DISEASE PREVENTION AND

HEALTH PROMOTION
Prepared by:
Ariane Marie G. Bayro, RPh, PharmD
April Mergelle R. Lapuz, RPh
Principles of Disease
 Introduction
▪ Pathology: is the scientific study of disease.
▪ Etiology: Cause of disease.
▪ Pathogenesis: Studies how disease develops.
▪ Infection: Invasion or colonization of the
body by pathogenic organisms.
▪ Disease: Occurs when an infection results in a
change from a state of health.
Natural History of Disease
• Agent
• Host
• Environmental Factors
Natural History of Disease
• Two Phases
▫ Prepathogenesis
▫ Pathogenesis
• Process of Infection (Pathogenesis)
▫ Agent
▫ Reservoirs
▫ Portal of exit
▫ Transmission
▫ Portal of Entry
▫ Susceptible host
Etiologic Agent
• Protozoa
• Metazoa
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Ricketssiae
• Viruses
Etiologic Agent
• Protozoa
• Metazoa
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Ricketssiae
• Viruses
Reservoirs
• Exist where biologic agent can propagate
• Three Reservoirs
▫ Human
Four Carrier State
Subclinical
Incubatory carriers
Convalescent carriers
Chronic carriers
▫ Animals
▫ Environment
Portal of Exit
• Five Portal of Exit
▫ Respiratory Tract
▫ Genitourinary Tract
▫ Alimentary Tract
▫ Skin
▫ In-Utero Transmission
Transmission
• Direct Transmission
▫ Direct contact transmission
▫ Droplet spread

• Indirect Transmission
▫ Vector spread
▫ Vehicle spread
▫ Airborne spread
Portal Of Entry
• Five Portal of Entry
▫ Respiratory Tract
▫ Genitourinary Tract
▫ Alimentary Tract
▫ Skin
▫ In-Utero Transmission

** Similar to the portal of exit**

Susceptible Host
• Host Defense Mechanism
▫ General Factors of Resistance
Intact skin
Cough reflex
Gastric juices
Diarrhea
Normal bacterial flora
▫ Specific Factors of Resistance
Leukocytes
Serum factors and fibroblast
Immune system
Predisposing Factors for Disease
• Factors that make an individual more
susceptible to a given disease.
1. Gender
2. Genetic factors
3. Climate and weather
4. Nutrition
5. Fatigue/Stress
6. Occupation
7. Environment
8. Lifestyle
9. Age
10.Other illness
Development of Disease
1. Incubation Period
- Time between initial infection and
appearance of signs and symptoms
2. Prodromal Period
- Early, mild symptoms of disease.
3. Illness Period
- Disease is most acute.
Development of Disease
4. Decline Period
- Signs and symptoms subside.
5. Convalescence Period
- Recovery.
The Stages of a Disease
LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION
• Primary
▫ Prepathogenesis
• Secondary
▫ pathogenesis
▫ Secondary prevention
• Tertiary
▫ Disabilty limitation
▫ Rehabilitation
▫ Intense, periodic follow-up and treatment
Disease Prevention
• Main Task:

“To develop interventions designed to prevent

specific problems that have been identified either
through an assessment process initiated by public
heath agency or through community concern raised
by an unusual course of events”
Health Promotion
• The process of enabling people to increase
control over, and to improve their health

• To reach the state of complete physical, mental

and social well being

• Not just the responsibility of health sector, but

goes beyond the health lifestyle to well being
Assignment
• Research health promotion strategies and
programs done by the Philippine Government or
the DOH
T H A N K Y O U

F O R

L I S T E N IN G