La primera ley de la termodinámica establece que:

a. La energía química se transforma en fotónica.
b. La energía se puede convertir de una forma en otra no puede ser creada ni
destruida.
c. La cantidad total de energía permanece constante.
d. La energía fluye desde lugares de baja concentración a los de alta
concentración.
2. Como se clasifican los sistemas termodinámicos :
a. Aislado, cerrado , inverso
b. directo, inverso ,abierto
c. doble, abierto,cerrado
d. Aislado , cerrado, abierto
3. Que es termodinamica?
a. Es la rama de la física que describe los estados de equilibrioa nivel
macroscópico.
b. Es una ciencia y, quizá la herramienta más importante en la ingeniería, ya
que se encarga de describir los procesos que implican cambios en
temperatura, la transformación de la energía, y las relaciones entre el calor y
el trabajo.
c. Es el estudio de las transformaciones e intercambios de la energía.
d. Todas las anteriores.
4. Qué es un sistema termodinámico?
a. es una porción de materia que está limitada por una superficie cerrada, real
o imaginaria llamada frontera, y que interactúa con sus alrededores.
b. es cuando un sistema se encuentra en equilibrio, se puede describir su
estado a través de una serie de magnitudes
c. Es aquella que tiene el mismo valor en todos los puntos de un sistema en
equilibrio.
d. ninguna de las anteriores.
5. Teniendo en cuenta EXCLUSIVAMENTE lo establecido por el primer
principio de termodinámica, indicar cual de las siguientes afirmaciones
NO ES CORRECTA:
a. Un cuerpo frío puede ceder calor a otro más caliente aumentando la
temperatura de éste y disminuyendo la temperatura del cuerpo frío.
b. En toda transformación a volumen constante, cualquier desprendimiento de
calor se produce siempre a costa de disminuir la energía interna del sistema.
c. La máquina térmica más perfecta es aquella que sin consumir energía sea
capaz de producir trabajo.
d. El calor intercambiado en cualquier transformación es e l mismo tanto si se
realiza en un solo paso como si lo hace en varias etapas.
6. cual de las siguintes afirmaciones es la correcta con respecto a la
transferencia de calor.
a. Energía química, Se produce debido a la transformación de sustancias
químicas que contienen los elementos.
b. Energía calorica, cuando actúa a través de una resistencia.
c. Energia termoquimica, toma la forma de una ley: la energía se conserva.
d. La energía luminosa es la fracción que se percibe de la energía que trasporta
la luz y que se puede manifestar sobre la materia de diferentes maneras.
7. el sistema puede haber ganar o perder Energía, con lo cual el balance
final será:
a. Es inicial – Es final= ∑EI
 lo que indica que:
∆EI= ∑ES
b. No exite un balance entre la energia final - inicial.
c. Es final – Es inicial = ∑EI
lo que indica que:
∆Es = ∑EI
d. Ninguna de las anteriores.
8. Ya que en el universo exiten muchos tipo de energia, cual vendria
siendo la energia interna.
a. Es la energia resultante de una diferencia de potencial entre dos puntos y
que permite una corriente electrica.
b. Es la posición y movimiento de un cuerpo y es la suma de la energía
potencial, cinética y energía elástica de un cuerpo en movimiento.
c. Es la fuerza que se libera en forma de calor.
d. Se define como todas las formas de energía de un sistema, distintas de las
que resulten de su posición en el espacio.
9. A que termino le pertenece este a definicion:

se refiere a todas las fuerzas de atracción intermoleculares, excluyendo la

unión por puente de hidrógeno (enlace de hidrógeno) y, obviamente, el enlace
Ion-Ion que debe clasificarse como enlace de tipo iónico.

a. fuerzas de Van der Waals.

b. ley de Hess.
c. primera ley de la termodinamica.
d. Fuerzas de atraccion y repulsion.

10. Que sucede si el entorno realiza un trabajo sobre el sistema y viceversa.

a. se aumenta la energía interna, de allí su signo positivo. Y si disminuye la
energía interna, su signo es negativo.
b. se aumenta la energía interna, de allí su signo negativo. Y si disminuye la
energía interna, su signo es positivo.
c. Ninguna de las anteriores.
d. hay una equivalencia de la energía interna tanto para el trabajo como para
el sistema.